© 2007 pearson education measuring output rates supplement h
TRANSCRIPT
© 2007 Pearson Education
MeasuringOutput Rates
Supplement HSupplement H
© 2007 Pearson Education
Work Standards
A work standard is the time required for a trained worker to perform a task following a prescribed method with normal effort and skill.
Used in the following ways: Establishing prices and costs. Motivating workers. Comparing alternative process designs. Scheduling. Capacity planning. Performance appraisal.
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Methods of Work Measurement
The time study method.
The elemental standard data approach.
The predetermined data approach.
The work sampling method.
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The Time Study Method
Time study is the method used most often.
Step 1: Selecting the work elements.
Step 2: Timing the elements.
Step 3: Determining sample size.
Step 4: Setting the standard.
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Time Study MethodTime Study MethodExample H.1Example H.1
Packaging Coffee Cups
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Step 1: Selecting Work ElementsStep 1: Selecting Work Elements
Work ElementWork Element
1.1. Get two cartonsGet two cartons2.2. Put liner in cartonPut liner in carton3.3. Place cups in cartonPlace cups in carton4.4. Seal carton and set asideSeal carton and set aside
Time Study MethodTime Study MethodExample H.1Example H.1
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Step 2: Timing the ElementsStep 2: Timing the Elements (10 observations)(10 observations)
StandardStandard SelectSelectDeviation, Deviation, Time, Time, tt
Work ElementWork Element (minutes)(minutes) (minutes)(minutes)
1.1. Get two cartonsGet two cartons 0.03050.0305 0.500.502.2. Put liner in cartonPut liner in carton 0.01710.0171 0.110.113.3. Place cups in cartonPlace cups in carton 0.02260.0226 0.710.714.4. Seal carton and set asideSeal carton and set aside 0.02410.0241 1.101.10
Work element 1 was observed only 5 times because it occurs once every two work cycles.
Time Study MethodTime Study MethodExample H.1Example H.1
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Step 3: Determining the Sample SizeStep 3: Determining the Sample Size
nn = = [( )( )][( )( )]zz p tp t
22
StandardStandard SelectSelect RequiredRequiredDeviation, Deviation, Time, Time, tt SampleSample
Work ElementWork Element (minutes)(minutes) (minutes)(minutes) SizeSize
1.1. Get two cartonsGet two cartons 0.03050.0305 0.500.502.2. Put liner in cartonPut liner in carton 0.01710.0171 0.110.113.3. Place cups in cartonPlace cups in carton 0.02260.0226 0.710.714.4. Seal carton and set asideSeal carton and set aside 0.02410.0241 1.101.10
Time Study MethodTime Study MethodExample H.1Example H.1
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Step 3: Determining the Sample SizeStep 3: Determining the Sample Size
StandardStandard SelectSelect RequiredRequiredDeviation, Deviation, Time, Time, tt SampleSample
Work ElementWork Element (minutes)(minutes) (minutes)(minutes) SizeSize
1.1. Get two cartonsGet two cartons 0.03050.0305 0.500.502.2. Put liner in cartonPut liner in carton 0.01710.0171 0.110.113.3. Place cups in cartonPlace cups in carton 0.02260.0226 0.710.714.4. Seal carton and set asideSeal carton and set aside 0.02410.0241 1.101.10
nn = = [( )( )][( )( )]zz p tp t
22
DesiredConfidence (%) z
90 1.6595 1.9696 2.0597 2.1798 2.3399 2.58
p = 0.04 z = 1.96
Time Study MethodTime Study MethodExample H.1Example H.1
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Step 3: Determining the Sample SizeStep 3: Determining the Sample Size
StandardStandard SelectSelect RequiredRequiredDeviation, Deviation, Time, Time, tt SampleSample
Work ElementWork Element (minutes)(minutes) (minutes)(minutes) SizeSize
1.1. Get two cartonsGet two cartons 0.03050.0305 0.500.502.2. Put liner in cartonPut liner in carton 0.01710.0171 0.110.113.3. Place cups in cartonPlace cups in carton 0.02260.0226 0.710.714.4. Seal carton and set asideSeal carton and set aside 0.02410.0241 1.101.10
1.961.96 0.040.04 t tnn = = [( )( )][( )( )]
22
Time Study MethodTime Study MethodExample H.1Example H.1
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Step 3: Determining the Sample SizeStep 3: Determining the Sample Size
StandardStandard SelectSelect RequiredRequiredDeviation, Deviation, Time, Time, tt SampleSample
Work ElementWork Element (minutes)(minutes) (minutes)(minutes) SizeSize
1.1. Get two cartonsGet two cartons 0.03050.0305 0.500.502.2. Put liner in cartonPut liner in carton 0.01710.0171 0.110.113.3. Place cups in cartonPlace cups in carton 0.02260.0226 0.710.714.4. Seal carton and set asideSeal carton and set aside 0.02410.0241 1.101.10
1.961.96 0.040.04 t tnn = = [( )( )][( )( )]
22
Time Study MethodTime Study MethodExample H.1Example H.1
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Step 3: Determining the Sample SizeStep 3: Determining the Sample Size
StandardStandard SelectSelect RequiredRequiredDeviation, Deviation, Time, Time, tt SampleSample
Work ElementWork Element (minutes)(minutes) (minutes)(minutes) SizeSize
1.1. Get two cartonsGet two cartons 0.03050.0305 0.500.502.2. Put liner in cartonPut liner in carton 0.01710.0171 0.110.113.3. Place cups in cartonPlace cups in carton 0.02260.0226 0.710.714.4. Seal carton and set asideSeal carton and set aside 0.02410.0241 1.101.10
nn = = [( )( )][( )( )]1.96 0.03051.96 0.03050.04 0.5000.04 0.500
22
Time Study MethodTime Study MethodExample H.1Example H.1
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Step 3: Determining the Sample SizeStep 3: Determining the Sample Size
StandardStandard SelectSelect RequiredRequiredDeviation, Deviation, Time, Time, tt SampleSample
Work ElementWork Element (minutes)(minutes) (minutes)(minutes) SizeSize
1.1. Get two cartonsGet two cartons 0.03050.0305 0.500.50 992.2. Put liner in cartonPut liner in carton 0.01710.0171 0.110.113.3. Place cups in cartonPlace cups in carton 0.02260.0226 0.710.714.4. Seal carton and set asideSeal carton and set aside 0.02410.0241 1.101.10
1.961.96 0.040.04 t tnn = = [( )( )][( )( )]
22
Time Study MethodTime Study MethodExample H.1Example H.1
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Step 3: Determining the Sample SizeStep 3: Determining the Sample Size
StandardStandard SelectSelect RequiredRequiredDeviation, Deviation, Time, Time, tt SampleSample
Work ElementWork Element (minutes)(minutes) (minutes)(minutes) SizeSize
1.1. Get two cartonsGet two cartons 0.03050.0305 0.500.50 992.2. Put liner in cartonPut liner in carton 0.01710.0171 0.110.11 58583.3. Place cups in cartonPlace cups in carton 0.02260.0226 0.710.714.4. Seal carton and set asideSeal carton and set aside 0.02410.0241 1.101.10
1.961.96 0.040.04 t tnn = = [( )( )][( )( )]
22
Time Study MethodTime Study MethodExample H.1Example H.1
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Step 3: Determining the Sample SizeStep 3: Determining the Sample Size
StandardStandard SelectSelect RequiredRequiredDeviation, Deviation, Time, Time, tt SampleSample
Work ElementWork Element (minutes)(minutes) (minutes)(minutes) SizeSize
1.1. Get two cartonsGet two cartons 0.03050.0305 0.500.50 992.2. Put liner in cartonPut liner in carton 0.01710.0171 0.110.11 58583.3. Place cups in cartonPlace cups in carton 0.02260.0226 0.710.71 334.4. Seal carton and set asideSeal carton and set aside 0.02410.0241 1.101.10
1.961.96 0.040.04 t tnn = = [( )( )][( )( )]
22
Time Study MethodTime Study MethodExample H.1Example H.1
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Step 3: Determining the Sample Step 3: Determining the Sample SizeSize
StandardStandard SelectSelect RequiredRequiredDeviation, Deviation, Time, Time, tt SampleSample
Work ElementWork Element (minutes)(minutes) (minutes)(minutes) SizeSize
1.1. Get two cartonsGet two cartons 0.03050.0305 0.500.50 992.2. Put liner in cartonPut liner in carton 0.01710.0171 0.110.11 58583.3. Place cups in cartonPlace cups in carton 0.02260.0226 0.710.71 334.4. Seal carton and set asideSeal carton and set aside 0.02410.0241 1.101.10 22
1.961.96 0.040.04 t tnn = = [( )( )][( )( )]
22
Time Study MethodTime Study MethodExample H.1Example H.1
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Step 3: Determining the Sample SizeStep 3: Determining the Sample Size
StandardStandard SelectSelect RequiredRequiredDeviation, Deviation, Time, Time, tt SampleSample
Work ElementWork Element (minutes)(minutes) (minutes)(minutes) SizeSize
1.1. Get two cartonsGet two cartons 0.03050.0305 0.500.50 992.2. Put liner in cartonPut liner in carton 0.01710.0171 0.110.11 58583.3. Place cups in cartonPlace cups in carton 0.02260.0226 0.710.71 334.4. Seal carton and set asideSeal carton and set aside 0.02410.0241 1.101.10 22
Use largest n, 58.
Time Study MethodTime Study MethodExample H.1Example H.1
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Step 4: Setting the StandardStep 4: Setting the Standard
Work ElementWork Element tt FF RFRF NTNT
1.1. Get two cartonsGet two cartons2.2. Put liner in cartonPut liner in carton3.3. Place cups in cartonPlace cups in carton4.4. Seal carton and set asideSeal carton and set aside
Time Study MethodTime Study MethodExample H.2Example H.2
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Step 4: Setting the StandardStep 4: Setting the Standard (after 48 additional observations)(after 48 additional observations)
Performance rating factor (RF) describes Performance rating factor (RF) describes how muchhow much above or below the average. above or below the average.
Work ElementWork Element tt FF RFRF NTNT
1.1. Get two cartonsGet two cartons 0.530.53 0.500.50 1.051.052.2. Put liner in cartonPut liner in carton 0.100.10 1.001.00 0.950.953.3. Place cups in cartonPlace cups in carton 0.750.75 1.001.00 1.101.104.4. Seal carton and set asideSeal carton and set aside 1.081.08 1.001.00 0.900.90
NT = NT = t t ((FF )(RF))(RF)
Determining normal time
Time Study MethodTime Study MethodExample H.2Example H.2
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Step 4: Setting the StandardStep 4: Setting the Standard (after 48 additional observations)(after 48 additional observations)
Work ElementWork Element tt FF RFRF NTNT
1.1. Get two cartonsGet two cartons 0.530.53 0.500.50 1.051.052.2. Put liner in cartonPut liner in carton 0.100.10 1.001.00 0.950.953.3. Place cups in cartonPlace cups in carton 0.750.75 1.001.00 1.101.104.4. Seal carton and set asideSeal carton and set aside 1.081.08 1.001.00 0.900.90
NT = NT = t t ((FF )(RF))(RF)
Time Study MethodTime Study MethodExample H.2Example H.2
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Step 4: Setting the StandardStep 4: Setting the Standard (after 48 additional observations)(after 48 additional observations)
Work ElementWork Element tt FF RFRF NTNT
1.1. Get two cartonsGet two cartons 0.530.53 0.500.50 1.051.05 0.280.282.2. Put liner in cartonPut liner in carton 0.100.10 1.001.00 0.950.953.3. Place cups in cartonPlace cups in carton 0.750.75 1.001.00 1.101.104.4. Seal carton and set asideSeal carton and set aside 1.081.08 1.001.00 0.900.90
NT = 0.53(0.50)(1.05) = 0.28 minuteNT = 0.53(0.50)(1.05) = 0.28 minute
Time Study MethodTime Study MethodExample H.2Example H.2
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Step 4: Setting the StandardStep 4: Setting the Standard (after 48 additional observations)(after 48 additional observations)
Work ElementWork Element tt FF RFRF NTNT
1.1. Get two cartonsGet two cartons 0.530.53 0.500.50 1.051.05 0.280.282.2. Put liner in cartonPut liner in carton 0.100.10 1.001.00 0.950.95 0.100.103.3. Place cups in cartonPlace cups in carton 0.750.75 1.001.00 1.101.104.4. Seal carton and set asideSeal carton and set aside 1.081.08 1.001.00 0.900.90
NT = NT = t t ((FF )(RF))(RF)
Time Study MethodTime Study MethodExample H.2Example H.2
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Step 4: Setting the StandardStep 4: Setting the Standard (after 48 additional observations)(after 48 additional observations)
Work ElementWork Element tt FF RFRF NTNT
1.1. Get two cartonsGet two cartons 0.530.53 0.500.50 1.051.05 0.280.282.2. Put liner in cartonPut liner in carton 0.100.10 1.001.00 0.950.95 0.100.103.3. Place cups in cartonPlace cups in carton 0.750.75 1.001.00 1.101.10 0.830.834.4. Seal carton and set asideSeal carton and set aside 1.081.08 1.001.00 0.900.90
NT = NT = t t ((FF )(RF))(RF)
Time Study MethodTime Study MethodExample H.2Example H.2
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Step 4: Setting the StandardStep 4: Setting the Standard (after 48 additional observations)(after 48 additional observations)
Work ElementWork Element tt FF RFRF NTNT
1.1. Get two cartonsGet two cartons 0.530.53 0.500.50 1.051.05 0.280.282.2. Put liner in cartonPut liner in carton 0.100.10 1.001.00 0.950.95 0.100.103.3. Place cups in cartonPlace cups in carton 0.750.75 1.001.00 1.101.10 0.830.834.4. Seal carton and set asideSeal carton and set aside 1.081.08 1.001.00 0.900.90 0.970.97
NT = NT = t t ((FF )(RF))(RF)
Time Study MethodTime Study MethodExample H.2Example H.2
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Step 4: Setting the StandardStep 4: Setting the Standard (after 48 additional observations)(after 48 additional observations)
Work ElementWork Element tt FF RFRF NTNT
1.1. Get two cartonsGet two cartons 0.530.53 0.500.50 1.051.05 0.280.282.2. Put liner in cartonPut liner in carton 0.100.10 1.001.00 0.950.95 0.100.103.3. Place cups in cartonPlace cups in carton 0.750.75 1.001.00 1.101.10 0.830.834.4. Seal carton and set asideSeal carton and set aside 1.081.08 1.001.00 0.900.90 0.970.97
TotalTotal 2.182.18
NT = NT = t t ((FF )(RF) NTC = )(RF) NTC = NTNT
Time Study MethodTime Study MethodExample H.2Example H.2
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Step 4: Setting the Standard Step 4: Setting the Standard (after 48 additional observations)(after 48 additional observations)
Work ElementWork Element tt FF RFRF NTNT
1.1. Get two cartonsGet two cartons 0.530.53 0.500.50 1.051.05 0.280.282.2. Put liner in cartonPut liner in carton 0.100.10 1.001.00 0.950.95 0.100.103.3. Place cups in cartonPlace cups in carton 0.750.75 1.001.00 1.101.10 0.830.834.4. Seal carton and set asideSeal carton and set aside 1.081.08 1.001.00 0.900.90 0.970.97
TotalTotal 2.182.18
ST = NTC (1 + ST = NTC (1 + AA) ) AA = allowance time added to = allowance time added to adjust for certain factorsadjust for certain factors
Determining the standard time
Time Study MethodTime Study MethodExample H.3Example H.3
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Step 4: Setting the StandardStep 4: Setting the Standard (after 48 additional observations)(after 48 additional observations)
Work ElementWork Element tt FF RFRF NTNT
1.1. Get two cartonsGet two cartons 0.530.53 0.500.50 1.051.05 0.280.282.2. Put liner in cartonPut liner in carton 0.100.10 1.001.00 0.950.95 0.100.103.3. Place cups in cartonPlace cups in carton 0.750.75 1.001.00 1.101.10 0.830.834.4. Seal carton and set asideSeal carton and set aside 1.081.08 1.001.00 0.900.90 0.970.97
Allowance (Allowance (AA) = 15%) = 15% TotalTotal 2.182.18
ST = 2.18 (1 + 0.15) = 2.51 minutes/cartonST = 2.18 (1 + 0.15) = 2.51 minutes/carton
Time Study MethodTime Study MethodExample H.3Example H.3
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Step 4: Setting the StandardStep 4: Setting the Standard (after 48 additional observations)(after 48 additional observations)
Work ElementWork Element tt FF RFRF NTNT
1.1. Get two cartonsGet two cartons 0.530.53 0.500.50 1.051.05 0.280.282.2. Put liner in cartonPut liner in carton 0.100.10 1.001.00 0.950.95 0.100.103.3. Place cups in cartonPlace cups in carton 0.750.75 1.001.00 1.101.10 0.830.834.4. Seal carton and set asideSeal carton and set aside 1.081.08 1.001.00 0.900.90 0.970.97
Allowance (Allowance (AA) = 15%) = 15% TotalTotal 2.182.18Standard TimeStandard Time 2.512.51
Time Study MethodTime Study MethodExample H.3Example H.3
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Step 4: Setting the Standard Step 4: Setting the Standard (after 48 additional observations)(after 48 additional observations)
Work ElementWork Element tt FF RFRF NTNT
1.1. Get two cartonsGet two cartons 0.530.53 0.500.50 1.051.05 0.280.282.2. Put liner in cartonPut liner in carton 0.100.10 1.001.00 0.950.95 0.100.103.3. Place cups in cartonPlace cups in carton 0.750.75 1.001.00 1.101.10 0.830.834.4. Seal carton and set asideSeal carton and set aside 1.081.08 1.001.00 0.900.90 0.970.97
Allowance (Allowance (AA) = 15%) = 15% TotalTotal 2.182.18Standard TimeStandard Time 2.512.51
480 minutes/day480 minutes/day
2.51 minutes/carton2.51 minutes/carton= 191 cartons/day= 191 cartons/day
Time Study MethodTime Study MethodExample H.3Example H.3
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Calculating Select TimeApplication H.1
Lucy and Ethel have repetitive jobs at the candy factory. Management desires to establish a time standard for this work for which they can be 95% confident to be within ± 6% of the true mean. There are three work elements involved.Step 1: Selecting work elements. #1: Pick up wrapper paper and wrap one piece of candy. #2: Put candy in a box, one at a time. #3: When the box is full (4 pieces), close it and place on conveyor.Step 2: Timing the elements. Select an average trained worker: Lucy will suffice.
* Lucy had some rare and unusual difficulties; don't use this observation.
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Determining Sample SizeApplication H.1
p = 0.06 z = 1.96
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Setting the Standard Application H.1
Determining Normal Time
NTC = NT = 0.12 + 0.09 + 0.06 = 0.27 minutes
A = 18.5%ST = NTC(1 + A) = 0.27(1 + 0.185) = 0.32 minutes
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Data Approaches
The elemental data approach is a type of data used by analysts to derive standards when a high degree of similarity exists in the work elements.
The predetermined data approach eliminates the need for time studies. Step 1: Break each work element into its basic micromotions:
reach, move, disengage, apply pressure, grasp, position, release, and turn.
Step 2: Find the tabular value accounting for factors such as weight, distance, size of object, degree of difficulty, for each micromotion.
Step 3: Add the NT for each motion to get the NT for the job. Step 4: Adjust the normal time for allowances to give ST.
Methods time measurement (MTM) is the most commonly used system.
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MTM Predetermined Data
Time TMU Wt. Allowance
Distance Hand in StaticMoved Motion Wt. (lb) Dynamic Constant
(in.) A B C B Up to Factor (TMU)
3/4 or less 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.71 2.5 2.9 3.4 2.3 2.5 1.00 02 3.6 4.6 5.2 2.93 4.9 5.7 6.7 3.6 7.5 1.06 2.24 6.1 6.9 8.0 4.35 7.3 8.0 9.2 5.0 12.5 1.11 3.96 8.1 8.9 10.3 5.77 8.9 9.7 11.1 6.5 17.5 1.17 5.68 9.7 10.6 11.8 7.29 10.5 11.5 12.7 7.9 22.5 1.22 7.4
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MTM Predetermined Data
Time TMU Wt. Allowance
Distance Hand in StaticMoved Motion Wt. (lb) Dynamic Constant
(in.) A B C B Up to Factor (TMU)
3/4 or less 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.71 2.5 2.9 3.4 2.3 2.5 1.00 02 3.6 4.6 5.2 2.93 4.9 5.7 6.7 3.6 7.5 1.06 2.24 6.1 6.9 8.0 4.35 7.3 8.0 9.2 5.0 12.5 1.11 3.96 8.1 8.9 10.3 5.77 8.9 9.7 11.1 6.5 17.5 1.17 5.68 9.7 10.6 11.8 7.29 10.5 11.5 12.7 7.9 22.5 1.22 7.4
Case and Description
A Move object to other hand or against stop.
B Move object to approximate or indefinite location.
C Move object to exact location.
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The Work Sampling Method
Work sampling is the process of estimating the proportions of the time spent by people and machines on activities, based on a large number of observations. Step 1: Define the activities. Step 2: Design the observation form. Step 3: Determine the length of the study. Step 4: Determine the initial sample size. Step 5: Select random observation times. Step 6: Determine the observer schedule. Step 7: Observe the activities and record the data. Step 8: Decide whether additional sampling is required.
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Work Sampling Work Sampling Example H.4Example H.4
Nurses Accessing Records
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Determining the Sample Size Determining the Sample Size
Confidence interval
Probability that trueproportion will fall
within confidence interval
pp – – ee^̂ pp + + ee^̂pp̂̂
ee = = zzpp(1 – (1 – pp))
nn
^ ^ ^ ^
Work Sampling Work Sampling Example H.4Example H.4
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Determining the Sample Size Determining the Sample Size
Time spent accessing records
RN 0.20LVN 0.05Maximum error ±0.03Confidence level 95%
nn = = pp(1 – (1 – pp))^ ^ ^ ^z z 22
ee
Work Sampling Work Sampling Example H.4Example H.4
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Determining the Sample SizeDetermining the Sample Size
Time spent accessing records
RN 0.20LVN 0.05Maximum error ±0.03Confidence level 95%
nn = (0.20)(0.80) = (0.20)(0.80)1.96 1.96 22
0.030.03
Work Sampling Work Sampling Example H.4Example H.4
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Determining the Sample SizeDetermining the Sample Size
Time spent accessing records
RN 0.20LVN 0.05Maximum error ±0.03Confidence level 95%
nn = 683 observations of RNs = 683 observations of RNs
Work Sampling Work Sampling Example H.4Example H.4
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Determining the Sample SizeDetermining the Sample Size
Time spent accessing records
RN 0.20LVN 0.05Maximum error ±0.03Confidence level 95%
nn = 683 observations of RNs = 683 observations of RNsnn = 203 observations of LVNs = 203 observations of LVNs
Work Sampling Work Sampling Example H.4Example H.4
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Recording the ObservationsRecording the Observations
Activity
Accessing Attending to Other support Idle or Totalrecords patients activities break observations
RN
LVN
Work Sampling Work Sampling Example H.4Example H.4
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Recording the ObservationsRecording the Observations
Activity
Accessing Attending to Other support Idle or Totalrecords patients activities break observations
RN
LVN
|| || ||| |
||| |
Work Sampling Work Sampling Example H.4Example H.4
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Recording the ObservationsRecording the Observations
Activity
Accessing Attending to Other support Idle or Totalrecords patients activities break observations
RN 124 258 223 83 688
LVN 28 251 46 19 344
Work Sampling Work Sampling Example H.4Example H.4
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Determining Actual ProportionsDetermining Actual Proportions
Activity
Accessing Attending to Other support Idle or Totalrecords patients activities break observations
RN 124 258 223 83 688
LVN 28 251 46 19 344
Actual proportion for RNs = Actual proportion for RNs = Actual proportion for LVNs = Actual proportion for LVNs =
Work Sampling Work Sampling Example H.4Example H.4
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Determining Actual ProportionsDetermining Actual Proportions
Activity
Accessing Attending to Other support Idle or Totalrecords patients activities break observations
RN 124 258 223 83 688
LVN 28 251 46 19 344
Actual proportion for RNs = 124 / 688Actual proportion for RNs = 124 / 688Actual proportion for LVNs = Actual proportion for LVNs =
Work Sampling Work Sampling Example H.4Example H.4
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Determining Actual Proportions Determining Actual Proportions
Activity
Accessing Attending to Other support Idle or Totalrecords patients activities break observations
RN 124 258 223 83 688
LVN 28 251 46 19 344
Actual proportion for RNs = 124 / 688Actual proportion for RNs = 124 / 688Actual proportion for LVNs = 28 / 344Actual proportion for LVNs = 28 / 344
Work Sampling Work Sampling Example H.4Example H.4
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Determining Actual Proportions Determining Actual Proportions
Activity
Accessing Attending to Other support Idle or Totalrecords patients activities break observations
RN 124 258 223 83 688
LVN 28 251 46 19 344
Actual proportion for RNs = 0.18Actual proportion for RNs = 0.18Actual proportion for LVNs = 0.08Actual proportion for LVNs = 0.08
Work Sampling Work Sampling Example H.4Example H.4
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Verifying Sample SizesVerifying Sample Sizes
Activity
Accessing Attending to Other support Idle or Totalrecords patients activities break observations
RN 124 258 223 83 688
LVN 28 251 46 19 344
Actual proportion for RNs = 0.18Actual proportion for RNs = 0.18Actual proportion for LVNs = 0.08Actual proportion for LVNs = 0.08
Time spent accessing records
RN 0.20LVN 0.05Maximum error ±0.03Confidence level 95%
Work Sampling Work Sampling Example H.4Example H.4
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Verifying Sample SizesVerifying Sample Sizes
Activity
Accessing Attending to Other support Idle or Totalrecords patients activities break observations
RN 124 258 223 83 688
LVN 28 251 46 19 344
Actual proportion for RNs = 0.18Actual proportion for RNs = 0.18Actual proportion for LVNs = 0.08Actual proportion for LVNs = 0.08
Time spent accessing records
RN 0.20LVN 0.05Maximum error ±0.03Confidence level 95%
Work Sampling Work Sampling Example H.4Example H.4
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Verifying Sample SizesVerifying Sample Sizes
Activity
Accessing Attending to Other support Idle or Totalrecords patients activities break observations
RN 124 258 223 83 688
LVN 28 251 46 19 344
Actual proportion for RNs = 0.18Actual proportion for RNs = 0.18Actual proportion for LVNs = 0.08Actual proportion for LVNs = 0.08
Time spent accessing records
RN 0.20LVN 0.05Maximum error ±0.03Confidence level 95%
WORK TOTAL ACTIVITY PROPORTION CONFIDENCE INTERVAL REQUIREDGROUP OBS. OBS. OF TOTAL LOWER UPPER SAMPLE SIZE
RN 688 124 0.1802 0.15151 0.2090 631LVN 344 28 0.0814 0.05250 0.1103 320
Work Sampling Work Sampling Example H.4Example H.4
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Use the Results—Automate?Use the Results—Automate?
Activity
Accessing Attending to Other support Idle or Totalrecords patients activities break observations
RN 124 258 223 83 688
LVN 28 251 46 19 344
Time spent accessing records
RN 0.20LVN 0.05Maximum error ±0.03Confidence level 95%
WORK TOTAL ACTIVITY PROPORTION CONFIDENCE INTERVAL REQUIREDGROUP OBS. OBS. OF TOTAL LOWER UPPER SAMPLE SIZE
RN 688 124 0.1802 0.15151 0.2090 631LVN 344 28 0.0814 0.05250 0.1103 320
Work Sampling Work Sampling Example H.4Example H.4
© 2007 Pearson Education
Use the Results—Automate?Use the Results—Automate?
Activity
Accessing Attending to Other support Idle or Totalrecords patients activities break observations
RN 124 258 223 83 688
LVN 28 251 46 19 344
Time spent accessing records
RN 0.20LVN 0.05Maximum error ±0.03Confidence level 95%
Net savings = 0.25[($3,628,000)(0.18) + ($2,375,000)(0.08)] – $150,000Net savings = 0.25[($3,628,000)(0.18) + ($2,375,000)(0.08)] – $150,000
WORK TOTAL ACTIVITY PROPORTION CONFIDENCE INTERVAL REQUIREDGROUP OBS. OBS. OF TOTAL LOWER UPPER SAMPLE SIZE
RN 688 124 0.1802 0.15151 0.2090 631LVN 344 28 0.0814 0.05250 0.1103 320
Work Sampling Work Sampling Example H.4Example H.4
© 2007 Pearson Education
Use the Results—Automate?Use the Results—Automate?
Activity
Accessing Attending to Other support Idle or Totalrecords patients activities break observations
RN 124 258 223 83 688
LVN 28 251 46 19 344
Time spent accessing records
RN 0.20LVN 0.05Maximum error ±0.03Confidence level 95%
Net savings = $60,760Net savings = $60,760
WORK TOTAL ACTIVITY PROPORTION CONFIDENCE INTERVAL REQUIREDGROUP OBS. OBS. OF TOTAL LOWER UPPER SAMPLE SIZE
RN 688 124 0.1802 0.15151 0.2090 631LVN 344 28 0.0814 0.05250 0.1103 320
Work Sampling Work Sampling Example H.4Example H.4
© 2007 Pearson Education
Use the Results - Automate?Use the Results - Automate?
Activity
Accessing Attending to Other support Idle or Totalrecords patients activities break observations
RN 124 258 223 83 688
LVN 28 251 46 19 344
Time spent accessing records
RN 0.20LVN 0.05Maximum error ±0.03Confidence level 95%
Net savings = $60,760Net savings = $60,760Net savings = 0.25[($3,628,000)(0.15) + ($2,375,000)(0.05)] – $150,000Net savings = 0.25[($3,628,000)(0.15) + ($2,375,000)(0.05)] – $150,000
WORK TOTAL ACTIVITY PROPORTION CONFIDENCE INTERVAL REQUIREDGROUP OBS. OBS. OF TOTAL LOWER UPPER SAMPLE SIZE
RN 688 124 0.1802 0.15151 0.2090 631LVN 344 28 0.0814 0.05250 0.1103 320
Work Sampling Work Sampling Example H.4Example H.4
© 2007 Pearson Education
Use the Results—Automate?Use the Results—Automate?
Activity
Accessing Attending to Other support Idle or Totalrecords patients activities break observations
RN 124 258 223 83 688
LVN 28 251 46 19 344
Time spent accessing records
RN 0.20LVN 0.05Maximum error ±0.03Confidence level 95%
Net savings = $60,760Net savings = $60,760Net savings = $15,737Net savings = $15,737
WORK TOTAL ACTIVITY PROPORTION CONFIDENCE INTERVAL REQUIREDGROUP OBS. OBS. OF TOTAL LOWER UPPER SAMPLE SIZE
RN 688 124 0.1802 0.15151 0.2090 631LVN 344 28 0.0814 0.05250 0.1103 320
Work Sampling Work Sampling Example H.4Example H.4
© 2007 Pearson Education
Work Sampling MethodApplication H.2
Major League Baseball (MLB) is concerned about excessive game duration.
Batters now spend a lot of time between pitches when they leave the box to check signals with coaches, and then go through a lengthy routine including stretching and a variety of other actions.
Pitching routines are similarly elaborate. In order to speed up the game, it has been proposed to
prohibit batters from leaving the box and prohibit pitchers from leaving the mound after called
balls and strikes. MLB estimates the proportion of time spent in these delays to be 20% of the total game time. Before they institute a rules change, MLB would like to be 95% confident that the result of a study will show a proportion of time wasted that is accurate within ±4% of the true proportion.
© 2007 Pearson Education
Observation Form for MLBApplication H.2
© 2007 Pearson Education
Recorded Data for MLB Application H.2
0.12
© 2007 Pearson Education
Sample Size for MLBApplication H.2
(0.12)(1 – 0.12)
© 2007 Pearson Education
Managerial Considerations
Total quality management These techniques can be used in the spirit
of continuous improvement (provided management earns cooperation of labor).
Increased automation There is less need to observe and rate
worker performance, because work is machine paced.
Work sampling may be electronically monitored.
© 2007 Pearson Education
Solved Problem 1Health Insurance Claims
Selecting Work ElementsSelecting Work Elements
Operation: Insurance claim processing Date: 10/07 Observer: Jennifer Johnson
Work Element
1. Check form completion and signatures
2. Enter claim amounts, check math
3. Determine proportion of claim to be disallowed
4. Generate form letter, enter data for check
Observations
1 2 3 4 5 t RF
t
r
t
r
t
r
t
r
© 2007 Pearson Education
Timing the ElementsTiming the Elements
Operation: Insurance claim processing Date: 10/07 Observer: Jennifer Johnson
Work Element
1. Check form completion and signatures
2. Enter claim amounts, check math
3. Determine proportion of claim to be disallowed
4. Generate form letter, enter data for check
Observations
1 2 3 4 5 t RF
t
r 0.50 3.30 5.70 8.20 10.85
t
r 0.70 3.45 5.95 8.55 11.10
t
r 1.45 4.05 6.50 9.25 11.75
t
r 2.75 5.25 7.60 10.35 13.05
Solved Problem 1Health Insurance Claims
© 2007 Pearson Education
Timing the ElementsTiming the Elements
Operation: Insurance claim processing Date: 10/07 Observer: Jennifer Johnson
Work Element
1. Check form completion and signatures
2. Enter claim amounts, check math
3. Determine proportion of claim to be disallowed
4. Generate form letter, enter data for check
Observations
1 2 3 4 5 t RF
t
r 0.50 3.30 5.70 8.20 10.85
t
r 0.70 3.45 5.95 8.55 11.10
t
r 1.45 4.05 6.50 9.25 11.75
t
r 2.75 5.25 7.60 10.35 13.05
t = 0.50 – 0.00
Finding the observed time
Solved Problem 1Health Insurance Claims
© 2007 Pearson Education
Timing the ElementsTiming the Elements
Operation: Insurance claim processing Date: 10/07 Observer: Jennifer Johnson
Work Element
1. Check form completion and signatures
2. Enter claim amounts, check math
3. Determine proportion of claim to be disallowed
4. Generate form letter, enter data for check
Observations
1 2 3 4 5 t RF
t 0.50
r 0.50 3.30 5.70 8.20 10.85
t
r 0.70 3.45 5.95 8.55 11.10
t
r 1.45 4.05 6.50 9.25 11.75
t
r 2.75 5.25 7.60 10.35 13.05
t = 0.50
Finding the observed time
Solved Problem 1Health Insurance Claims
© 2007 Pearson Education
Timing the ElementsTiming the Elements
Operation: Insurance claim processing Date: 10/07 Observer: Jennifer Johnson
Work Element
1. Check form completion and signatures
2. Enter claim amounts, check math
3. Determine proportion of claim to be disallowed
4. Generate form letter, enter data for check
Observations
1 2 3 4 5 t RF
t 0.50
r 0.50 3.30 5.70 8.20 10.85
t
r 0.70 3.45 5.95 8.55 11.10
t
r 1.45 4.05 6.50 9.25 11.75
t
r 2.75 5.25 7.60 10.35 13.05
t = 0.70 – 0.50
Finding the observed time
Solved Problem 1Health Insurance Claims
© 2007 Pearson Education
Timing the ElementsTiming the Elements
Operation: Insurance claim processing Date: 10/07 Observer: Jennifer Johnson
Work Element
1. Check form completion and signatures
2. Enter claim amounts, check math
3. Determine proportion of claim to be disallowed
4. Generate form letter, enter data for check
Observations
1 2 3 4 5 t RF
t 0.50
r 0.50 3.30 5.70 8.20 10.85
t 0.20
r 0.70 3.45 5.95 8.55 11.10
t 0.75
r 1.45 4.05 6.50 9.25 11.75
t 1.30
r 2.75 5.25 7.60 10.35 13.05
Finding the observed time
Solved Problem 1Health Insurance Claims
© 2007 Pearson Education
Timing the ElementsTiming the Elements
Operation: Insurance claim processing Date: 10/07 Observer: Jennifer Johnson
Work Element
1. Check form completion and signatures
2. Enter claim amounts, check math
3. Determine proportion of claim to be disallowed
4. Generate form letter, enter data for check
Observations
1 2 3 4 5 t RF
t 0.50
r 0.50 3.30 5.70 8.20 10.85
t 0.20
r 0.70 3.45 5.95 8.55 11.10
t 0.75
r 1.45 4.05 6.50 9.25 11.75
t 1.30
r 2.75 5.25 7.60 10.35 13.05
t = 3.30 – 2.75
Finding the observed time
Solved Problem 1Health Insurance Claims
© 2007 Pearson Education
Operation: Insurance claim processing Date: 10/07 Observer: Jennifer Johnson
Work Element
1. Check form completion and signatures
2. Enter claim amounts, check math
3. Determine proportion of claim to be disallowed
4. Generate form letter, enter data for check
Observations
1 2 3 4 5 t RF
t 0.50 0.55
r 0.50 3.30 5.70 8.20 10.85
t 0.20
r 0.70 3.45 5.95 8.55 11.10
t 0.75
r 1.45 4.05 6.50 9.25 11.75
t 1.30
r 2.75 5.25 7.60 10.35 13.05
Timing the ElementsTiming the Elements
Solved Problem 1Health Insurance Claims
© 2007 Pearson Education
Operation: Insurance claim processing Date: 10/07 Observer: Jennifer Johnson
Work Element
1. Check form completion and signatures
2. Enter claim amounts, check math
3. Determine proportion of claim to be disallowed
4. Generate form letter, enter data for check
Observations
1 2 3 4 5 t RF
t 0.50 0.55 0.45 0.60 0.50
r 0.50 3.30 5.70 8.20 10.85
t 0.20 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.25
r 0.70 3.45 5.95 8.55 11.10
t 0.75 0.60 0.55 0.70 0.65
r 1.45 4.05 6.50 9.25 11.75
t 1.30 1.20 1.10 1.10 1.30
r 2.75 5.25 7.60 10.35 13.05
Timing the ElementsTiming the Elements
Solved Problem 1Health Insurance Claims
© 2007 Pearson Education
Operation: Insurance claim processing Date: 10/07 Observer: Jennifer Johnson
Work Element
1. Check form completion and signatures
2. Enter claim amounts, check math
3. Determine proportion of claim to be disallowed
4. Generate form letter, enter data for check
Observations
1 2 3 4 5 t RF
t 0.50 0.55 0.45 0.60 0.50 0.52 1.1 0.0570
r 0.50 3.30 5.70 8.20 10.85
t 0.20 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.25 0.24 1.2 0.0742
r 0.70 3.45 5.95 8.55 11.10
t 0.75 0.60 0.55 0.70 0.65 0.65 1.2 0.0791
r 1.45 4.05 6.50 9.25 11.75
t 1.30 1.20 1.10 1.10 1.30 1.20 0.9 0.1000
r 2.75 5.25 7.60 10.35 13.05
Timing the ElementsTiming the Elements
Solved Problem 1Health Insurance Claims