© 2001 computerprep, inc. all rights reserved. access 2000: module ii

© 2001 ComputerPREP, Inc. All rights reserved.

Access 2000: Module II


Lesson 2:Creating Relational Databases

Objectives

• Describe table relationships• Relate tables• Enforce referential integrity• Print table relationships

Examining Table Relationships

• Relational database – a database that contains multiple tables related through common fields

• Relationship – a connection between two or more tables based on a common field

• By creating table relationships, you can:– View and work with data stored in multiple

tables– Create queries and reports that display data

from related tables– Create forms to enter and view information

stored in related tables

Examining Table Relationships (cont’d)

• Key components that allow a relationship to work:– Common field – a field contained in two or more

tables that forms a connection between the tables

– Primary key – a field containing a value that uniquely identifies each record

– Foreign key – a field in a related table that refers to the primary key in another table


• Three types of relationships can be established between tables:– One-to-one – each record in Table A has only

one matching record in Table B, and vice versa– One-to-many – a record in Table A has many

matching records in Table B; a record in Table B has only one matching record in Table A

– Many-to-many – a record in Table A or Table B has many matching records in the other table


• A one-to-many relationship is the most common table relationship

• A one-to-one relationship (which is very uncommon) can be used to:– Divide an extremely large table– Isolate part of a table for security reasons– Store information that applies only to a subset

of the main table• A many-to-many relationship is established by

creating two one-to-many relationships with a junction table

Relating Tables

• Use the Table Wizard or the Relationships window to create table relationships

• The Table Wizard displays a series of dialog boxes in which you enter selections for a new table

• To relate tables in the Relationships window:– Click the common field in the primary table (the

primary key)– Drag it to the common field in the related table

(the foreign key)

Enforcing Referential Integrity

• Referential integrity – rules to ensure relationships between records in related tables are valid

• Override rules against changing or deleting records and still maintain referential integrity by enabling:– Cascade Update Related Fields – changing the

primary key value in the primary table updates the matching value in all related records

– Cascade Delete Related Records – deleting a record in the primary table deletes all related records in the related table

Printing Table Relationships

• You can print table relationships using the Documenter window

• The Documenter window is accessible from:– Within a table– The database window– The Relationships window


Lesson 3:Working with Related Tables

Objectives

• Use the Lookup Wizard• Modify lookup fields• Add data to related tables• Use subdatasheets

About Working with Related Tables

• Data you enter into related fields must match the data in one or more related tables

• Access offers two techniques to display data from related tables in datasheet view:– Lookup field – a combo box that displays a list

of values from a related table– Subdatasheet – a small datasheet, which is part

of the primary table’s datasheet, and displays information from a related table

Using the Lookup Wizard

• You use the Lookup Wizard to create lookup fields and value lists

• When you create a lookup field, a relationship is established between two tables

• You can modify a lookup field’s properties by setting its properties in the Lookup card of the table Design window

• A value list is a static list of values that display in a drop-down list

Modifying Lookup Fields

• Display the Lookup card in the Field Properties section of the table Design window

• Lookup field properties determine:– Which value is stored in the lookup field– What displays in the lookup field drop-down list

Adding Data to Related Tables

• You can use lookup fields and value lists to add data to related tables

• To add data using lookup fields and value lists:– Display the lookup field drop-down list that

contains values from the related table, or display the value list drop-down list

– Select the desired data• Any updates you make to the table containing the

primary key values will be reflected in the lookup field

Using Subdatasheets

• You can insert, remove, expand, collapse and print subdatasheets

• Add data in a related table by:– Clicking the plus sign (+) to expand the

subdatasheet– Entering information– Clicking the minus sign (-) to collapse the

subdatasheet


Lesson 4:Using Subforms

Objectives

• Create subforms• Display information with subforms• Add records to a table using subforms

About Subforms

• Subform – a form embedded within another form• Subforms display data from tables or queries that

have a one-to-many relationship with the record displayed in the main form

• The main form and the subform are linked by the foreign key field

• The subform displays only records that relate to the record currently displayed in the main form

Creating Subforms

• A form can have any number of subforms• You can nest as many as ten levels of subforms• You can specify more than one table as the record

source for a form or subform• Create subforms by:

– Using the Form Wizard as you create a new form

– Using the SubForm Wizard– Using the Subform button in the Toolbox– Using the drag-and-drop technique

Creating Subforms (cont’d)

• Using the SubForm Wizard:– Access automatically links the main form and

the subform if the linking fields have the same kind of data, data type or field size

– The linking fields do not have to appear in the main form or subform

• Using the drag and drop technique:– The main form and the form to be used as the

subform must exist in the Forms object list

Displaying Information with Subforms

• You can display a subform as a:– Datasheet – multiple records, one line per record– Single form – one record– Continuous form – multiple records

• You can view a subform in: – Datasheet view– Form view

• You can change the layout of a subform in:– Datasheet view– Form view– Design view

Adding Records to a Table Using Subforms

• When you enter data into the main form:– The data is automatically saved to the primary

table as you move to the subform• When you enter data into the subform:

– The data is automatically saved to the foreign table as you add the new record


Lesson 5:Maintaining Data Integrity

Objectives

• Review field properties• Use input masks• Set required properties• Use validation rules

Reviewing Field Properties

• Every field has properties• Properties are different depending on the field

type• Properties that display for a given field are

determined by the field’s data type• Field properties can have overlapping effects

Using Input Masks

• Input Mask – determines what kind of data and how many characters you can enter into a field

• Input Masks have three sections:

– The input mask itself

– A character that determines whether or not literal characters are stored within the data

– The placeholder character

• Create input masks by:

– Using the Input Mask Wizard, or

– Typing in the Input Mask text box in the Field Properties section of the table Design window

Setting Required Properties

• Setting the Required property ensures that users enter data for a field

• If a field is a primary key field, data must be entered whether or not the Required property is set

• If the Required property is enforced at the table level; data is validated when entered:– In the table– In forms– In datasheets based on the table

Using Validation Rules

• You can set validation rules for fields and records• Set validation rules in table Design view so they

will apply in both Datasheet and Form views• A field validation rule is used to check the value

entered into a field during data entry• A record validation rule controls when an entire

record can be saved– Record validation rules, unlike field validation

rules, can refer to other fields in the same table


Lesson 6:Using Advanced Form Features

Objectives

• Add pictures to records• Use calculated controls• Improve accuracy in forms

Reviewing Form Controls

• Bound control – a control that displays data from the form’s underlying table or query

• Unbound control – a control that is not tied to fields in an underlying table or query– Examples of unbound controls – labels, text

boxes, option buttons, command buttons and lines

• Calculated control – an unbound control that calculates values in a form, such as totals, averages and so forth

Adding Pictures to Records

• Bound object frame – a bound control you use to display a bound object, such as a photograph, which is tied to a record in a table

• To add pictures to a record:– Add a field with the OLE Object data type– Add a graphic file to the OLE Object field for a

given record– Insert a bound object frame into a form to

display the graphic

Using Calculated Controls

• To create a calculated control:– Insert an unbound text box control into a form– Display the Data properties for the unbound text

box control– Type an expression in the Control Source text

box

or– Use the Expression Builder to build an

expression in the Control Source text box

Reviewing the Syntax of an Expression

• Use an identifier to refer to an object or its properties

• The identifiers Forms and Reports refer to the open forms or reports in the database

• The ! operator indicates that the object which follows is a user-defined object

• Examples:– Forms![Vehicles] refers to the Vehicles form– Forms![Vehicles]![Cost] refers to the Cost field

in the Vehicles form

Improving Accuracy in Forms

• Use the built-in shortcut key CTRL+’ to insert the value from a field in one record into the same field in the next record

• Set the tab order so that the insertion point moves from field to field in an orderly manner as you add data to a form

• Exclude controls from the tab order for controls that should not be used in data entry, such as calculated controls


Lesson 7:Using Advanced Report Features

Objectives

• Create a report using the Report Wizard• Customize headers and footers• Concatenate text fields• Add calculated values• Force pagination• Work with subreports

Creating a Report Using the Report Wizard

• The Report Wizard presents a series of dialog boxes that guide you step by step through the creation of a new report

• You can specify:– The tables and queries to use as data sources– The fields to include in the report– How to group the data– The order in which the records appear within

each group– The page layout and orientation

Customizing Headers and Footers

• Customize header and footer sections by:

– Adding bound, unbound and calculated controls

– Opening, closing and resizing report sections

– Adding page numbers and time and date stamps

• Page numbers and time and date stamps are found on the Insert menu in report Design view

• Page and report headers and footers must be added in pairs

• If you do not want a header or footer to display, close its section

Concatenating Text Fields

• Concatenating text fields combines text values from multiple fields and displays it as a continuous string

• Use the ampersand (&) operator in an expression to concatenate values from text fields

• Concatenated fields:– Occupy less room in a report– Are generally easier to read than separate fields

Adding Calculated Values

• If you use the Report Wizard to create a report, you can group information and perform calculations, such as subtotals and averages, for each group

• You can also create calculated controls in Design view

Forcing Pagination

• Using page breaks:– In report Design view, click the Page Break

button in the Toolbox– Click in the desired report section

• Using the ForceNewPage property:– In report Design view, display the All properties

for the section– In the Force New Page text box, select a

property setting from the drop-down list

Working with Subreports

• Subreport – a report that is inserted into another report, called the main report

• The subreport control must be linked to the main report in order for the report to be synchronized

• Use the Subreport Field Linker dialog box to link reports that are not automatically linked because:– The tables/queries are not part of a defined

relationship– The main report is not based on a primary

table/query and the subreport is not based on a foreign table/query


Lesson 8:Using Advanced Query Features

Objectives

• Join tables in a query• Perform calculations in a query• Display special records

Joining Tables in a Query

• If tables are related, they will automatically be joined by their common fields in the query Design window

• If tables are unrelated, you will have to join them in the query Design window– Joining unrelated tables applies to tables only for

the current query; it does not create a permanent join

• Two join types:– Inner join – displays rows where joined fields from

both tables are equal– Outer join – displays all rows from one table and

only matching rows from the other table

Performing Calculations in a Query

• You can add calculated fields to a query that are not part of an underlying table

• To perform a calculation in a query:– Use totals, or– Use custom calculations you define

• Total – a pre-defined expression that calculates a specific value from table data– Use totals to compute the sum, average, count,

minimum, maximum, standard deviation or variance for records

Performing Calculations in a Query (cont’d)

• To perform more than one calculation for a particular field, duplicate the field as many times as necessary in the query design grid

• To perform a custom calculation, create a calculated field in the query design grid– Calculated field – a field defined in a query that

displays the result of an expression rather than data stored in a table

Displaying Special Records

• You can design queries that display:– Records containing unique values – Records based on whether or not they contain

values in a specified field• You can use two expressions to select records

based on whether or not they contain values:– Is Not Null – used to select records that contain

values in a specified field– Is Null – used to select records that do not

contain values in a specified field


Lesson 9:Using Advanced Queries

Objectives

• Use crosstab queries• Use parameter queries• Use action queries• Optimize queries using indexes

Using Crosstab Queries

• Crosstab query – a query that displays summarized values in a table format

• Crosstab queries contain rows, columns and summary fields– Summary fields display at row/column

intersections and display values calculated using a summary function (average, count, sum and so forth)

Using Parameter Queries

• Parameter query – a query that prompts the user for specific criteria every time the query is executed

• Specify the order of parameters in the Query Parameters dialog box– The parameter order controls the order in which

the prompts display when the parameter query is executed

Using Action Queries

• The four types of action queries are:– Append query – a query that adds a group of

records from a table at the end of another table– Delete query – a query that deletes records from

a table– Make-table query – a query that creates a new

table from all or part of the data in an existing table

– Update query – a query that makes global changes to a group of records in a table

Using an Update Query

• Use an update query to make changes to multiple records in one operation

• To create an update query:– Create a select query– Convert the select query to an update query– Run the update query– Check the results by converting the update

query back to a select query and running it

Using a Make-Table Query

• Use a make-table query to create a new table from all or part of the data in an existing table

• Make-table queries are helpful for:– Creating a table to export to another database– Creating a table to show information from a

specific point in time forward– Creating a backup copy of a table– Creating a history table that contains old

records

Using an Append Query

• Use an append query to add records from one table to another table

• The following rules apply to append queries:– If the existing table has a primary key field, the records

you add cannot contain Null values or duplicate primary key values of records already existing in the table

– The table to which you will add records must exist– If you use the asterisk (*) field, you cannot also use

individual fields from the same table– If the appended records have an AutoNumber field, do

not include an AutoNumber field in the design grid if the existing table has an AutoNumber field as the primary key field

Using a Delete Query

• Use a delete query to delete records from tables• To delete records from multiple tables, do the

following:– Define relationships between the tables– Turn on Enforce Referential Integrity for the

joins between tables– Turn on the Cascade Delete Related Records

option for the joins between tables

Optimizing Queries Using Indexes

• Index – a feature that helps Access search, find and sort records

• You can optimize the performance of a query by:– Indexing any field used to set criteria for the

query– Indexing fields on both sides of a join


Lesson 10:Working with Charts

Objectives

• Create charts• Customize charts

Creating Charts

• Chart – a graphical representation of numerical information that you can use in a report, form or data access page

• You can use the Chart Wizard to create a chart based on an existing table or query

• A few basic rules when working with charts:

– Select the fields containing the data to be charted

– Include the fields containing the labels that identify the data

– Include any linking fields if you want the data to change from record to record

Customizing Charts

• To customize a chart, double-click on the chart in Design view to open Microsoft Graph 2000

• Microsoft Graph 2000 displays two windows:– Datasheet window – spreadsheet of the data

used in the graph– Chart window – displays the chart

• You can change data in the datasheet window to make temporary changes to a chart

• You must change data in the underlying table or query to make permanent changes to a chart

Customizing Charts (cont’d)

• Use the chart window to customize charts• Cosmetic changes you can make include:

– Changing the chart size– Changing the text attributes– Modifying chart objects with colors and

patterns– Moving and modifying the chart legend– Changing the chart type

© 2001 computerprep, inc. all rights reserved. access 2000: module ii

Documents

primary table

table b

table amany

related fields

related tablesobjectivesuse

related tablesdata

related recordscascade

related tablesubdatasheet