zflGt tyf ;f}xfb{k"0f{ ;dfhsf nflu ;fd'bflos d]nldnfk Ifdtf ;'b[9Ls/0f kl/of]hgf -sf]dSofk_

zflGt tyf ;f}xfb{k"0f{ ;dfhsf nflu ;fd'bflos d]nldnfk Ifdtf ;'b[9Ls/0f kl/of]hgf -sf]dSofk_

>fj0f @)^(, cs+ $

k|d'v ;Dkfbs M s]lglr tfgfsf, ;Dkfbs M slatf kf“8]

zflGt tyf ;f}xfb{k"0f{ ;dfhsf nflu ;fd'bflos d]nldnfk Ifdtf ;'b[9Ls/0f kl/of]hgf -sf]dSofk_ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] ;dGjo / hfkfg ;/sf/sf] k|fljlws ;xof]udf l;Gw'nL / dxf]Q/L lhNnfsf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] dftxtdf /xg] u/L ;g\ @)!) sf] hgj/L b]lv @)!# sf] ;]K6]Dj/ ;Dd # aif{ ( dlxgfsf] nflu nfu' eO{ /x]sf] 5 . xfn;Dd kl/of]hgfn] b'O{ lhNnfsf !^ uf=lj=;=x?df ;fd'bflos d]nldnfk sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/;s]sf] 5 eg] o;} cfly{s aif{df c? yk $ uf=lj=;=x?df sfo{s|d lj:tf/ tyf ;+rfng ug]{ of]hgf 5 .

zflGt tyf ;f}xfb{k"0f{ ;dfhsf nflu ;fd'bflos

d]nldnfk Ifdtf ;'b[9Ls/0f kl/of]hgf -sf]dSofk_,

nlntk'/, g]kfn

sd{rf/L ;+rosf]if ejg, xl/x/ ejg nlntk'/

dfkm{t hfO{sf g]kfnsf] sfof{no, kf]i6 aS; g+= $%),

kmf]g÷ˆofS; M (&&–!–%)!)!%&

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldtL dxf]Q/L, kmf]g M )$$–%@)%#@

lhNnf ljsf; ;ldtL l;Gw'nL, kmf]g M )$&–%@!)$#

kl/of]hgfsf] hfgsf/Lz'e sfdgf dGtJon]v – sfo{s|d ;DalGw cg'ej tyf ;kmntfsf] syfkl/of]hgfsf ultljwLx? – kl/of]hgfn] t];|f] aif{df ;DkGg u/]sf] ultljlwx? – kl/of]hgfn] cfufdL tLg dlxgfdf ug]{ lqmofsnfkx? – lhNnfx?df xfn;Dd ;dfwfg ePsf ljjfbx? – uf=lj=;= cg';f/ xfn;Dd btf{ ePsf ljjfbsf k|s[ltx?

;fd'bflos d]nldnfk ;DalGw ;ldIff a}7s ub}{

dflg;x?df /x]sf] cGt/lglxt :jfy{, leGg rfxgf / ;f]rfO{sf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] ljjfbnfO{ ;sf/fTds

?kdf Joj:yfkg u/L ;dfhdf zflGt tyf ;f}xfb{k"0f{ jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf u/fpg' /fHosf] bfloTj xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] o; bfloTjdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] hfO{sf g]kfnsf] k|fljlws ;xof]udf zflGt tyf ;f}xfb{k"0f{ ;dfhsf nflu ;fd'bflos d]nldnfk Ifdtf ;'b[9Ls/0f kl/of]hgf -sf]dSofk_ ;g\ @)!) sf] hgj/Lb]lv lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt cGtu{t l;Gw'nL tyf dxf]Q/L lhNnfsf cf7—cf7 j6f uf=lj=;=x?df ;+rfng eO{/x]sf] tyf o;} cfly{s aif{ leq c? yk rf/ uf=lj=;=x?df sfo{s|d lj:tf/ x'Fb}5 eGg] yfxf kfpbf dnfO{ cToGt} v'lz nfu]sf] 5 . ;d'bfodf x'g] ;fdfGo k|s[ltsf ljjfbx?nfO{ :yfgLo :t/d} ;dfwfg u/fpg] p2]Zon] ljjflbt kIfx?n] cfkm\g} ;d'bfosf tflnd k|fKt :yfgLo d]nldnfkstf{åf/f

;xhLs/0fsf] dfWodaf6 b'a} kIfsf] lrQ a'‰g] u/L / lau|]sf] ;DaGw ;'wf/ u/fpg] u/L sf]dSofkn] yfngL u/]sf] of] k|of; ;/fxgLo 5 . cem uf=lj=;=sf sfof{no ;xfos jf k|fljlws ;xfossf] ;+of]hgdf uf=lj=;=sf] ;+/rgfleq} /xg] u/L ;fd'bflos d]nldnfk s]Gb| ;~rfng u/]sf] / d]nldnfkstf{x?n] :jo+;]jL ?kdf sfo{ ug]{ ePsf]n] kl/of]hgfsf] sfo{cjlw ;dfKtL kZrft klg uf=lj=;=sf] ;+of]hsTjdf o;sf k|of;x?n] lg/Gt/tf kfpg] b]lvPsf]5 . o; d]nldnfk ;]jfn] laz]if u/L sfo{s|d If]qsf k5f8L kfl/Psf ;d'bfo tyf lgDg ju{sf JolQmx?nfO{ nfeflGjt k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy} ;dfhdf zflGt tyf ;b\efj sfod /fVg] s'/fdf d ljZj:t 5' . sfo{s|d ;+rfngdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] hfO{sf g]kfn k|lt cfef/ JoQm ub}{ sfo{s|dsf] ;kmntfsf] sfdgf ub{5' .

af]w /fh lg/f}nf ;x ;lrj ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno

@ c+s $, >fj0f @)^( sf]dSofk hfgsf/L kq

;fd'bflos d]nldnfk sfo{qmdsf] p8\3f6g ub}{ cfwf/e"t tflndsf] ;xefuLx?nfO{ k|df0f–kq ljt/0f ub}{

d]nldnfkstf{nfO{ kl/ro kq ljt/0f ub}{ ;fd'bflos d]nldnfk ;DalGw cfwf/e"t tflnd k|bfg ub}{

kl/of]hgfsf ultljwLx? kl/of]hgfn] t]>f] jif{df ;DkGg u/]sf] ultljlwx? M

lqmofsnfkx? ;+If]k laa/0f ;~rfng ;do k|ltkmn

d]nldnfkstf{x?sf] nflu pRr tflnd

d]nldnfkstf{x?nfO{ % lbg] pRr :t/Lo tflnd k|bfg u/]sf] .

@)!@ dfr{ #! b]lv clk|n !^ ;Dd

uf=lj=;:t/Lo cled'vLs/0f sfo{s|d / d]nldnfkstf{x?sf] 5gf}6

d]nldnfk sfo{s|dsf] hfgsf/Lsf ;fy} d]nldnfkstf{x?sf] 5gf}6sf cfwf/x?af/] hfgsf/L lbOPsf] .

@)!@ dfr{ b]lv clk|n @)!@

cfwf/e"t tflnd

5gf}6 ePsf d]nldnfkstf{x?nfO{ ;fd'bflos d]nldnfk ;DalGw Ifdtf clea[l4 / d]nldnfk zLk lbg cfwf/e"t tflnd lbOPsf] .

^ d] b]lv h'g #),@)!@

d]nldnfk s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf cfwf/e"t tflnd k|fKt ul/;s]sf uf=lj=;=x?df d]nldnfk s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf .

h'nfO{ @)!@

;ldIff a}7s ;fd'bflos d]nldnfk ;]jfsf] ulnljlwx?sf] hfgsf/L lbOPsf]

h'nfO{ @)!@

kl/of]hgfsf cfufdL lqmofsnfkx? lqmofsnfkx? ;+If]k laa/0f

;~rfng ;do

cfzfltt k|ltkmn

;fd'bflos d]nldnfkstf{ sNof0f sf]if lgb]{lzsfdf 5nkn

sfo{s|d ;+rfng eO{/x]sf uf=lj=;=x?af6 k|ltlglwx? af]nfO{ ;fd'bflos d]nldnfkstf{ sNof0f sf]if lgb]{lzsfdf 5nkmn ug]{ .

cui6 @)!@

cfwf/e"t tflnd

5gf}6 ePsf afls $ uf=lj=;=sf d]nldnfkstf{x?nfO{ ;fd'bflos d]nldnfk ;DalGw Ifdtf clea[l4 / d]nldnfk zLk lbg * lbjlzo cfwf/e"t tflnd lbOg] .

cui6 @! b]lv ;]K6]Da/ ^, @)!@

5gf}6 ePsf afFls $ uf=lj=;=sf] d]nldnfkstf{x? / cGo uf=lj=;=af6 afFls /x]sf] d]nnldnfkstf{x?n] ;fd'bflos d]nldnfk ;DalGw cfwf/e't tflnd k|fKt ug]{ 5g\ .

lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] j}7s

cui6 bf];|f] xKtf, @)!@

lhNnfdf /x]sf;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L lgsfox?;+u sfo{s|dsf] pknAwL ljj/0fx?sf] af/]df hfgsf/l kfpg]5g\

Pkm Pd /]l8of]af6d]nldnfk ;DalGw sfo{qmdsf] k|rf/ k|;f/

;fd'bflos d]nldnfkaf/] hfgsf/L lbgsf]nflu l;Gw'nL tyf dxf]Q/L lhNnfsfPkm=Pd /]l8of]af6 k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{

cS6f]a/ @)!@ ;d'bfosf dflg;x?n] ;fd'bflos d]nldnfk ;]jfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L kfpg] 5g\ .

uf=lj=;= ;lrj tyf ;xfosx?nfO{ canf]sg e|d0f

cGo lhNnfdf ;+rflnt ;fd'bflos d]nldnfk sfo{s|dsf] hfgsf/L u/fpgsf] nflu .

;]K6]Da/ @)!@ uf=lj=;= ;lrjx? tyf ;xfosx?n] cGo lhNnfdf;+rflnt ;fd'bflos d]nldnfk sfo{s|dsf] af/]df hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ 5g\ .

l;Gw'nL lhNnfsf] # uf=lj=;= / dxf]Q/L lhNnfsf] # uf=lj=;=sf d]nldnfkstf{x?n] ;fd'bflos d]nldnfk ;DalGw pRr tflnd k|fKt u/]sf] .

l;Gw'nL lhNnfsf # yk uf=lj=;= / dx]Q/L lhNnfsf yk # uf=lj=;=sf d]nldnfkstf{x?n] d]nldnfk ;DalGw cfwf/e"t tflnd k|fKt u/]sf] .

;fd'bflos d]nldnfk ;]jf k|bfg ug{sf] nflu ;DalGwt uf=lj=;=x?df d]nldnfk s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] .

;fd'bflos d]nldnfk ;]jfsf] ultljlwx? af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt u/]sf] .

Pp6f uf=lj=;af6 @& hgfsf] b/n] ;fd'bflos d]nldnfkstf{x?sf] 5gf}6 ul/Psf] .

;fd'bflos d]nldnfk sfo{s|dsf] nflu ;DalGwt uf=lj=;=n] lbPsf] /sd / ;fd'bflos d]nldnfkstf{x?n] hDdf u/]sf] /sdsf] kl/rfngdf ;dfgtf Nofpgsf nflu .

#c+s $, >fj0f @)^(sf]dSofk hfgsf/L kq

;xefuL ;ldIff a}7s ub}{ ;fd'bflos d]nldnfk ;DalGw cfwf/e"t tflnd k|bfg ub}{

lhNnfdf /x]sf ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/Llgsfox?;+u sfo{qmdsf] af/]df 5nkmnug]{ .

d]nldnfk ;]jfsf] ;f/ eg]s} ljjflbt kIfx?n] cfkm"nfO{ Gofo;+ut nfu]sf] s'/fdf ;xdt eO{

cfk;df ldNfL hLt–hLtsf] cg'e"lt ug'{ xf] . o; cg';f/ kl/of]hgfn] sfo{s|d ;+rflnt uf=lj=;=sf k|To]s j8faf6 :yfgLo jf;Lsf] ;xeflutf tyf ;xdtLdf ;dfj]zL 9+uaf6 d]nldnfkstf{x? 5fgL cfwf/e"t tyf pRr:t/sf tflndx?sf] dfWodaf6 cfjZos 1fg, ;Lk tyf wf/0ffx? d]nldnfkstf{x?df ljsf; u/fO/x]sf] 5 . ljjfbnfO{ x]g]{ / a'em\g] k/Dk/fjfbL b[li6sf]0fsf] ;§fdf ljjfbleq lglxt tTjx?nfO{ j:t'ut tyf Gofo;+ut ?kdf a'emL ljZn]if0f ub}{ ljjflbt kIfx?sf] lxt Pj+ cfjZostf k"/f u/fpg' / ljjflbt kIfx?nfO{ hLt–hLtsf] l:yltdf ;xdtLdf k'¥ofpg ;Sg' ;fd'bflos d]nldnfksf] d'Vo ljz]iftf xf] eg] of] k|s[ofnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{sf nflu ;xof]u ug'{ sf]dSofk kl/of]hgfsf] s]lGb|o p2]Zo xf] . cf}krfl/s Goflos lgsfosf] ljsNksf] ?kdf uf=lj=;= sfof{nol:yt ;fd'bflos d]nldnfk s]Gb|af6} :yfgLo ljjfbnfO{ :yfgLo :t/d} tflnd k|fKt ;fd'bflos d]nldnfkstf{sf] ;xhLs/0faf6 ;dfwfg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ :f+:yfut agfpgdf sf]dSofk kl/of]hgfn] ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 . ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] of] j}slNks dfWodaf6 ;a} tx tKsfsf :yfgLo jfl;Gbfn] lagf vr{, l56f] / plrt ?kdf Gofo kfpFb5g\ / o;n] ljjflbt kIfx? aLr lau|]sf] ;DaGw ;'wf/ ul/ cem ;f}xfb{k"0f{ ;DaGwsf] ljsf; u/fpFb5 . cfhsf] ;fgf] ljjfb ;dodf ;dfwfg ug{ g;Sbf ef]ln 7"nf] ?k lng ;S5 . o;y{ ;fgf] ljjfbnfO{ z'?d} :yfoL ?kdf ;dfwfg ug'{sf] cy{ ef]lnsf] 7"nf] ljjfbnfO{ ;dod} /f]Sg' xf] . ufpF3/df ;+rflnt ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x? lagf s'g} cj/f]w ;+rfng x'g ;s]df To;n] ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ cl3 a9fpFb5 . o;sf] nflu o; kl/of]hgfn] pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{df ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 . o; kl/of]hgfsf] clxn] ;Ddsf] 5f]6f] cjlwd} oL tYox?sf] k'i6L ePsf] 5 . ;fd'bflos d]nldnfk k|s[ofaf6 ljjfb ;dfwfg u/fpg] / ug]{ b'a} kIfx? ;zQm x'g] / cfk;df ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf eO{ Gofof]lrt ?kdf ldNg tyf ldnfpg ;Sg'kg]{ ;Gb]z k|jfx x'g hfG5 / cGttM ;dfhdf zflGt tyf cdgrog sfod /fVb} ;d'GgtL tkm{ cl3 a9\g of]ubfg k'Ub5 .

dgLif huf{du/;xfos lhNnf clws[tl;Gw'nL

g]kfn ;/sf/ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf

:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon] hfO{sf

g]kfnsf] ;xof]udf l;Gw'nL lhNnfdf

;g\ @)!) hgj/Lb]lv zflGt tyf ;f}xfb{k"0f{ ;dfhsf] nflu

;fd'bflos d]nldnfk Ifdtf ;'b[9Ls/0f kl/of]hgf

(COMCAP) z'? u/L hg:t/df uP/ blnt, hghftL,

dlxnf, lk5l8Psf] ju{, z}lIfs :t/df 7"nf] cGt/ ePsf

;fd'bflos d]nldnfkstf{x? 5gf}6 u/L tflnd lbg ;kmn

ePsf] 5 .

km/s–km/s k[i7e"dLsf JolQmx?nfO{ Ps} vfnsf] 1fg, ;Lk

/ snf x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;xh x'Fb}g . o:tf] r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{df

klg kl/of]hgf / k|lzIfsx?n] ;xefuLx?;+u Pp6} af]nL /

Jojxf/df cfj4 ug{]{ sfd ub}{ pgLx?nfO{ Pp6} dfnfdf

pGg] sfd ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . To;af6 cfh o; l;Gw'nL

lhNnfdf kl/of]hgfsf] k|efj a9\b} uPsf] kfOG5 . tflnd

kZrft ;fd'bflos d]nldnfk s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ePkl5

cfPsf ljjfbnfO{ hLt–hLt u/fpg] l;4fGt cg';f/ cfk;L

5nkmnåf/f cfkm\g} lg0f{odf ;xdtL ug]{ h'g kl/of]hgfsf]

ljz]iftf /x]sf] 5, o;n] emg\ ;d'bfosf dflg;x?nfO{ a9L

cfslif{t agfPsf] 5 . o:tf] k|efjn] ubf{ hg:t/df ePsf

ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{] cGo k|0ffnLx?n] ljsNk kfPsf]

b]lvG5 . ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] o; k|s[ofdf ;dfhdf /x]sf

/fhg}lts bn, a'l4hLlj, eb|enfb\dLx?n] dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u

u/]sf] kfOPsf] x'gfn] klg COMCAP Project sf] k|efj qmlds

?kdf a9\b} uPsf] cfefif x'g yfn]sf] 5 .

e/th+u yfkflhNnf k|lzIfsl;Gw'nL

;fd'bflos d]nldnfk kl/of]hgf M ;f/ kIf ;Gw'nL lhNnfdf ;fd'bflos d]nldnfk kl/of]hgfsf] k|efj

;xefuLx? ;fd'lxs 5nkmn ub}{

$ c+s $, >fj0f @)^( sf]dSofk hfgsf/L kq

;fd'bflos d]nldnfk sfo{qmd g]kfn

;/sf/ / hfO{sf g]kfnsf] ;+o'Qm

sfo{qmd ePsf] x'Fbf of] sfo{s|d xfd|f]

uf=lj=;== dxfb}of tkgk'/df nfu' ePkl5 z'?jftb]lv g}

d}n x/]s sfo{s|ddf plQs} ;xefuL eO{ ;xof]u ub}{

cfPsf] 5' . cfof]hs ;+:yf sf]dSofkn] uf=lj=;=

;fxfosnfO{ sfo{s|d ;+of]hssf] ?kdf 5gf}6 ug]{ s|ddf d

klg d]nldnfkstf{sf] ?kdf 5gf}6 ePF . d]nldnfksf]

tflnd d]/f] nflu Psbd} gf}nf] lyof] . d]/f] k'vf{n] slxNo}

ljjfb ldnfpg] sfd u/]sf lyPgg\, To;sf/0f dnfO{ klg

ljjfb ldnfpg ;s'Fnf eGg] ljZjf; nfu]sf] lyPg . d

;f]Rby] ljjfb ldnfpg] sfd ;dfhsf 7"nf JolQmx? jf

d'lvofsf] sfd xf] . t/ cf7 lbgsf] d]nldnfk ;DalGw

cfwf/e"t tflnd kZrft dnfO{ 1fg eof] ls ljjfb

;dfhsf ;fdfGo JolQmx?n] :yfgLo :t/d} ;dfwfg ug{

;Sbf /x]5g\ .

;fd'bflos d]nldnfk sfo{s|d xfd|f] h:tf] ul/a d'n's hxfF

;fdfGo hgtfsf] kx'Fr eGbf aflx/ /x]sf] cbfntL Gofo

k|0ffnL eGbf leGg /x]sf] d}n] kfPF . ;fd'bflos d]nldnfk

sfo{qmdsf] /fd|f kIfx? eg]sf] of] ;]jf lngsf nflu ?k}of

k};f s]xL vr{ ug'{ gkg]{, ;fIfL ;a'b k|df0f grflxg] /

d]nldnfksf sfo{x? uf]Ko x'g], ljjfbsf kIfx?sf] cfk;L

;xdltdf pgLx?sf] lxtdf ljjfb ;dfwfg ul/g] cflbsf]

sf/0f ljjflbt kIfx? aLr cfk;L ;DaGw emg /fd|f] x'g]

cflb /x]sf] kfPF . :fdfGo ?kdf ;d'bfodf x'g] u/]sf ;fgf

tLgf ljjfbx? n]gb]g, s'nf]kfgL, ;fFw l;dfgf, cfnL w'/,

dfgfrfdn, Hofnf dh'/L h:tf ljjfbx? d]nldnfk

k|lqmofaf6 x]l/g] x'Fbf o; sfo{qmn] ;dfhdf zflGt :yfkgf

ug{ ;xof]u ug{'sf] ;fy} uf=lj=;=nfO{ ljjfb x]g]{ emGem6af6

klg 6f9f /fVg ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . h;sf] sf/0f uf=lj=;=n]

cfkm\gf] If]qsf] ljsf;sf sfddf Wofg lbg] ;do kfO{/x]sf]

sf/0fn] o; sfo{s|dnfO{ uf=lj=;=, / :yfgLo hgtfx?n]

;sf/fTds ?kdf x]g]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;}n] ;fd'bflos

d]nldnfk sfo{s|dnfO{ lbuf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ uf=lj=;=sf]

tkm{af6 / d]/f] JolQmut tkm{af6 d ;wF} kxn ug]{5' .

sfd]Zj/ rf}w/Luf=lj=;= ;xfosdxb}of tkgk'/, dxf]Q/L

klxnf klxnf xfd|f] ;dfhdf ljjflbt kIfx? lhDdjfn jf d'lvofn] s;sf] kIfdf km};nf ug]{ xf] egL 6'n'6'n'

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