objectivesmrzmija.weebly.com/uploads/8/8/6/6/8866655/_nationalism... · 2013-07-13 · section 4...

Section 4

Nationalism Threatens Old Empires

• Describe how nationalism contributed to the decline of the Hapsburg empire.

• List the main characteristics of the Dual Monarchy.

• Understand how the growth of nationalism affected the Ottoman empire.

Objectives

Section 4


Terms and People

• Francis Joseph – Hapsburg emperor of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

• Ferenc Deák – a moderate Hungarian leader who helped work out the compromise that created the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

• Dual Monarchy – an agreement that made Austria and Hungary different states with their own constitutions and parliaments, but with shared ministries of finance, defense, and foreign affairs

Section 4


The Austrian Hapsburgs and Ottoman Turks ruled empires with diverse ethnic groups.

As nationalist feelings grew among these groups, the power of the empires declined.

How did the desire for national independence among ethnic groups weaken and ultimately destroy the Austrian and Ottoman empires?

Section 4


They even tried to prevent industrialization, fearing that it would change the empire’s traditional way of life.

Nevertheless, factories sprung up by the 1840s in Hapsburg lands and caused changes, including the growth of cities.

During the early 1800s, the Hapsburg rulers of Austria tried to prevent change and

ignored liberal demands.

Section 4


A nationalist revolt broke out in 1848, and the Hapsburg government crushed it.

Nationalists made demands of the Hapsburg rulers. They wanted self-government.

Austria was an empire of very diverse people with rival goals. Nationalist feelings grew during

the mid 1800s.

Section 4


The Hungarians wanted the right to rule themselves.

This did not satisfy the Hungarians, however, because the body was led by German-

speaking Austrians.

Francis Joseph, who inherited the Hapsburg throne amid the 1848 uprising, made some reforms including the formation of a legislature.

Section 4


A moderate Hungarian leader named Ferenc Deák helped to work out a solution.

The Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary was formed in 1867.

After Austria’s defeat in its war with Prussia, Hungarians pressured the Hapsburgs for a compromise.

Section 4


The Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

Separate

• Each had its own constitution.

• Each had its own parliament.

Shared

• Francis Joseph ruled both, as emperor of Austria and king of Hungary.

• They shared ministries of finance, defense, and foreign affairs.

Section 4


Despite the compromise, nationalist unrest continued to increase in the empire.

Unrest from nationalists paralyzed governments in the early 1900s.

Hungarians were happy, but others were not. Slavic people still lacked a voice in government, for example, and nationalist leaders called on them to unite.

Section 4


Europe was a patchwork of different nationalities between 1800 and 1914.

Nationalists pushed for self-rule, which brought about the decline of the Austrian and Ottoman empires.

Section 4


Nationalist demands put pressure on the empire’s leaders.

Many revolts broke out against the Ottomans in the 1800s as nationalist groups sought self-rule.

The Ottoman empire faced the same problem as the Austrian empire.

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Some states gained independence from the Ottomans by 1878.

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In addition to trouble from the nationalists, the Ottoman empire faced invasions from

Europe in the mid 1800s.

Russia pushed toward Istanbul and Austria-Hungary took control of two provinces.

As a result, a series of wars broke out. Russians fought against the Ottomans, and subject peoples revolted. The region became known as the “Balkan powder keg.”

Section 4


Section Review

Know It, Show It Quiz QuickTake Quiz

Section 5

Russia: Reform and Reaction

• Describe major obstacles to progress in Russia.

• Explain why tsars followed a cycle of absolutism, reform, and reaction.

• Understand why the problems of industrialization contributed to the outbreak of revolution.

Objectives

Section 5


Terms and People

• colossus – a giant

• Alexander II – ruler of Russia who came to the throne in 1855; responsible for some reforms in Russia, but was eventually assassinated by radicals

• Crimean War – a war that broke out when Russia invaded Ottoman lands along the Danube; ended in Russian defeat

• emancipation – the act of freeing someone, usually from slavery or serfdom

Section 5


• zemstvo – an elected assembly in Russia that was responsible for road repair, schools, and agriculture at a local level

• pogrom – a violent mob attack on Jewish people

• refugees – people who flee their homeland to seek safety elsewhere

• Duma – an elected national legislature in Russia

• Peter Stolypin – prime minister appointed by Tsar Nicholas to restore order through arrests, pogroms, and execution; attempted reforms, but was ultimately assassinated

Terms and People (continued)

Section 5


Efforts to modernize Russia had little success because tsars imprisoned or exiled critics.

As the twentieth century dawned, Russia was a hotbed of civil unrest.

Why did industrialization and reform come more slowly to Russia than to Western Europe?

Section 5


Russia was the largest and most populous nation in Europe by 1815, but it was also

economically undeveloped.

• Russia had many resources.

• However, it had a very autocratic government.

• Russian rulers resisted reforms that would lead to modernization.

Section 5


Russia had a very rigid social structure in the early 1800s, which was one obstacle to progress.

• Landowning nobles at the top resisted change and reforms.

• The middle class was weak and small.

• Most people in Russia were serfs, bound to the land.

Section 5


While the governments of other European nations changed, Russia remained an absolute monarchy.

Whenever the tsars made liberal reforms, they eventually canceled them to maintain the support of

the nobles.

Tsars ruled Russia with absolute power.

Section 5


• The war began when Russia tried to seize Ottoman lands, and ended in Russian defeat.

• The war showed how backward Russia was. People demanded change.

Though peasants remained poor, emancipation was a turning point that led to the drive for more reform.

In response to pressure, Alexander agreed to the emancipation of the serfs.

Alexander II inherited the throne during the Crimean War in 1855.

Section 5


The Reforms of Alexander II

Emancipation of the serfs

Establishment of local government in the form of zemstovs, or elected assemblies

Introduction of legal reforms such as trial by jury

Reduction in military service

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Alexander III took the throne and embarked on a crackdown. He increased the power of the secret police

and exiled critics.

Socialists tried to convince peasants to rebel, which didn’t work. Radicals became angry and assassinated

Alexander II.

The reforms did not satisfy the Russians, who wanted a constitution or more revolutionary changes.

Section 5


Persecution of Jewish people also increased under Alexander III.

• He forced them to live in restricted areas.

• Pogroms against the Jewish people became common.

• Many Jews left Russia and became refugees.

Section 5


Russia finally industrialized during the late 1800s.

Nicolas II, son of Alexander III, focused on economic development in Russia. His government encouraged the building of railroads and secured foreign investment.

Despite this industrial progress, political and social problems worsened as workers faced bad conditions in factories and urban slums.

Section 5


As discontent mounted, protesters poured into the streets and workers went on strike.

A priest organized a peaceful march on a Sunday in 1905 in St. Petersburg. The tsars’ soldiers fired on the crowd.

Russia entered a war with Japan in 1904 and suffered many defeats.

Section 5


• Discontent grew, strikes increased, and rural peasants demanded land.

• Nicholas announced big reforms, including a pledge to summon a Duma.

• However, the tsar dissolved the Duma in 1906. The pattern of reform and reaction continued.

Bloody Sunday was a turning point for Russians, who felt they could no longer trust the tsar.

Section 5


Nicholas appointed Peter Stolypin prime minister in 1906.

• Peter Stolypin worked to restore order with arrests and executions.

• He recognized the need for change, and introduced several moderate reforms.

• It wasn’t enough, though, and Russia still roiled with unrest in 1914.

Section 5


Section Review


The Cold War Begins The Expansion of the United States

Section 4

• Describe how the territory of the United States changed during the 1800s.

• Summarize how American democracy grew before and after the Civil War.

• Analyze the impact of economic growth and social reform on the United States.

Objectives

The Cold War Begins

Section 4

The Expansion of the United States

• expansionism – a policy of extending a nation’s boundaries

• Louisiana Purchase – a large territory purchased from France in 1803

• Manifest Destiny – the belief that the United States was destined to expand from sea to sea across the entire North American continent

• secede – to withdraw; usually referring to part a nation leaving in an attempt to gain independence

• segregation – forced separation by race, sex, religion, or ethnicity

Terms and People

The Cold War Begins

Section 4


How did the United States develop during the 1800s?

In the 1800s, the United States was a beacon of hope for many people. The American economy was growing rapidly. The Constitution and Bill of Rights held out the hope of political and religious freedom.

Not everyone shared in the prosperity or the ideals of democracy. Still, by the turn of the nineteenth century, important reforms were being made.

The Cold War Begins

Section 4


• Americans believed in Manifest Destiny, the idea that the United States was destined to expand across the entire continent from Atlantic to Pacific.

• The largest addition of land was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. It virtually doubled the nation’s size.

The United States followed a policy of expansionism in the 1800s.

The Cold War Begins

Section 4


The nation added new territory throughout the 1800s.

The Cold War Begins

Section 4


Covered wagons heading west.

Year Territory 1803 Louisiana Purchase 1845 Texas Annexation 1846 Oregon 1848 Mexican Cession 1852 Gadsden Purchase 1867 Alaska 1898 Hawaii

American expansionism

The Cold War Begins

Section 4


In 1800, more people could vote in the United States than anywhere else in the world.

• Even so, only white men who owned property could vote.

• Reformers soon called for better care for the mentally ill, free elementary education, and a ban on the sale of alcohol.

• The major reform campaigns, however, were to abolish slavery and gain rights for women.

The Cold War Begins

Section 4


As new states joined the union, arguments over slavery erupted.

• William Lloyd Garrison printed a newspaper attacking slavery.

• Frederick Douglass, a former slave, gave eloquent speeches.

• Many northerners were convinced by reading Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin.

In the early 1800s a few reformers began to call for an end to slavery.

The Cold War Begins

Section 4


Southerners feared he would abolish slavery and infringe on states’ rights.

Lincoln opposed the spread of slavery into new territories.

Economic differences as well as slavery split the union when Abraham Lincoln was elected

president in 1860.

The Cold War Begins

Section 4


• The South had fewer men, industries, and resources and was eventually forced to surrender.

• The war lasted from 1861 to 1865, killing 600,000 Americans.

Following Lincoln’s election in 1860, southern states seceded from the union, beginning the Civil War.

The Cold War Begins

Section 4


During the Civil War, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing slaves in the South.

Despite these amendments, segregation in the South separated the races. Other restrictions prevented

African Americas from voting.

• Following the war, three amendments were added to the Constitution.

• Slavery was banned, and former slaves were made citizens and given the right to vote.

The Cold War Begins

Section 4


After the Civil War the United States became the world leader in manufacturing, transportation, and agriculture.

A special combination of factors contributed to this growth.

The Cold War Begins

Section 4


Political stability Private property rights

Free enterprise system

Inexpensive supply of labor (mostly immigrants)

Growing transportation network

New communication technologies

Factors that helped the United States economy grow:

The Cold War Begins

Section 4


Union and business confrontations were often violent. Labor made very

slow gains.

Factory workers labored under brutal

conditions for low wages.

Wealth was not equally shared. Men such as John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie earned

millions from monopolies in oil and steel.

The Cold War Begins

Section 4


The Populists never became a major political party, but some of their ideas, such as the eight-hour work day, were later adopted.

During economic hard times, farmers joined with urban workers.

Farmers created a reform party called the Populists in the 1890s.

The Cold War Begins

Section 4


The Progressives achieved many of their goals.

In the 1900s the Progressives pressed for reforms, including:

• An end to child labor

• Suffrage for women

• Regulation of monopolies

• Limited working hours

• More power for voters

The Cold War Begins The Expansion of the United States

Section 4

QuickTake Quiz Know It, Show It Quiz

Section Review

China and the New Imperialism

Section 5

• Describe the trade rights Westerners sought in China.

• Explain the internal problems that Chinese reformers tried to solve.

• Understand how the Qing dynasty fell.

Objectives


Section 5

Terms and People

• balance of trade – the difference between how much a country imports and how much it exports

• trade surplus – situation in which a country exports more than it imports

• trade deficit – situation in which a country imports more than it exports

• Opium War – a war that took place in 1839 when China outlawed opium and clashed with British merchants selling it in China; British gunboats easily defeated the Chinese


Section 5


• indemnity – payment for losses in a war

• extraterritoriality – the right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation

• Taiping Rebellion – a massive peasant uprising against corruption in the Qing dynasty; between 1850 and 1864, 20 to 30 million may have perished

• Sino-Japanese War – the 1894 war in which Japan took Taiwan


Section 5


• Open Door Policy – the 1899 United States policy demanding open trade in China

• Guang Xu – the young emperor who attempted to bring reform to the Qing dynasty

• Boxer Uprising – anti-foreign movement in China from 1898-1900

• Sun Yixian – also known as Sun Yat-sen; named first president of new Chinese republic in 1911


Section 5

For centuries, Chinese regulations had ensured that China had a favorable balance of trade with other nations.

By the 1800s, however, Western nations were using their growing power to tilt the balance of trade with East Asia in their favor.

How did Western powers use war and diplomacy to gain power in Qing China?


Section 5

In the 1800s China’s relationship with the West changed markedly.

• China had long enjoyed a favorable balance of trade with Europeans.

• The Chinese limited where, how much, and when European merchants could trade.

• China exchanged porcelain, tea, and silk for gold and silver and enjoyed a trade surplus.


Section 5

• China entered a period of decline.

• Europe gained power due to its Industrial Revolution.

By the late 1700s, two developments changed this relationship.

British merchants also began selling opium to the Chinese, causing gold to flow out of China and

disrupting the economy.


Section 5

The result was the Opium War in 1839.

Britain would not stop the sales, saying they had a right to free trade.

To stop the use of drugs, China outlawed opium and executed the drug dealers.

The Chinese were no match for British gunboats and were easily defeated.


Section 5

A second war forced China to open her ports and to allow in Christian

missionaries.

The treaty was the first of several forcing China to make concessions.

The Chinese were forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing. The treaty included payment of a huge indemnity to Britain and granted British subjects

in China extraterritoriality.


Section 5

Suffering peasants rebelled between 1850 and 1864.

While peasants suffered with high taxes, the imperial court lived lavishly.

Massive floods in the Huang Valley resulted from failure to maintain dams and dikes.

Imperial forces eventually put down this Taiping Rebellion. Between 20 and 30 million people died.


Section 5

• Most saw no need to adopt Western industry.

• Western technology was feared as disruptive.

• Scholar-officials opposed Western ideas of individual thought.

The death and destruction of the Taiping Rebellion led to debate about the need for reform.

The Confucian way had served China well for centuries, and most feared changing what worked.


Section 5

In the late 1800s Empress Ci Xi gained power. She opposed change and was committed to Confucian tradition.

Reformers in the 1860s began the “self-strengthening movement,” translating Western works and developing Western-style industries.


Section 5

While China debated, Japan embraced Western technology.

• In 1868 Japan began to modernize.

• In 1898 Japan joined the Western imperialists in competition to develop an empire in China.

In the Sino-Japanese War that followed, China lost the island of Taiwan to the Japanese.


Section 5

China’s loss revealed its weaknesses.

European powers moved in to demand concessions and to carve up spheres of influence.

Imperialism in China


Section 5

No one asked the Chinese, who had to

accept it.

The Europeans accepted this

Open Door Policy.

The United States, a long-time trading partner, opposed these spheres of influence

and demanded an “open door” to trade.


Section 5

• Young emperor Guang Xu launched the “Hundred Days of Reform” in 1898.

• He sought to modernize the bureaucracy, schools, the military, and industry.

Reformers blamed the conservatives for China’s failure to look ahead.

But Empress Ci Xi and the conservatives retook control, executed Guang Xu, and halted reform.


Section 5

But the Western powers defeated

the Boxers.

The Boxer Rebellion attacked foreigners all

across China.

In 1900 a secret society, “The Righteous Harmonious Fists,” launched an attempt to

drive the “foreign devils” out of China.


Section 5

• China had been forced to grant concessions to foreigners again.

• Schools were changed, and women were now allowed to attend.

• China began to expand economically; a business class emerged.

As a result of the Boxer Rebellion, even conservatives had to admit that China needed to modernize.


Section 5

Though the Boxer Rebellion failed, the flames of Chinese nationalism had been fanned.

By the early 1900s, reformers created a constitutional monarchy, and some even called for a republic.


Section 5

In 1911 a rebellion overthrew the Qing dynasty.

A republic was set up under Sun Yixian, who advocated the “Three Principles of the People.”

• Nationalism—removal of foreigners

• Democracy—representative government

• Livelihood —economic security for Chinese people


Section 5

Section Review


Chapter 25 Section 1

The Cold War Begins Japan Modernizes

Section 1

• Explain how problems in Japanese society and the opening of Japan to other countries led to the Meiji Restoration.

• Describe the main reforms under the Meiji government.

• Analyze the factors contributing to Japan’s drive for empire.

Objectives



Section 1

• Matthew Perry – the U.S. Navy commodore who led a fleet of ships into Tokyo Bay in 1853 and demanded that Japan open its ports

• Tokyo – the new “eastern capital” named in 1867, when Emperor Mutsuhito was restored to power and took the name Meiji

• Meiji Restoration – the reign of Emperor Meiji, which lasted from 1868 to 1912, during which Japan learned about the West and modernized

• Diet – a legislature

Terms and People



Section 1

• zaibatsu – powerful banking and industrial families of Japan

• homogeneous society – a society in which all people share a common culture and language

• First Sino-Japanese War – a war between Japan and China that broke out in 1894 due to competition between the two powers in Korea

• Russo-Japanese War – a war between Russia and Japan which began in 1904 and in which Japan gained control of Korea and rights in parts of Manchuria




Section 1

When the United States sent a naval force to Japan in 1853 to force it to open ports to trade, Japan decided to end its policy of seclusion.

This decision led to the transformation of Japan into a modern industrial power and imperialist nation.

How did Japan become a modern industrial power, and what did it do with its new strength?



Section 1

For more than 200 years, Japan was closed to foreigners and remained isolated.

• The Tokugawas imposed centralized feudalism.

• Discontent grew as the daimyo and lesser samurai suffered financial hardship.

• Corruption became common.



Section 1

The shogun opened two ports, granting trading rights to the United States and Europe.

In 1853, a U.S. fleet commanded by Matthew Perry arrived in Tokyo Bay.

The shoguns heard of the British victory in the Opium War and knew that the West would soon reach Japan.



Section 1

His long reign was called the Meiji Restoration. It lasted from 1868 until 1912.

The emperor moved the capital from Kyoto to Edo, which was renamed Tokyo.

The 15-year-old Emperor Mutsuhito was restored to power and took the name Meiji.

Social and economic unrest deepened in Japan, and in 1867 the shogun was unseated in a revolt.



Section 1

• To reach this goal, leaders under Emperor Meiji decided to study Western ways.

• Members of the Japanese government traveled overseas in 1871 to learn about Western economies and technologies.

Emperor Meiji

The goal of the Meiji Restoration was summarized by the motto “A rich country, a strong military.”



Section 1

The Meiji Transformation

Meiji reformers wanted to end the feudal order of old Japan and create an industrial economy.

They formed a Diet, or legislature, to supervise finance, education, and the military.

They made the economy a priority, building factories and then selling them to wealthy

business families called zaibatsu.



Section 1

• These changes were very effective. By the 1890s, industry had grown rapidly in Japan.

• One reason Japan modernized so quickly was that it had a strong sense of national identity and a homogenous society.



Section 1

Society changed due to these reforms.

• The government set up schools and the constitution ended legal distinctions between the classes.

• However, class distinctions did survive, and women continued to have a secondary role in society.



Section 1

• Because Japan is a small island nation, it needed resources.

• It looked to Korea first and forced the peninsula to open its ports to Japan in 1876.

• Competition between China and Japan for control of Korea resulted in the First Sino-Japanese War, which Japan won easily.

As Japan became stronger economically, its leaders began to desire an empire.



Section 1

• Next, Japan challenged Russia, its other rival in the region. The Russo-Japanese War ended in 1905 with a Japanese victory.

• Japan made Korea a protectorate, then annexed it and modernized the territory.

• Japanese repression of Korean culture and language bred nationalist resentment.


The Cold War Begins

Section 1

Japan Modernizes


Section Review


The Cold War Begins Imperialism in Southeast Asia and the Pacific

Section 2

• Outline how Europeans colonized Southeast Asia and how Siam avoided colonial rule.

• Explain how the United States gained control over the Philippines.

• Describe how imperialism spread to the Pacific islands.

Objectives



Section 2

• French Indochina – French holdings in mainland Southeast Asia, including Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia

• Mongkut – the king of Siam who ruled from 1851 to 1868 and was able to make agreements to avoid becoming a European colony

• Spanish-American War – the 1893 war between Spain and the United States, which resulted in the United States taking control of the Philippines

• Liliuokalani – the Hawaiian queen overthrown by American planters in 1893

Terms and People


The Cold War Begins

Section 2

Imperialism in Southeast Asia and the Pacific

Western powers divided up Southeast Asia in the 1800s to gain raw materials for their industries, markets for their products, and converts to their religion.

Southeast Asian peoples fought fiercely to resist colonization, but were generally unsuccessful.

How did industrialized powers divide up Southeast Asia and the Pacific, and how did the colonized peoples react?


The Cold War Begins

Section 2


French missionaries converted many in what became French Indochina. France invaded

Vietnam when it protested.

The British expanded into Burma from India in the early 1800s, annexing the country in 1886.

The Dutch expanded the bases of the Dutch East India Company to dominate Indonesia.

The Dutch, British, and French colonized most of Southeast Asia in the 1800s.


The Cold War Begins

Section 2


Siam, present-day Thailand, escaped becoming a European colony.

• Its king Mongkut studied widely and used his knowledge to negotiate with the West.

• He made agreements with Western leaders in unequal treaties to maintain independence.

• Siam worked to modernize by reforming its government and using new technology.


The Cold War Begins

Section 2


• They moved for economic opportunities.

• The communities they formed became vital centers of trade, banking, and industry in the region.

Many Chinese people migrated to Southeast Asia in the 1800s.


The Cold War Begins

Section 2


• They modernized the region, expanded industry, and removed natural resources.

• The changes in the region benefited Europeans more than Southeast Asians.

Europe controlled most of Southeast Asia by the 1890s.


The Cold War Begins

Section 2


• The Spanish-American War broke out in 1898.

• The United States destroyed the Spanish fleet stationed in the Philippines, and encouraged rebel leaders there to declare independence.

Spain had seized the Philippines in the 1500s.


The Cold War Begins

Section 2


• Instead, America took control of the Philippines.

• People in the United States argued over whether having an empire was a good idea.

• Nevertheless, United States forces crushed a Filipino rebellion and remained in control, promising a gradual transition to self-rule.

When the United States won the war, the Filipinos expected to regain their independence.


The Cold War Begins

Section 2


• American, French, and British forces wanted bases for their ships.

• America signed an unequal treaty with Samoa and gained a naval station there in 1878.

• American planters overthrew the Hawaiian queen Liliuokalani and asked the United States to annex Hawaii.

Next, Western powers began seizing Pacific islands; they controlled nearly every one by 1900.


The Cold War Begins

Section 2


Cultural

• Christianity spread. • Some colonized people lost confidence

in their own cultures. • Traditions were weakened.

Political • Colonizers defined arbitrary borders. • Colonized people struggled for their

independence.

Economic

• Colonized people grew cash crops instead of food.

• Imports of goods destroyed local cottage industries.

The effects of Western imperialism


Section 2


Section Review


The Cold War Begins

Section 3

Self-Rule for Canada, Australia, and New Zealand

• Describe how Canada achieved self-rule.

• Analyze how European settlement changed the course of Australian history.

• Summarize how New Zealand was settled, and how it emerged as independent.

Objectives


The Cold War Begins

Section 3

Self-Rule for Canada, Australia, and New Zealand

• confederation – unification

• dominion – a self-governing nation

• métis – people of mixed Native American and French Canadian descent

• indigenous – original; earliest people inhabiting a land

• penal colony – a place where convicted criminals are sent to be punished

• Maori – the indigenous people of New Zealand

Terms and People


The Cold War Begins Self-Rule for Canada, Australia, and New Zealand

Section 3

The colonies of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand won independence from Britain more easily than other colonies.

This was due in large part to their shared language and the racial attitudes of the imperialists, who felt that whites could govern themselves.

How were the British colonies of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand settled, and how did they win self-rule?



Section 3

The population of Canada had three main factions in the late 1700s.

• Thousands of French-speaking Catholic settlers

• 30,000 British loyalists who fled to Canada after the American Revolution

• Several groups of Native Americans



Section 3

Upper Canada Lower Canada

• English-speaking (now Ontario)

• English laws and traditions guided this province.

• French-speaking (now Quebec)

• The Catholic Church and French traditions guided this province.

To ease tension between the factions, Britain created two separate Canadian provinces.



Section 3

Leaders called for confederation of all of Britain’s North American colonies.

The North American Act of 1867 created the Dominion of Canada.

Great Britain passed the Act of Union in 1840, joining both provinces into one and creating an elected

legislature.

Unrest led to rebellion in both provinces in 1837.



Section 3

The Canadian Pacific Railroad opened in 1885, linking east and west.

Canada expanded westward and attracted new immigrants from all over the world.



Section 3

• Native Americans were forced to give up their land.

• Louis Riel led the métis to revolt in 1869 and 1885, but this failed and he was executed.

• Canada flourished, but cultural division and American influence threatened to dominate.

As Canada expanded, Native Americans suffered and cultural unity proved challenging.



Section 3

• Australia was inhabited by indigenous people who lived in small food-gathering groups and spoke 250 different languages.

• Britain made Australia a penal colony in the late 1700s. Work gangs of prisoners cleared the land.

James Cook claimed Australia for Britain in 1770, but it was too remote to attract settlers.



Section 3

• A gold rush in 1851 helped the colony grow.

• Many settlers became sheep ranchers and wheat farmers, pushing into the continent’s rugged interior.

Britain offered land and tools to free citizens who would move to Australia in the 1800s.



Section 3

Great Britain helped the colonies of Australia unite to prevent interference from other European powers.

• The Commonwealth of Australia was thereby formed in 1901.

• Though it recognized the British monarch as its head of state, Australia was self-governing.

• Its constitution was modeled on those of Britain and the United States.



Section 3

• Christian missionaries arrived in 1814 to convert the indigenous Maori people.

• The Maori people were settled farmers and defended their land.

• Britain annexed New Zealand in 1840. Though the Maori fought wars to keep their land, in the end they were overcome.

Captain Cook claimed New Zealand for Britain in 1769.



Section 3

• The nation won independence in 1907 but maintained close ties to Britain.

• New Zealand formed its own parliament and elected legislature.

New Zealand sought self-rule.


Section 3


Section Review

objectivesmrzmija.weebly.com/uploads/8/8/6/6/8866655/_nationalism... · 2013-07-13 · section 4...

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