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Fungicide Resistance Action Committee
FRAC
founded in 1982
Andy Leadbeater
Chairman FRAC Steering CommitteeSyngenta Crop Protection AG, Basel, Switzerland
FRAC Presentation 2014
FRAC Presentation 2014 AL 2
Fungicide Resistance Action Committee
FRAC is a Specialist Technical Group of CropLife International.
An inter-company committee dedicated to prolonging the effectiveness of fungicides liable to encounter resistance problems and to limit crop damage during the emergence of resistance.
FRAC is managed by the FRAC Steering Committee .
FRAC Technical reviews, strategy determination and recommendations are carried out by Working Groups (WG) and Expert Fora (EF).
FRAC Presentation 2014 AL 3
Purpose of FRAC (Founded 1982)
The main goal of FRAC is to provide resistance management advice and guidelines and thereby sustain the effectiveness of “at risk” fungicides
FRAC represents a centre of knowledge and expertise, and seeks via effective networking with independent bodies to actively promote effective resistance management.
FRAC offers a wide range of services (publications, FRAC code lists, methods, training) to assist researchers, advisors and growers.
Key route for communication is the FRAC website: www.frac.info
FRAC Presentation 2014 AL 4
List of FRAC International member companies
• BASF• Bayer Crop Science• Cheminova• Dow• DuPont• FMC• Isagro• KI Chemical• Makhteshim• Syngenta
Note: Several other companies are represented in regional groups
FRAC Presentation 2014 AL 5
SC
FRACInt’l Chairman
Andy Leadbeater
SC
FRACInt’l Chairman
Andy Leadbeater
EF
Phenyl-amides
Dietrich Hermann
EF
Phenyl-amides
Dietrich Hermann SC Steering Committee
WG Working GroupEF Expert Forum
RG Regional FRAC Group
Organisation of FRAC
WG
SBI Fungicides
Klaus Stenzel
WG
SBI Fungicides
Klaus Stenzel
WG
Anilino-Pyrimidines
Andreas Mehl
WG
Anilino-Pyrimidines
Andreas Mehl
WG
QoI Fungicides
Andy Leadbeater
WG
QoI Fungicides
Andy Leadbeater
WG
CAA Fungicides
Gerd Stammler
WG
CAA Fungicides
Gerd Stammler
RGNA FRAC
Gilberto Olaya
RGNA FRAC
Gilberto Olaya RGFRAC Japan
Kentaro Tanabe
RGFRAC Japan
Kentaro TanabeRG
FRAC BrazilRafael Pereira
RGFRAC BrazilRafael Pereira
WG
SDHIFungicides
Kristin Klappach
WG
SDHIFungicides
Kristin Klappach
EF
Dicarbox-imides
Andreas Mehl
EF
Dicarbox-imides
Andreas Mehl
EF
Benz-imidazoles
Jean-Luc Genet
EF
Benz-imidazoles
Jean-Luc Genet
WG
FRAC Bananas
Helge Sierotski
WG
FRAC Bananas
Helge Sierotski
WG
AzanaphthaleneFungicides
Greg Kemmitt
WG
AzanaphthaleneFungicides
Greg Kemmitt
Mode of ActionExpert Panel
Dietrich Hermann
Mode of ActionExpert Panel
Dietrich Hermann
RGFRAC South Africa
Willem Van de Pypekamp
RGFRAC South Africa
Willem Van de PypekampQiI Task Force
Satoshi ArakiQiI Task Force
Satoshi Araki
New !
FRAC Presentation 2014 AL 6
FRAG UK
NORBARAG Nordics/Baltics
ECPR-F Germany
FRG India
FRMRG Australia
Outreach to other national groups
AFPP WG France
FRAG NL Netherlands
FRAC Presentation 2014 AL 7
FRAC Steering Committee 2014
Mr. A. Leadbeater Syngenta Crop Protection Chairman FRAC, Chairman QoI Fungicides WG
Dr. K. Stenzel Bayer CropScience Vice Chairman,Chairman SBI Fungicides WG
Mrs B. Forster Syngenta Crop Protection Secretary, Treasurer
Dr. L. Hoffmann Dupont Communication and Website Officer
Dr. G. Kemmitt Dow Agrosciences Chairman Azanaphthalene WG
Dr. A Mehl Bayer CropScience Chairman Anilinopyrimidines WG,Dicarboximide expert forum
Dr. G. Stammler BASF Chairman CAA Fungicides WG
Dr. K. Klappach BASF Chairwoman SDHI Fungicides WG
Dr. H Sierotzki Syngenta Crop Protection Chairman Banana WG
Mr. J.L. Genet Dupont Chairman Benzimidazoles Expert Forum
Dr. D. Hermann Syngenta Crop Protection Chairman Mode of Action Expert Group, . Phenylamides Expert Forum
Dr. K. Tanabe Nippon Soda, Japan Representative Japan, Chairman QiI Task Force
Mr. G. Olaya Syngenta, USA Representative North America
Dr. R. Pereira BASF Brazil Representative Brazil
FRAC Presentation 2014 AL 8
FRAC works proactively
Seeking scientific knowledge
Carrying out science in resistance, in the member companies, with universities, extension scientists, governments, EPPO, etc etc.
Constantly monitoring populations, sharing knowledge
Working with other experts to give best advice on disease management and fungicide resistance management strategies
FRAC Presentation 2014 AL 9
FRACInternationalFRACInternational
FRAC – Outreach, Influence and Politics
FRAC Regional GroupsFRAC Regional Groups
EPPOEPPO
FAOFAO
FRAGCountry Groups
AdvisorsAdvisory Services
AdvisorsAdvisory Services
Universities / Institutes Researchers
Universities / Institutes Researchers
Growers / Grower Organisations
Growers / Grower Organisations
National AuthoritiesNational Authorities
FRAC Presentation 2014 AL 10
FRAC WEBSITE – www.FRAC.info
FRAC Presentation 2014 AL 11
FRAC WEBSITE – www.FRAC . info
FRAC Presentation 2014 AL 12
FRAC Methods
In a joint effort to create standardized methods, members of different FRAC Working Groups have reviewed and collected detailed, ready-to-use bioassay techniques to monitor fungal pathogens of economic importance.
The following requirements were considered while establishing these techniques:
•The method must be robust, reliable and repeatable•It must be as simple as possible to operate in terms of technology and user skills•It should be as cheap to operate as possible and capable of a high throughput in a short time
•The data obtained must be able to be related to sensitivity responses in the field
FRAC Presentation 2014 AL 13
FungicideRisk
AgronomicRisk
PathogenRisk
OverallResistance
Risk
Fungicide Resistance Risk Assessment
Combined Risk includes Agronomic
Risk:
FRAC Presentation 2014 AL 14
Overall risk is a combination of pathogen risk x fungicide risk x agronomic risk
High risk
BenzimidazolesQoIs
Phenylamides
3
Medium riskCarboxanilides
DMIs / APsMorpholines
MBI-DPhenylpyrrols
2
Low Risk
Multi sitesMBI-R
Resistance Ind.
3 6 9
2 4 6
0,5
1 2 3
High RiskBotrytisErysiphe
PyriculariaVenturia
PlasmoparPhytophthora PAa
Medium Risk
EyespotSeptoria tritici
Rhyncho-Sporium
Phytophthora
Low Risk
RhizoctoniaRusts
Soil borne fungiSmuts & Bunts
PathogenRisk
FungicideRisk
High risk
Medium risk
Low Risk
PathogenRisk
AgronomicRisk
1
4,5
2,25
3
1,5
0,5
0,25
1,5
0,75
1
0,5
2
1
3
1,5
1
0,5
0,25
0,5 1 1,5
0,25
0,125
0,5
0,25
0,75
0,375
1
0,5
0,25
High risk
Medium risk
Low Risk
High risk
Medium risk
Low Risk
Kuck 2005
FRAC Presentation 2014 AL 15
The FRAC MOA Code List
• The "FRAC List" is a classification of the active ingredients of fungicides, bactericides and other disease control agents according to Mode of Action (MoA)
• It gives a statement on resistance risk for the MoA.
• It gives no information on specific products or disease control efficacy.
• It gives no "approval" for a product for its value in resistance management.
FRAC Presentation 2014 AL 16
FRAC Mode of Action Poster 2014 (www.frac.info)
>200 fungicides, 57 MOA groups
FRAC Presentation 2014 AL 17
Mode of Action Classification
• The annually updated list of fungicides according to mode of action (MoA) is a key document provided by FRAC (#1 accessed on www.frac.info)
• To ensure consolidated input on classification for new inclusions to the list or on changes in mode of action classification, a FRAC MoA expert panel has been formed, consisting of nominated key scientists.
FRAC Presentation 2014 AL 18
FRAC Mode of Action Panel
• Founded in 2012 to support the FRAC steering committee on matters relating the scientific evaluation of matters related to inclusion or changes of antifungal agents on the FRAC Mode of Action code list and related publications
• Key objectives are:– Scientific evaluation of information on mode of action provided by manufacturers
– Liase with manufacturers, licensees or other responsible organizations in order to agree the mode of action of new agents
– Review new literature to pro-actively challenge current classification in the list (we are open for external inputs)
• The panel operates without face to face meetings and is represented by the chairperson on the FRAC steering committee
• Current membership:– Members are typically recognized
experts in the field of mode of action
– Nominated by members of the FRAC SC within their companies
– Could also be non industry experts
FRAC Presentation 2014 AL 19
Fungicides in the same group are cross-resistant
Fungicides in different groups are NOT cross-resistant
FRAC Presentation 2014 AL 20
SDHI Fungicides
FRAC Presentation 2014 AL 21
Microbials, plant extracts
FRAC Presentation 2014 AL 22
FRAC Mode of Action Classification
• FRAC does not make product recommendations or endorsements.
• Inclusion of a fungicide / natural product / biological in the list is purely a technical classification according to mode of action based upon scientific data.
• It is not an "Approval" by FRAC.• It is not an endorsement by FRAC that any products
based upon the active ingredient are "valuable for resistance management".
• Inclusion in the FRAC list should not be used in promotional / advertising material by companies.
FRAC Presentation 2014 AL 23
• Use of good plant protection practice– resistant crop cultivars, non-chemical control, husbandry systems, crop
rotations, tillage systems, efficient application.
• Application of Plant Protection Products– limit the number of applications of a chemical class (mode of action = MOA) to
reduce selection pressure*. – restrict application timing to the optimum for pest control.– respect the recommended use rate.
• Use of Mixtures and Alternations– * limiting number of application is most effective when used in combination
with mixtures / alternations of different MOAs.– mixture / alternation partners must be a different MOA and effective.– mixtures / alternations reduce the selection pressure and provide more robust
disease control– resistance risk declines as number / area of applications with the product
declines.– relies upon a diversity of modes of action being available for a target disease.
Resistance Management Strategies
FRAC Presentation 2014 AL 24
Fungicides and Mixtures (ref. FRAC 2010)
• Mixtures (tank-mix or co-formulations) are supported by FRAC, as are alternations.
• No clear data that alternation or mixture is better than the other• Mixture is easier to "ensure" and therefore better "stewardship"• Appropriate mixtures can;
– give broader spectrum disease control, – ensure more effective control (combine fungicide properties) – avoid of disease control failure (security of control), – manage the occurrence and impact of resistance
• Mixtures may be a better strategy in situations where there are limited options for alternations (small number of sprays in a programme)
• Mixtures particularly valuable where resistance declines between seasons
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FRAC Presentation 2014 AL 25
Fungicide Mixtures – FRAC
• A key requirement for any mixture product applied to manage resistance is that the components of the mixture must not be cross-resistant and the dose rates of each component used in the mixture should provide sufficient control of sensitive isolates when used alone.
• the mixture must be carefully balanced based on the individual properties of each mixing partner (e.g. lasting effect, dose response curve, etc.)
• Presence or absence of resistance to one component of the mixture impacts the recommendations (aim to keep R-frequency low)
FRAC Presentation 2014 AL 26
FRAC Guidance 2010
FRAC Presentation 2014 AL 27
Conclusions
• FRAC supports proactive resistance management using all the tools available in an integrated approach
• We actively support and invest in research to make scientific progress in areas such as resistance risk, effectiveness of strategies, and addressing other issues
• FRAC supports the use of FRAC codes in product labelling
• FRAC supports outreach to officials, advisers, local RAG groups
FRAC Presentation 2014 AL 28
Conclusions
• Several factors threaten to work against maintaining resistance management e.g. Increasing regulatory requirements, food chain requirements.
• These have reduced available modes of action for mixtures, alternations, and have increased costs to find new ones.
• FRAC is working with officials and authorities to raise the importance of resistance management and to seek solutions.