© 2007 by prentice hall4-1 introduction to oracle 10g chapter 4 modifying data and auditing table...

© 2007 by Prentice Hall4-1

Introduction to Oracle 10gChapter 4Modifying Data and Auditing Table Operations

James Perry and Gerald Post


Chapter Outline

• Inserting Rows into Tables• Updating Data• Deleting Rows and Truncating Tables• Merging Rows• Database Transactions• Creating and Using Database Triggers


Table 4.1 Constraints and structure of the Agents table

Column Description Data type Constraint(s)

AgentID Unique number assigned to each agent

INTEGER Primary key

Gender Agent’s sex NVARCHAR2(10)

Check: only ‘M’, ‘m’, ‘F’ or ‘f’

Title Internal title assigned to each employee

NVARCHAR2(20)

Check: only ‘salesperson’ or ‘broker’ (any combination of upper- and lowercase letters allowed)

LicenseStatusID

Code representing an agent’s real estate license status

INTEGER Foreign key; value must be found in the LicenseStatus table’s primary key column, LicenseStatusID


Table 4.2 Common date format model symbols

Format Model Symbol Displayed or Input Value

MONTHMonthMM

FEBRUARYFebruary02

DD 15

DDD 251

DAYDayDY

WEDNESDAYWednesdayWED

YYYYYY

200505


Table 4.3 Oracle’s relational operators

Relational Operator

Meaning

= Equal to

<> or != Not equal to

> Greater than

< Less than

<= Less than or equal to

>= Greater than or equal to


Table 4.4 Oracle’s logical operators

Logical Operator

Meaning WHERE Clause Example

AND True only if both conditions are true; false otherwise

WHERE State = ‘MN’ AND Gender = ‘M’

OR True if either condition is true; false otherwise

WHERE LicenseStatusID = 1001 ORLicenseStatusID = 1002

NOT Negate expression WHERE NOT State = ‘NE’

IN True if among set of discrete values listed

WHERE City IN(‘Arcata’, ‘Fortuna’, ‘Orick’)

LIKE Wildcard expression allowing “don’t care” conditions

WHERE LastName LIKE ‘Mc%’

BETWEEN … AND …

True if within the value range, inclusive

WHERE SqFt BETWEEN 1500 AND 2000


Table 4.5 Annual bonus schedule based on employment longevity

Length of service (months)

Annual bonus amount

12 or less $0

13 to 24 $500

25 to 48 $700

49 to 72 $1,000

73 or greater $1,500


Table 4.6 Values supplied in trigger body by correlation names NEW and OLD

SQL Statement

Correlation Name Value

INSERT NEW Value supplied for the column in the statement that originated the transaction.

OLD NULL

UPDATE NEW Value supplied for the column in the statement that originated the transaction.

OLD Value of the column that was last committed into the table prior to the transaction.

DELETE NEW NULL

OLD Value of the column that was last committed into the table before the transaction.


Table 4.7 Columns available in the user_triggers data dictionary view

Column name Data type Meaning

Trigger_Name VARCHAR2(30) Name of trigger

Trigger_Type VARCHAR2(16) Type of trigger

Triggering_Event VARCHAR2(227) Event that causes trigger to fire

Table_Owner VARCHAR2(30) User who owns the table that the trigger references

Base_Object_Type

VARCHAR2(16) Type of object referenced by the trigger

Table_Name VARCHAR2(30) Table referenced by the trigger

Column_Name VARCHAR2(4000)

Column referenced by the trigger

Referencing_Names

VARCHAR2(128) Name of the OLD and NEW aliases.

When_Clause VARCHAR2(4000)

Trigger condition WHEN clause

Status VARCHAR2(8) Whether the trigger is enabled or disabled

Description VARCHAR2(4000)

Description of trigger

Action_Type VARCHAR2(11) Action type of the trigger

Trigger_Body LONG Code contained in trigger body


4.1 Structure of two related Redwood Realty tables

AgentID (primary key)

FirstName

LastName

HireDate

BirthDate

Gender

WorkPhone

CellPhone

HomePhone

Title

TaxID

LicenseID

LicenseDate

LicenseExpire

LicenseStatusID (foreign key)

LicenseStatusID (primary key)

StatusText

LicenseStatus tableAgents table


4.2 Inserting rows into the Agents table


4.3 Correcting an integrity constraint violation


4.4 Displaying the contents of the LicenseStatus table


4.5 Displaying selected columns from the Agents table


4.6 Inserting date values into a table


4.7 Inserting rows from another table


4.8 Creating a sequence and displaying its characteristics


4.9 Reviewing sequence values and CURRVAL


4.10 Updating multiple columns in a single row


4.11 Updating multiple rows with a single expression


4.12 Selected Agents rows before being updated


4.13 Selected Agents rows after updating them


4.14 Running a SQL statement containing substitution variables


4.15 Processing substitution variables


4.16 Displaying updated table


4.17 Deleting selected rows from a table


4.18 Truncating the Agents table


4.19 MERGE example

LicenseStatus target table

UpdateLicenseStatus source table

1001 Licensed1002 Licensed NBA1003 Canceled Officer1004 Deceased1005 Expired1006 Government Service1007 Military Service1008 Conditional Suspension1009 Restricted1010 Revoked1011 Flag Suspended1012 Voided1013 Withheld Denied1014 17520 FC Suspended1015 11350.6 W and I Suspended1016 Surrendered

1004 Passed Away1005 Expired--Fee Not Paid1101 License Probationary1105 License Pending

1001 Licensed1002 Licensed NBA1003 Canceled Officer1004 Passed Away1005 Expired--Fee Not Paid1006 Government Service1007 Military Service1008 Conditional Suspension1009 Restricted1010 Revoked1011 Flag Suspended1012 Voided1013 Withheld Denied1014 17520 FC Suspended1015 11350.6 W and I Suspended1016 Surrendered1101 License Probationary1105 License Pending

LicenseStatus table following MERGE

updated columns (bold)

Inserted rows (bold)

MERGE


4.20 Issuing MERGE to modify a table


4.21 Illustration of transactions

Time

INSERT …

DELETE …

INSERT …

UPDATE …

COMM

IT;

COMM

IT;

INSERT …

INSERT …

DROP TABLE…

Transaction Transaction


4.22 Using savepoints in a transaction

creating a savepoint



change rolled back to latest savepoint


4.23 Modifying the Agents table


4.24 Ending a transaction with COMMIT


4.25 Creating a sequence and a BEFORE INSERT trigger


4.26 Displaying Agents rows with trigger-supplied primary key values


4.27 Creating an audit table and an AFTER UPDATE trigger


4.28 Displaying the audit table


4.29 A trigger execution error


4.30 Correctly executing a statement-level trigger

Output produced by statement-level trigger.


4.31 Displaying trigger information

© 2007 by prentice hall4-1 introduction to oracle 10g chapter 4 modifying data and auditing table...

Documents

prentice hall4

prentice halltable

agents table

audit table

updated table

licensestatus table

selected agents rows

selected rows