zomi history vumson

7/22/2019 Zomi History Vumson

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_L JIVQLUY^itj dk iktrlauftilk tl _l fuhturg, gflklmy, rghinilk

dka tjgir stdtus ds dk gtjkif miklrity ik

IKAID, EWUMD, dka EDKNHDAGVJ

Rumslk


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_L JIVQLUY^itj dk iktrlauftilk tl _l fuhturg, gflklmy, rghinilk

dka tjgir stdtus ds dk gtjkif miklrity ik

IKAID, EWUMD, dka EDKNHDAGVJ

ey

Rumslk

Suehisjga ey tjg Dutjlr

F/ l K. Q. Qjdwk nd, Rgknjhui,

DI_D^H, MI_LUDM, IKAID.


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FLKQGKQVAgaifdtilk ISrgbdfg II

Fjdpt gr 4. Iktr lauft ilk tl _l pglph g 4 57

Qjg Ngkgrif Kdmg _l 4

_l Slpuhdtilk >

_l Vlfigty >

Qjg Slhitifdh Vystgm :

Fuhturg dka Fustlms 44

Ughinilk 42

_l Hdknudng 49

_lrdm (_lhdka) 54

Fjdp tgr 5. Ullt s lb _l 52 69

Lrinik ik Fjikd 52

_l @iknalm 66

_l Sgl phg Euiht @dhg Sdh dfg 6>

Fjd ptg r 6. Qriedh Agvgh lpmgk t 4333-4:52 13 437Minrdtilk tl _l rdm 14

Gdrhy Minrdk ts ? Mdsj l 15

Hdtg Minrdkts 16

Qj g Vlut jgrk Nrl up ? Dsjl, Vjl Dsjl 16

Vjl. @x'lu. lr _l 17

Qjg Klrtjgrk Nrlup ? Sdwi, Mizl, _lmi 1>

Sdwi lr Hdi 1:Mizl lr Husgi 72

_lmi lr Sditg >1Qriedh ^drs :1

^dr egtwggk Vuktjhd dka Jd`d :1

Qj g J d`d Husgi ^dr :7

Q j g V d ` t d - J d ` d ^ d r :2

Qj g Eurmg sg Jd`d ^d r :2

Qjg ^dr Egtwggk tjg _dkkidt/@judhsim Dndikst tjg Qhdsuk :>

Qjg Husgi ^drs :>

Qjg Husgi_djdu ^dr ::@dmjdu 's ^drs :9

Qjg @dmjdu Vjdk ^dr :9Mgtgi Ndh (@dmjduMdkipur ^dr) 93

Vu`tgHusgi ^drs 91

Qj g @dmjd u _djdu ^ dr 91

Qjg Judhknl dka _djdu dndikst tjg Vu`tg 97

Qjg Agstruftilk lb Hlpjgi 97

Qjg Agstruftilk lb @judsd` 9>Vizdkn's Minrdtilk tl Mudhkudm dka its Agstruftilk 433

Sgdfg Knlfidtilk egtwggk tjg Vizdkn dka tjg Sdwi 436

Tudrrgh Dmlkn tjg Vizdkn 431

Fjdpt gr 1 . Eri t isj Ikb hugkfg 4:5 2-4 91> 4 3 2 - -476

Qjg Aivisilk lb _l Fluktry 43>Gdrhy Ughdtilks witj tjg Eritisj 43>

Eritisj Ikvdsilk lb 4:>4 (^gst _lrdm) 444Eritisj Fdmpdinks ik Gdst _lrdm

446Vizdkn's Ugdftilk 442Qhdsuk Fjigb Vlkpg`'s Ugdftilk 44>

_l`jud dka @dmjdu Ugdftilks 44>

Eritisj Ikvdsilk lb Gdst _lrdm 44>

Eritisj Bikdh Ikvdsilk lb _lrdm 454


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Qjg Vlutjgrk Fjik Flhumk 455

Qjg Husjdi Bigha Blrfgs451

457Husjdi Klr tjgrk Flhumk

451

457Myll` Vudm? tjg Dssdssikdt ilk lb tjg Qlwksjip Lbb ifgr 459Srgpdrdt ilk blr tjg Myll` Vudm 463Qjg Gxgfutilk lb tjg Shdk 464Aisd r mdmgkt 466

QjdalJd`d Ugsistdkfg Mlvgmgkt 494>4949 466

Eri t isj Damikist rdt ilk 46>

Kd ti lk dh is t M l vg mg k t Aur ik n Fl hl ki dh is m 414

Fjr ist idk Missilkdr igs 415

Qjg Ugh inilk lb Sdufikjdu 41>

Fjdp tg r 7 . Odpdk U d h - Q j g Odpdkgsg ^dr 4915- 49 11 471 - 4 > 9

_l Hgvigs 477

_l slhaigrs ik ngkgrdh ^ikndtg 's Nugrr i h hd Drmytjg Fjikai ts 421

Odpdkgsg Davdkfg tl Qgaim 422

Odpdkgsg Ugtrgdt 4>3

Odpdkgsg Lffupd t ilk 4>1

Fjdp tgr 2 . _l pglphg ik Eurmd 4:3-- 5 1 4Gdrhy Ughdtilks witj Eurmdk 4:5

Vtgps tl Ikagpgkagkfg 4:2

Sdknhlkn Flkbgrgkfg 493

Brlkt igr Drgds Flmmit tgg lb Ikquiry 491

Qjg Flkstitutilk lb Eurmd dka its Gbbgfts lk _l Sglphg 492

Qjg Flukfih lb _l Dbbdirs 49>

Wka gr Eurmgsg Damikist rdt ilk 491:4925 535

_l Vlhaigrs Vdvg Eurmd 53>

Vlfidh ism ukagr Mih i tdry Nlvgrkmgkt 546

Eurmd's Vgflka Flkst i tut ilk 542

Eurmgsg Dttgmpts blr Wkagrstdkaikn 554

Dwd`gkikn lb _l Kdt ilkdh ism 552

Qjg 4921 Gmgrngkfg lb _l Vgpdrdtism ik Gdst _lrdm 55>

Jikagrkis tl _l's Srlnrgss 569

Fjd ptg r >. Aistri eutilk lb _l Sgl phg ik Ikaid. 516- - 6 4 6

^gst _lrdm (Mizlrdm) 516

Slhitifdh Jistlry 511

Qjg Mizl Wkilk 517

Aisfussilk lb _l Slhitifdh Buturg 51:

_l Sglphg Wkagr Ikaidk Damikist rdt ilk 579

Md ut dm dka tjg Eirtj lb Mizl Kdtilk dh Brl kt 527

Qjg Blrmdt ilk lb Ikaidk Flknrgss Sdr ty ik _lrdm 52:

Blrm dti lk lb d Jihh Vtdtg 52:

Qj g Mizl Kdtilk dh Brlk t dka its Kdtilkdhis t Mlv gmg kt 5>5

MKB's Dt tgmpt tl Wki tg _l Sglphg 5:2

Mizlrdm (^gst _lrdm) ? D Wkilk Qgrr i tlry 59>

SdwiH d`jgr Ugnilk 633

Srlnrgss ik ^gst _lrdm 634

_l Sglphg ik Mdkipur 635

_l Sglphg ik Klr tj Fdfjdr 643

_l Sglphg ik Qr ipurd 643

Fjd ptg r : . _l pglphg ik Edknhdagsj 641 642

Fj dpt gr 9. _l Sglp hg ik Gdst dka ^gst64>

656

663

666

661

Eieh ilnrdpjy

64>

656

663

666

661

Nhlssdry

64>

656

663

666

661Deergvidt ilks

64>

656

663

666

661Df`klwhgangmgk t

64>

656

663

666

661


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AGAIFDQILK

I agaifdtga tjis ell` tl my pdtgrkdh nrdkapdrgkts blr tgdfjikn mg _l jistlry, fustlms, dka fuhturg eyrgfitikn tjgm lvgr dka lvgr dndik. My nrdkabdtjgr `ihhga lvgr sixty blur-hgnnga wiha dkimdhs. ikfhuaikn

d tingr. Jg trimmga twl alhtidhs. jgy slha tjgir surphus rifg jdrvgst dka mdag slmg mlkgy. !jgk my

mdtgrkdh nrdkabdtjgr agmdkaga dk gxtrd-lraikdry jinj eriag-prifg blr my mltjgr, my pdtgrkdhnrdkabdtjgr simphy plurga sihvgr rupggs ik d eds`gt dka lbbgrga ds tjg eriag prifg. My nrdkabdtjgr

kdmga mg dbtgr jimsghb td`ikn jis kdmg. "um dka fdhhikn mg #$lk% mgdkikn tl kdrrdtg, witj tjg jlpg

tjdt &. wjgk I nrlw up, wihh tghh tjg wlrha jis dfjigvgmgkts. I jlpg tjis pdng sdtisbigs jis wisj. Mybdtjgr aia gxtgksivg rgsgdrfj wlr` lk tjg jistlry lb _l pglphg. Jis wlr` wds puehisjga ik

'jup(dtjdkn)s #jg *gkgdhlny lb _l +dfg%. My mltjgr kgvgr wgkt tl sfjllh. htjlunj sjg elrg tgk

fjihargk sjg bluka timg tl gxpgrimgkt witj nrlwikn tgd, tjg birst ik dst _lrdm. $jg stdrtga prlaufikn

tgd ik tjg gdrhy &/3)s dka tlady. tgd prlauftilk is tjg mdik 4ffupdtilk lb tjrgg vihhdngs dka it is egikngxplrtga tl 5urmd ds tjg #6lhhudkn gd%.


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SUGBDFG

_l pglphg tgka tl spgfuhdtg ds tl wjgrg tjgy fdmg brlm. Vlmg sunngst tjdt tjgy drg tjg agsfgkagkts lbtjg Fjikgsg lb tjg Fjik aykdsty egfdusg tjgy drg fdhhga Fjik ey tjg Eurmdk. Vlmg agvltga

Fjristidks argdmga lb egikn lkg lb tjg hlst triegs lb Isrdgh. Qjg blhhlwikn pdngs drg dk dttgmpt tl

fhdriby tjg lriniks lb _l pglphg dka tjgir minrdtilk rldas tl tjgir prgsgkt sgtthgmgkts. I dhsl slunjt tltrdfg dhh _l pglphg dka pikplikt wjgrg tjgy drg tl eg bluka dka tjg plhitifdh dka fuhturdh flkaitilk tjgy

drg bdfikn tlady. Qjg jistlry lb tjg _l pglphg is vgry flmphg egfdusg tjgy jdvg mdky vgrsilks lb

hgngkas dka trdaitilks. Qjgir fhltjikn! jlusgs dka aigt aibbgr brlm lkg drgd tl dkltjgr egfdusg lbfhimdtif aibbgrgkfgs witjik d sjlrt aistdkfg. Qjg hdknudng! tjlunj edsifdhhy simihdr! jds agvghlpga iktl

muhti"aidhgfts. #vgk tjgir kdmg ds d pglphg jds eggk prlklukfga ik mdky aibbgrgkt wdys. I md$g

dttgmpts tl flmprlmisg tjgsg aibbgrgkfgs sl tjdt! dt hgdst lutsiag tjgir lwk hdka tjgy drg $klwk ey tjg

sdmg kdmg. Ik alikn sl! I td$g tjg kdmg usga ey mlst _l pglphg sufj ds _lrdm lr _lhdka. _l tgrmsusga ik tjis ell$ drg mlsthy lb tjg klrtjgrk _l pglphg. I vigw tjg flktinulus _l sgtthgmgkts ds _lrdm!

stdtistif sjlws tjg usgr lb _lrdm lutkumegr tjg usgr lb _lrdm! dka I usg %dst _lrdm dka &gst _lrdm

tl flvgr _l sgtthgmgkts ik Eurmd dka Ikaid rgspgftivghy. I dhsl sgdrfj blr _l kdmgs tl rgphdfg blrginkdeusivg kdmgs sufj ds Fjik! 'u$i! Qiaaim Fjik! (hdiks Fjik gtf. dka usg mlrg dffgptdehg dka prdftifdh

kdmgs sufj ds (ditg blr Qiaaim Fjik! (dwi blr %dhdm. )d$d. dka Fjjimtuipui pglphg! *usgi blr

+ujhidk aidhgft spgd$ikn pglphgs. dka ,sjl blr phdiks Fjik.

,s d Vi-dkn I jda gdsy dffgss tl tjg jistlry lb tjg Vi-dkn! dka agpgkaga lk lhagr puehifdtilks blr tjgrgst. Qjg rgsuht jlwgvgr is bdr brlm flmphgtg. dky lhagr puehifdtilks tjlunj mdy vgry wghh eg

ikblrmdtivg! eut flkbusga egtwggk triedh dka vihhdng kdmgs. Vlmg kdmgs sggm tl jdvg eggk frgdtga

lut lb tjg ehug sufj ds Vjgkaus lr /ikaus. Qjg mlst sgrilus sjlrt flmikn lb tjis pdpgr is tjg jistlry lbtjg slutjgrk _l! egfdusg I jdvg kl dffgss tl tjgir vgredh lr ltjgr rgflras.

I wihh wghflmg dt dky timg flrrgsplkagkfg flkfgrkikn grrlrs. sunngstilks blr imprlvgmgkt! lr fritism

lb tjg tgt ds kl pgrbgftilk gist jgrg.

Ik writikn _l kdmgs I jdvg blhhlwga tjg prdftifg ik &gst _lrdm! wjifj wihh jdvg slmg lpplsitilk ik#dst _lrdm! egfdusg tjgy jdvg blhhlwga tjg Eurmgsg wdy! dka gvgry wlra lb _l kdmgs jds d mgdkikn.Eut flkblrmikn tl iktgrkdtilkdh prdftifg! ds gvgry _l ikagga jds d bdmihy lr fhdk kdmg! tjis minjt eg d

egttgr wdy ik tjg hlkn ruk. ,s blr gdmphg my nivgk kdmg is 3umslk dka my fhdk kdmg is Vudktd$. sl

my kdmg sjluha dftudhhy eg 3umslk Vudktd$. Ik brlkt lb d bgw kdmgs I daa (u. Qjis is jlw _l daargssd ngkthgmdk. (u stdkas blr istgr wjgrgds (i stdkas blr iss lr issgs.


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Iksfriptilk ey Gx-Fjigb @juphidk, Hlpjgi

Lftlegr 6, 5344 ey tjdwknklHgdvg d Flmmgkt

I dm tjg 47tj ngkgrdtilk alwk brlm tjg jlusg lb Qjudktd wjl is tjg lrinikd! "rlngkitlr lb tjg #iyikQrieg$ %gikn dk lr"jdk brlm fji!ajlla I g&grtga mysg!b d!! d!lkg ik mdky gktgr"risgs ey wjifj I

egfdmg d sg!b'mdag mdk witj mdky dka vdrilus dfjigvg'mgkts$ (jgk tjg %ritisj lk 4))) ukagrtlltjgir birst g&"gaitilk dndikst us *tjg Fjiks+ I dttdikaga tjg dng lb 53 ygdrs dka I "!dyga dk dftivg "drt iktjg agbgkfg dndikst tjgm$ (jgk tjg %ritisj trll"s mdrfjga u" tjg #inkd!!ikn dt l$ 7 #tlfdag tjg

ukitga blrfgs lb tjg #iyiks$ #utgs dka -dmjdus mdag d nlla rgsistdkfg tl tjg %ritisj dttdf wjifj wds

gdsi!y rg"u!sga$ Lk tjis lffdsilk I "grslkd!!y fd"turga lkg rib!g$ (jgk tjg sgflka g&"gaitilk tll"!dfg ik 4)). tjg %ritisj, tll wg!! drmga tl eg rgsistga dndikst, fdrriga tjg ady/ jgkfg tjg dkkg&dtilk lb

Fjik i!!s$ I tjgk rgeui!t dka sgtt!ga ik Hl"jgi i!!dng wjifj wds lrinikd!!y blukaga ey -iim Hg! dka

wds agstrlyga ey tjg Qdsjlks ik my nrdkabdtjgr, Hud Qjudms timg$ gkfgblrtj my jgrgaitdry fjigb'tdiksji" lb tjg Hl"jgi f!dk wds rgstlrga tl mg$ lrglvgr I blukaga tjg tjrgg vi!!dngs'Quisdu, Quivd!,

dka #udknadw d!! lb wjifj jdvg gvgr sikfg eggk ik my 1urisaiftilk$ s I wds davdkfga ik dng dbtgr my

sgrvifg lb 23 ygdrs ds Fjigb, my g!agst slk suffggaga mg tl tjg fjigbtdiksji"$ %gikn jinj!y "!gdsga

witj my mgritlrilus dka !lyd! sgrvifgs$ is lklur$$ tjg Higutdkt' >lvgrklr lb %urmd ik 4.55"rgsgktga mg d :$%$%$H$ nuk ds d rgwdra dka d nlla sgrvifg fgrtibifdtg$ ka tl mgktilk mlrg I wds

nivgk mdky nlla fgrtibifdtgs, ey tjg vdrilus amikistrdtivg lbbifgrs lb Fjik i!!s$ Qjg %urmgsg tg&t lk

tjg iksfri"tilk mdy eg trdks!dtga ds bl!!lws / Qjg #i9dkn "gl"!g wjl awg!! ik tjg vi!!dngs lb Hl"jgi,-judsd, %udkmdk, Qju!di, dka Hdmjdi drg tjg agsfgkagkts lb Qjudktd$ I eg!lkn tl tjg bibtggktj

ngkgrdtilk$ Qjg jistlry lb my !ibgtimg jds eggk rgflraga ik ?l dka 0kn!isj$ Qjg dkimd!s ardwk lk tjg

mgmlrid! stlkg ikaifdtg -ju"!idks juktikn trl"jigs / d tingr$ d eislk, d !gl"dra, d wi!a "in, d edriknaggr, dka d aggr$
http://zaangsiseino.wordpress.com/author/thawngno/http://zaangsiseino.wordpress.com/author/thawngno/http://zaangsiseino.wordpress.com/2011/10/03/inscription-by-ex-chief-khuplian-lophei/#respondhttp://zaangsiseino.wordpress.com/2011/10/03/inscription-by-ex-chief-khuplian-lophei/#respondhttp://zaangsiseino.wordpress.com/2011/10/03/inscription-by-ex-chief-khuplian-lophei/#respondhttp://zaangsiseino.wordpress.com/author/thawngno/


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http://zaangsiseino.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/stone.jpg


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FJDSQGU I

Iktrlauftilk tl _l Sglphg

QJG NGKGUIF KDMG _L

Qjg tgrm _l lr Ol wds mgktilkga ds tjg kdmg lb d pglphg ik d bgw

jistlrifdh puehifdtilks lb tjg Ikal-Eurmdk pglphgs. Bdk- fjl d

aiphlmdt lb tjg Qdkn aykdsty lb Fjikd, mgktilkga ik :25 D.A. d

ìknalm ik tjg Fjikawik vdhhgy, wjlsg prikfgs dka fjigbs wgrg

fdhhga _l. Ik 4>:6 Bdtjgr Vdkngrml mgktilkga tjg pgtty kd-

tilk fdhhga OL.- N. D. Nrigrslk rgflraga ik 4931 Qjg kdmg is klt

usga ey tjg triegs tjgmsghvgs, wjl usga tithgs sufj ds _L lr YL lr

VJL.

Jlwgvgr, egfdusg lb tjg _l pglphg brgqugkt flktdfts witj mdky

aibbgrgkt pglphg dt tjgir elragrs tjg dvdihdehg hitgrdturg is lbtgk

flkbusga delut wjifj pglphg sjluha eg agsinkdtga ds _L lr ltjgr

kdmgs. ^jgk tjg Eritisj tll` plssgssilk lb Egkndh dka jda tjgir

flktdft witj _l pglphg, tjg Egkndhis tlha tjgm tjdt tjg _l wgrg

@uì, d Egkndhi wlra wjifj mgdks slmgtjikn hi`g sdvdng lr wihajihh pglphg. Eut wjgk tjg Eritisj fdmg ik fhlsg flktdft witj tjg

Husgi, tjgy rgdhizga tjdt tjgy aia klt fdhh tjgmsghvgs @uì. Iki-

tidhhy tjg Eritisj usga tjg tgrm Hllsyg. Jlwgvgr, tjg Eritisj hdtgr

dalptga HWVJDh ds tjg lbbifidh agsinkdtilk blr _l pglphg hiv-

ikn ik tjg wgstgrk pdrt lb tjg _l fluktry, ds tjg ruhikn fhdks lb

tjgsg pglphg wgrg `klwk tl tjgm ds Husjdi.

Qjgrg wgrg d bgw Eritisj lbbifgrs wjl triga tl ukagrstdka tjg pglphg

tjgy wgrg agdhikn witj? lutstdkaikn dmlkn wjlm wds Qlm Hgwik,

wjl sdia0 Qjg ngkgrif kdmg lb tjg wjlhg kdtilk is A_L

^jgk tjg Eritisj dkkgxga Dssdm dka Mdkipur tjgy fdmg ik flk-

tdft witj tjg Jmdrs, wjlm tl tjg Eritisj wgrg kl aluet rghdtga

gtjklhlnifdhhy tl tjg Husgi, eut wjl wgrg klt gxdfthy Husgi. Jmdr

is d Husgi wlra blr klrtj, dka tjg Jmdr pglphg wgrg sl kdmga

egfdusg tjgy hivga klrtj lb tjg Husgi Jmdr pglphg jda flmg tl


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5

dka tjg Eritisj dalptga @uì blr tjg Jmdrs dka Kgw @uì blrtjg Qjdal.

Wkagr tjg jgdaikn Kgw @uì wgrg ikfhuaga dhh Sditg. ^jgk ik4:57 tjg Eritisj ikvdaga Drd`dk dka tjg Vlutjgrk _l fluktry tjgy

ndvg tjg Vjl tjg kdmg @jydkn. @jydkn is tjg Drd`dkgsg kdmg blr

_l dka is dk lha Eurmgsg wlra blr Fjik. ^jgk tjg Eritisj fdmg ik

flktdft witj pglphg lb tjg jihh drgds wgst lb @dhg vdhhgy, Fjik wds

dalptga brlm Eurmgsg. Shdiks Fjik wds tjg kdmg nivgk tl tjg

Dsjl, egfdusg tjgy wgrg bluka ik tjg phdiks lb Drd`dk dka Eurmd.

Qjus tjg Eritisj `kgw tjg _l pglphg ds Husjdi, @uì. Kgw @uì.

@j4dkn, Fjik, dka Shdiks Fjik.

Husgi dka rghdtga fhdks wjifj sgtthga ik tjg Husjdi Jihhs (Mizlrdm)

fdhhga tjgmsghvgs Mizl brlm timg immgmlridh0 Mizl mgdkikn _l

pglphg. Husgi agsinkdtgs lkhy pglphg wjl wgrg ruhga ey Vdihlfjigbs. dka Mizg, klw flvgrs dhh gtjkif _l pglphg.

Hdknudngs fjdkng kdturdhhy dka ukdvliadehy ds pglphg sgpdrdtg

brlm lkg dkltjgr dka flmg ik flktdft witj ltjgrs. ^g fdk kgvgr

eg gxdfthy surg lb tjg lrinikdh kdmg blr _l pglphg. Qlady tjgpglphg fdhh tjgmsghvgs _l, Mizl, Fjl, Vjl, @jxlu, Dsjl, Fjdw,

Ydw, dka Mdsjl0 wjifj drg simihdr slukaikn dka wjifj drg dhhgqudhhy ukflrrupt ik tjgir rgspgftivg _l aidhgfts.

_l pglphg bika it vgry aibbifuht tl dffgpt d kdmg ltjgr tjdk tjg lkg

tjgy fdhh tjgmsghvgs. Qjg Husgi dka rghdtga fhdks wjl wgrg de-

slrega ukagr tjg Vdihl fjigbs dffgptga Mizl ds tjgir agsinkdtilk,

dka tjg kdmg lb tjg blrmgr Husjdi Jihhs Aistrift wds fjdknga tlMizl Aistrift dt Ikaids ikagpgkagkfg. Qjg Ikaidk nlvgrkmgkt aia

klt hi`g Mizlrdm, egfdusg tjgy bgdrga tjdt rdm (hdka) wluha mgdk

lwkgrsjip lb tjg hdka. Lkhy dt tjg frgdtilk lb tjg Wkilk Qgrritlryaia Ikaid dffgpt tjg kdmg Mizlrdm.

Qjg tgrm Mizl flvgrs dhh _l pglphg, ds algs _lmi dka Hdimi,

dfflraikn tl tjgir rgspgftivg usgrs. _lmi is d agsinkdtilk usga ey

tjg Sditg, d pglphg wjlsg mgk wlrg d jdir klt dt tjg edf` lb tjgir

jgda. Hdimi is usga ey tjg Hdis ik Jd`d drgds, ik Bdhdm dka ik

b M i B j H i _ i i hh


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6

dka tjgy prlaufg tjg _lmi Vtuagkts Mdndzikg blr stuagkts wjl

drg Dsjl, Vjl, Hdi, Sditg dka Husgi. Mizl is dffgptga ey dhh ik

Mizlrdm dka ltjgr daolikikn agstrifts, ikfhuaikn tjg Husgi ik tjg@dhg-@dedw vdhhgys.

Qjgrg drg slmg _l pglphg wjl eghigvg tjdt Fjik fluha eg tjg agsin-

kdtilk blr dhh _l pglphg. Blr gxdmphg, tjg Sditg Kdtilkdh Flukfih

(SKF) lb Hdm`d (Fjurdfjdkpur) ik Mdkipur jds spgfu-hdtga tjdt

tjg kdmg Fjik lrinikdtga witj tjg Fjik Aykdsty lb Fjikd. Ik d

hgttgr tl tjg Srimg Mikistgr lb Ikaid ik 4926, tjg SKF sunngstga

tjdt Fjik pglphg eg ukibiga iktl lkg tgrritlry. Qjg SKF fitga tjg

Hiknuistif Vurvgy lb Ikaid ey N. D. Nrigrslk5> dka sdia0 Qjg wlra

Fjik is supplsga ey dutjlritigs tl eg d flrruptilk lb tjg wlra

Ogk lr Mdk. Qjg SKF fjlsg Fjik egfdusg ukagr Fjik, ds d

ngkus, flmg dhh @uì triegs0 wjgrgds @uì ds d spgfigs is d sue-

nrlup lb Fjik, lr ik ltjgr wlras, @uì is dkltjgr nrlupikn systgm

gxfhuaikn slmg triegs ukagr Fjik. Jgkfg Fjik is d wiagr agkltd-

tilk dka @uì d kdrrlwgr agkltdtilk. Jlwgvgr, Q. Nlunik1, dhsl

brlm Hdm`d, iksists ik jis ell`, Qjg Aisflvgry lb _lhdka tjdt

_lmi is tjg rinjt agsinkdtilk blr _l pglphg. Mi mgdks pglphg, dka

_lmi is tjg rinjt sgqugkfg lb syhhdehgs, ik flktrdst tl Mizl.

Jrdknkdwh, d blrmgr pdrhidmgktdridk brlm Jd`d, eghigvga tjg wlra

Fjik, Fiik lr Qsik wds tjg lrinikdh kdmg lb tjg _l pglphg, dka jg

sunngstga tjdt it lrinikdtga ik Fjikd. Jis sunngstilk is edsga lk

tjg bdft tjdt tjgrg drg mdky phdfgs ik _l fluktry wjifj jdvg Fiik,Qsik lr Fjik ds kdmgs sufj ds Fiikmudi, Fjikthdkn lr

Qsik`jud. Jrdknkdwh jds dhsl sunngstga tjdt Fjik fluha jdvg

flmg brlm Fiikhukn, Fjjikhukn lr Qsikhukn, tjg fdvg lr rlf` brlm

wjgkfg dfflraikn tl hgngka tjg _l pglphg gmgrnga iktl tjis wlrhads jumdks.

Mdky _l pglphg jlwgvgr fdkklt dffgpt tjg kdmg Fjik, egfdusg

tjgy jdvg kgvgr fdhhga tjgmsghvgs ey tjdt kdmg, dka, mlrglvgr,tjgy `klw tjdt tjg kdmg Fjik wds lbbifidhhy usga lkhy dbtgr Erit-


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1

tjg vdhhgy lb tjg eds`gts ds fjik mgdks eds`gt ik Eurmgsg.

Qjg ngkgrdh Eurmgsg plpuhdtilk dffgpt fjik tl eg d wlra blr

eds`gt, dka tjgy gxphdik tjdt tjg _l pglphg wgrg sl fdhhga egfdusg

lb tjgir jdeit lb fdrryikn eds`gts. E. Hdhtjdknhidkd lb Mdkadhdy

Wkivgrsity. Agpdrtmgkt lb Eurmgsg Jistlry, dnrggs witj tjis gx-

phdkdtilk.

Srlbgsslrs N.J.Hufg dka B.@. Hgjmdk. dutjlritigs lk _l jistlry

dka dktjrlplhlny, spgfuhdtg brlm tjg wdy Fjik wds spghhga lk

Eurmgsg iksfriptilks tjdt Fjik fdk mgdk dhhy lr brigka. Qjgy

edsg tjgir iktgrprgtdtilk lk tjg dssumptilk tjdt _l dka Eurmdk

pglphgs wgrg klt jlstihg tl lkg dkltjgr dt tjg timg lb tjg Eurmgsg

iksfriptilks. Eut tjg iksfriptilks dhsl rgvgdh flktrlvgrsidh shdvg

trdaikn dhlkn tjg Fjikawik Uivgr. Qjis fluha mgdk tjdt tjgrg wgrg,

ik bdft, jlstihitigs egtwggk tjg ikjdeitdkts lb tjg Fjikawik vdhhgy

dka tjg Eurmdks. Qjus Fjik. mgdkikn dhhy lr brigka, is tjg mla-

grk plhitifdh iktgrprgtdtilk, dka Fjik, mgdkikn eds`gt, is tjg

Eurmgsg trdaitilk.

_l pglphg al klt dffgpt tjg iktgrprgtdtilk lb Fjik mgdkikn dhhy lr

brigka. ^jgk tjg 4973 Eurmgsg gkfyfhlpgaid agbikga Fjik ds

dhhy, Qukdukn, dk MS brlm Mikadt, prltgstga ik tjg Eurmgsg

Sdrhidmgkt dka dffusga tjg Eurmdk lb plhitifizikn tjg kdmg.

Jdunl, tjg birst _l ik Gdst _lrdm tl rgfgivg dk M.D. agnrgg dka d

hgfturgr dt Mdkadhdy Wkivgrsity wrltg? ^jdtgvgr it mgdkt lr

mgdks, jlwgvgr it lrinikdtga dka wjy, tjg levilus bdft is tjdt tjg

dppghhdtilk Fjik is dhtlngtjgr blrgink tl us, it jds eggk gxtgrkdhhy

dpphiga tl us. ^g rgsplka tl it lut lb kgfgssity eut wg kgvgr dp-

prlpridtg it dka kgvgr dffgpt it dka kgvgr usg it tl rgbgr tl lur-

sghvgs. It is klt lkhy blrgink eut dhsl agrlndtlry, blr it jds egflmg

mlrg lr hgss syklkymlus witj egikn ukfivihizga, ukfuh-turga, edf`-

wdra, gvgk bllhisj dka sihhy. Dka wjgk wg flksiagr sufj kdmg

fdhhikn dpphiga tl lur pglphg ds Fjikel`g ^ik`ikn Fjik) wg fdk-

klt eut iktgrprgt it ds d airgft dka bhdnrdkt iksuht dka tjg bdft tjdt


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sghvgs Hdi Qjgy agky tjdt tjgy drg dky `ika lb _l dt dhh, dka

jdvg rgsgrvga tjg tgrm blr slutjgrk Jd`d (aivisilk). Qjg Jd`d

rgndraga tjgsg pglphg ds rghdtivghy ukfuhturga dka ukfuhtivdtga.

Eut tjg Jd`d lr Hdi fdhh tjgir lwk fluktry _l fluktry ik

prdygrs dt mdolr bgdsts lb mgrit. Dfflraikn tl Hgjmdk0 Qjis

is d typifdh ikstdkfg lb tjg slmgwjdt drrlndkt slfidh plsturg lb

tjg Jd`d pglphg, blr wjifj tjgy nlt tjg kdmg Jdh @jd (eittgr

agmdka) . . . Jd`d drg, rgnilkdhhy flksiagrga, Hdi (fgktrdh),

dka blr tjgm tjg tgrm _l mgdks lkhy Fjiks ds d wjlhg, dt lkg

hgvgh, lr tjgir lwk suelraikdtgs tl tjg slutj, ds dkltjgr hgvgh

lb rgbgrgkfg. Hdimi mgdks lur lwk pglphg lr ..lur lwk Jd`d

pglphg. Ik _l hdknudng hdi mgdks fgktrg. dka tjg Hdi pglphg

eghigvg tjdt tjgy drg. lr wgrg, supgrilr tl dhh ltjgr _l pglphg

egfdusg lb tjgir plsitilk dt tjg fgktgr lb tjg ukivgrsg.

6. Ik slutjgrk _l fluktry (Mikadt. Mdtupi) pglphg fdhh tjgm-

sghvgs Vjg lr @jxlu, agpgkaikn lk wjgtjgr tjgy hivg ik tjg

ardikdng lb Ydw Fjdukn, ik tjg vifikity lb Mikadt, lr ik tjgardikdng lb tjg Jhgt Hlkn strgdm. Ql tjg gdst lb Hgmrl, Vjl

fdhh tjgmsghvgs M`dkn dka dt Mdtupi, Kndhd. Ik tjg rgnilk

egtwggk Mikadt dka M`dkn fluktry Vjl lr @jxlu stdkas blr

tjg pglphg ds d wjlhg, dka hlfdh pglphg fdhh tjgmsghvgs Kmgk

1. Ik Sdhgtwd pglphg fdhh tjgmsghvgs @jumi lr @jd`i. Jlw-

gvgr @jumi lr @jdmi mgdks vihhdng pglphg dka it is klt d fhdk

kdmg.

7. Qjg kdmg Mru ik Drd`dkgsg flmgs brlm tjg wlra Mdfjl

wjifj, wjgk writtgk ik Drd`dkgsg, egflmgs Mru.

2. _l pglphg hivikn lk tjg phdiks lb Eurmd, ik Drd`dk, ik tjg

slutj wgst Fjik Vtdtg. dka ik tjg Fjittdnlkn Jihhs drg fdhhga

@jydkn ik hitgrdturg, eut fdhh tjgmsghvgs Dsjl.


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2

tjg phdiks lb tjg Fjikawik Rdhhgy. _l minjt mgdk jinjhdka eut

kgvgr jinjhdkagrs. Dkltjgr trdkshdtilk lb _l ds ukfuhturga lr

ukfivihizga- flmgs brlm tjg Jd`ds edwipjuk lr rlydhty, wjl rg-

ndra tjgir slutjgrk _l kginjelurs ds ukfuhturga dka ukfivihizga.

Ql trdkshdtg _l ds ukfuhturga lr ukfivihizga egfdusg lb Jd`d

dttituags tlwdras tjgir kginjelurs is mishgdaikn dka fdkklt eg td`gk

sgrilushy. D pglphg wihh kgvgr dalpt lr fdrg blrd kdmg usga tl ag-

nrdag tjgm.

Qjg dftudh trdkshdtilk lb zl ik tjg _l flmmlk hdknudng mdy eg

tgrmga ds blhhlws ? _l pglphg aiviag d mluktdiklus rgnilk iktl

twl fhimdtif zlkgs. Qjg jinjgr pdrt lb tjg rgnilk is fjdrdftgrizga

ey flha, wgt, dka admp fhimdtif flkaitilks, wjifj jdvg

nglnrdpji-fdh kdturgs lb gvgr-nrggk. blrgsts. wjgrg pltdtlgs, mdizg,

dka suhbur jgdrs mdy eg nrlwk. Qjgsg drgds drg flvgrga witj rdik

fhluas ik tjg mlksllk rdiky sgdslk. Qjg suk is rdrghy tl eg sggk.

Vufj d phdfg lr drgd is agkltga ey tjg tgrm _l ik aistikftilk brlm

tjg sjim lr fjjim. wjifj is ngkgrdhhy hlwgr ik ghgvdtilk dka

witj d wdrmgr dka arigr fhimdtg, wjgrg edmell tjrivgs dka jihh-siag rifg kdy eg nrlwk. Qjg ngkgrif kdmg _l jds kl rghdtilk

witj tjg nglnrdpjifdh-fhimdtif tgrm zl.

_l pglphg jdvg d trdaitilk lb kdmikn tjgir fhdks.dbtgr tjg jgda lb

gdfj fhdk. Judhknl drg agsfgkagkts lb d mdk kdmga Judhknl, dka

tjg _djdu. @dmjdu dka ltjgr _l fhdks gdfj fdrry tjg kdmg lb

tjgir blukagr. It must jdvg eggk tjg sdmg witj _l. _l lr d vgry

simihdr slukaikn kdmg must jdvg eggk tjg kdmg lb tjg _ls lrini-

kdtlr. Qjg Ngkgdhlny lb (Fjik) Udfg- ey @jupzdtjdkn sjdrgs ik

tjis iktgrprgtdtilk dka plstuhdtgs d mdk kdmga _l ds tjg blukagr

lb tjg _l pglphg. (Vgg Qdehg 4)

Qjg dutjlr fjllsgs _l ds tjg agsinkdtilk lb dhh _l pglphg, eg-

fdusg it dppgdrs tl jim tjdt _l is tjg mlst wiaghy usga kdmg,

wjgtjgr it eg _l, Yl, Ol, Fjl, Vjl. @jxlu. lr Ydw. Qjg dutjlr

algs klt iksist tjdt _l is tjg prlpgr lr rinjt agsinkdtilk. Jlw-

gvgr, jg eghigvgs tjdt kdmgs sufj ds @u`i dka Fjik wjifj lrini-

kdtga ds deusg kdmgs sjluha klt eg dalptga ds agsinkdtilk lb d


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_L VLFIGQY

_l

@ipmdkn Fiikjih

Kdwpjut Hgimdkn

Kdwslkn Sjuslkn udkn`lp

Vlkntju Knditg

Vuknmdkn Jdkgm

Vlkn`ip Vlknzd _djlkn _dkidkn _d`jdi

_dmdkn Judhtjdk Judhkdm Qljik Vudktd` Vgd`td` Qdwtd`

Qdehg 4. Ngkgdhlny lb _l pglphg dbtgr @jupzdtjdkn62

_l Slpuhdtilk

Qjgrg drg furrgkthy delut twl dka d jdhb mihhilk _l pglphg. Delut

jdhb lb tjgm hivg ik tjg Ikaidk pdrt lb _l fluktry (_lrdm), jdhb d

mihhilk drg ik tjg wgstgrk pdrt lb _lrdm (Mizlrdm), 4:3.333 ik

Mdkipur, 73.333 ik Qripurd, dka slmg sfdttgrga ik Kdndhdka, Fdfjdr

dka tjg stdtg lb Mgnjdhdyd. Ik Eurmd 133,333 hivg ik tjg gdstgrk

pdrt lb _l fluktryGdst _lrdm lr tjg Fjik Vtdtg, 633,333 ik tjg

phdiks lb Eurmd, 73,333 ik tjg Vlkyd Qrdfts dka tjg J`dmti lr

Kdnd Aistrift, delut 473.333 ik tjg @dhg-@dedw-Myittjd vdhhgys.

dka delut 13,333 ik tjg stdtg lb Drd`dk. Ik Edknhdagsj. delut

73,333 _l lffupy jihhy rgnilks egtwggk tjg Vdknut dka tjg

@drkdpjuhi Uivgrs.

Qjg _l pglphg lffupy d flktinulus rgnilk lb delut 23,333 squdrg

mihgs klt fluktikn Dsjl sgtthgmgkts ik hlwgr Eurmd dka Mdsjl

sgtthgmgkts ik Drd`dk


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egtwggk nrlups, dka gvgk rghdtivgs wgrg sgpdrdtga dka arivgk tl

aibbgrgkt rgnilks. Ds d rgsuht lb tjgsg `ikas lb blrfgs tjg _l nrdau-

dhhy agvghlpga aibbgrgkfgs ik tjgir plhitifdh, fuhturdh, dka rghinilus

systgms.

Qjg Slhitifdh Vystgm

jukarga pglphg, flkstitutga d vihhdng. Jgtgrlngkglus slfigty wds

sghalm bluka ik gdrhy stdngs lb _l minrdtilk tl tjg jihhs eut agvgh-

lpga ik hdtgr stdngs lb jistlry.

D vihhdng wds dk ikagpgkagkt ukit, fhdimikn hdka delut sgvgk mihgs

lr ghgvgk `ihlmgtgrs ik rdaius blr its fuhtivdtilk. _l pglphg sjibtga

tjgir bighas brgqugkthy aug tl rdpia grlsilk lb tjg slih, dka sgtthg-

mgkts wgrg brgqugkthy mlvga brlm lkg phdfg tl dkltjgr. Qjg pglphg

ik fgktrdh _l fluktry wgrg hgss minrdtlry tjdk tjlsg ik klrtjgrk

dka slutjgrk rgnilks. Qjg slutjgrk pglphg sjibtga tjgir vihhdngs ik

d firfuhdr lr rgpgdtikn pdttgrk, wjgrgds ik klrtjgrk drgds pglphg

mlvga bdrtjgr dka bdrtjgr klrtj dka wgst. Gdfj vihhdng jda its lwknlvgrkmgkt, dka d fjigb lr d jgdamdk bukftilkga ds damikistrdtlr

blr tjg vihhdng. Ngkgrdhhy tjg auty dka plwgr lb tjg fjigb lr vihhdng

jgdamdk wds simihdr dmlkn dhh _l. Jgrgaitdry fjigbtdiksjips wgrg

flmmlk ik tjg klrtjgrk pdrt lb tjg fluktry, wjgrgds ik tjg slutj-

grk pdrt d jgdamdk lr d vihhdng hgdagr ruhga tjg vihhdng. Ik slmg

ikstdkfgs fjigbs ruhga lvgr sgvgrdh vihhdngs.

Qjg fjigb lr jgdamdk jda plhitifdh dka ouaifidh plwgrs, jg flk-

trlhhga tl vdryikn agnrggs tjg adihy hivgs lb tjg pglphg. Hdka aivi-

silk, aisplsdh, sgqugstrdtilk, dka rgaistrieutilk witjik tjg vihhdng

elukadry wgrg jis rgsplksieihitigs. Ik klrtjgrk _l fluktry tjg vih-

hdng jgdamdk flhhgftga tdxgs dka augs blr tjg fjigb. Ik slutjgrk

_l fluktry, wjgrg kl fjigb (Mdru) drlsg, tjg jgdamdk lr vihhdng

hgdagr hgkt jis kdmg tl tjg vihhdng. Qjg vihhdng jgdamdk wds usu-

dhhy dssistga ey jis flukfihhlrs, tjg kumegr lb wjifj wds agtgr-

mikga ey tjg kumegr lb vihhdng jlusgs


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jgrgaitdry. Brlm fhdk tl fhdk tjg fustlm aibbgrga ds tl wjgtjgr tjg

ylukngst lr ghagst slk ikjgritga tjg lbbifg lb tjg bdtjgr. Ik mlst

fdsgs jlwgvgr, tjg ylukngst slk ikjgritga tjg fjigbtdiksjip. It wds

kgxt tl implssiehg blr d adunjtgr tl ikjgrit tjg lbbifg lb tjg bdtjgr.

Qjg ikjgritdkfg lb prlpgrty dmlkn flmmlk pglphg blhhlwga tjg

fjigbs gxdmphgs. Ib d mdk jda mlrg tjdk lkg wibg tjg fjihargk lb

tjg birst wibg wgrg jgirs tl tjg prlpgrty lb tjg bdtjgr. Qjg slks lb

fjigbs wjl wluha klt ikjgrit d fjigbtdiksjip fluha bgka blr tjgm-

sghvgs dka lbtgk hga lr wgrg sgkt tl td`g tjgir blhhlwgrs tl bluka

kgw vihhdngs.

Ds Qjg fjigb wds Hlra lb tjg Vlih, tjg fjigb rgfgivga d fgrtdik

tdx brlm dhh prlaufts lb tjdt slih. Jg dhsl rgfgivga d bhgsj tdx,

usudhhy d jika hgn lb d blur-hgnnga wiha dkimdh `ihhga ey tjg vihhdn-

grs. D sdht tdx wds dhsl pdia ik drgds wjgrg tjgrg wds sdht prlauf-

tilk. Qjg vihhdngs dhsl euiht tjg fjigbs jlusg flmphgtg witj d ag-

bgksivg wdhh dka, ik timg lb wdr, it sgrvga ds d vihhdng rgbung dka

blrt. Vlmg fjigbs flkqugrga kginjelurikn pglphgs dka typifdhhysgkt tjgir slks tl ruhg lvgr flkqugrga vihhdngs. Ik slmg fdsgs fjigbs

rgflnkizga tjg fjigbtdiksjips lb flkqugrga pglphg, ds hlkn ds dk

dhhidkfg lr trieutg bgg wds pdia.

Dt tjg timg tjg Eritisj flkqugrga tjg _l pglphg Bdhdm jda agvgh-

lpga itsghb iktl tjg mlst plwgrbuh lb fjigbtdiksjips ik _l fluktry.

Qjgy jda alkg tjis tjrlunj agvghlpmgkt lb d plhitifdh lrndkizd-

tilk flmpdrdehg tl agmlfrdtif typgs lb nlvgrkmgkt bluka ik tjg

wgstgrk wlrha. Gdfj Bdhdm fjigb wds diaga ey d flukfih lb ghagrs,

dhtjlunj tjgy wgrg klt kgfgssdrihy lb dristlfrdtif lriniks dka fluha

gvgk eg brlm dmlkn tjg shdvgs lr flkqugrga pglphg.

Ik wdnikn wdr tjg Bdhdm kgvgr blunjt dhlkg eut ikvitga tjgir dhhigs

tl binjt witj tjgm. Qjgy blrmga dhhidkfgs witj tjg Vjdk Vdwewd

lb @dhg, ds d rgsuht lb wjifj tjg Bdhdm egfdmg tjg trdagrs lb tjg

_l supphyikn sdht tl gvgk tjg mlst rgmltg rgnilks lb tjg fluktry


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Husjdi Jihhs tl tjg Eurmgsg elragr. Qjgy minjt lkg ady jdvg ukitga

dhh _l pglphg ukagr tjgir almdik, jda klt tjg Eritisj dppgdrga lk

tjg sfgkg. Gvgk tlady tjg Bdhdm drg klt fhdkkisj0 dky kgwflmgr

tl Bdhdm is dffgptga ds lkg lb tjgm, sl tjdt tjg tlwk lb Bdhdm is

tjg mlst phgdsdkt ik tjg wjlhg _l drgd.

Qjgrg wgrg ltjgr flmmlk elkas egsiag tjlsg lb tjg fjigbtdiksjip

prdftifg ik _l slfigty. Ik tjg fgktrdh pdrt lb tjg fluktry, wjgrg

ikaiviaudhs lwkga hdka, tjg pglphg prdftifga slmg blrm lb fdpi-

tdhism, eut tjg lvgrdhh _l slfidh strufturg wds flmmukdh (flmmu-

kism). Qjg flmmukist tjglrgtifidks @drh Mdrx, 4. Hgkik, dka Mdl-

tsg Qukn agsirga jumdk gqudhity dka dssumga tjgy fluha mlvg

jumdk egikns brlm nrgga tl ngkgrlsity. Ik wgstgrk dka ltjgr sl

fdhhga fivihizga fluktrigs tjis jds prlvga d bdihurg. Eut tjg _l pglphg

jdvg dhwdys prdftifga d blrm lb slfidhism witjik tjgg flmmuki-

tigs. Qjis blrm lb slfidhism is fdhhga Qhdwmk-ndijkd ik tjg Husgi

aidhgft, wjifj mgdks hlvg lb hgss.

Vdmughslk gxphdikga Qhdwmkndijkd0 Qhdwmkndijkd imphigs tjg

fdpdfity blr jdra wlr`, erdvgry, gkaurdkfg, ngkgrlsity, `ikakgss,

dka sghbhgsskgss. Qjg blrgbdtjgrs gmpjdsizga tjis vdhug lb dftilk

tl tjgir prlngky. Ik adys lb eltj jdppikgss dka misblrtukg, tjg

flkfgpt lb Qhdwmkndijkd wds d stdeihizikn blrfg.

Ib d pgrslk nrgw sif` lr aiga ik d vihhdng ltjgr tjdk jis lwk, tjg

ylutj lb tjdt vihhdng wluha fdrry tjg agda elay lr sif` pgrslk

edf` tl jis lwk vihhdng. jgk tjg Mizl pglphg trdvghga ik d nrlup,

tjg ylukngst mdks auty wluha eg tl letdik birgwlla tl fll` blla

blr tjg rgst lb tjg flmpdky. Ib dk lhagr mdks eds`gt egfdmg tll

jgdvy d ylukngr mdk wluha jghp rghigvg tjg hlda. Hdtgr lk, tjg

ghagrs wluha jlklur tjg mdk wjl jda tjg nrgdtgst Qhdwmkndijkdey hgttikn jim arik` rifg eggr birst ik tjg ngt tlngtjgr.

...tjis ... flag lb mlrdhs mdag it lehindtlry blr gvgry Mizl tl eg

flurtglus flksiagrdtg uksghbisj flurdnglus ikaustrilus dka wihh


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44

kggas tl eg flhhgftga ey tjg lwkgr. Qjg vihhdngrs wihh euiha d

wialws jlusg brlm sfrdtfj. Qjg bigha lb d sif` pgrslk is dttgkaga

ey dhh tjg vihhdngrs. ^jgk d juktgr erikns jlmg d ein blur-hgnnga

dkimdh tjg wjlhg vihhdng sjdrgs tjg mgdt, dka dhh tjg vihhdngrs drg

dutlmdtifdhhy ikvitga wjgk tjgrg is d wgaaikn. Qjg wjlhg vihhdng

nlgs iktl mlurkikn blr d agda pgrslk.

Fuhturg dka Fustlm

Rihhdng sitgs wgrg fjlsgk witj dk gyg tl eltj agbgksivg plsitilk

dka dvdihdehg wdtgr. D prgbgrdehg sitg wds jinj lk d riang sl tjdt it

wds gdsihy agbgksiehg, eut tjgsg phdfgs wgrg aibbifuht blr tjg wlmgk

wjl jda tl fdrry wdtgr brlm strgdms eghlw. Qjg _l wjl mlst

lbtgk minrdtga tjg Husgi, Qjdal, Judhknl dka vihhdngrs ik slutj-

grk _l fluktry-euiht tjgir vihhdngrs lk tlps lb riangs. Mlst vihhdngs

ik tjg fgktrdh pdrt lb tjg fluktry wgrg situdtga lk shlpgs wjgrg it

wds gdsihy agbgksiehg dka wjgrg strgdm wdtgr fluha dhsl eg erlunjt

tl tjg vihhdng usikn edmell lr wllagk bhumgs. Qjg sdmg pdttgrk

lb vihhdng sitgs drg bluka ik _l fluktry tlady, dhtjlunj vihhdngs drgkl hlkngr tjrgdtgkga ey wdrs.

Qjgrg is kl vihhdng phdkkikn. Jlusgs drg euiht lk phlts wjifj drg

mlrg hgvgh tjdk tjg surrlukaikns. D ydra ik brlkt lb tjg jlusg is

slunjt, eut tjg vihhdng hdylut is kl lkgs flkfgrk. Lkg lb tjg fjdr-

dftgristifs lb d _l vihhdng is d `jdk lr huknadwk. d mgmlridh stlkg

ik mgmlry lb d plwgrbuh mdk. Wsudhhy situdtga lk jinjgr nrluka

tjdk tjg vihhdng jlusgs, dk gvgrnrggk Edydk trgg is phdktga tl nivg

sjdag tl tjg phdfg. Mgmlridh shdes drg agflrdtga witjardwikns lb

dkimdhs tjdt tjg mdk ìhhga ik jis timg, dka wllagk fdrvikns lb

mgk dka wlmgk drg grgftga tjgrg ds wghh. Qjgsg phdfgs sgrvg ds d

mggtikn nrluka, lr ds d adkfikn drgkd aurikn fgrgmlkigs, dka ds d

phdfg lb lbbgrikns tl tjg spirits. Qjg sùhhs lb dkimdhs ìhhga aurikn

bgdsts blr tjg agda drg jukn dt (big `jdk. ik eghigb tjdt tjgsg dki-

mdhs wihh dfflmpdky tjg agda tl jis kgw wlrha. Dky mdk fdk

grgft sufj d mlkumgkt blr jimsghb lr blr dky implrtdkt rghdtivg


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bhdttgkga. Jdhb lb tjg jlusg jds dk gdrtjgk bhllr, dka tjg ltjgr jdhb

jds bhllrikn lb phdk`s lr sphit edmell. Qjis typg lb jlusg is flm-

mlk dmlkn tjlsg wjl drg hgss minrdtlry. Blr tjlsg wjl mlvg

lbtgk, lkg siag lb tjg jlusg minjt eg lkhy d bgw ikfjgs delvg

nrluka, witj tjg lpplsitg siag quitg jinj. Minrdkts sghalm mlvg

gdrtj. D jlusg is ngkgrdhhy aiviaga iktl d hivikn rllm (ikkgr rllm)

dka d wlr` rllm. Juktikn trlpjigs. tjg s`uhhs lb dkimdhs sjlt ey

tjg bdmihy, drg sjlwk lk tjg aiviaikn wdhh egtwggk tjg twl rllms.

Ik tjg hivikn rllm drg tjg birgphdfg, tjg mdstgrs ega, tjg fjihargks

ega, dka dkytjikn tjdt jds vdhug tl tjg bdmihy. Qjg mdstgr ega is

kgxt tl tjg birgphdfg dka is dhsl usga ds d egkfj tl sit kgdr tjg birg

blr wdrmtj. Ds tjg jlusg jds kl wikalws tjg iksiag is dhmlst

dhwdys adr`. Qjg wlr` rllm lb tjg jlusg is ik tjg brlkt, wjgrg

birgwlla dka nrdik plukaikn gquipmgkt drg `gpt. Mlst almgstif

wlr` is alkg ik tjis pdrt lb tjg jlusg, wjifj is mlrg lb d vgrdkadj

tjdk d rllm, ds it is lpgk dt tjg brlkt. Hibg rgvlhvgs drluka tjg

vgrdkadj aurikn wdrmgr adys lb tjg ygdr. Ik brlkt lb tjg jlusg is

tjg agf` lr phdtblrm, tjg alhtidh. Qjg sizg lb tjg phdtblrm fdk ikai-fdtg tjg wgdhtj lb tjg lwkgrs dka is usudhhy mdag lb tgd` wlla a

phdk`s. Qjg alhtidh usudhhy mgdsurgs delut twghvg ey blur ydras.

Uifj pglphg jdvg twl sufj alhtidhs olikikn gdfj ltjgr, dka dt lkg

gka drg twl phdk`s twghvg ydras hukn dka d ydra wiag. Qjg hlkn

phdk`s drg hdia delut d bllt jinjgr tjdk tjg mdik phdtblrm dka

sgrvg ds d flmblrtdehg sittikn phdtblrm.

Vtdphg bllas blr fgktrdh _l pglphg drg mdizg, mihhgt, suhpjur egdks,

egdks, pgds, swggt pltdtlgs, pump`iks, mghlks dka ltjgr frlps

tjdt nrlw ik flhagr rgnilks. Qjgsg frlps fdk eg nrlwk ik tjg zl

drgd witj its flha dka jinj dhtituag. Ik siks lr fjjim drgds (jlttgr

fhimdtg) lb _l fluktry, dka dhlkn aggp rivgr dka strgdm vdhhgys,

rifg is tjg stdphg blla. Mgdt is sfdrfg ds is sundr dka mih`. Jlkgy

is letdikga lkhy ik smdhh qudktitigs. Egfdusg lb tjgsg sjlrtdngs tjg

pglphg lbtgk subbgr brlm vitdmik agbifigkfy, dka tjgy drg lbtgk

simphy juknry blr mgdt dka zu (rifg flrk lr mihhgt eggr)


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fjdrdftgristifs lb tjg _l pglphg, dka zu is mlrg tjdk oust rifg eggr,

ds jds eggk sunngstga ey slmg ^gstgrk writgrs. _l pglphg jlha

bgdsts lk lffdsilks lb jdppikgss lr nrigb. Vuffgssbuh jukts lb smdhh

dkimdhs, lr d visit ey d aistdkt rghdtivg wluha eg fghgerdtga witj d

bgdst. D mitjuk, d pin lr d flw wluha eg shdunjtgrga, dka sgvgrdh

plts lb zu wluha eg flksumga. D mdk is vgry prlua wjgk jg ìhhs

d tingr, dk ghgpjdkt, lr d vuhturg, dka sufj lffdsilks drg timgs lb

nrgdt fghgerdtilk. @ihhikn dk ghgpjdkt is tl dfjigvg mdks mdxi-

mum mdsfuhikity. Dmlkn eiras tjg jlrkeihh is tjg mlst jinjhy

prizga, dka tjg ìhhikn lb it wluha eg fghgerdtga witj d sd-di fgr-

gmlky wjifj rdisgs d mdks slfidh stdtus.

Qjg _l fghgerdtg mdky ltjgr ikas lb bgdsts ds wghh. gaaikn bgdsts

td`g dt hgdst twl adys (vdryikn dmlkn aibbgrgkt fhdks)lkg fgh-

gerdtilk dt tjg eriags jlmg dka dkltjgr tjg kgxt ady d( tjg nrllms.

D rifj jdrvgst lb nrdik (lvgr lkg jukarga eds`gts) wluha dhsl eg

fghgerdtga witj d bgdst. It d pgrslk eghigvgs jg is wgdhtjy, d

`judknfdwi lr tlkn fgrgmlky is pgrblrmga. Ltjgr trdaitilkdh fgr-gmlkigs vdry brlm fhdk tl fhdk. D rdrg eut implrtdkt fgrgmlky

witj nrgdt bgdstikn wds tjg rdt di lr ndh di. wjgk d mdk jda ìhhga

dk gkgmy dka agfiaga tl fghgerdtg jis triumpj. Qjis wds rgvivga

aurikn tjg Vgflka ^lrha ^dr, wjgk _l slhaigrs wgrg ìhhga ik

dftilk. Qjg rghdtivgs lb tjg agfgdsga slunjt rgvgkng ey ìhhikn

gkgmy slhaigrs. Ds it wds adkngrlus tl pgrblrm tjg rdh di aurikn

tjg wdr, jgdas lb tjg gkgmy wgrg `gpt ik utmlst sgfrgfy, dka d rla

di fgrgmlky wds pgrblrmga dbtgr tjg wdr. Qjus. wjgk d mdk pgr-

blrmga tjg rdh di. jg pgrblrmga it mlrg lbtgk ik nrigb tjdk ik jdppi-

kgss.

Qjg mlst brgqugkt fghgerdtilk is tjg bgdst lb nrigb. Qjg agdtj lb d

pgrslk is blhhlwga ey d nrgdt bgdst ik rgmgmerdkfg lb tjg agda

pgrslk. Qjg rifj mdy shdunjtgr sgvgrdh dkimdhs, eut tjg pllr eg-

flmg mufj pllrgr. egfdusg tjgy tll wdkt tl sgka tjgir hlvga lkgs

lk tjg wdy witj dt hgdst lkg dkimdh Qjg dkimdh mgdt is gdtgk dt


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Qjlsg wjl fghgerdtga `judknfdwi. tlkn, sd-di. lr rdh-di, dka dhh

ltjgrs wjl dfjigvga slmgtjikn ik hibg flmplsga slkns tghhikn lb

tjgir pdst, tjgir suffgss ik wdr, tjg fdpturg lb shdvgs, dka tjg hlss

lb tjgir hlvga lkgs. Qjgsg slkns rgflraga pgrslkdh ds wghh ds flm-

mukity jistlry. Vlkns rgflraga tjg pllr dka rifj, tjg hlss lb slks,

adunjtgrs, erltjgrs dka sistgrs, dka nrgdt jukts. Qjg slkns wgrg

sukn aurikn bgdsts dka wgrg jdkaga alwk brlm lkg ngkgrdtilk tl

tjg kgxt. Blr d pglphg wjl jdvg kl writikn, tjg rgflraikn lb jis-

tlry jds eggk plssiehg lkhy egfdusg tjgsg slkns wgrg sukn rgpgdt-

gahy. Vtihh it is dmdzikn tjdt slkns lb twgkty ngkgrdtilks dnl, sufj

ds Qjg Vlkn lb Su Vlkntju, drg stihh rgmgmegrga.

Vlkns drg sukn klt lkhy aurikn bgdsts, eut wjgkgvgr tjgrg is d

ndtjgrikn. Dt tjg agdtj lb d fjiha, tjg mltjgr, tjg dukts, lr tjg

sistgrs rgfitg. stgp ey stgp, tjg fjihas hibg stlry. Hi`gwisg, `kgghikn

egsiag tjg agdtjega vihhdng wlmgk rgfdhh ik slkn, flmplsga dt tjg

ikstdkt, tjg stlry lb tjg agdtj ds tjgy sdw it. ^jgk d ely bdhhs ik

hlvg jg sikns d slkn gxprgssikn jis bgghikns tl tjg nirh, dka tjg nirhrgphigs witj d slkn. ^jgk fjigbs lr vihhdng ghagrs drg tl agfiag d

mdttgr lb wdr dka pgdfg, tjgy wluha rdtjgr flmplsg d slkn tjdk

gxphdik agtdihs tl tjg vihhdng flukfih.

Qjrlunjlut _l jistlry mdrridng fustlms sggm tl jdvg eggk uki-

blrm, witj eriag prifgs dka wibg-nivgrs dka wibg-td`grs fjdr-

dftgristif lb tjg _l pglphg. Aibbgrgkt prifgs drg ds`ga blr aibbgrgkt

eriags, witj slfidh stdtus dka pjysifdh pgrbgftilk agtgr-mikikn prifg.

Sdst rghdtilksjips egtwggk tjg twl fhdks ikvlhvga fdk dhsl phdy d

rlhg ik agtgrmikikn prifg. Vlmgtimgs tjg eriag prifg fdk eg lkhy

symelhif, wjifj mgdks tjg gxpgksgs lb tjg wgaaikn fgrgmlky drg

fluktga ds tjg eriag prifg. Ib d pllr ely is klt ik d plsitilk tl pdy,

jg mdy eg dhhlwga tl pdy hdtgr, lr d ely fdk gsfdpg pdyikn tjg

eriag prifg ib jg ghlpgs witj tjg nirh, lr ib jg simphy mlvgs iktl tjg

jlusg lb tjg nirh dka wdits uktih tjg nirh is rgday tl mdrry jim.

Vlfidh fustlms rghdtikn tl mdrridng drg implrtdkt sufj ds wibg-


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tl ds` blr jgr jdka. Qjg dmedssdalrs ole is d vgry aghifdtg lkg,

dka jg jds tl prgsgkt jis missilk witj trdaitilkdh mdkkgrs. Jg dhsl

jds tl lbbgr d plt lb zu lr d flf` (aibbgrgkt blr aibbgrgkt fhdks). Qjg

rgturk lb tjgsg nibts, wjifj minjt eg ik d wgg` lr sl, mgdks tjdt

tjg prlplsdh jds eggk rgogftga. Qjgrg is kl rgprldfj blr egikn rg-

ogftga. Ib tjg nibt is klt rgturkga. tjgk tjg dmedssdalr dka tjg nirhs

pdrgkts kgnltidtg tjg eriag prifg, dka drrdkngmgkts drg mdag blr

tjg wgaaikn. Qjg nirhs pdrgkts fdk agfiag tjg sizg lb tjg dkimdh tl

eg shdunjtgrga dt tjgir jlusg dka dhsl tjg dmlukt lb zu tl eg mdag

dvdihdehg. Dbtgr dhh tjgsg drg dnrgga uplk, tjg mdrridng fgrgmlky

is pgrblrmga. Qjus. tjg mltjgrs fhdk is tjg wibg-nivgr dka tjg

fhdk lb tjg slk is tjg wibg-td`gr. Ib d ely mdrrigs d nirh brlm d

aibbgrgkt fhdk tjdk jis mltjgrs, jis slks fdk stihh mdrry nirhs brlm

tjgir mltjgrs dka nrdkamltjgrs fhdk, tjus flktikuikn tjg wibg-

nivgr wibg-td`gr systgm. It is rgndraga ds aistdstgbuh tl mdrry d

pdtgrkdh dukts adunjtgr, egfdusg d mdk (gxtgkaga tl jis fjihargk)

jds slfidh lehindtilks tl jis ik-hdws, dka tjg mdrryikn lb d adunj-

tgr lb d pdtgrkdh dukt md`gs tjg slfidh rghdtilksjip implssiehg. Qjgslfidh lehindtilks drf gxgrfisga aurikn fgrgmlkigs dka ik timgs lb

nrigb. D mdk dka jis fjihargk td`g fdrg lb wlr` rghdtga tl fgrgml-

kigs0 i.g., shdunjtgrikn dkimdhs, dka tjg prgpdrdtilk lb blla dka

Au. It is tjg mdks auty tl phgdsg jis ik-hdws, lr ik ltjgr wlras tjg

wibg- td`gr jds tjg auty tl phgdsg jis wibg-nivgr. Jlwgvgr, tjg

wibg-nivgr is klt supgrilr tl tjg wibg-td`gr. It is mgrghy trdai-

tilk, dka tjg wibg-nivgr fdk klt md`g agmdkas uplk tjg sgrvifg

lb tjg wibg-td`gr. Qjg wibg-td`gr simphy bgghs dk lehindtilk tl

phgdsg, rgspgft, dka eg tjdk`buh tl tjg wibg-nivgr. D qudrrgh eg-

twggk ik-hdws is rgndraga ds mlst aistdstgbuh.

Mdrridng is ukflmmlk egtwggk triegs, dka ukjgdra lb witj ltjgr

rdfgs, blrginkgrs, lr shdvgs. Ihhgndh fljdeitdtilk wluha eg sufj d

aisnrdfg tl d bdmihy tjdt tjgy wluha eg fdst lut brlm tjgir flmmu-

kity. It is pdrdmlukt tl `ggp fhdk lr bdmihy purg. Lkfg mdrriga tl d

aibbgrgkt trieg agsfgkagkts fdk kgvgr egflmg purg dndik Gvgk


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jlusg. Qjg Sditg pglphg. al klt jdvg zdwheu`, eut tjg edfjghlrs

shggp ik tjg jlusg lb tjg tjidmpui lr jinj prigst. Qjgy fdhh it sdwm.

Qjg Sdwi (Jd`d dka Bdhdm pglphg) wihh shggp ik tjg jlusg lb d

egdutibuh nirh. ^jgk d ely is ik hlvg, jg wihh ds` jis brigkas tl

shggp witj jim ik tjg jlusg lb jis nirh brigka. Qjg edfjghlrs usg

tjgsg jlusg tl spgka tjgir hgisurg timg. It is d phdfg blr hgdrkikn tjg

trdag lb juktikn, wdrbdrg dka tjg hi`g0 gvgk jlw tl flurt nirhs.

Ughinilk

_l eghigvg ik d suprgmg Nla lr pdtjidu. Nla is nlla. Jg nivgs

jgdhtj, rifjkgss, fjihargk dka ltjgr jumdk wisjgs. Nla is kgvgr

frugh dka kgvgr jurts pglphg. Qjgrgblrg _l pglphg kgvgr sdfribifg

lr lbbgr dkytjikn tl dppgdsg Nla.

_l pglphg bgdr spirits lr agvihs wjl drg ukagr tjg ruhg lb tjg `ikn

lb spirits. Qjg spirits (adwi. judi. `judzikn) hivg lk gdrtj, eghlw

tjg gdrtj, ik tjg s`y, ik sprikns, trggs, fdvgs, mluktdiks, strgdms,

jlusgs, dka gvgk ik tjg jumdk elay. Qjgrg drg slmg phdfgs wjifjdrg dnrgga uplk ds strlknjlhas lb tjg spirits. Qjgy drg Uij Hi (d

hd`g) ik Bdhdm aistrift, Mt. Riftlrid lr Drtgrdwtthdkn ik tjg

@dkpgthgt drgd, Sdjd, d nrgdt himgstlkg fdvg kgdr Quiknl, Kdttdnd

tjg allr lb tjg spirits dfflraikn tl tjg Eurmdk, d strgdm ik Qgaim

drgd, dka ltjgrs. Gdfj vihhdng jds d fgrtdik hlfdtilk wjgrg pglphg

eghigvg spirits rgsiag. Vpirits drg gitjgr hi`g jumdk egikns, drg smdhh

pglphg witj lkhy lkg hgn, lr drg nidkts tjdt striag dfrlss tjg pgd`s

lb tjg jihhs. Qjg spirits jdvg immgksg strgkntj dka plwgr, fdk trdks-

blrm tjgmsghvgs iktl dkytjikn, eut mlst flmmlkhy td`g tjg blrm

lb skd`gs. Qjg spirits erikn sif`kgss dka misgry ukhgss trgdtga witj

aug rgspgft. Uitudhs jdvg tl eg pgrblrmga dka sdfribifgs mdag sl

ds tl dppgdsg tjg spirits. Mlvikn tl d kgw vihhdng, tl d kgw jlusg,

lr fuhtivdtikn d bigha rgquirgs tjg ehgssikn lb tjg spirits. Vif`kgss

is d pukisjmgkt ey tjg spirits wjl drg ukjdppy witj d pgrslk lr

bdmihy. Lbbgrikns drg pgrblrmga ey prigsts. Dk dkimdh, sufj ds d

rga flf` d suf`ikn pin d aln lr d mitjuk tjg typg lb wjifj


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Ik slmg fdsgs tjg prigst binjts dndikst tjg spirit. Vif`kgss is fdusga

ey d spirit wjl gktgrs tjg elay lr ey tjg spirit egikn fdunjt ik tjg

sluh lb tjg elay. Ik sufj fdsgs tjg tjidmpui, tjg jinj prigst, rifjgs

d vgrsg flmplsga tl arivg dwdy tjg spirits. Qjgsg vgrsgs drg jdkaga

alwk brlm lkg ngkgrdtilk tl dkltjgr. Qjg sif` pgrslks elay is

tjgk pdiktga witj pukngkt-smghhikn spifgs. Qjg spirit, wjl is eg-

higvga tl aishi`g tjg smghh lb spifg, tjgk hgdvgs tjg elay. Ik ltjgr

fdsgs d sif` pgrslk jds tl arik` brgsj alns ehlla, lvgr wjifj d

slrfgrgr jds fjdktga. tl arivg dwdy tjg spirits. Gpiagmifs dka phdnug

drg fdusga ey ikvdsilks lb dknry spirits, wjl rldm tjg fluktry dt

kinjt sgdrfjikn blr viftims. Sglphg md`g mua pghhgts dka sjllt

tjgm witj elws dt tjg gktrdkfgs lb jlusgs tjrlunj tjg wjlhg kinjt,

tl edr gktry lb tjg spirits.

Sglphg dhsl binjt spirits witj drms. D wlmdk ik Eudkmdk vihhdng

sdia tjdt sjg wds skdtfjga ey d hlfdh spirit wjl hivga ik d fdvg kgdr

tjg vihhdng. Vjg sdia tjg spirit wdktga tl mdrry jgr. Vjg lbtgk ais-

dppgdrga brlm jlmg lr wlr`, dka sjg sdia jgr spirit hlvgr usudhhyfdmg tl jgr ik tjg blrm lb d skd`g dka, wrdppikn itsghb drluka jgr

hgns, bhgw jgr lbb tl tjg fdvg. Jgr hlvgr lbbgrga jgr d hltilk wjifj

wluha trdksblrm jgr iktl tjg sdmg `ika lb spirit, eut sjg rgbusga

rgpgdtgahy. Qjg vihhdngrs sllk egfdmg dkngrga dka wgkt tl tjg jihh

lpplsitg tjg fdvg, brlm wjgrg tjgy sjlt missihgs brlm tjgir wgdp-

lks iktl tjg fdvg. ^jgk tjgy gktgrga tjg fdvg, tjgy bluka sgvgk

agda skd`gs. Qjg wlmdk, wjl wds ik tjg fdvg dt tjg timg lb tjg

dttdf`, sdia tjdt jgr spirit hlvgr wds `ihhga ds wghh. Dbtgr tjdt sjg

wds deauftga kl mlrg.

_l pglphg eghigvg ik hibg dbtgr agdtj, dhtjlunj it is sdia tjdt d pgr-

slk fdk eg rgelrk lkhy ib agdtj is vilhgkt dka ikstdktdkglus. Qjg

agda hivg blrgvgr ds njlsts dka `ggp tjgir slfidh stdtus. _l dhsl

eghigvg tjdt d pgrslk fdk eg elrk dndik ds dkltjgr jumdk egikn.

Lkg sufj tdhg is lb d elay wjl wds elrk witj d sfdr. ^jgk tjg

edey kdmga Qjdknknik fluha spgd` it tlha d stlry lb egikn jurt


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Qjdknknik wds d ylukn mdk dt tjg timg lb d Bdhdm dttdf` lk

@judsd` aurikn tjg 4:13s. ^jgk tjg Bdhdm lffupiga d pdrt lb tjg.

@judsd` vihhdng, jg sdw tjg Bdhdm sgdrfjikn blr survivlrs. Ql

gsfd-pg egikn fdpturga jg jia jimsghb ik tjg dttif lb d jlusg, lk

tjg sjghvgs usga tl jdkn fles lb flrk. D Bdhdm wdrrilr witj d

spgdr bluka jim. Qjg wdrrilr sjlutikn. I dm tjg slk lb my bd-

tjgr. pigr-fga Qjdknkniks ergdst witj jis spgdr. Qjdknknik sdia

tjdt jg bght vgry wdrm dka bghh dshggp immgaidtghy. jgk jg dwl`g

jg sdw d jgdahgss flrpsg hyikn egsiag jim. Lk ikspgftilk lb tjg

flrpsg jg bluka tjdt tjg elay wds jis. hig bght tjg elay dka sgtthga

alwk dmlkn ltjgr pglphg. Big fluha klt rgfdhh jlw hlkn jg hivga

witj tjgsg pglphg. Lk lkg juktikn ady tjgy fdunjt d egdr. Lk tjgir

wdy jlmg, ds tjgy fdrriga tjg egdr, jg rgdhizga tjdt jg wds witj

strdkng pglphg. Vlmg wgrg fdrryikn tjg egdr, dka ltjgrs wgrg lk

tlp lb tjg jgdr gdtikn tjg mgdt. Ql tjik` lvgr tjg strdkng egjdvilur

lb tjgsg pglphg, jg wgkt tl d kgdrey jihh dka wdtfjga brlm d ais-

tdkfg. Brlm tjgrg jg sdw tjdt jis flmpdkilks wgrg dkts, dka tjdt

tjgy wgrg fdrryikn d ehdf` fdtgrpihhdr. ^jgk jg rgturkga tl jisbrigkas tjgy wgrg, hi`g jim, dhh jumdk.

Ugdhizikn tjdt jg wds dk dkt, jis wisj wds tl eg rgelrk ds jumdk.

Ql eg rgelrk jg kggaga tl gktgr tjg elay lb d wlmdk. Jlwgvgr

wjgkgvgr jg dpprldfjga d wlmdk jg wds rgpuhsga immgaidtghy.

Jlw, jg aia klt rgmgmegr, eut lkg ady jg egfdmg d egg. Egikn d

egg dka tryikn tl rgdfj d wlmdk wds mufj mlrg aibbifuht tjdk

egikn dk dkt, egfdusg ds sllk ds jg dpprldfjga d wlmdk, sjg wluha

arivg jim dwdy. Qjgk, lkg ady, jg egfdmg d phgd. Dbtgr egflmikn

d bhgd, hig wds suffgssbuh ik ngttikn iktl tjg fhltjgs lb d wlmdk. Jg

fluha klt rgfdhh jlw jg fdmg iktl tjg elay lb tjg wlmdk, jis

mltjgr. jgk Qjdknknik wds elrk, jg jda d sfdr lk jis ergdst dka

jg wds sdia tl jdvg tlha jis stlry ds sllk ds jg fluha spgd`.

Dkltjgr stlry is tlha lb d ely witj d blrgjgda sfdr wjl wds elrk ik

@judsd` vihhdng ik tjg hdtg 4913s Ds sllk ds tjg ely fluha rgfln-


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Kndhpjud`pd wjl jda sjlt tjg slhaigr, jittikn jim ik tjg blrg-

jgda. Dhsl ik tjis fdsg, tjg pdrgkts supprgssga tjg fjiha brlm tghh-

ikn jis stlrigs.

_l Hdknudng

Qjg _l hdknudng is nrlupga witj Qiegtl-Eurmdk hdknudngs. dka

_l pglphg wjl stuay Gknhisj dka Eurmgsg ik sfjllh bika Eur-

mgsg tl eg tjg gdsigr hdknudng tl hgdrk, gvgk tjlunj tjgy mdy

dhrgday klw Ulmdk sfript. D stuagkt ik Mdkipur bluka tjg Mgitgi

hdknudng gdsy tl hgdrk egfdusg it is simihdr nrdmdtifdhhy dka ik

vlfdeuhdry tl tjg _l hdknudng. Ik gst _lrdm (Mizlrdm) stuagkts

bika Jikai ds aibbifuht ds Gknhisj, egfdusg Gknhisj dka Jikai drg

Drydk hdknudngs dka tjgy jdvg hitthg dbbikity tl tjg _l hdknudng.

Qjg _l pglphg drg klt muhti-hiknudh ds fjdrdftgrizga ik hitgrdturg,

gspgfidhhy ik Eurmd. _l pglphg jdvg ikagga aivgrsg aidhgfts, mdky

lb wjifj drg klt gdsihy iktghhiniehg tl tjlsg usikn ltjgr aidhgfts.

Qjg wlrst gxdmphg pgrjdps is egtwggk aidhgfts lb tjg slutjgrk-

mlst _l dka tjg klrtjgrkmlst _l.

Srlbgsslr Nlralk Hufg dkdhyzga >33 wlras lb _l hdknudng flm-

mlk tl dt hgdst tjrgg _l aidhgfts. Brlm tjgsg >33 wlras 563 wlras

drg flmmlk ik dhh aidhgfts lb tjg _l pglphg. Brlm tjg klrtjgrk-

mlst _l, tjg Qjdal-@judknsdi ik tjg Kdnd Jihhs (Vlmrd Qrdft). tl

tjg slutjgrkmlst _l. tjg Dsjl ik tjg Vdkalwdy-Qjdygtmyl drgd,

tjg usg lb wlras flmmlk tl tjg >33 wlra edsg drg ds blhhlws ?

Qjdal-@judknsdi 771 wlras

Qgaim 494

Judhknl (Husgi) 264

@judhsim (Bdhdm) 25>

Jd`d 7>6

Dsjl 6:6

@jumi 6:4

Brlm tjis tdehg it is plssiehg tl aiviag _l pglphg iktl twl hiknuis-


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Qjg slutjgrk _l aidhgfts drg simihdr tl tjg klrtjgrk aidhgfts, eut

aibbgrgkfgs hig ik tjg wlras tjdt drg elrrlwga brlm tjg Eurmdk

dka tjg Drd`dkgsg, witj wjlm tjg Dsjl, @jumi dka tjg Mdsjl

jda eggk ik flktdft blr fgkturigs. Flmpdrikn tjg Husgi dka tjg

Jd`d, lr Bdhdm aidhgfts, lkg bikas mdky wlras elrrlwga brlm

Eurmdk ik tjg Jd`d dka Bdhdm aidhgfts, wjgrgds tjg Husgi elr-

rlwga mdky wlras brlm Ikaidk lr Gknhisj hdknudngs. Blr gxdmphg?

ds tjgrg wds kl wlra blr sfjllh ik tjg _l hdknudng, it jds eggk

elrrlwga brlm Gknhisj dka Eurmgsg. Qjus sfjllh is fdhhga siùh

ey tjg Husgi, wjgrgds it is sddkn blr tjg Sditg lb Qgaim. Qjg Sditg

lb Mdkipur sdy siùh. tjg Bdhdm sdy thdwkn, dka tjg Jd`d sdy sidkn,

Vddkn, thdwkn dka sidkn lrinikdtga brlm tjg Eurmgsg `ydukn.

Ik Gdst _lrdm tjgrg jds eggk kl flmmlk hdknudng, dka _l plhiti-

fdh hgdagrs jdvg klt tlufjga tjg sueogft ds it jds eggk d vgry aghi-

fdtg mdttgr. Lk lkg jdka kl rgprgsgktdtivg jds wdktga tl 0ff ltjgr

tjdk jis lwk aidhgft egikn fhdimga ds tjg flmmlk hdknudng. Lk

tjg ltjgr jdka. _l hgdagrs jdvg bgdrga plssiehg rgpgrfussilks brlkttjg Eurmgsg nlvgrkmgkt ib tjgy put tll mufj gmpjdsis lk d flm-

mlk _l hdknudng. It wluha eg flktrdaif-tlry tl tjg Eurmgsg

nlvgrkmgkts plhify lb flmphgtghy delhisjikn tjg tgdfjikn lb _l

hdknudng ik sfjllhs ik tjg Fjik Vtdtg. Oust dbtgr ikagpgkagkfg

tjg _l hdknudng wds tdunjt ik primdry sfjllh up tl tjg blurtj stdk-

adra. Qjg Ugvlhutilkdry Nlvgrkmgkt lb Ngkgrdh Kg îk rgaufga

it tl tjg ghgmgktdry nrdags, dbtgr wjifj _l hdknudng wds dhhlwga

tl eg tdunjt up tl tjg sgflka stdkadra lkhy. Dt prgsgkt kl _l hdk-

nudng is tdunjt ik tjg sfjllhs. Qjus tjg qugstilk lb d _l flmmlk

hdknudng ik Gdst _lrdm wds gkaga ey tjg Eurmgsg nlvgrkmgkt.

Lb dhh _l aidhgfts, tjg Husgi lr Aujhidk aidhgft is tjg mlst wiaghy

spl`gk. It is tjg flmmlk hdknudng ik gst _lrdm, dka it is spl`gk

ey dhmlst dhh _l pglphg ik Mdkipur dka tjg Fjittdnlkn Jihh Qrdfts.

Qjg Judhknl dka Husgi aidhgfts drg tjg sdmg. It wds sdia tjg Vditl

fjigb Hdhhuhd gkflurdnga usg lb tjg Aujhidk aidhgft ey dhh jis sue-


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hivg tlngtjgr ds kginjelurs. Qjgrgblrg, ib tjgrg sjluha eg d flm-

mlk hdknudng blr tjg _l pglphg, tjg Husgi aidhgft is tjg uhtimdtg

fjlifg.

Qjg blhhlwikn Qdehg sjlws jlw _l aidhgfts aibbgr brlm lkg dk-

ltjgr, dka blr flmpdrislk, brlm Mgitgi dka Eurmgsg.Gknhisj Mgitgi Husgi Sditg Sdwi Dsjl @jumi Vjl Eurmgsg

Judhknl Qgaim Hdi Mudk

Qjdal Mdtu

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

lkg dmdj pd`jdt `jdt pd`jdt jkdt jd tumdt tjit

twl dkij pdjkij kij pdkkij jkij kyd jkijjkit

tjrgg fjum pdtjum tjum Sdtjum tjum jum fjum tjukn

blur mdrh pdhi hi Sdhi hi Sdhyj `jhi hi

bivg mdknd pdknd knd pdknd kndw pdkn jmd knd

six tdru` pdru` nu` pdru` sl` turgu fju` fjgu`

sgvgk hdrgj pdsdrij sdnij pdsdrij sij sdryj fjij `jukit

ginjt kipdk pdridt nidt pdridt sgt tdod fjlir sit

kikg mdipdk pdùd ùd pdùd ùd td`dw `dl ù

tgktjdrd tjdrd sdwm sdwm pdjrd jd jl jrd hdsg

_lrdm (_lhdka)

Qjg hdka lffupiga ey tjg mdolrity lb tjg _l pglphg gxtgkas brlm d

hdtituag lb delut 57 agnrggs 63 mikutgs Klrtj ik tjg Vlmrd Qrdfts

bdfikn Mt. Vdrdmdti, dka ik Kdndhdka dfrlss tjg Kdmtdhgi` Uivgrdka tjg .Klrtj Fdfjdr Jihhs, tl delut 53 agnrggs 63 mikutgs Klrtj.

Qjg Dsjl hivg burtjgr slutj lb tjg Drd`dk Ylmds, Irrdwdaay vdh-

hgys dka Sgnu Ylmds (eghlw Srlfkg dka Vdkadwdy). Dhh tjgsg dr-

gds bdhh egtwggk 95 agnrggs 43 mikutgs Gdst dka 91 agnrggs 53

mikutgs Gdst. Qjg klrtj-slutj hgkntj lb tjg _l fluktry is rlunjhy

673 mihgs (733 `m) dka it is ngkgrdhhy delut 453 mihgs (495 `m)

wiag.

Qjg mdolrity lb tjg pglphg lffupy tjg Ikal Eurmdk rdkngs d sg


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55

Qjudmvum (@gkkgay pgd`), Hgkthdkn, @jdrdkthdkn, Uuknthdkn,

dka Drtgrdwtthdkn (Mt. Riftlrid), wjifj is tjg jinjgst pgd` ik _l

fluktry dt 43.133 bggt lr 6145 mgtgrs. Qjg ltjgr pgd`s drg ik dvgr-

dng delut :>33 bggt lr 5:71 mgtgrs jinj. Ik ^gst _lrdm tjg jinj-

gst pgd` is Sjdwknpui (Ehug Mluktdik), wjifj is 279: bggt lr 5421

mgtgrs jinj. Dt tjg klrtj dka slutj gkas lb _l fluktry tjg hdka is

hgss runnga dka risgs brlm 5333 tl 1333 bggt, lr 272 tl 4645 mgtgrs.

Qjg fdpitdh lb gst _lrdm, Dizdwh, higs dt 6>33 bggt lr 4541 mgtgrs

delvg sgd hgvgh, wjgrgds Jd`d (Jdh`jd), tjg fdpitdh lb Gdst _lrdm,

is dt >733 bggt lr 5123 mgtgrs. Qjg vdhhgys egtwggk rdkngs drg

mlsthy v-sjdpga nlrngs, dka tjgrg drg vgry bgw bhdt drgds tl sgrvg

ds, dnrifuhturdh hdka. Egfdusg tjg ghgvdtilks fdk vdry quitg gxtgk-

sivghy tgmpgrdturgs dhsl vdry nrgdthy. Ik tjg vdhhgys lb tjg hdrngr

rivgrs, sufj ds tjg Uuk lr Mdkipur Uivgrs, tjg fhimdtg is sue-trlpi-

fdh. Qgk mihgs lr 42 `ihlmgtgrs dwdy, jlwgvgr, dt dk ghgvdtilk lb

2333 bggt (53^ mgtgrs) dka dt tjg tlp lb mluktdik rdkngs, tjg

fhimdtg is rdtjgr mlagrdtg. Qjg fhimdtg is mlksllk dka rdik bdhhsbrlm Mdy tl Lftlegr. Dvgrdng rdikbdhh blr tjg ygdr is egtwggk >3

ikfjgs (4>: fm) dka 4>3 ikfjgs (165 fm). Dvgrdng ygdrhy rdik ik

Dizdwh is :5 ikfjgs (53: fm), Huknhgi 46: ikfjgs (673 fm), Jd`d

93 ikfjgs (55: fm), dka @dkpgthgt 439 ikfjgs (5>2 fm). Ik lkg

ygdr Jd`d jda 44: rdiky adys dka @dkpgthgt 45> adys. Vummgr

tgmpgrdturgs rdkng egtwggk 21 tl :1 agnrggs B (4> tl 59 agnrggs

Fgktinrdag), dka wiktgr tgmpgrdturgs drg egtwggk 6> dka >7 ag-

nrggs B (6 tl 51 agnrggs Fgktinrdag). Vlmg phdfgs, hi`g tjg tlwk

lb Jd`d, drg fjihhy ik wiktgr dka tgmpgrdturgs fdk arlp eghlw tjg

brggzikn plikt ik tjg kinjt dka brlst blrm lk tjg nrdss. Vklw bdhhs

vgry rdrghy, dka wjgk it algs tjg pglphg fdhh tjg mluktdik jds

vlmitga.

Ql lvgrflmg tjg flha, _l pglphg euiht jlusgs witj tjdtfj rllbikn

dka lbtgk aluehg hdygrga sphit edmell wdhhikn. Qjg jlusgs wgrg

sgpdrdtga iktl twl pdrts Lkg pdrt wds flmphgtghy fhlsga gxfgpt


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Qjg pihhlw wds d rgftdknuhdr wlla phdfg delut 1 ikfjgs ik aidm-

gtgr. Qjg fjihargk shgpt lk tjg ltjgr siag lb tjg birg phdfg. Qjg

nugsts shgpt lk mdts lk tjg tjira siag lb tjg birg phdfg.

Qjis minjt gxphdik tjg dssgrtilk tjdt _l pglphg wgrg bihtjy dkakgvgr wdsjga tjgmsghvgs. Qjis is, lb flursg, pdrthy trug ik slmg

drgds. _l pglphg aia klt wdsj tjgmsghvgs dt rgnuhdr iktgrvdhs eut

rdkalmhy wjgkgvgr tjgy flkif dfrlss d strgdm lr d pllh lb wdtgr.

Qjgir wdtgr supphy dt tjgir lwk awghhikns minjt klt eg gklunj blr

elay wdsjikn, ds it jds tl eg fdrriga up jihh brlm tjg wdtgr bluk-

tdik lr dkltjgr slurfg. Dhtjlunj tjgy minjt jdvg wdsjga tjgm-sghvgs fhgdk, tjg sml`g. dsjgs, dka aust mdag tjgm quif`hy airty

dndik. jgk kinjts wgrg klt flha, tjg brlkt pdrt lb tjg jlusg, wjifj

is lpgk dt tjg brlkt, is usga blr dhmlst dhh dftivitigs ikfhuaikn shggp-

ikn purplsgs.

Egfdusg pglphg aia klt jdvg mdky wdrm fhltjgs, tjg ehdk`gt tjdt

wgrg usga ik tjg kinjt minjt jdvg eggk tjg lkhy fhltj tl prltgft

tjg elay brlm tjg flha aurikn tjg ady. Qjis wds vgry mufj tjg

prdftifg lb gvgry _l aurikn tjg gdrhigr adys wjgk sjirts dka pdkts

wgrg uk`klwk tl tjgm. Ql flvgr tjg privdtg pdrts, tjg wlmgk wlrg

vgry sjlrt lr miki s`irts wjifj edrghy flvgrga tjg uppgr pdrt lb tjg

tjinj. Qjgy usudhhy flvgrga tjgir ergdsts uktih tjgy egfdmg mltjgr.

Dbtgr egflmikn d mltjgr, jiaikn lb tjg ergdst is klt aggmga kgf-

gssdry. Ik slmg pdrts lb tjg _l fluktry, ylukn lr lha _l wlmgk

kgvgr jia tjgir ergdsts. Mgk usudhhy wlrg hlik fhltjs? jlwgvgrlhagr mgk mdy jdvg wlrk kltjikn dt dhh gxfgpt d ehdk`gt wjgk it

wds flha. Ql prgvgkt tjg brggzikn lb tjgir jdkas ik timgs lb wdr-

bdrg, tjg mgk shgpt witj jdkas aippga ik flha wdtgr aurikn tjg

wiktgr kinjts.

Ik jinjgr pdrts lb tjg mluktdik rdkngs, pikg dka rjlalagkarlk

bhlurisj. Ik hlwgr drgds tgd`, edmell, dka simihdr phdkts drg deuk-

adkt. Bdrmgrs nrlw pltdtlgs, mdizg, mihhgts, swggt pltdtlgs, phums.

dka dpphgs ik tjg jinjgr dhtituags Uifg lrdkngs dka pikg dpphgs


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is prdftisga, usikn dkimdh plwgr. Qjg hlw hyikn Sdhgtwd dka @lhlsie

drgds lbbgr tjg egst dnrifuhturdh hdka.

Qjgrg drg vgry bgw hd`gs ik _lhdka. Qjg einngst hd`gs drg Uij Hi ik

tjg Judhknl drgd ik Gdst _lrdm dka Sdh` Hd`g ik tjg slutj lb gst

_lrdm.

Egfdusg lb tjg runnga kdturg lb tjg hdka. flmmukifdtilk dka trdks-

plrtdtilk drg aibbifuht. Dt tjg prgsgkt timg airt rldas flkkgft tlwks

ik eltj Gdst dka ^gst _lrdm, dka tjg @dhdadk rivgr is kdvindehg

brlm Sdhgtwd tl tjg Ikaidk Lfgdk. Ik daaitilk, tjg Qhdwkn lr

Ajdhgswdri strgdms fluha ik tjg buturg eg agvghlpga blr kdvind-

tilk.

Srlauftilk brlm _l fluktry is himitga tl dnrifuhturg. D bgw prla-

ufts, mlsthy bruits, drg egikn gxplrtga. Ehgssga witj d vdrigty lb

fhimdtg. _l pglphg fdk prlaufg dhmlst dhh typgs lb bruits, trlpifdh

lr tgmpgrdtg. Qjgrg is d kltifgdehg imprlvgmgkt ik tjis bigha. Ltjgr

prlaufts. sufj ds sih` dka turpgktikg, drg egflmikn plpuhdr. Qjgpltgktidh dhsl gxists blr gxplrtdtilk lb burkiturg dka simihdr prla-

ufts.

Ik tjg pdst, ghgpjdkts, tingrs, hglpdras, egdrs, wiha alns, eislk.

aggr, dka wiha eldr ikjdeitga _lhdka. ^itj tjg dppgdrdkfg lb birg-

drms tjgsg dkimdhs jdvg egflmg kgdrhy gxtikft. Bisj ik tjg strgdms

jdvg eggk rutjhgsshy `ihhga witj aykdmitg dka plislk, dka mlst lb

tjg rivgrs dka strgdms ik _lrdm drg gmpty lb hdrngr spgfigs lb bisj.

_lrdm is prgalmikdkthy mdag lb sihty sjdhg dka sdkastlkg. Himg-

stlkg dka inkglus rlf`s drg dhsl bluka. Qjg sihty sjdhg dka sdka-

stlkg drg rghdtivghy slbt blrmdtilks, gdsihy wdsjga dwdy ey rdik.

wjifj rgsuhts ik hdkashiags. Egfdusg lb tjis, rldas euiht lk tjg shlpgs

lb tjg mluktdiks drg aibbifuht tl mdiktdik. Kndwfikpdu kdmga tjgsg

rlf`s _lbhysfj egfdusg lb tjgir simihdrity tl tjg Bhysfj rlf`s lbtjg Dhps ik Vwitzgrhdka. Qjg lhagst rlf`s ik _lrdm drg tjg sfjists,


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egdrikn uhtrdedsif rlf`s. Ndrkigritg, d kif`gh sihifdtg mikgrdh, wds

aisflvgrga ey Kndwfikpdu, tjg birst _l nglhlnist, lk tjg

Knuhhumudh. Qjg kif`gh flktgkt wds 4.49 tl 1.79 pgrfgkt.

Knuhhumudh jds tjg gflklmif pltgktidh blr kif`gh mikikn. Qjg

dutjlr aisflvgrga fjrlmitg ik tjgsg sdmg uhtrdedsif rlf`s. Ltjgr

implrtdkt mikgrdhs bluka ik tjgsg rlf`s drg tdhf, brlm wjifj tdh-

fum plwagr is mdag. dka dsegstls, wjifj is usga ds iksuhdtilk

mdtgridh ik ikaustry. Ltjgr flmmgrfidhhy iktgrgstikn rlf`s drg shdtg

dka himgstlkg. Vtdtg is usga trdaitilkdhhy ds rllbikn mdtgridh. Himg-

stlkg fdk eg usga blr tjg mdkubdfturg lb fgmgkt. Deukadkt himg-

stlkg is bluka ik Huknrdknthdkn (Jd`d), dka Sdjd (Qgaim).


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FJDSQGU 5

ULLQV LB _L

Ik tjg desgkfg lb writtgk alfumgkts, dka egfdusg tjg _l jda him-

itga flktdft witj kginjelurikn pglphgs, it is gxtrgmghy aibbifuht tltrdfg _l jistlry. Jlwgvgr, tjrlunj jistlrifdh hiknuistifs, drfjgl-

hlnifdh bikaikns, dka gtjkif rghdtilksjips, it is klw dffgptga tjdt

_l eghlkn tl tjg nrlup lb pglphg iagktibiga ds Qiegtl-Eurmdks.

Qjg lrdh ngkgdhlny lb _l fhdims tjdt d mdk kdmga _l wds tjg

lrinikdtlr lb dhh _l pglphg. Qjg ngkgdhlny jlwgvgr algs klt rgflra

timg lr hlfdtilks, dka mdy kdmgs must jdvg eggk blrnlttgk. Qjg

ngkgdhlny mdy dhsl flktdik lkhy ikblrmdtilk delut tjlsg wjl wgrgplwgrbuh, witj tjlsg hgss suffgssbuh egikn lmittga. Gstimdtgs edsga

lk lrdh jistlry dfflukt blr dpprlximdtghy twgkty sgvgk ngkgrd-

tilks lb _l pglphg. Dssumikn d ngkgrdtilk tl hdst twgkty-bivg ygdrs.

_l pglphg jdvg eggk ik gxistgkfg blr lkhy delut sgvgk jukarga

ygdrs. Qjgrgblrg ngkgdhlny ds tjg _l rgfdhh it fdkklt eg wjlhhy

agpgkaga uplk ds d slurfg lb ikblrmdtilk. D writtgk ngkgdhlny,

tjg Ngkgdhlny lb tjg _l Udfg, wds flmpihga ey @jupzdtjdkn lbEudkmdk. ik 49>1. Qjg writtgk vgrsilkjlwgvgr wds edsga lk ik-

blrmdtilk brlm lkhy pdrts lb _lrdm, dka tjus kgitjgr tjg writtgk

ngkgdhlny klr hgnkga rgvgdh tjg trug lriniks lb tjg _l pglphg. (Vgg

Qdehg 4)

Lriniks ik Fjikd

_l hgngka dssgrts tjdt tjg _l wgrg lrinikdhhy brlm d fdvg fdhhga

Fjikkhukn, wjifj is nivgk aibbgrgkt hlfdtilks ey aibbgrgkt fhdks.

Qjg hgngka fdkklt eg dffgptga ds d bdft, egfdusg it is flktrdaiftlry

tl `klwk bdfts lb jlw mdk lrinikdtga.

Qjg pjysifdh bgdturgs lb _l pglphg, yghhlwisj lr erlwkisj s`ik,

erlwk gyg. ehdf` jdir, shdktga gyg, prlmikgkt fjgg`elkg, wiag

klsg, dka bhdt bdfg sunngst tjgir rghdtilk tl tjg Ikalkgsidk-Mdhdy

suerdfg lb tjg Mlknlhlia Udfg. Ey dkdhysikn _l hdknudng dka

flmpdrikn witj ltjgr hdknudngs dktjrlplhlnists flkfhuaga tjdt

_l hdknudng is rghdtga tl tjg Qiegtl-Fjikgsg hdknudngs dka


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tjgrgblrg tjgir fuhturdh dbbihidtilks witj tjgm. Qjg Qiegtl-Fjikgsg

nrlup lb pglphg drg sueaiviaga iktl sgvgrdh nrlups (sgg Qdehg 5)

dka _l pglphg drg phdfga tlngtjgr witj Eurmdk, Mgitgi (Mdkipuris),Kdnd. @dfjik. Hlhl, Qiegtdks, gtf. ds tjg Qiegtl-Eurmdks. wjl dt

lkg timg lr tjg ltjgr must jdvg sjdrga flmmlk fuhturdh lr plhiti-

fdh dbbihidtilks lr eltj. Qjis hgdas lkg tl eghigvg tjdt _l pglphg

lrinikdtga ik Fjikd dka tjdt tjgy minjt ik slmg wdy eg rghdtga tl

elkgs bluka ik tjg fdvgs lb Fjlu `lutigk slutj lb Sgìkn tjg

elkgs lb Sgìkn Mdk. Sgìkn Mdk is gdrhigst klwk mdk ik Fjikd

dka surrlukaikn drgds, dka dktjrlplhlnists eghigvg tjdt Sgìkn Mdk

plssgssga fgrtdik fjdrdftgristifs pgfuhidr tl tjg Mlknlhlia rdfg.

Qrdfgs lb jumdk gxistgkfg drg dttrieutga tl ds hlkn dnl ds d mih-

hilk ygdrs. dka Sgìkn Mdk mdy jdvg bhlurisjga ik 733.333 E.F.

Ik tjg Lrals rgnilk lb Fjikd stlkg imphgmgkts dka d bgw elkgs lb

juktikn pglphg jdvg eggk bluka, sunngstikn d timg brdmg delut

.73.333 E.F.

Ey delut 1.333 E.F. d Mlknlhidk pglphg witj d kglhitjif fuhturgdppgdrga, eut ikstgda lb egikn juktgrs tjgy wgrg dkimdh erggagrs.

Qjgir tllhs ikfhuaga bikghy plhisjga rgftdknuhdr dxgs witj `ggk

futtikn gangs.

Ey delut 5733 E.F., dfflraikn tl Gegrjdra. tjgrg wgrg ginjt prik-

fipdh jistlrifdh fuhturgs ik Fjikd. Qjg Fjidkn triegs. dkfgstlrs lb

tjg Qiegtl-Eurmdks, wgrg bluka ik wgstgrk Fjikd ik tjg prlvikfg

lb prgsgkt ady Vzgfjwdk dka ik tjg mluktdik rgnilks lb @dksudka Vjgksi. Qjgir gflklmy wds edsga lk sjggp jgraikn dka tjg

rdisikn lb yd`s, plkigs dka slmg pins. Fuhtivdtilk dppgdrs tl jdvg

rgsuhtga brlm dhigk ikbhugkfg dka mdikhy ikvlhvga wjgdt dka euf`-

wjgdt.

Aurikn tjg Vjdkn aykdsty, (4233-435: E.F.) tjg Fjidkn triegs

wgrg kginjelrs lb tjg Vjdkn pglphg, witj wjlm tjgy wgrg ik d

mlrg lr hgss flkstdkt stdtg lb wdr. Qjgy hivga ik tjg slutjwgstrgnilk lb Vjdksi dka Vjgksi. Aurikn tjg Fjlu aykdsty (>55-1:4


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Aurikn tjg Jdk aykdsty tjg Fjidkn triegs dppgdrga ds tjg

Qdknuts tjg Qiegtdk Qriedh Bgagrdtilk. Qjg Qdknuts dttgmptga

tl ehlf` Fjikgsg dffgss tl Qur`istdk, wjifj tjg Fjikgsg jda flk-qugrga ik >6 D.A. Jgdvy binjtikn gksuga dka tjg Fjikgsg nlt tjg

uppgr jdka. arivikn tjg Qdknuts tl tjg Vlutj. ^jgtjgr tjis wds tjg

rgdslk blr tjg Qiegtl-Eurmdks minrdtilk tl tjg slutj fdk lkhy eg

nugssga. Jdhh- nivgs dk gdrhigr timg, tjg birst mihhgkkium E.F., blr

tjg Qiegtl-Eurmdk slutjwdra minrdtilk. Jg writgs

....tjgy wgrg pursuga ey tjg Fjikgsg ruhgrs tl Qsik (Fjik) tjrlunj

tjg mluktdiks tlwdras tjg slutj.Qjg Fjidkn triedh strufturg wds dhwdys wgd`, ds hgdagrsjip drlsg

dmlkn tjgm lkhy ik timgs lb wdr. Qjgir slfigty jda d mihitdry rdtjgr

tjdk d triedh strufturg, dka tjg flktikudtilk lb tjgsg stdtgs agpgkaga

gktirghy uplk tjg pgrslkdh qudhitigs lb tjgir hgdagrs. Qjgy wgrg

bukadmgktdhhy sjggp erggagrs, klt jlrsg erggagrs, dka tjgrgblrg

sjlwga dk ikfhikdtilk tl ikflrplrdtg ikbdktry iktl tjgir drmigs.

Qjg desgkfg lb writikn dmlkn mlst lb tjg Qiegtl-Eurmdks sun-ngsts tjdt tjgir sgpdrdtilk must jdvg egnuk dt d vgry gdrhy adtg

pgrjdps egblrg tjg Fjlu aykdsty, wjlsg ruhgrs wgrg Qiegtdks. Gx-

fgpt Qiegtdks klkg lb tjg Qiegtl-Eurmdk nrlup jda writikns. Qjg

Fjlu aykdsty fdmg tl dk gka drluka 533 E.F. Aurikn tjg tjira

fgktury D.A. Euaajism wds iktrlaufga iktl Qiegt dka Fjikd eut

klkg lb tjg Qiegtl-Eurmdk nrlup gxfgpt tjg Qiegtdks wgrg gbbgftga.

Qjgy jda eggk sjibtikn tjgir vihhdngs lbtgk ik flkkgftilk witj tjgirshdsj dka eurk mgtjla lb fuhtivdtilk. Fivihizdtilk tjgrgblrg aia

klt pgkgtrdtga tjgm.

Qjg slutjwdra mlvgmgkt lb tjg Qiegtl-Eurmdk pglphg tll` mdky

ygdrs pgrjdps sgvgrdh fgkturigs. Ugfgkt minrdtilk lb _l pglphg tl

tjg @dhg-@dedw-Rdhhgy jds td`gk d fgktury dka tjgrg is kl sink

tjdt minrdtilk is flmphgtga. Qjg sdmg pdttgrk wds vgry hi`ghy tjg

fdsg witj tjg Qiegtl-Eurmdk nrlup. Qjg @dfjik, blr gxdmphg, wgrgstihh mlvikn tlwdras tjg slutj uktih vgry rgfgkthy. Ds tjgy shlwhy


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tjg Fjikawik dka rgdfjga _l fluktry dka Drd`dk egblrg 4333

D.A. Dfflraikn tl N.J. Hufg tjg Kdnd wgrg ik prgsgkt Kdndhdka

wjgk tjg _l-Mgitgi nrlup pdssga tjrlunj lk tjg mlvg slutj. Lkgagmlkstrdtilk lb tjis wds d vihhdng ik Kdndhdka wjlsg ikjdeitdkts

kgvgr mdrriga witj ltjgr triegs. eut wjl rgtdikga tjg lrinikdh _l

hdknudng dka fuhturg. Qjg vihhdngrs sdia tjgy jda hivga ik tjdt vih-

hdng blr sgvgrdh fgkturigs. Qjgsg vihhdngrs dka slmg ltjgr _l-Mgitgi

nrlups rgmdikga ik Kdndhdka ds ltjgrs mlvga tl tjg slutj, dka

tjgsg pglphg sufj ds tjg Qdknuh Kdnds, drg hiknuistifdhhy dka fuh-

turdhhy fhlsgr tl tjg _l tjdk tl ltjgr Kdnds. Ik tjg Vlmrd Qrdfts

tjg Slknkiu, Vdwhdw, @dylu dka Jgki fhdks, wjl spgd` tjg @dhdw

aidhgft, drg fhlsghy rghdtga tl tjg Hdizl lb Bdhdm. _l pglphg, dka

pgrjdps dhsl Mgitgi shlwhy mlvga tjrlunj tjg Ju`dwkn Rdhhgy.

^jgk tjgy fdmg tl tjg flkbhugkfg lb tjg Irrdwdaay dka Fjikawik

Uivgrs tjgy sgtthga tjgrg, tjg twl ein rivgrs nivikn tjgm sgfurity

dka prltgftilk brlm gkgmigs. Lkg rgdslk lb tjgir sgtthgmgkt fluha

jdvg dhsl ikbhugkfga ey tjgir ikdeihity tl frlss tjg twl ein rivgrs.

Hgngkas tlha us tjdt _l pglphg bluka lut euihaikn rdbts lkhy dbtgr

tjgy sdw d rdeeit bhldtikn lk hlns.

Qjg dkfigkt jistlry lb tjg Fjikawik Rdhhgy wds tlha ey d fjrlkifhg

bluka ik @dhg. Qjg Ndzgttgrs- spgd` lb d ruikga pdhdfg, dka tjg

fjrlkifhg lb tjg tlwk Ydzdnyl trdfgs its jistlry edf` tl tjg timg lb

Euaajd, wjgk Ikaidk prikfgs brlm Mdndajd ruhga hlfdh Vd` @dktu

pglphg. Gvgk tlady tjg fdrvga wdhhs lb tjg dkfigkt tlwk lb Ydzdnyl

fdk eg dpprgfidtga dt d phdfg twgkty mihgs klrtj lb @dhgmyl, ik

tjg @dedw Rdhhgy wgst lb tjg Fjikawik. Qjg fjrlkifhg sdys tjdt

delut D.A. 269 tjg pdhdfg wds agstrlyga ey flmeikga blrfgs lb

Mdkipuris dka _l Dfflraikn tl tjg Ndzgttggr tjg @dhg drgd wds

fhlsghy hik`ga tl dkfigkt Mdndajd. Ydzdnyl is d flrruptilk lb

Udodnrijd, tjg rgsiagkfg lb Euaajd dka fdpitdh lb Mdndajd. geuhd,

d mluktdik d bgw mihgs wgst lb @dhgmyl, wds kdmga dbtgr gpuhhd

lb tjg Sdhi jistlry lb mlagrk Euipuhd.

Lb dhh Qiegtl-Eurmdk pglphgs tjg Mgitgi lb Mdkipur wgrg tjg


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Dkarl-Vgknmdi nrlup lb pglphg, wjl wgrg ikjdeitdkts lb prgsgkt

ady Mdkipur.

Jlaslk sdia tjdt tjg Mdkipuris (Mgitgi) wgrg agsfgkagkts lb sur-rlukaikn jihh triegs. Qjgir trdaitilks jdvg rgmdikga simihdr dka

gvgk tlady tjgy rgtdik mdky fustlms lb tjg jihh pglphg. Jg wrltg,

ik 4933, tjdt tjg lrndkizdtilk, rghinilk, jdeits dka mdkkgrs lb tjg

Mgitgi lb twl jukarga ygdrs egblrg wgrg tjg sdmg ds tjg jihh pglphg

(_l dka Kdnd) lb jis lwk grd.

Qjgrg drg hgngkas dka trdaitilks wjifj tghh lb gdrhy rghdtilksjip

egtwggk Mgitgi. Kdnd, dka _l. D Qdknùh (Kdnd) trdaitilk sdystjdt Kdnd, Mgitgi dka _l asfgkaga brlm d flmmlk dkfgstlr wjl

jda tjrgg slks. Qjgsg wgrg tjg prlngkitlrs lb tjg triegs. Qjis trdai-

tilk puts tjg _l ds tjg ghagst dka tjg Mgitgi tjg ylukngst. Jlaslk

wrltg, Qjg Qdknùh hgngka is tl tjg gbbgft tjdt lkg ady d slw,

jgdvy witj ylukn, wdkagrga brlm tjg vihhdng lb Jukaukn dka wds

trdf`ga tl tjg vdhhgy ey tjg ylukngr lb tjg twl erltjgrs wjl jda

minrdtga brlm tjg vihhdng lb Mdi`gh Qukndm, wjgrg tjgir pdrgktshivga, dka jda blukaga tjg vihhdng lb Jukaukn. L`kukn, tjg pins

stlkg, wjgrg tjg slw wds gvgktudhhy bluka, is situdtga lk tjg edk`s

lb tjg Irih Uivgr. Qjg slw hittgrga tjgrg dka tjg ylukn mdk stdyga

tl hll` dbtgr jgr0 dka ds jg bluka tjg fluktry tl jis hiìkn. jg

agfiaga tl sgtthg tjgrg. Blr d timg jg `gpt up brigkahy rghdtilks

witj jis erltjgr ik tjg jihhs, wjl mdag d prdftifg lb sgkaikn jim

gvgry ygdr nibts lb prlaufg lb tjg jihhs dka ik turk rgfgivga prg-

sgkts lb tjg mdkubdfturg lb tjg phdiks. Qjg ylukngr erltjgr eg-

fdmg wghh-tl-al dka prlua, dka dedkalkga tjg fustlm lb sgkaikn

prgsgkts tl jis erltjgr ik tjg jihhs, wjl prlmpthy fdmg alwk dka

tll` wjdt jg jda eggk ik tjg jdeit lb ngttikn.

Jlaslk dhsl tlha d Mdl Kdnd hgngka, wjifj flkkgfts tjg Kdnd,

Mgitgi, dka _l. Lkfg uplk d timg tjgrg wds d oumpikn mdtfj

egtwggk tjg tjrgg slks lb tjg flmmlk dkfgstlr. Qjg @uì hgdpt

brlm lkg tlp lb lkg rdkng lb jihhs tl tjg frgst lb tjg kgxt, wjihg tjg

K h a h a tj i t i hh e t ji b t


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wjihg tjg Nur`jdhis drg sprukn brlm tjg hlik lb Dhdpd dka tjg

slks lb Qutl drg tjg Mdkipuris. Qjis dka mdky simihdr hgngkas

lb _l, Mgitgi, Kdnd. dka @dfjik tghh stlrigs lb tjgir gdrhy

rghdtilks. Mlst lb tjg hgngkas dttgmpt tl gxphdik jlw tjgy

sgpdrdtga lr hlst trdf` lb gdfj ltjgr.

Nrigrslk tlha d Qjdal hgngka wjifj tghhs lb tjg @juknsdi

(Qjdal) dka Mgitgi sgpdrdtilk. Lur blrgbdtjgrs jdvg tlha us

tjdt mdk blrmgrhy hivga ik tjg elwghs lb tjg gdrtj. Qjg

@judknzdis dka tjg Mgitgis wgrg tjgk brigkas. Lkg ady tjgy

qudrrghga delut d fhltj, dka tjgir mltjgr tll` d adl dka fut

iktlpigfgs. Brlm tjgk lk tjg Mgitgi dka tjg Qjdal wgkt sgpdrdtg

wdys. Qjg Mgitgi, wjl jda nlkg tl fut jdimdkn trggs. hgbt brgsj

blltprikts. sl tjdt mdky pglphg blhhlwga tjgm dka tjg Mgitgi

egfdmg kumgrlus. Qjg @judknsdis wgkt tl fut phdktdik trggs

brlm wjgrg tjgy dsfgkaga tl tjg gdrtj. ^jgk pglphg hll`ga dt

tjg blltprikts lb tjg @judknsdi tjgy hll`ga rdtjgr lha dka

tjgrgblrg bgw pglphg blhhlwga tjgm. wjifj gxphdiks wjy tjgrg

drg lkhy d bgw @judknsdi.

@dfjik hgngka sdys tjdt tjgy wgrg sgpdrdtga brlm tjg _l pglphg,

wjl jda nlkg lut ik brlkt. dka tjgy spgkt mdky adys Irvikn tl

trifg tjg wdy tjg _l pglphg jda nlkg. Ds tjgy fluha klt bika tjg

tridh tjgy fdhhga tjg _l pglphg `jdkn. mgdkikn blltprikts,

egfdusg tjgy wgrg hll`ikn blr blltprikts lb tjg _l pglphg. (Ds

tjgrg drg @jdkn triegs ik tjg Ju`dwkn vdhhgy, tjg iagktibifdtilk

lb tjg _l ds @jdkn fluha eg lb mlagrk iktgrprgtdtilk.)

@jdmi hgngka sdys tjdt tjg sgpdrdtilk wds aug tl tjg wlmgk dka

fjihargk. wjl fluha klt wdh` bdst dka rgmdikga egjika. wjgrg

tjgy fuhtivdtga tjg hdka dka blhhlwga tjg ltjgrs hdtgr.

Vizdkn hgngka is simihdr tl tjg @judknsdi hgngka, eut it algs

klt spgfiby brlm wjlm tjgir nrlup wds sgpdrdtga. Qjgy wgkt

ik brlkt lb tjg ltjgrs dka tl mdr` tjgir tridh fut alwk phdktdik

trggs. Qjg phdktdik trggs nrgw up immgaidtghy dbtgr egikn fut,

j j h b hh i j a j j a h j


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hgngkas dka jistlrifdh rgflras, lkg tjikn is gstdehisjga? tjdt tjg dkfigkt

blrgbdtjgrs lb tjg Mdkipuris jda tjgir lrinik ik tjg jihh drgds lb

Mdkipur. Qjis pgrila lb blrgbdtjgrs rginkikn ik jihhtlps is tllrgmltg brlm lur mgmlry dka ukagrstdkaikn tl nrdsp it ik its buhhgst

agtdihs. Ds timg pdssga, d supgr jumdk egikn pgrblrmga dhmlst d

mirdfuhlus bgdt tl ardik tjg wdtgr flhhgftga ik tjg vdhhgy, elrikn

d jlhg tjrlunj d jihh rlf` witj d spgdr-hi`g wgdplk. Gvgk klw tjg

luthgt is `klwk ds fjiknkuknjut. Ds tjg rgsuht lb tjg ardikdng

prlviaga blr tjg wdtgr lb Mdkipur, tjg plpuhdtilk lb Mdkipur

mlvga alwk tl tjg vdhhgy. . . spgfidh mgktilk drg sgvgk fhdks,

wjl gstdehisjga stdehg iknalms ik tjg aibbgrgkt drgds lb tjg stdtg.

Hitthg is `klwk delut Mgitgi jistlry. Ik >>> tjg Vjdk prikfg

Vdmhlkn bluka tjg Mgitgis tl eg vgry pllr. Dbtgr d tjlusdka

ygdrs, aurikn tjg rgnilk lb @ikn Sdmjgied. Mdkipur egfdmg d

strlkn kdtilk. Flkvgrsilk tl Jikauism aurikn tjg hdtg ginjtggktj

fgktury dka flktdft witj Ikaidks dka Fjikgsg wiagkga tjg ndp

egtwggk tjg jinjhdkagrs. _l dka Kdnd, dka phdiksmgk, tjgMgitgis. Qjgrg jda eggk hitthg flktdft gxfgpt blr wdrbdrg, dka

aibbgrgkt fuhturgs. fustlms, dka mlags lb hibg wgrg agvghlpga.

Qdehg 5. Mlagrk mytjlhlny iktgrprgtdtilk lb _l rghdtilksjips tl

ltjgr pglphgs, dka d hist lb _l mdik fhdks.

Qiegtl-Fjikgsg

Mdk @drgk Qiegtl-Eurmdk Qdi,fjikgsg

Qiegtl-Jimdhdydk Dssdm-Eurmdk Klrtj Dssdm Misjmi

Kdnd Vd` Eurmgsg _l/ Mgitgi Oiknpjdw Hlhl

(@dfjik)

zl Mgitgi

Dsjl Vjl Mdsjl Mizl Hdimi _lmi

(Husgi) (Sdwh) (Sditg)

Kdkn`jd Mudk @jdmi Judhknl Hd`jgr Vizdkn


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Hdknzl Himyl Jmdr _lpjgi @judkl

Yjppy Fjdwtg Mi-G Aim

Fjdwkntu Qdwr Nuihg@jidkntg Hdizl Kndijtg

Kngktg @judknj

Qhdu @judhsim Vimtg

Rdknfjjid _djdu Ed`g

Ugktjhgi _dkkidt Rdipjgi

Hgktg Ndkntg

Kndwk

_l @iknalm

_l pglphg eghigvg tjgy sgtthga ik tjg Fjikawik Rdhhgy ik gdrhy timgs.

Qjgy `klw tjg Fjikawik Uivgr ey aibbgrgkt kdmgs tjg Husgi ds

Uuk. mgdkikn rivgr, dka tjg Sdijtg ds Qui`dkn, mgdkikn wjitg wdtgr.

Su @. _dwhd ik jis Mizl Si Su tl Igj dk Qjhdjtg Fjdkfjik

sunngstga 992 D.A. ds tjg ygdr ik wjifj _l pglphg drrivga ik tjg

Fjikawik Rdhhgy. dka jg lghigvgs tjdt tjgy hivga tjgrg twl lr tjrgg

fgkturigs.

Qjg risg lb tjg Qdkn aykdsty (24:-932 D.A.) erlunjt flktdft

egtwggk gdrhy _l pglphg ik tjg Fjikawik dka tjg Qdkn Fjikgsg.

Qjg Qdkn, ds wiaghy trdvghga trdagrs. rgflraga tjg gxistgkfg lb

tjrgg ìknalms ik Eurmdtjg Syus, tjg Sgnus (Mlk). dka tjg

Vd`. Qjg Vd` ìknalm mdy jdvg eggk tjg _l lb uppgr Eurmd.

Qjg risg lb tjg Kdk-fjdl ìknalm aurikn tjg Qdkn aykdsty

ikbhugkfga tjg Syu ds wghh ds tjg _l iknalm, dka tjg Qdkn aykdsty

erlunjt rgsurngkfg tl tjg plhitifdh plwgr lb tjg Kdk-fjdl, wjl

wgrg Qdi lr Vjdk hivikn ik slutj-wgst Fjikd. Ik delut 259 D.A. tjg

Kdk-fjdl fjigb wds d suelraikdtg lb tjg Qdkn gmpgrlr. eut ik timg

tjg Kdk-Fjdl fjigb Si-`l-hl lvgrplwgrga ltjgr smdhh stdtgs dka

euiht d hdrng Kdk-fjdl ìknalm. Ik >6: D.A. tjg Kdk-fjdlflkqugrga tjg Qu-bdk (Qiegt) dka Vjijmdk (Hlhl) triegs. (Hlhl triegs


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gstdehisjga pgrmdkgkt ndrrislks dt stdnikn plsts, dka tjgsg ndrri-

slks wgrg ik hdtgr ygdrs tl almikdtg klrtjgrk Eurmd dka flkqugr

tjg _l pglphg ik tjg Fjikawik Rdhhgy. Ik >33 D.A. tjg Kdk-fjdl

phukagrga tjg Syu fdpitdh dka fdrriga lbb tjlusdkas lb fdptivgs tl

@ukmikn, wjifj gkaga tjg Syu ìknalm.73

Qdkn Fjikgsg trdvghgrs hgdrkga lb dk ginjtj fgktury ìknalm dka

vdrilus triegs gxistikn wgst lb tjg Kdk-fjdl ìknalm. Qjg fdpitdh

lb tjg ìknalm, tjg wllagk stlf`dag. wds situdtga dt tjg

flkbhugkfg lb tjg Irrdwdaay dka Fjikawik Uivgrs. Dt tjdt timg tjg

_l pglphg must jdvg sgtthga klrtj dka wgst lb tjg fdpitdh, ds mlst

lb tjg hlfdtilks flkkgftga witj tjg _l pglphg wgrg bluka ik tjg

klrtj lb tjg Fjikawik dka Irrdwdaay flkbhugkfg. Qjg klrtjgrk

mlst pdrt lb tjg _l sgtthgmgkt wds dt Jlmdhik.Bdk-fjl, d aiphl-

mdt lb tjg Qdkn. agsfriega tjg Fjikawik Uivgr dka tjg pglphg hiv-

ikn ik tjg Fjikawik Rdhhgy. Qjg Fjikgsg fdhhga tjg Fjikawik Uivgr

Mikl0 jgkfg tjg pglphg hivikn ik tjg Fjikawik Rdhhgy wgrg fdhhga

Mikl pglphg. Bdk-fjl wrltg ik Qjg Mdksju? Ell` lb tjg Vlutj-grk Edredridks, It td`gs its slurfg ik tjg Jsidl-Slhl mgk *Hitthg

Erdjmdk @iknalm lb tjg klrtjwgst. It bhlws slutj pdst tjg Yu-

ygj-fju rivgr vdhhgy. Qjgk tl 0jg slutjgdst it rgdfjgs tjg wllagk

stlf`dag wjifj is lk d sdka edk` 433 Ii brlm klrtj tl slutj dka 23

hi brlm fdst tl wgst. Qjgy fdhh tjgir prikfgs dka fjigbs _l. Qjg

Mikl jdvg hlkn wjitg bdfgs. Qjgy drg ey kdturg plhitg dka rgspgft-

buh. ^jgkgvgr tjgy daargss dkylkg, tjgy fdmg blrwdra mdìkn d

elw dt gdfj stgp. Qjg ìknalm jds kl fitigs witj ikkgr lr lutgr

wdhhs. Ik tjg miaahg lb tjg jdhh lb.tjg Mikl @ikns pdhdfg tjgrg drg

nrgdt pihhdrs fut dka fdrvga ik pdttgrks dka dalrkga witj nlha dka

sihvgr... Qjgy drg 23 ady stdngs slutjwgst lb Yuknfjdkn fity lb

Mdk.- (Qjg Fjikgsg fdhhga tjg Kdk-fjdls Mdk.)

Ik tjg kiktj ygdr lb Qdjl (:67 D.A.) tjg Mdk agstrlyga tjgir (_l)

ìknalm dka tlltga tjgir nlha dka sihvgr. Qjgy fdpturga twl lr

tjrgg tjlusdka lb tjgir fhdksmgk dka edkisjga tjgm tl wdsj tjg


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67

Ik 49>4 @jdktikzdmvuknj bluka egdas brlkt kgf`hdfgs, rgmkdkts

lb flppgr eghts, dka pigfgs lb wdtgr pipgs, usga blr sml`ikn, ik tjg

gdrtj. Qjg Eurmgsg tlha jim tjdt ik 492: Mdolr @l @l tll` tjrgg

Oggp hldas lb mdtgridh brlm tjg nrluka dka arlvg dwdy. Ik Vdtjukn,

d vihhdng kgdr Miktdipgk, tjgrg drg rgmkdkts lb _l mgmlridh stlkgs

wjifj jdvg iksfriega tjg adtg tjg _l pglphg wgrg dttdf`ga ey

Miknyi @ydw Vdw. Kgdr Vdndikn eriang tjgrg is d vihhdng fdhhga

Fjik Ywd lr Fjik Rihhdng. Qjgrg drg kl mlrg _l ik tjg vihhdng. tjg

Mgitgi agsfgkagkts drg stihh tjgrg. Qjgy drg Eurmdkizga dka spgd`

lkhy Eurmgsg. Ik tjg fgmgtgry jlwgvgr, tjg Mgitgi `ggp tjgir trd-

aitilks, euryikn tjgir agda witj tjg jgdas pliktikn klrtj, wjgrgds

tjg Eurmdks eury tjgir agda witj jgdas pliktikn gdst. Ik Vdndikn

tlwk itsghb is d phdfg fdhhga Fjik Vuj lr Fjik mggtikn phdfg.

^jgk tjg Eurmgsg agsfgkaga tl tjg phdiks lb fgktrdh Eurmd, aur-

ikn tjg kiktj fgktury, _l pglphg wgrg dhrgday ik tjg Fjikawik Rdh-

hgy. Dfflraikn tl Hufg tjg Eurmdks blunjt dndikst tjg ltjgr lffu-

pdkts lb tjg drgd. sufj ds tjg Qjgt, Mlk, dka Syu, eut tjgy aia kltbinjt tjg _l.

Qjg rgdslk sggms vgry simphg. Vikfg tjg Eurmgsg sgtthga ik tjg

gdst lb tjg Irrdwdaay, dka tjg _l wgrg almikdkthy egtwggk tjg

twl rivgrs, tjgrg wds kl flkbhift lb iktgrgst flkfgrkikn tjgir tgrri-

tlry egtwggk tjg twl triegs. Lkhy dbtgr tjgir iknalm wds agstrlyga

tjg _l frlssga tjg Fjikawik dka sgtthga ik tjg @dhg-@dedw-

Myittjd-Ydw-Rdhhgys dka Sdkadukn Jihh. Dsjl trdaitilk sdys tjdt

tjgy hivga ik tjg Sdkadukn Jihhs dka frlssga tjg Irrdwdaay dka

hivga lk tjg fdst edk` lb tjg Irrdwdaay aurikn tjg Eurmgsg Sdndk

aykdsty.

Qjg Vjdks gstdehisjga d stdtg dt J`dmti Hlkn, prgvilushy jgha ey

d Qiegtdk prikfg ik delut 4333 D.A. It stdrtga ds d mihitdry lutplst

lb tjg Kdk-fjdls aurikn tjg tjrgg-siag jlstihitigs ikvlhvikn Fji-

kgsg dka Qiegtdks Dbtgr gstdehisjikn tjgmsghvgs tjg Vjdk egndk


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62

tjg Fjikawik, eut tjg slkns kdrrdtg hibg ik d Vjdk vihhdng. Qjg

Sditg, lr ltjgr _l fhdks, sggm tl jdvg kl sufj trdaitilks. Qjg Sditg

fdhh tjg Vjdks tjg fjihargk lb @jdmdkn wjifj pgrjdps mgdks

tjdt tjg Sditg rgndraga tjg Vjdks ds @jmgr. Qjgy fdhh tjg Fjikgsg

Vgk wjifj must jdvg eggk agrivga brlm Vjdk. Qjg Sditg wgrg

hgss iktimdtg witj tjg Vjdks aurikn tjdt timg egfdusg tjgy lffu-

piga tjg drgds drluka @dk d hitthg bdrtjgr slutj brlm tjg Vjdk.

Aurikn tjis pgrila tjg _l lffupiga tjg fluktrigs wgst lb tjg

Fjikawik dka Irrdwdaay Uivgrsstrgtfjikn brlm @jdmpdt/

Jlmdhik drgd ik tjg klrtj tl tjg Ydw fluktry/Sdkadukn Jihhs ik

tjg slutj. Qjg Vjdks flkfgktrdtga tjgmsghvgs ik tjg klrtjgrk pdrt

lb tjis drgd mdikhy klrtj lb @dhg. Bgw Vjdks wgrg ik tjg Ydw

drgd. _l wgrg tjg mdik lffupdkt lb tjg drgd slutj dka wgst lb

@dhg, tjg Myittjd dka Ydw vdhhgys. Vlmg _l wgrg dhrgday ik tjg

slutjgrk _l klrtjgrk Drd`dk drgds.

Ik 4576 tjg Mlknlh ìkn @uehdi @jdk struf` slutj brlm Hikpdkmluktdiks lb @dksu. tjrlunj slkif >33 mihgs lb kl-mdks hdka,

ey-pdssikn Qu-bdk (Qiegt), dka dttdfìkn Qd-hi tjg Kdk-fjdl fdpi-

tdh. Qjg Kdk-fjdl ìknalm lb Qd-hi wds agstrlyga ik 45>9. Dbtgr

tjis agstruftilk tjg survivikn Vjdk ruhgrs minrdtga tl tjg prgsgkt

klrtj lb Eurmd, Qjdihdka dka surrlukaikn drgds.

Qjg Mlknlhs tjgk ikvdaga Eurmd dka fdpturga Flkfd (kgdr

Ejdml) lk tjg kiktj lb Agfgmegr, 45:6. Qjg Mlknlhs davdkfga

ds bdr ds Myiknydk dka tjgk rgtrgdtga. Qjg Vjdks lb J`dmti Hlkn

dka Mlndukn tll` tjg lpplrtukity tl bihh tjg vdfuum tjus frgdtga

dka ik Dprih. 4634 ikvdaga dka lvgrrdk klrtj Eurmd, gdst dka wgst

lb tjg Irrdwdaay. Ik 4621 tjgy sdf`ga tjg twik Eurmgsg fdpitdhs lb

Vdnnikn dka Sikyd.

Dbtgr agstruftilk lb tjg Eurmgsg ìknalm pgtty Vjdk ìknalms

wgrg blrmga ik aibbgrgkt pdrts lb Eurmd ikfhuaikn @dhg Hi`g tjgir


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fluktry wds kdmga tjg _l strgdm lr Ydw fjdukn. Qjg Eurmdks

erlunjt tjgir fuhturg, rghinilk dka wgt fuhtivdtilk, wjifj tjgy flp-

iga brlm tjg Syus. _l dka Eurmdk hivga siag ey siag lvgr d fgk-

tury. Eltj lb tjgsg triegs jda dt lkg timg ik tjg pdst tjg sdmg dk-

fgstlr. Qjgy sjdrga tjg Qiegtl Eurmdk hdknudng dka tjgrgblrg

tjg _l phdik awghhgrs lb tjg Ydw vdhhgy dalptga gdsihy tjg Eurmdk

hdknudng dka Eurmgsg wdy lb hibg ikfhuaikn tjg rghinilk. Qjgsg

Eurmdkizga _l pglphg drg stihh ik tjg Ydw fluktry tlady. Qjgy fdhh

tjgmsghvgs tjg Ydw pglphg dka spgd` Eurmgsg witj d aistikftivg

aidhgft.

Mlst lb tjg _l pglphg jlwgvgr aia klt gdsihy fjdkng tjgir wdy lb

hibg. Gvgk ik tjg Fjikawik vdhhgy tjgy usga shdsj dka eurk mgtjla

lb sjibtikn fuhtivdtilk, dka prdftifga tjgir fustlm lb dkimdh sdfri-

bifgs. Qjgy prgbgrrga jihh drgds blr tjgir sgtthgmgkt dka mdky lb

tjgm lffupiga tjg Sdkadukn Jihhs ds alfumgktga ey Dsjl jis-

tlry.

Egfdusg kgw imminrdkts wgrg erlunjt ey wdvgs lb Eurmgsg ik-

vdsilks lb tjg `iknalm lb Mdkipur dka Dssdm, tjg Eurmdks

quif`hy sprgda tl tjg @dhg-@dedw-Myittjd vdhhgys. Ey tjg

blur-tggktj fgktury tjg Eurmgsg gstdehisjga tjgmsghvgs tinjthy ik

tjg drgd tjdt tjgir fjrlkifhgs mgktilkga @dhg ds gdrhy ds 46>3. Qjg

Eurmgsg jlha lk tjg Vjdk wds sl strlkn tjdt ey tjg blutggktj

fgktury tjg kdmgs lb tjg Vdwewds elrg Eurmgsg kdmgs, ikfhua-

ikn @yitduknkyl, tjg Vdwewd lb @dhg.

_l Sglphg Euiht @dhg Sdhdfg

Ik 462: Vdl Vdw @g (462: 4134) d Vjdk Vdwewd lr prikfg

egfdmg tjg `ikn lb tjg kgw aykdsty blukaga dt Dvd. Jg tll` da-

vdktdng lb tjg qudrrgh egtwggk @dhg dka Mljkyik dka dkkgxga

eltj stdtgs dka rgphdfga tjg Vdwewds witj jis rghdtivgs.

@yitduk-nkyl, jis vgry dmeitilus kgpjgw, egfdmg tjg Vdwewd lb

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