© 2007 mcgraw-hill higher education. all rights reserved. sociology eleventh edition richard t....
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© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
SociologyEleventh Edition
Richard T. Schaefer
Chapter 11:
Racial and Ethnic Inequality
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.Slide 2
Racial and Ethnic Inequality
Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups Prejudice and Discrimination Sociological Perspectives on Race and E
thnicity Patterns of Intergroup Relations Race and Ethnicity in the United States Social Policy and Race and Ethnic Inequ
ality: Global Immigration
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.Slide 3
Minority Groups
Racial group: group set apart from others because of obvious physical differences
Ethnic group: group set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns
Minority group: subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power than members of dominant or majority group
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Minority Groups
Properties of minority groups include Experience unequal treatment Share distinguishing cultural characteristics Membership not voluntary Have strong sense of group solidarity Generally marry others from same group
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Race
Racial group: minorities set apart from others by obvious physical differences Each society socially constructs which
differences are important while ignoring other characteristics
Social Construction of Race People define group as a race based in part
on physical characteristics and on historical, cultural, and economic factors
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Recognition of Multiple Identities
In 2000 census, 7 million people in U.S. reported they were of two or more races
Dominant group has power to define itself legally and define a society’s values Stereotypes: unreliable generalizations
about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group
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Table 11-1: Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States, 2004
Note: Percentages do not total 100 percent and figures under subheadings do not add up to figures under major headings because of overlap among groups (e.g., Polish American Jews or people of mixed ancestry, such as Irish and Italian). Hispanics may be of any race. White ancestry data and percentages are from the 2000 census.
Sources: Author based on American Community Survey 2005, 2007a, 2007b, 2007c; Brittingham and de la Cruz 2004;United Jewish Communities 2003.
continued
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.Slide 8
Table 11-1: Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States, 2004
Note: Percentages do not total 100 percent and figures under subheadings do not add up to figures under major headings because of overlap among groups (e.g., Polish American Jews or people of mixed ancestry, such as Irish and Italian). Hispanics may be of any race. White ancestry data and percentages are from the 2000 census.
Sources: Author based on American Community Survey 2005, 2007a, 2007b, 2007c; Brittingham and de la Cruz 2004;United Jewish Communities 2003.
continued
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Figure 11-1: Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States, 1500–2100 (Projected)
Sources: Author’s estimate; American Community Survey 2006; Bureau of the Census 1975, 2004; Grieco and Cassidy 2001;Thornton 1987. Data for 2005 and 2100, African Americans and Asian and other are for non-Hispanics.
continued
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.Slide 10
Figure 11-1: Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States, 1500–2100 (Projected)
Sources: Author’s estimate; American Community Survey 2006; Bureau of the Census 1975, 2004; Grieco and Cassidy 2001;Thornton 1987. Data for 2005 and 2100, African Americans and Asian and other are for non-Hispanics.
continued
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.Slide 11
Ethnicity
Ethnic group: group set apart from others based on national origin or distinctive cultural patterns
Distinction between racial groups and ethnic groups socially significant In U.S., stratification along racial lines more
resistant to change than stratification along ethnic lines
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Prejudice
Prejudice: negative attitude toward an entire category of people Ethnocentrism: tendency to assume one’s
culture and way of life are superior to others Racism: belief that one race is supreme and
others are innately inferior Hate crime: criminal offense committed
because of the offender’s bias against a race, religion, ethnic group, national origin, or sexual orientation
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Figure 11-2: Categorization of Reported Hate Crimes
Source: Reported for 2005 in 2006. Department of Justice 2006b.
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Discriminatory Behavior
Discrimination: denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or arbitrary reasons Discrimination persists even for educated
and qualified minority members Glass ceiling: invisible barrier blocking
promotion of qualified individuals in work environment because of gender, race, or ethnicity
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Figure 11-3: U.S. Median Income by Race, Ethnicity, and Gender
Note: Data released in 2006 for income earned in 2005. Includes only people working full-time, year-round, 25 years old and older. White refers to non-Hispanic Whites.
Sources: DeNavas-Walt et al. 2006; for Native Americans, author’s estimate based on Bureau of the Census 2003b.
men women men women
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The Privileges of the Dominant
Privileges dominant groups enjoy at expense often overlooked McIntosh found the list of unspoken
advantages for Whites in U.S. include Belonging at meetings Cashing checks and using credit cards Could access lawyers and doctors Facilitated parenting
White people in U.S. take membership in the dominant racial group for granted
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Institutional Discrimination
Institutional discrimination: denial of opportunities and equal rights that results from operations of society Commission on Civil Rights identified
Requiring English be spoken at work Preference in law and medical
school admissions Restrictive employment-leave policies
Affirmative action: positive efforts to recruit minority members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities
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Functionalist Perspective
Nash’s 3 functions that racially prejudiced beliefs have for dominant group Moral justification for maintaining
unequal society Discouraging subordinate groups from
questioning their status Encouraging support for existing order
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Functionalist Perspective
Rose outlined dysfunctions associated with racism Society that practices discrimination fails to
use resources of all individuals Discrimination aggravates social problems Society must invest time and money to
defend barriers to full participation Racial prejudice and discrimination
undercuts goodwill and diplomatic relations between nations
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Conflict Perspective
Exploitation theory: racism keeps minorities in low-paying jobs and supplies dominant group with cheap labor (Box, Blauner, and Hunter)
Too limited to explain prejudice in its many forms
Racial profiling: arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on behavior
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Interactionist Approach
Contact hypothesis: in cooperative circumstances, interracial contact between people of equal status in cooperative circumstances will cause them to become less prejudiced and to abandon old stereotypes Trend in U.S. is to increase contact
between individuals from dominant and subordinate groups
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Taking Sociology to Work
Prudence Hannis: Liaison Officer, National Institute of Science Research, University of Québec Explain the connection between Native
Americans’ ethnicity and their health. In speaking of empowering First Nation’s
women, what sociological perspective do think Hannis is drawing on?
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Table 11-2: Sociological Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity
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Patterns of Intergroup Relations
Groups can relate ranging from friendships and intermarriages to hostility Extreme behaviors include
Genocide: deliberate, systematic killing of entire people or nation
Expulsion: forced removal of people from region or country
Four patterns identified – amalgamation, assimilation, segregation, and pluralism
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Patterns of Intergroup Relations
Amalgamation: when majority group and minority group combine to form a new group
Assimilation: process by which person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture
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Segregation
Segregation: physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence Apartheid: Republic of South Africa
severely restricted the movement of Blacks and non-Whites
Pluralism: mutual respect among various groups in a society for one another’s cultures
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.Slide 27
Research in Action
11-1: Interracial and Interethnic Friendships How common are interracial and interethnic
friendships where you live or go to school? What might explain the gap between the
percentage of Whites claiming to have a close friend who was Black and percentage of Whites who listed a close friend of another race or ethnicity?
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.Slide 28
Race and Ethnicity in the United States
U.S. is multiracial, multiethnic society Population changed dramatically since 1620s Immigration, colonialism, and in the case of
Blacks, slavery, determined racial and ethnic makeup of present-day society
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Figure 11-4: Census 2000: The Image of Diversity
Source: Brewer and Suchan 2001:20.
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Racial Groups
African Americans African Americans currently largest minority
group in U.S. Black power: rejected goal of assimilation
into White middle-class society Native Americans
2.2 million Native Americans represent diverse array of cultures distinguishable by language, family organization, religion, and livelihood
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.Slide 31
Racial Groups
Asian Americans Asian Americans comprise one of fastest
growing segments of U.S. population Asian Americans often held up as model or
ideal minority group – despite prejudice and discrimination, succeeded economically, socially and educationally without resorting to confrontations with Whites
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Racial Groups
Vietnamese Americans Chinese Americans Japanese Americans
Issei: first generation of Japanese immigrants
Korean Americans
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Figure 11-5: Major Asian American Groups in theUnited States, 2005
Source: Author’s analysis of 2005 American Community Survey.
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Racial Groups
Arab Americans Arabic language single most unifying force,
but dialects vary Up to 3 million people of Arab ancestry
reside in the United States Cannot be characterized as having
specific family type, gender role, or occupational pattern
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Figure 11-6: Distribution of the Arab American Population by State
Source: Data for 2000 reported in Bureau of the Census 2003c.
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.Slide 36
Ethnic Groups
Latinos Largest minority in the United States
More than 40 million Hispanics in U.S. Latino population outnumbers African American
population in 6 of 10 largest cities Share heritage of Spanish language and culture Educational difficulties because English is a
second language contribute to generally low economic status
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.Slide 37
Ethnic Groups
Mexican Americans Largest Latino population
Puerto Ricans Second largest segment of Latinos in U.S. American citizens
Cuban Americans Immigration rose following Cuban Revolution
in 1959
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Figure 11-7: Major Hispanic Groups in the United States, 2005
Source: Author’s analysis of 2005 American Community Survey.
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.Slide 39
Research in Action
11-2: Growing Up Latina Did you attend a high school where Latinos
or other immigrant students studied side by side with White non-Hispanics?
Latina high school students clearly think they are handicapped in their efforts to fit in with mainstream adolescent culture. Might they feel the same way when they are 25 or 35 years old?
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.Slide 40
Ethnic Groups
Jewish Americans Constitute almost 3% of population U.S. has largest concentration of Jews Anti-Semitism: anti-Jewish prejudice
White Ethnics Ancestors came from Europe Symbolic ethnicity: emphasis on ethnic
food or political issues rather than on deeper ties to one’s ethnic heritage
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Figure 11-8: World Immigration Since 1500
Source: Allen 2007: 20.
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Global Immigration
The Issue Worldwide, immigration at all-time high
About 146 million people move from country to country
Increasing number of immigrants puts pressure on job opportunities and welfare capabilities
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Global Immigration
The Setting Migration of people not uniform across time
or space 7 of world’s wealthiest nations shelter about
one-third of migrant population Since 1960s, U.S. encouraged immigration of
relatives of U.S. residents and people who have desirable skills.
Fear and resentment of growing racial and ethnic diversity are key factors in opposition to immigration
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.Slide 44
Global Immigration
Sociological Insights Immigrants adapt well to life in U.S. For receiving society, alleviates labor
shortages For sending nations, relieves the economy
and generates remittances Conflict theorists note how much of the
debate over immigration is economic Feminist theorists not that women immigrants
face addition challenges
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.Slide 45
Global Immigration
Policy Initiatives Growing public perception U.S. lost control of
its borders Entire world feels overwhelming impact of
globalization on immigration patterns Debate over immigration reflects deep value
conflicts in cultures of many nations Hostility to immigrants and refugees reflects
racial, ethnic, and religious prejudice and a desire to maintain the dominant culture
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.Slide 46
Figure 11-9: Legal Migration to the United States, 1820–2010
Sources: Author’s estimates for the period 2000–2010; Bureau of the Census 2005a:11; Immigration and Naturalization Service 2002.