© 2009 mcgraw-hill higher education. all rights reserved. basic concepts of sport chapter 4...

© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Basic Concepts of SportBasic Concepts of Sport

Chapter 4Chapter 4Chapter 4Chapter 4

Introduction to Physical Introduction to Physical Education, Fitness, and SportEducation, Fitness, and Sport

Introduction to Physical Introduction to Physical Education, Fitness, and SportEducation, Fitness, and Sport

Daryl SiedentopDaryl SiedentopDaryl SiedentopDaryl Siedentop

© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.22

Introductory pointsIntroductory points

Sport has been part of most civilized societies

Sport has been part of most civilized societies It has been the focus of (intense) study since the mid 20th Century, especially with the emergence of a national and world sport culture

It has been the focus of (intense) study since the mid 20th Century, especially with the emergence of a national and world sport culture

Sport is a form of play impulse in all humans Sport is a form of play impulse in all humans


Introductory points (cont’d.)Introductory points (cont’d.)

Your sport experiences likely contributed to you choosing a career in fitness, sport and/or Physical Education

Your sport experiences likely contributed to you choosing a career in fitness, sport and/or Physical Education

“Sport is important . . .” “Sport is important . . .”

What numbers/data would support this claim?

What numbers/data would support this claim?


Sport: The Natural ReligionSport: The Natural Religion

Novak (1976): “Sport is a natural religion” Novak (1976): “Sport is a natural religion”

What makes it that way?What makes it that way?


Sport: The Natural Religion (cont’d.)Sport: The Natural Religion (cont’d.)

Sport has Sport has Rituals Costumes Powers beyond one’s control Figures who enforce rules Opportunity to teach sacrifice, courage and perseverance Heroes and heroines that we can strive to emulate

Rituals Costumes Powers beyond one’s control Figures who enforce rules Opportunity to teach sacrifice, courage and perseverance Heroes and heroines that we can strive to emulate

Can you point to examples of these in sport? Can you point to examples of these in sport?


Sport: The Natural Religion (cont’d.)Sport: The Natural Religion (cont’d.)

Thus, sport has a religious nature. Thus, sport has a religious nature.

. . . it can have deep personal meaning for people . . . it can have deep personal meaning for people

. . . it can afford us the chance to find out who we are, and what we are capable of (Metheny, 1970)

. . . it can afford us the chance to find out who we are, and what we are capable of (Metheny, 1970)

. . . It is a force that can teach us about ourselves and our society (Sheed, 1995)

. . . It is a force that can teach us about ourselves and our society (Sheed, 1995)


Leisure, Play, Games, and SportLeisure, Play, Games, and Sport

Sport . . . Sport . . .

What are its underlying motivations . . .?

What shapes does it take . . .?

How has it developed over time . . .?

How is it related to concepts like leisure, play,games, and competition . . .?

What are its underlying motivations . . .?

What shapes does it take . . .?

How has it developed over time . . .?

How is it related to concepts like leisure, play,games, and competition . . .?


Leisure . . .Leisure . . .

It is often viewed opposite of work It is often viewed opposite of work

Work vs. Leisure: Work vs. Leisure:

Our attitude toward both The type of activities we engage in The time for both

Our attitude toward both The type of activities we engage in The time for both


Leisure . . . (cont’d.)Leisure . . . (cont’d.)

An attitude of freedom or release from demands of daily life An attitude of freedom or release from demands of daily life

Compared to work, it is freely chosen, not obligatory Compared to work, it is freely chosen, not obligatory

For some, an activity is viewed as leisure, for others, the same activity is pure work For some, an activity is viewed as leisure, for others, the same activity is pure work

Leisure is thought to be related to Play. . .


Play . . .Play . . .

Sport as a form of play Sport as a form of play

Child’s play and adult play Child’s play and adult play


Play . . . (cont’d.)Play . . . (cont’d.)

Sport as a form of play Sport as a form of play

It is an institutionalized form of play It is an institutionalized form of play

Play is a basic motivation in human activity

( Huizinga, 1962).

Play is a basic motivation in human activity

( Huizinga, 1962). While play is different from work, it can absorb us as much as work While play is different from work, it can absorb us as much as work



Callois’ definition of Play (based on Huizinga): Callois’ definition of Play (based on Huizinga):

It is free . . .voluntary It is free . . .voluntary

Separate . . . Occurs in specific places and times Separate . . . Occurs in specific places and times

Uncertain . . . If competition is even, the result

is not known a priori, it increases playfulness Uncertain . . . If competition is even, the result

is not known a priori, it increases playfulness



Callois’ definition of Play (based on Huizinga): Callois’ definition of Play (based on Huizinga): Economically unproductive . . . The more wealth it produces, the less playful

Economically unproductive . . . The more wealth it produces, the less playful

Governed by rules or make believe . . . Though quite arbitrary, rules define the activity, help maintain fairness, and determine the outcome

Governed by rules or make believe . . . Though quite arbitrary, rules define the activity, help maintain fairness, and determine the outcome

Or governed by make believe . . . If there are no rules. Often, children will pretend to be Dwayne Wade or Venus Williams

Or governed by make believe . . . If there are no rules. Often, children will pretend to be Dwayne Wade or Venus Williams



Thus, sport can be a form of play Thus, sport can be a form of play

While sport need not be playful, it must maintain elements of play it is to thrive While sport need not be playful, it must maintain elements of play it is to thrive

Remember to think of play as a verb . . . (e.g., I play golf) Remember to think of play as a verb . . . (e.g., I play golf)

Play is a fundamental feature of human Play is a fundamental feature of human behavior & can afford highly meaningful behavior & can afford highly meaningful experiencesexperiences

Play is a fundamental feature of human Play is a fundamental feature of human behavior & can afford highly meaningful behavior & can afford highly meaningful experiencesexperiences


Child’s Play & Adult Play . . .Child’s Play & Adult Play . . .

How do adults play differently from children? How do adults play differently from children?

Children’s Play Adult PlayChildren’s Play Adult Play

Turbulence GaietySpontaneityDiversion

Turbulence GaietySpontaneityDiversion

CalculationSubordination ContrivanceRitualPractice & TrainingSkill & Strategy

CalculationSubordination ContrivanceRitualPractice & TrainingSkill & Strategy


Child’s Play & Adult Play . . . (cont’d.)

Child’s Play & Adult Play . . . (cont’d.)

As players and their form of play mature, new challenges must be added As players and their form of play mature, new challenges must be added

Examples: Examples: 1. Course difficulty in golf2. The shot-clock in basketball3. Field size in baseball (e.g., little league vs. HS)

1. Course difficulty in golf2. The shot-clock in basketball3. Field size in baseball (e.g., little league vs. HS)

When sport loses its playfulness, the meaning is lessened for it participants When sport loses its playfulness, the meaning is lessened for it participants


Games . . . Games . . .

“Game” and “sport” are similar and related, but not the same . . . “Game” and “sport” are similar and related, but not the same . . .

Not all games are sport, . . . but sport is always a game Not all games are sport, . . . but sport is always a game

Games: derive from play, involve competition, have outcomes determined by skill, strategy, and/or chance

Games: derive from play, involve competition, have outcomes determined by skill, strategy, and/or chance

“Cooperative” (or non-competitive) game, is a contradiction in terms “Cooperative” (or non-competitive) game, is a contradiction in terms


Games . . . Skill, Strategy, and Chance

Games . . . Skill, Strategy, and Chance

Game outcomes determined mostly by chance are not really sport . . . (Examples?) Game outcomes determined mostly by chance are not really sport . . . (Examples?)

Sport outcomes at times may be influenced by chance . . . (Examples?)

Sport outcomes at times may be influenced by chance . . . (Examples?)

Games with strong strategic roles, but no physical skills are also not sport, but games . . . (Examples?).

Games with strong strategic roles, but no physical skills are also not sport, but games . . . (Examples?).


Games . . . And their RulesGames . . . And their Rules

Primary Rules: Those rules that define the game . . . Changes would alter the fundamental nature of the game

Primary Rules: Those rules that define the game . . . Changes would alter the fundamental nature of the game

Secondary rules: Define the institutionalized forms of the game, but preserve the fundamental nature of the game

Secondary rules: Define the institutionalized forms of the game, but preserve the fundamental nature of the game

Can you think of examples for both type of rules?Can you think of examples for both type of rules?

What makes baseball baseball, and not hockey?What makes baseball baseball, and not hockey?


Categorizing Sport GamesCategorizing Sport Games

Using similarities in “primary rules” as a criterion, one can classify games as: Using similarities in “primary rules” as a criterion, one can classify games as:

Territory (or Invasion) games Target games Court/Net games Sector (or Striking & fielding) games

Territory (or Invasion) games Target games Court/Net games Sector (or Striking & fielding) games

Some sports do not fit in this classification Some sports do not fit in this classification

. . . What would be some examples?


Categorizing Sport Games (cont’d.)

Categorizing Sport Games (cont’d.)

Extreme Sports . . . reflect a desire to resist the values typically espoused in “traditional” sport

Extreme Sports . . . reflect a desire to resist the values typically espoused in “traditional” sport

New games evolve . . . (e.g., frisbee is

gradually becoming a sport-

Ultimate)

New games evolve . . . (e.g., frisbee is

gradually becoming a sport-

Ultimate)

. . . Yet Extreme Sports are also gradually becoming more institutionalized . . . Yet Extreme Sports are also gradually becoming more institutionalized


Competition in Sport and Games

Competition in Sport and Games

Zero-sum Competition Zero-sum Competition

Two views of Competition: Two views of Competition:

A positive view to Competition: A positive view to Competition:

To come together – a festivity To come together – a festivity To seek competence (a strong motivation to continue participation).

To seek competence (a strong motivation to continue participation).

To be in a state of rivalry To be in a state of rivalry

Sport virtually has no zero-sum competition Sport virtually has no zero-sum competition


The Institutionalization of Sport

The Institutionalization of Sport See box 4.1 for how Extreme Sport gradually is

being institutionalized See box 4.1 for how Extreme Sport gradually is being institutionalized New games start locally, and with growth in interest, it will gradually become more institutionalized

New games start locally, and with growth in interest, it will gradually become more institutionalized

Institutionalized sport spawns numerous supporting professionals (i.e., “without them there is no game at that level”)

Institutionalized sport spawns numerous supporting professionals (i.e., “without them there is no game at that level”)

What are some examples of such support roles?What are some examples of such support roles?


Codification of Rules & Referees

Codification of Rules & Referees How a game is played is governed mostly by the

established rules as well as its traditions that develop over time

How a game is played is governed mostly by the established rules as well as its traditions that develop over time

A sport with codified rules requires referees . . . to ensure fairness during competition A sport with codified rules requires referees . . . to ensure fairness during competition

The more institutionalized the sport, the greater the need for training of officials and performance oversight *NFL example

The more institutionalized the sport, the greater the need for training of officials and performance oversight *NFL example


The Genesis of Sport Organizations

The Genesis of Sport Organizations Sport organizations and conferences develop

to aid the process of determining season champions. Sport organizations and conferences develop to aid the process of determining season champions.

Organizations design & oversee competition schedule, arrange facilities, recruit officials, etc. Organizations design & oversee competition schedule, arrange facilities, recruit officials, etc.

The more institutionalized the sport, the greater the need for full-time personnel in such organizations . . . Hence the emergence of which professions?

The more institutionalized the sport, the greater the need for full-time personnel in such organizations . . . Hence the emergence of which professions?

Sport Management, Promotion, & Admin.Sport Management, Promotion, & Admin.


The Importance of RecordsThe Importance of Records

Records: • define performance, excellence, • become the standard• show what humans are capable

of• define its heroes and heroines

Records: • define performance, excellence, • become the standard• show what humans are capable

of• define its heroes and heroines

What record-setting performances have you witnessed? Which stand out mostfor you?

What record-setting performances have you witnessed? Which stand out mostfor you?


The Public Nature of Institutionalized SportThe Public Nature of

Institutionalized Sport

The more popular a sport, the more attention is paid . . . Hence, the emergence & growth of professions such as sport journalism and broadcasting

The more popular a sport, the more attention is paid . . . Hence, the emergence & growth of professions such as sport journalism and broadcasting

Consider the explosive growth in sport literature and sport-related movies Consider the explosive growth in sport literature and sport-related movies

Sport is central to our culture and life Sport is central to our culture and life


Sport SpectatingSport Spectating

Is watching a lot of sport a bad thing? Is watching a lot of sport a bad thing?

A spectator is also (oftentimes!) a fan who is deeply rooted to a particular team(s) A spectator is also (oftentimes!) a fan who is deeply rooted to a particular team(s)

A sense of belonging . . . A sense of belonging . . .

How can watching sport be an educational experience? (i.e., Helping the spectator become more informed)

How can watching sport be an educational experience? (i.e., Helping the spectator become more informed)


Sport AestheticsSport Aesthetics

“Sport is people’s Art” “Sport is people’s Art”

Sport has a long historic link with art Sport has a long historic link with art

Is sport as a “performance art” any different from drama, dance and music? Is sport as a “performance art” any different from drama, dance and music?

Is turning a double play in baseball any less artful than a Pas de Deux in Ballet? (Frank Deford, 2008)

Is turning a double play in baseball any less artful than a Pas de Deux in Ballet? (Frank Deford, 2008)


Sport Aesthetics (cont’d.)Sport Aesthetics (cont’d.)

Aesthetics in Form Sports Aesthetics in Form Sports

What would be examples of “form sports?” What would be examples of “form sports?”

Performances are judged Performances are judged

What to judge in the performance? What to judge in the performance?

. . . Form, grace, flow, rhythm, poise, harmony, level of difficulty, etc.

. . . Form, grace, flow, rhythm, poise, harmony, level of difficulty, etc.


Sport Aesthetics (cont’d.)Sport Aesthetics (cont’d.)

Aesthetics in other sports Aesthetics in other sports So can there be artistry in the other sports? So can there be artistry in the other sports?

Wherein lies the artistic beauty in soccer or golf?

Wherein lies the artistic beauty in soccer or golf?

a well-developed body in motion a well executed play of maneuver a dramatic competition the unity of the entire performance (from Carlisle, 1974)

a well-developed body in motion a well executed play of maneuver a dramatic competition the unity of the entire performance (from Carlisle, 1974)


Sport EthicsSport Ethics

Ethics . . . How people ought to behave Ethics . . . How people ought to behave

In Sport we refer to sporting behavior or fair play In Sport we refer to sporting behavior or fair play

Many assume that sport inherently results in ethical behavior of players, coaches and others

Many assume that sport inherently results in ethical behavior of players, coaches and others Fair play stands squarely opposite to the “win at all cost” behavior Fair play stands squarely opposite to the “win at all cost” behavior


Sport Ethics:Rules and the Nature of

Games (cont’d.)

Sport Ethics:Rules and the Nature of

Games (cont’d.) Referees/officials oversee that intentional rule violations are minimized to ensure fair and balance competition

Referees/officials oversee that intentional rule violations are minimized to ensure fair and balance competition

Cheating in sport is on the rise . . . Examples?

Cheating in sport is on the rise . . . Examples?

Within a game or contest? Within a game or contest?

Outside the game itself?


The Developmental Potential of Sport

The Developmental Potential of Sport

Potential developmental benefits leads parents to guide children to sport Potential developmental benefits leads parents to guide children to sport

Clubs and out-of-school community organizations are venues for this . . . Generally, inclusive

Clubs and out-of-school community organizations are venues for this . . . Generally, inclusive

Well run programs have positive impacts (Policy Studies Associates, 2006)

Well run programs have positive impacts (Policy Studies Associates, 2006)

The people in such programs are key . . . The people in such programs are key . . .


Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions

1. How do important local sport events,

such as a high school football game,

show the characteristics of sport as a

natural religion?

1. How do important local sport events,

such as a high school football game,

show the characteristics of sport as a

natural religion?



2. Can scholarship and professional athletes still be engaged in play when they are playing in sport?

Explain your answer.

2. Can scholarship and professional athletes still be engaged in play when they are playing in sport?

Explain your answer.



3. To what extent does the game-

classification system depend on

similarities and differences in

primary rules?

3. To what extent does the game-

classification system depend on

similarities and differences in

primary rules?



4. How do views of competition among the general public differ from views among athletes themselves?

4. How do views of competition among the general public differ from views among athletes themselves?



5. What kind of rules and practices should be adopted in school sports to ensure that competition is as good as it can be?

5. What kind of rules and practices should be adopted in school sports to ensure that competition is as good as it can be?



6. What kind of sport events pr performances have you found to be aesthetically pleasing?

What about them has caused you to react this way?

6. What kind of sport events pr performances have you found to be aesthetically pleasing?

What about them has caused you to react this way?



7. What personal experiences have you had that highlight controversial issues in sport ethics?

How did you and other people involved react?

7. What personal experiences have you had that highlight controversial issues in sport ethics?

How did you and other people involved react?



8. Are extreme sports a passing fancy or are they here to stay?

Explain your reason for your position.

8. Are extreme sports a passing fancy or are they here to stay?

Explain your reason for your position.



9. How would you define cheating in the sports that you play?

9. How would you define cheating in the sports that you play?

© 2009 mcgraw-hill higher education. all rights reserved. basic concepts of sport chapter 4...

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