Zip Line Safety and Engineering

Zip Line Safety and Engineering

Presented by

Peter Cochetas

Director of Engineering and Development

Head Rush Technologies

1

What will be covered

Types of Zip Lines

Types of Zip Line braking and how they affect Profit

Gravity, drag, eddy current, terminal braking

Dynamic terminal braking

When does a Zip line become a Zip line?

Risks and speed suggest there is a difference between these terms

High Speed Zip Line

Over 45 mph line speeds

20 mph arrival

Zip Line

Over 30 mph line speeds

6 mph arrival

Low Speed Zip Line (Canopy Tour)

Below 30 mph line speeds

6 mph arrival

Fishingquepos.com

Grousemountain.com

Just talk about speeds and arrival speeds

3

Balancing Risk with Profit with Customer Thrills

Revenue

Risk

Chance of Incident (1/x)

Cost of Incident (litigation, EMS, etc.)

Severity of Incident ($$$)

Overhead and Logistics

Throughput

Conversion

Infrastructure Costs

Experiential: Customer experience

Dangerous and Risky client (negative income client)

1 negative = 10 positives

Formula with bullets under it, list functionality and experiential

4

Safe Braking Strategies

Safely arresting speed is the largest concern with Zip lines

Maximize Revenue, Throughput, Experiential

Minimize Risk

EAD: Emergency Arrest Device

Required per ACCT standard (over 6mph Arrival)

Braking High speed lines requires a finite set of braking strategies

Gravity Braking

Drag Braking

Terminal Braking (Fixed Impact, Dynamic Impact)

Benefits Maximum Thrill, High Durability, Marketing, Length of Ride, High Market Price, Consistent performance/reliability*

Downsides Can detract from scenic views, cost of installation, wind variance, service and maintenance

5

Gravity Braking

Gravity Braking requires specific design criteria and careful thought

Cornerstonedesignsinc.com

Deflection, Wind Drag, and Friction can radically alter arrival speed and distance

This can create a very negative throughput problem and kill profitability and customer satisfaction

The more the variables are controlled by cable size the higher the cost and the elimination of any benefits associated with Gravity Braking

Center cable arrival is viable but can be slow and logistically difficult

6

Drag Braking

Creating Air or Frictional Drag during descent can help mitigate speed.

Speed scrubbing vs speed limiting

Drag Braking Types

Air Drag Devices

Friction Braking

Hydraulic, Eddy Current, & Centrifugal Friction Drag Brakes

Dimensionziplines.com

Hyperzoomlover.com

Eddy Current Braking

Zipflyer.com

Multiple brake types exist

Primary Benefit = Increase the safe limits of the high speed system

Yields: Increased Revenue ($$/Ride), Lower Risk, Increased Experiential

Primary Detractor = Increased Cost, potentially increased Overhead (maintenance and upkeep)

Trolleys can cost upwards of $2000 USD per unit and service cost of $250 per unit per annum.

8

Zip Line Terminal Braking

Terminal braking is the process of arresting the speed of a rider near the terminal end of the zip line to a complete stop.

Types

Friction knots

Kinetic energy

Brake blocks

Spring packs

Belay Assisted

Zipkea.com

Backyardplayplaces.com

Verticaledgeentertainment.com

Describing the dynamics of speed on a zip line are key here. Spend some time on quantifying frictional losses

9

Terminal Braking Key Challenges

High speeds result in high variances

Potential Energy (PE) = Kinetic Energy (KE) + Losses

Losses

Drag

Wind resistance

Cable deflection

Zipline.wvu.edu

Kinetic Energy Equation Applied

Assumptions

Equal losses per rider

60kph arrival velocity

150kg Rider

50kg Rider

Conclusion: Only dynamic braking accounts for high variance

KE= m v^2 --- Joule=(kgm^2/s^2)

150kg rider moving @ 60kph (16.66 m/s) represents 41.6kJ

50kg rider moving @ 60kph (16.66 m/s) represents 13.87kJ

However, due to drag and afore mentioned variables it is more likely: 50kg rider moving @ 45kph (12.49 m/s) represents 7.8kJ

Even in the best case this is a 66% variance in brake force required to arrive at zero. In the realistic case this over an 80% variance.

The sheer nature of this energy equation suggests that only dynamic systems can apply

Dont forget to mention that these riders will actually arrive at different velocities

11

Dynamic Terminal Zip Line Braking

Types of Dynamic Brakes

Air Systems (high cost)

Hydraulic Systems (high cost)

Dynamic Centrifugal Clutch (high maintenance)

Operator (high risk)

Spring pack (low experiential

Tripadvisor.com

Principles of Hydraulics Fluid dynamics increase friction with force and speed

Risk Low, Risk Factor Low, Maintenance High, Cost High = Profitable

Centrifugal Friction highly variable risk based on maintenance

12

Dynamic Eddy Current Braking System ZipSTOP

13

Dynamic Braking Considerations

9 Mistakes You Dont Know Youre Making That Are Keeping Your Zip Line From Success (And How to Fix Them!)

Always use an EAD

Introduce the White paper on the 9 mistakes

14

zipSTOP Brake Loads

150 kg 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Distance (meters)

g Loads on Rider

Rider Trolley with T Handle Impact1

zipSTOP Braking Considerations

Impact Dynamics

Reference brake curve printout Get this printout form Megan

16

Redirection Line Distance 100 kg Rider

1 meter00.40.81.19899650495884891.59350058991490991.98031704187711192.35735620715529942.72340747934956933.07781599022745933.42026428094519513.75064329349863274.0689771097416884.37537793997424634.67001819798943534.953112483676955.22490550257376195.4856636652368685.73566904312572225.97521488113480546.20460216925773716.42413695565434046.63412819325900396.83488598090330967.02672010403652177.2099388089708547.38484776377944837.55174917196039627.71094101388425827.86271639722251698.00736300188987838.14516260810447618.2763906983657138.40131612573413388.52020084195349098.63329967980887688.74086018475543558.84312249134291418.94031924034669429.03267553282799269.12040891760710089.20372940885986079.28283953075020569.35793438619824169.42920174705908569.49682216315599359.56096908777409749.62180901737954929.67950164348353689.73420001472148229.78605070736464819.83519400262397179.88176406924380229.92588915001592489.967691750971372510.00728883212875810.04479199879286510.08030769250585510.11393738085550910.14577774544041910.17592086738092410.20445440984699410.23146179715029410.25702239001748810.28121165672571110.30410133983927810.3257596183393610.34625126498594710.3656377987940110.38397763254393910.40132621528018410.41773616978197310.43325742501623710.44793734360583710.46182084436605910.47495051997938410.48736674989305810.49910780853624110.5102099689635410.52070760204010510.53063327128993110.54001782353417810.5488904754500110.55727889618308910.56520928614838110.57270645215460210.57979387898749310.58649379758630210.59282724994646910.59881415087961910.60447334675966310.6098226713811610.61487899905317410.61965829504864810.62417566352604810.62844539303645610.63248099972579310.63629526833812710.63990029112240210.64330750474115710.64652772527617610.64957118142227610.65244754595691210.65516596556959410.6577350891317310.66016309448401110.66245771381514910.66462625770253510.66667563788220410.66861238881249110.67044268809274510.67217237579566810.6738069727690710.67535169796017210.67681148481309210.67819099678761510.67949464204512510.68072658734517310.68189077119415810.68299091628541610.68403054126810210.68501297188035610.68594135148043610.68681865100778910.68764767840440710.68843108752524510.68917138656499910.68987094602710510.69053200625953110.69115668458059310.69174698201683210.69230478967385910.69283189475992710.6933299862809910.69380066042498710.69424542565215910.6946657075073310.69506285316919210.69543813575089310.69579275836539410.69612785796841910.69644450899102810.69674372677333110.69702647081012110.69729364781868810.69754611463851310.69778468097200110.69801011197494710.69822313070491410.69842442043530510.69861462684246510.6987943600727510.69896419669613310.69912468155255610.69927632949689510.69941962704809410.69955503394771410.69968298463286310.69980388962819810.69991813686142610.7000260929065310.70012810415863710.70022449794432310.7003155835708710.70040165331783310.70048298337408910.70055983472335410.70063245398100310.70070107418486110.70076591554250510.70082718613744910.70088508259649110.70093979072034410.70099148607956110.70104033457768510.70108649298341110.70113010943345210.70117132390774910.70121026867852310.70124706873460810.70128184218244810.70131470062500210.70134574951980810.70137508851733410.70140281178071210.7014290082878610.70145376211698510.70147715271635910.70149925515925610.70152014038484400.163668915987948440.732708665082641871.25384432111868181.59466449484433541.79211304120985891.89892131561750111.95069849706898731.96848573525757691.96455801188702961.94625663779773481.91813614146687981.88313514008963991.84322394139903341.79977267828027961.75376713953140211.70593922605844051.6568480956006261.60693198390674621.5565421067383561.50596533502280661.45543967561156951.40516504772760161.35531092774525331.30602187606864391.25742161175713481.20961607920134791.16269580768975871.1167377700736191.07180688332076231.02795725061229160.985233214933727950.943670273430702090.903295887270363920.864130211470758860.826186761867380710.789473031189748880.753991062538568960.719737985948812660.686706521902375360.654885454403153820.624260075383085140.594812601661242720.566522565350403680.539367178414157160.513321672002345690.488359611179110640.464453185692831840.441573477487162580.41969070572758960.39877445018685320.37879385389189130.359717806004048290.341515105937327920.324154609764271790.307605359973143590.291836699652414270.276818372176346250.262520607451321440.248914195762613230.235970550231301480.223661758853417660.211960627059347210.200840711679441230.190276347155040020.180242664794956150.17071560581191420.161671928837252680.153089212551408170.144945854030779390.137221063349870640.129894854944199280.122948036191403350.116362193622795190.110119677144353260.104203582610982929.8597733045519886E-29.3286658795293909E-28.8255576852786496E-28.3490369568156794E-27.897756293625563E-27.4704304634055543E-27.0658341948226025E-26.6827999727836304E-26.3202158463903091E-25.9770232602109119E-25.6522149156669955E-25.3448326704422941E-25.053965480879778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Braking Distance (meters)

g Loads on Rider

Trolley Impact Comparison

Consistency: A Driving Factor in Brake Performance

Affects of consistent braking

Pivot mount

Pulley

Redirection line

Trolley

Consistency

lowers risk, overhead, logistics

Increase experiential

Dual Stage Braking: Glacier View Alaska

Promo video is on the server/folder

19

Creative Terminal Braking Configurations

Talk about spring inclusion systems Sketch independently

20

The Cost/Benefit Evaluation

High speed lines

Low speed lines

Lower speed lines reduce risk (Risk is the driving expense factor)

Lower speed can equal lower revenue

Dependent upon ride and entertainment value

More difficult to differentiate

Can be a lower perceived thrill

Lower speed is more accessible to the core money spending client

Data shows this client will spend more and take larger perceived risk if the systems have multiple visible safety factors this often means putting in the same safety systems as high speed lines to realize this revenue

Lower price point can be appropriate but doesnt necessarily reflect in build build cost

21

In the next hour

Micah Salazar and Peter Cochetas presenting on:

QuickJump Devices, Platforms, Towers, and other Head Rush Products

Some Creative uses of Devices in adventure courses and amusement

Flightline What is it, how is it different from QuickJump, and how its used

ROI What can Head Rush devices do for you in terms of adding profitability to your park

Increased Revenue with Decreased Risk!

Special Thanks to All those that contributed Slides or Video and special thanks to the following companies

And special thanks to all my staff and helpers at Head Rush You guys Rock!

g-Force Ziplines

Question & Answer