zeus ancient religion vol 1
TRANSCRIPT
:C0
ico "CO "CD \in
ZEUSA STUDY IN ANCIENT RELIGION
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSC.F.
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ZEUSA STUDYIN
ANCIENT RELIGION
BY
ARTHUR BERNARD COOKFELLOW AND LECTURER OF QUEENS' COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE READER IN CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGY TO THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
VOLUME
I
ZEUS GOD OF THE BRIGHT SKYX*
Zey? aWotca
fiev iriXec aWpiol any man, were it not for the fact that intensive On manv aspects study lollnws hard upon the heels of discovery.'>
hiitt.
von
1
ittn
hreibung der I'asensanimhttig Kbniir Ludwigs in Jsihn Miinchen 1854.a'cs
Jah,
1
arch, in1
Jahnshi/ti
ostcrreichischen arclniologischen Institutes in
H'li
n
W
ien
S9Stit,
J urn. A nth/J.
I h, Journal /. /// /. oj Ihitam ind h land London 1S72II,::.
(A',>j>al).
Anthropological Institute of GreatSeries
New
London 18991881
urn.
Stud.
I
he
J
tirua.
,f
J/rll, nil
Studies
Londonpar
'
/. ////;.
Intern,
d Ar,
h.
Aunt.
\u
'
Milet= Kbnigliche Museen zu Berlin.i
Milet Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und Unter:
suchungen seit dem Jahre 1899 herausgegeben von Theodor Wiegaml. Karte der milesischen Halbinsel (1 50 000) mit erlauterndem Text von PaulWilski Berlin 1906.
xxxviii
Abbreviations
iii
Das Kathaus von Milet von Hubert Knackfuss mit Bcitragen von Carl Fredrich, Theodor Wiegand, Hermann Winnefeld Berlin 1908. )as )elphinion in Mild von ieorg Kawerau und Albert Rehm unter Mitwirkung von Friedricb Freiherr Ililler von Gaertringen, Mark Lidzbarski, TheodorII ( 1
iii.
Wiegand, Erich Ziebarth Berlin 9 4Der Latinos von Theodor Wiegand unter Mitwirkung von Konrad Hoese,11
Hippolvte Delehaye, Hubert Knackfuss, Friedrich Krischen, Karl Lyncker, Walther von Marees, Oskar WulfF Berlin 1913.
Mionnet Descr. de
me'd. ant. = Description de me'dailles antiques, grecques et romaines, avec leur degri de rarete et leitr estimation. Ouvrage servant de catalogue a plus de vingt mille empreintes en soufre prises sur les pieces originales, par T. 1'.. Mionneti
vi
Paris 1S06
1813
vii
Recueil des planches Paris isit'ittingen
mid
, Gottingen 1856 der Georg- Augusts- Universitiit Gottingen 1864 A'bniglichen Gesellschaft der IVissenschaften zu Gottingen. Klasse Berlin 1906
mid der
Konigl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu G.-tNachrichten von der K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften
,
Nachrichten von derI'hilologisch-historische
Xtiic Jahrb. f. klass. Altertum = Netie Jahrbiichcr fiir das klassisihe Altertum Geschichte und deutsche Lit/eratitr mid fiir Padagogik (Continuation of the Jahrbiicltcr fur
Nicole Cat.
1898 Vases d' Athhtes Suppl. Catalogue des vases peints du Afusc'e Motional d Atheues. Supplement par Georges Nicole... avec une Preface de Maxime Collignon...
classische Philologie) Leipzig
Nilsson Gr. Feste
Paris 191 1 with an Atlas of pis. = Griechische Feste von religibser
Bedeutung mil Ausschluss der
attischen
untersucht von Martin P. Nilsson Leipzig 1906. Not. Scavi = Notizie degli Scavi di Antichita, comunicate alia R. Accademia dei LinceiNottv.
per ordine di S. E. il Ministro della pubh. Istruzione Roma 1876 Ann. = Nouvelles Annates publiees par la section fran false de V Institut archiologique i ii Paris 1836, 1839 with Atlas of pis. (facsimile-reproduction 1905).
Num.1
Chron.86 1
= The Numismatic Chronicle London,
1839
arui Journal of the
Numismatic Society London 1843 Third Series London 1881 Fourth
The Numismatic Chronicle New Series London,
,
Num. Zeitschr.NumismatischeOhnefalsch-Richter
Zeitschrift Wien 1869 A'ypros= Kypros The Bible and Homer.
Series
London
1901
Oriental Civilization, Art
and Religioni
in
Ancient Times.
Elucidated by the Author's
own Researches andOhnefalsch-Richter.
Excavations during twelve years' work in Cyprus.
By Max
Text
ii
Plates
London
1893.veranstalteten Ausgrab-
Olympian Olympia Die Ergebnisse der von dem deutschen Reich
ung fan Auftrage des koniglich preussischen Ministers der geistlichen Unterrichtsund Medicinal-angelegenheiten herausgegeben von Ernst Curtius und FriedrichAdler.i
ii
Topographie und Geschichte von Olympia von Friedrich Adler, Ernst Curtius. Wilhelm Dorpfeld, Paul Graef, Joseph Partsch, Rudolf Weil. Textband zur Mappe mit den Karten und Planen Berlin 1897. Die Baudenkmaler von Olympia bearbeitet von Friedrich Adler, Richard Borrmann, Wilhelm Dorpfeld, Friedrich Graeber, Paul Graef. Textband Tafelbandi
ii
Berlin 1892
iii
iv
v
Die Bildwerke in Stein und Thon bearbeitet von Georg Treu. Textband Tafelband Berlin 1894 1897. Die Bronzen und die iibrigen kleineren Funde von Olympia bearbeitet von Adolf Furtwangler. Textband Tafelband Berlin 1890. Die Inschriften von Olympia bearbeitet von Wilhelm DittenbOfCT und K.ulPurgold.Berlin1896.
1896.
Or. Lit.Orelli
= Orienlalistische Litteratur-Zeitung Berlin 1898 laser. Lai. set. = Inscriptionum Latinarum selectarmuantiijuitatis discipliuam
trandam Rotuanae
nmplissima collectio ad illusaccommodata ac magturUM ftttetiomum
suppleme'nta complura emendationesque exhibens. suisque adnotationibus edidit Io. Casp. Orellius.
Cum ineditis Io. C*p.
1
Ugenbuchii
Insunt lapides Helveti.u- (MUMS.1
Accedunt praeter Fogginii kalendaria antiqua, Hagenbuchii, Maffeii, Erncstii, Reiskii, 11 nunc prinium editte. Seguierii, Steinbruechelii epistolae aliquot epigraphicaeTurici 1828.Orelli
Henzen Inscr. Lat. sel. = Inscriptionum Latinarum sehctarum amplissima collectio ad illustrandam Romanae antiquitatis discipliuam accommodata. Volumen U-rtiumHenzen.edidit GuihdaMM supplementa emendationesque exhibens Accedunt Indices rerum ac notarum quae in tribus volominibui invciiiuntur.
collections OrellianaeTurici 1856.
'3
xxxviii
Abbreviations
Overtook Gall. her. Bildw.= Gallerie heroischer Bildiuerke der alten Kunst, bearbeitet von Dr. [ohannes Overbeck. Enter Hand. Die Bildwerke zum thebischen undtroischen Heldenkreis. Braunschweig 1853 with an Atlas of pis. Zweiter Overbeck Gr. KunstDiyth. GriechischeKunstmythologie von J. Overbeck. Band (Besonderei Theil). Erster Band. Erstes Buch Zeus Leipzig 187 1, Zweiter Hera, Poseidon, Demeter und Kora Hand. Zweites, drittes und viertes Buch Fiinftes Buch Apollon Leipzig r88o. Atlas 1878, Drifter Band. 1873 Leipzig der griechischen Kunstmythologie herausgegeben von Johannes Overbeck Lieferung:
:
:
i v:
Tafel
126
Leipzig
1872 1888.der gi'iechischeni
Overbeck Gr.
PlastilA
= Gesc/iichte
Plastik von J.
Overbeck.
Vierte
umgearbeitete und vermehrte Auflage.
ii
Leipzig 1893,
1894.
Overbeck Schriftqutllen Dieantikcn Schriftquellen znr Geschichte der bildendeu Kiinste Gesammelt von J. Overbeck. Leipzig iS6n. bei den Griechen.l'auly
Rcal-Enc.
betischer
Ordnung.
= Real- Encyclopiidie der classischen Alterthumswissensckaft in alp/iaVon. ..and dem Herausgeber August Pauly. (Zweite vdlligi
1852. umgearbeitete Auflage) Stuttgart 1864, 1866 ii vi Stuttgart 1842 = Paulys Real- Encyclopiidie der classischen AltertumswissenPauly Wissowa Real-Enc.
schaft
Neue Bearbeitung unter Mitwirkungi
geben von Georg Wissowagart
zahlreicher
Stuttgart 1894
,
Fachgenossen herausgeStuttSupplementi
1903
Pellegrini Cat. vas. ant. dipint. Bologna antichi dif-inti Jelle collezioni PalagiPellegrini... Ed ito
= Mnseo
Civico di Bologna.
Catalogo dei vasi
ed Universitariadi Bologna.
descritti dal Dott.
Giuseppe
per cura del
Comune
Bologna 1900.
Pellegrini
Cat. vas. gr. dipint. Bologna = Museo Civico di Bologna. Catalogo dei vasi Edito per cura grcci dipinti delle necropoli Felsinee descritti da Giuseppe Pellegrini. del Comune di Bologna. Bologna 19 12.
Pergamon = Konigliche Museen zn Berlin.Auftrage des kdniglichi
Altertiimer von
preuszischen
angelegenheiten Berlin 1885 Stadt und Landschaft von Alexander Conze, Otto Berlet, Alfred Philippson, Carl Schuchhardt, Friedrich Graber mit Beitragen von Johannes Mordtmann, Kurt Regling, Paul Schazmann, August Senz, Adam Zippelius. Text 1 3with Atlas ofii
Ministers der geistlichen
Pergamon herausgegeben im und Unterrichts-
pis.
1912
1913.
iii,
Das Heiligtum der Athena Polias Nikephoros von Richard Bohn mit einem Text with Atlas of pis. 1885. Beitrage von Hans Droysen. 1 Der grosze Altar. Der obere Markt. Yon Jakob Schrammen. Text withAtlas ofpis.
1906.
iii,
2
Die Friese des groszen Altars von Hermann Winnefeld.
Text with Atlas
iv v, 2
of pis. 1910. Die Theater-Terrasse von Richard Bohn.
Text with Atlas of pis. 1896. Das Traianeum von Hermann Stiller mit einem Beitrage von Otto Raschdorff. Text with Atlas of pis. 1895.Die Skulpturen mit Ausnahme der Altarreliefs von Franz Winter mit einem Beitrage von Jakob Schrammen. Text 12 with Atlas of pis. 190S.
vii
viii,
Die Inschriften von Pergamon unter .Mitwirkung von Ernst Fabricius und Carl Schuchhardt herausgegeben von Max Frankel. *i 2. 1890,1
1895.
Perrot Chipiezi
Hist, de
et Charles Chipiez...
PArt= His/oire de r Art dans i Paris 1881
/'
A ntiquite
...
par Georges Perrot...
ii Chaldee et Assyrie 1884, iii Phenicie Cypre 1885, iv Jude'e laigne Syrie Cappadoce 1887, v Perse Phrygie Lydie et Carie Lycie 1890, vi La Grice primitive: Part Mycenien 1894, vii La Grece de l'epopee La Grece archaique: le temple 1898, viii La Grece archai'que: la sculpture 1903, i\ La Grece archaique: la glyptique la numismatique la peinture la ceramique 191 1, x La Grece archaique: la ceramique d'Athenes 1914.
L'Egjrpte t88l,
AbbreviationsPhilologtts
xxxix
Zeitschrift ftir das klassische Alterthum. Philologtts Stolberg 1846, Neue Folge Gbttingen 1889 Gottingen 1847 Leipzig 1897 = Poetae Latini minores. Recensuit et emendavit Aemilius Baehrens Poet. Lat. min.
.
,
,
i
vi
Poet. lyr.i
'886. Lipsiae 1879 Gr. = Poetae lyrici Graeci.
1882. Lipsiae 1878 Pottier Cat. Vases du Louvreiii
Recensuit Theodoras Bergk.Louvre.
Editionis quartae
=Mu see National duEtudes surii
Catalogue des vases antiquesla peinture et
de terre cuite par E. Pottier.l'antiquite.i.
l'histoire
deiii
du dessin
dMM
Les origines,
L'ecole ionienne,
L'ecole attique Paris 1896",
1899,Preller
1906.tr.
HpaKT. apx.
Rom. Myth.
= lTpa.KTiKa ttjs iv 'Atfijvais apxa9'3-
Reinach Rep. Peintures = Salomon Reinach Repertoire de peiutures du moyen dgerenaissance (1280
1580) i
et
de la
iii
Reinach Rep. Reliefs = Salomonensembles,ii
Italie Suisse Paris 1909, 191 2, 191 2. Reinach Rep. Stat. = Salomon Reinach Ripertoire de la statuaire grecque et romaine i Clarac de poche, contenant les bas-reliefs de l'ancien fonds du Louvre et les Statues antiques du Musee de sculpture de Clarac, avec une introduction, des notices ii et un index, Sept mille statues antiques, reunies pour la premiere fois, avec de* notices et des index, iii Deux mille six cent quarante statues antiques, reunies mille pour la premiere fois, avec des notices et les index des trois tomes, iv QuatreAfriquelies Britanniques,iii
Paris 1905, 1907, 1910. Reinach Ripertoire de Reliefs Grecs et
Romains
i
Le>
statues antiques avec des notices et les index des quatre tomes.
Paris 1X97, [89]
1898, 1904, 1910. Reinach Rip. Vases = Salomon\
i
Reinach Ripertoire des vases peints grecs et etrusques Peintures de vases gravees dans V Atlas et le Compte-rendu de St.-Pctersl>ourg, les Motmmenti, Annali et Memorie de l'lnstitut de Rome, YAiehaco.'ogische Zeitung, leBnllettino Xapolitano, le Bullettino Italiano. YEphemeris (1X^.51894). le Museo Peintures de vases ii Llaliano, avec des notices explicatives et bibliographiques. gravees dans les recueils de Millingen (Coghiil), Gerhard (Auserl. Vasenoilder), des I^borde, Luynes, Roulez, Schulz (Amazonenvase), Tischl>ein (Tome* I v) avec
xl
Abbreviations
notices explicative* et bibliographiqnes,' une bibliographic de la ceramique grecque Paris 1899, 1900. i et ii. ci inisque, el HO index dea tomes Reinach lasts Ant.- Bibliothlque des monuments figure's grecs et romains. Pcintures de,
antiques recueillies par Millin (1808)
et
Millingen (1813) publiees
et
com-
mentees par Salomon Reinach...raris 1891. Rendiconti d. Lined = Rendiconti della /raid accademia dei l.incei Classestoriche e filologiche.
Roma 1892 Serie Quinta. Nouvelle serie Paris Rev. Arthurs Revut arehiologiqtu Paris 1844 Troisieme serie Paris 1883 , Quatrieme serie Paris 1903,
di scien/.e morali,
i860
,
Rev.
Bttgt dt
Num. Revue
beige de
numismatique (Continuation of the Revue de
la
numismatique beige Bruxelles 1841 1874) Bruxelles 1875 Reo. fit. Gr. = Revue des eludes grecques Paris 1888 Rev. Num. = Revue numismatique (Continuation of the Revue de la numismatique Nouvelle seVie Paris 1856 Blois 18361837) Blois 1838
francoise
,
,
Troisieme serie Paris
1883
,
Quatrieme
serie Paris
189718451847,
Rev. Philol.
= Revue
de philologie, de literature et dliistoire anciennes Paris
Nouvelle serie Paris 1877 Rhciu. Mus. = Rheinisches Museum Jit r Philologie, Geschichte
Bonn 1827Frankfurt
,
Rheinisches
1842 Robert Sark.-RelfsDie antiken Sarkophag- Reliefs im Auftrage des kaiserlich deutschen Matz archaeologischen Instituts mit Benutzung der Vorarbeiten von Friedrich
am Main
Museum fur
Philologie
und griechische Philosophie Neue Folge Bonn 1832,
Zweiter Band Mvthologische herausgegeben und bearbeitet von Carl Robert. (yklen Berlin 1890. Dritter Band: Einzelmythen. Erste Abtheilung: Actaeon Hercules Berlin 1897, Zweite Abtheilung: Flippolytos Meleagros Berlin 1904. Part I The Archaic InscripRoberts Gk. Epigr. = An Introduction to Greek Epigraphy.:
tions
and the Greek Alphabet.
Edited for the Syndics of the University Press by
E. S. Roberts... Cambridge 1887. Roberts Gardner Gk. Epigr. = An Introduction to Greek
Inscriptions of Attica.
Part II The Epigraphy. Edited by E. S. Roberts. ..and E. A. Gardner... Cambridge
1905.
Robinson Cat. Vases Boston Y,. Robinson Catalogue of Greek, Etruscan and Roman Vases Cambridge, U.S.A. 1893. Roehl Inscr. Gr. ant. = Inscriptiones Graecae antiquissimae praeter Atticas in Attica Consilio et auctoritate Academiae Litterarum Regiae Borussicae edidit repertas. Hermannus Roehl Berolini 1882. Von Rohde Psyche* Psyche Seelencult und Unsterblichkeitsglaube der Griechen. Frwin Rohde. Freiburg i. B. und Leipzig 1894, Zweite Auflage. ii Tubingen und Leipzig 1897, Dritte Auflage. i ii Tubingen und Leipzig 1903.i
Rom. Mitth. Miltheilungen
des kaiserlich deutschen archaeologischen Instituts
:
roemische
Abtheilung Rom 1886 Roscher Lex. Myth. = Ausfuhrliches Lexikon der griechischen und rdmischtn Mythologie im Verein mit...hera-usgegeben von W. H. Roscher Leipzig 1884-1890 Roulez Vases de Leide= Choix de vases peints du Musie d'Anliquiles de Lcidc publies eti
;
commentes par J. Roulez. ..Gand 1854. Roux Barre Here, et Pomp. = Herculanum
et Pompii Recueil general cles peintures, bronzes, mosaiques, etc. decouverts jusqu'a ce jour, et reproduits d'apres Le antichita di Ercolano, II Museo Borbonico et tous les ouvrages analogues augmente de sujets
inedits graves au trait sur cuivre
viii Paris 1870 explicatif par M. L. Barre i Sambon Monn. ant. It. = Bibliotheque du "Musee."
par H.
Roux
1872.
aine
Et accompagne d'un Textede
par Arthur
1 5 Paris 1903 1904. Sihi.ll Studemund anecd. = Anecdota varia Graeca
Sambon
i
Etrurie
antiques Ombrie Picenum Samnium Campanie Fasciculeet
Les monnaies
V Italie
Latina.
Ediderunt Rud. Schoellmetrica grammatica.
et
Guil.
Studemund.
i
Anecdota varia Graeca
mustca
AbbreviationsEdidit Guilelmus Studemund.ii
xliin
Procli
commentariorum
Rempublicam
Platonis
Edidit Rudolfus Schoell. Berolini 1886. partes ineditae. Schrader Real/ex. Reallexikon der indogermanischen Altertumskunde.
=
Grundziige einer
Kultur- und Volkergeschichte Alteuropas von O. Schrader.
Sieveking
Hackl
Vasensamml. Alunchen =
Strassburg 1901. Die konigliche Vasensammluttg zu Muncheni
Die iilteren nichtherausgegeben von Johannes Sieveking und Rudolf Hackl. Text von R. Hackl. Munchen 191 2. attischen Vasen. = Sitzungsberichte der kbniglich preussischen Sitzungsber. d. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin Akademie der Wissenschaften (zu Berlin) (Continuation of the Monatsberiehte der Koniglichen Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin Berlin 1854 )
Berlin Sitzungsber.
1882d.
kais.
Akad.
d.
Wiss. in
Wien
Phil. -hist.
Classe = Sitzungsberichte der
Philosophisch-historischen Classe ( Kiasse) der kaiserlichen
Akademie der Wissenschaften
Wien 1848Sitzungsber. d. kais. bayr. Akad. d. Wiss. Phil. -hist. Classe = Sitzungsberichte der konigl. der , Sitzungsberichte bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Munchen 1861
philosophisch-philologischen und (der) historischen Classe (Kiasse) der k. b. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Munchen Munchen 1878 Smith Diet. Biogr. Myth. = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
Edited by William Smith... i iii London 1853, I ^54> 1856. Smith Diet. Geogr. = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography.Smith...
Edited by William
Smith
Antiquities comprising the history, institutions, and antiquities of the Christian Church, from the time of the By various writers, edited by Sir William Apostles to the age of Charlemagne.
London 1854, 1857. Cheetham Diet. Chr. Ant. A Dictionary of Christiani
ii
Smith
Smith. ..& Samuel Cheetham... Fifth impression, i ii London 1908. Marindin Class. Diet. = A Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology, and Geography based on the larger dictionaries by the late Sir WilliamSmith... Revised throughout and in part rewritten by G. E. Marindin... London 1899. Wace Diet. Chr. Biogr. = Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature,
Smith
A
Edited being a continuation of The Dictionary of the Bible.' iv London 1877, 1880, 1882, 1887. by William Smith... and Henry Wace... Smith Wayte Marindin Diet. Aut.=A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities.Sects
and Doctrines
'
;
i
Edited by William Smith... William Wayte... G. E. Marindin... Third edition,Sogliano
and enlarged, i ii London 1890, 1891. mur. Camp. = Le pitture murali campane scoverte ingli anni 18S779 " descritte da Antonio Sogliano. Supplemento all' opera dell' Helbig Wandgemalde der vom Vesuv verschiitteten Stadte Campaniens, Leipzig 1868." Xapoli 1879. u edition corrigee et augmenu'c Sta'i's Marbres et Bronzes: Athenes-= Guide illustri ^ Marbres et Bronzes du Musee National par V. Stai's... r r volume Athenes 1910. Stephani Vasensamml. St. Petersburg = Die Vasen-Sammlung der kaiserlichen EnmtagtrevisedPitt.i
ii
St.
Stephanus
Thes.
Petersburg 1869. Gr. Ling. = Qr)zxX\\\ 1874
CHAPTER
I
ZEUS AS GOD' OF THE BRIGHT SKY.i.
Zeus and(a)
the Daylight.
Zeus the Sky.
THE supreme deity of the ancient Greeks, during their historical H|sname, referable to a_jx>ot that period at least, was Zeus. means 'to shine,' may be rendered 'the Bright One 1 .' And, sincea whole series of related words in the various languages of the 2 it can Indo-Europaean family is used to denote 'day' or 'sky,'
be safely inferred that Zeus was called
'
the Bright.
One
'
as being
the god of the bright or day-light sky 31
Indeed a presumption
K. Brugmann Grundriss der vergleichenden Gramtnatik der indogtrmanischeni.
Sprachen* Strassburg 1897id.
204, 210, 263, 276
f.,
307, 527, 797, 1906
ii.
1.
133
f.,
Kurze vergleichende Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen Strassburg 1904 p. 312, Schrader Reallex. p. 670, H. Hirt Die Indogermanen Strassburg 1907 ii. 506. The Greek Zei^j and the Old Indian Dyatis represent an Indo-Europaean *dj.eu-s fromthe root di: die: de{a, 'to shine.' 2 This series as collected by Walde Lat. etym. Wbrterb. s.w. deus, dies, and Hirt op. cit. ii. 734 f. includes the following forms: Greek frStos 'at mid-day,' evdla 'clear sky' ; Latin sub divo 'under the open sky,' dies 'day'; Welsh dim dyw dydd 'day,'
Breton dez 'day,' Cornish det 'day,' Irish indiu 'to-day'; Gothic sin-teins 'daily'; Lithuanian diena day,' Slavonic dini day ; Albanian dit day Armenian tiv day ; Old Indian diva 'on the day,' divdm, day, sky.' 3 Two misleading explanations may here be noted. (1) E. H. Meyer Germanische Mythologie Berlin 1891 pp. 182, 220 holds that Zei/s denotes properly the 'hurler' or'
'
'
'
'
'
'
;
'
1875 'discharger' of rays (cp. H. Grassmann Wdrlerbuch turn Rig-veda Leipzig 1873 not as is comp. 600 s. v. div.) and infers that he must have been the lightning-god, monly supposed the god of bright day-light. But the frequent use of the word dyaus inthe Rig-veda for 'sky' or 'day' (A. A. Macdonell Vedic Mythology Strassburg 1897 of the forms p. 21, P. von Bradke Dy&us Asura Halle 1885 p. no) and the existencein the foregoing note are conclusive in favour of the common view. Frazer Golden Bough} ii. 369, ib.- iii. 456 f., suggested that Zeus was named ' Bright' as being the oak-god, i.e. god of the tree whose wood was used in lire-making. Against this view I protested in the Class. Rev. 1902 xvi. 372, as did Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 1100 n. 2. And Frazer op. cit? ii. 358 n. 1 admits that he was disused t >ct aside much too what be called the meteorological side of Zeus and
recorded(2)
'
summarily
may
element in Jupiter,' though he still regards the oak-tree as the primary, not a secondary, their composite nature (ib. ii. 373 ff.). I now hold, and shall hope in vol. ii of the rather present work to show, that the oak was originally the tree of the earth-mother than the tree of the sky-father, and that the latter acquired it in the first instance throughassociation with the former.
2is
Zeus the Skyraised that
conceived, not in anthropomorphic fashion as the bright sky-god, but simply as the bright sky itself. True, the Greeks at the time when their literature begins had advanced far beyond this primitive view. Zeus in the Iliad is
Zeus was at
first
already the potent, if not omnipotent, ruler of the gods, the description of whose nod is said to have inspired Pheidias' masterpiece at
Olympia
1:
So spake the son of Kronos and thereto Nodded with darkling brow 2 the lordly:
locks,
1
Strab. 354, Val.
Max.
3. 7. ext. 4,ff.,
5.
13. 23, Eustath. in II. p. 145, 102'
Dion Chrys. or. 12 p. 383 Reiske, Macrob. Sat. cp. Polyb. 30. 10. 6, Plout. v. Aem. Paul. 28.'
Kvavtrjffiv tir' 6$ rbv ovpavbv. So Lyd. de mens. 4. 176 p. 183, 9 ff. Wiinsch Zet>s yap b drip... ware dtoar/fitla rb rod aipos o-qntiov, wo-irep etibiov rb^irpaov Kai ya\y]vbv tov aepos kclXcitcu ffxwa, Eustath. in II. p. 88 r, 9 Zvdioi. fous Se Kai rrapa rbv vypbv Ala, 8 iariv On the dipa, Tzetz. alleg. II. 1. 375 koI Zei>s ai/ros r/pifirjaev etibios aiiv aidtpi. of
(rrinalvei.)
equation
Zetfs2
with
df)p see further
infra p. 30.1.
417)3
:
Aristoph. Tagenistaefrag. the last clause is orav yap
15 Meineke
lcrrq.s,
tov toX&vtov rb ptirov
ap. Stob. flor. 121. 18 (ed. Gaisford iii. Karu /3a5^et, rb 8i Kevbv\
rrpbs rbv Ata.
For a Latin
parallel see
Ap.
nut. 10. 21 (cod. Laur. 54. 24) dentes ad
Iovem elevans
(of
an ass looking up).4
Eur. Cycl. 211I
ff.
KT.
/3\^7rer
avu
Kai
fir]
k6.tu.\
XO.
loot, rrpbs
avrbv rbv At' avaxe-
Ks 8e fipbvTa xu&P-cos, alleg. Od. 6. 198 eirel Kal Zei>j 6 ovpavbs Kal Ztvs avrbs rvyxdvet, 9. 81 Aids 6p.(3pov$ (leg. ofMf3pos) de"fei de, rov ovpavov vvv X^-yei, 12. 25 f. ai he FlXeidSes au>v irarpl Ail, rip oiipavif de, tpfpovaiv, 102 Zei>s uaevt6t' ovpavbs dpyv4as vp4\as arvtpeXlfav|
Paris 1903 v. 66 ff. 8 Tzetz. antehom. 208
avefwv wr)v, 6 ovpavbs iv$d6e, cp.
9.
78 Atl xpas
dve'crxofiev,
t$ ovpavly
6if/ei.
The(b)
Transition from Sky to Sky-godThe Transition from Skyto Sky-god.
9
advanced from a belief in Sky-god are hidden from us in the penumbra of a prehistoric past. The utmost that we can hope is to detect here and there survivals in language or custom or myth, which may enable us to divine as through gaps in a mist the track once travelled by early thought In such circumstances to attempt anything like a detailed survey or reconstruction of the route would be manifestly impossible. Nevertheless the shift from Sky to Sky-god was a momentous fact, a fact which modified the whole course of Greek religion, and its ultimate consequence was nothing less than the rise of faith in a personal God, the Ruler and Father of all. In view of this great issue we may well strain our backward gaze beyond the point of clear vision and even acquiesce in sundry tentative hypotheses, if they help
The
Zeus the Sky to a
precise steps by which men belief in Zeus the
1
.
shall
us to retrace in imagination the initial stages of the journey. I make bold, therefore, to surmise that in Greece, as elsewhere,religion effectedits
When
those
who
upward progress along the following lines. first used the word Zeiis went out into the
world and looked abroad, they found themselves over-arched by the blue and brilliant sky, a luminous Something fraught with It cheered them with incalculable possibilities of weal or woe.It steady sunshine. It scared them with its flickering fires. fanned their cheeks with cool breezes, or set all knees a-tremble It mystified them with its birds with reverberating thunder. their way in ominous silence or talking secrets in an unwingingits
known tongue. It paraded before men's eyes a splendid succession of celestial phenomena, and underwent for all to see the dailymiracle of darkness and dawn.
they would regard2
feelings
andThis'
it
with awe
Inevitably, perhaps that primitive blendconciliateit'
instinctively,
of religious
would go on tois
power.
by any means in their the stage of mental and moral developmentto the ancient Persians.I
attributed
by HerodotosI
am
aware,'
he says1
3,
that the Persians practise the following customs.know, who has recognised and done
They
The
only writer, so far as
justice to this
blank stretch in our knowledge of Zeus is Gruppe in his masterly handbook (Or. Myth. Kel. p. 753 'die Entstehung der Vorstellung von den einzelnen Gdttern das dunkelstc Gebiet der gesamten griechischen Religionsgeschichte ist,' p. 1102 'Zwischen dem UiMM tiefe Kliifte, die wir in Gedanken zwar leicht Uberund dem historischen Zeusliegen
springen konnen, aber nicht Uberspringen diirfen'). 2 R. R. Marett The Threshold of Religion London 1909 p. 13 ( -' 're- Animistic ii. 1. Religion' in Folk-Lore 1900 xi. 168), W. Wundt Vblkerpsychologie Leipzig 1906I
1713
ff.
'Die praanimistische Hypothese.' Hdt. I. 131. The passage is paraphrased also
in Strab. 73J.
io
The
Transition from Sky to Sky-god
indeed, are not in the habit of erecting images, temples, or altars I suppose those who do so with folly, because they they charge do not, like the Greeks,. hold the gods to be of human shape.
;
the whole circle of the sky 1 They sacrifice also to the sun and moon, the earth, fire and water, and the winds. These, and these alone, are the original objects of The same stage of belief has left many traces of their worship.'call.
Their practice Zeus, by which
is
to climb the highest
mountains and
sacrifice to
name they
the Latin language and literature example, a popular line of Ennius ranitself in:
2.
To
quote but a single
Look
at
yonder Brilliancelittle
o'er us,
whom
the world invokes as Jove 3
.
doubt that in this expressive sentence the poet has caught and fixed for us the religious thought of the
There can be
1
Hdt.
tpbeiv, tov
MyParsism
I. 131 ol de vofiifrovat Ad p&v ewl to, vrf/rfK&rara tQ>v ovptuiv dvafialvovres dvalas k6k\ov irdvra tov ovpavov Ala KaXewras. friend the Rev. Prof. J. H. Moulton, our greatest authority on early Persian'
a very striking paper Syncretism in Religion as illustrated in the History of (Transactions of the Third International Congress for the History of Religions Oxford 1908 ii. 89 ff.) observes a propos of this passage: "It is generally assumed that he from his Greek instinct. But it is [i.e. Herodotos] calls the supreme deity 'Zeus' merelybeliefs, in'
at least possible that he heard in Persia a name for the sky-god which like 'Zeus,' being in fact the same word, that he really believed they
sounded so muchused the familiar
name.
(The suggestion occurred to me [J.H.M.] independently, but it was anticipated by This incidentally explains why the name 'ilpofido-brjs Spiegel, Eran. Alt. ii. 190.) (Auramazda) does not appear in Greek writers until another century has passed. InYt.iii.
'Angra
Vedait
13 (a metrical passage, presumably ancient) we find patat dyao"s...Anrb~ Mainyus, fe\\ jrom heaven': see Bartholomae, s.v. dyav. Since Dyaus survives in the as a divine name as well as a common noun just as dies and Diespiter in Latin
worshipped the ancestral deity by his old name." Prof. Moulton further writes to me (June 23, 191 1) that Herodotos 'is his general picture of Persian religion agrees most subtly with entirely right, as usual what we should reconstruct on other evidence as the religion of the people before Zarathushtra's reform began to affect them. It is pure Aryan nature-worship andisstill:
antecedently probable that the Iranians
, probably pure Indogermanic prior alike to the reform of Z. on the one side and the Babylonian contamination that produced Mithraism on the other.'
ditto
Auramazda appears in later Greek authors as Zeus fityurros (Xen. Cyr. 5. 1. 29, cp. pseudo-Kallisthen. 1. 40) or Zeus /3a6os and IIs 6 Jlavriixepios or 6 Zei)s 6 Ilavr)fji4pios, s 2715 Bull. Corr. Hell. 1887,
morexi.
rarely llafr)ix(ptoiib.
29 no. 41,
p. 376,
489 no. 101, ib. p. 490 nos. 105, 109, 1890 xiv. 371, Lebas-Waddington Asie Mineure no. 518. Cp. Kaibel Epigr. Gr. no. 834. 1 Z17WHavrmeplif).
3 Hesych. iravafxepof Si 8\i)s rj/xtpas, Phot. lex. wavatiepov Si' o\rp rrjt rintpat, Aisch. P.v. 1024 &k\t]tos Zpiruv SairaXevs iravquepos, 11. 1. 472 oi Si travy)(iipis iv AXiKapvaoip tijuStcu. the short. Nilsson Gr. Fesie p. 28 n. 1 cp. Zeus Kvpiupios at Bargylia in Karia (Bull.'
Corr. Hell. 1889 xiii. 39 no. 62). 3 Bull. Corr. Hell. 1887 xi. 380 no. 2, 12 f. ras rrjs ioprrjs rQv Tlavafiapeluv [i)\fxip]as SiKa, 385 no. 3, 12 f., 1891 xv. 192 no. 136, 6f. Cp. 1891 xv. 198 no. 140, 14 f. airb thaSos ptxP 1 T V* rptaKados. Trfoi]I
4
Bull. Corr. Hell. 1891 xv. 204 no. 144, 16rrjs i [oj/rnjsI
ff.
[pio>y ro[v]8
r)nipas [SiKa iws] r[p]ia.Kovra
(?),
ijtfi^lMac irpwrot ras [tu>]v [Ilav]afia191 no. 135, 5 f ras rrjs lepofxrjveias.
0(ov
rjfiipas iraaas.
Here Zeusf.
no. 9, 10inscr.
Uav6.fj.apos and other deities had statues (Bull. Corr. Hell. 1888 xii. 85 ayd(\)fj.ara dewv Ilavafidpov, 'EKa[r]rjs, 'Aprifxidos, 'A-
mf' '' '"",
r llu 1"
and liros Aphrodite wall in the background
"'"^
>
'""
;;'7'\ "!''
human head-
..,,
.!,......
two uUhcr side of it wearing ,,.',;, named Mfe*"")' f a y uth calledri l
and
i
In
Oin.'inaos.
Fie.
10.
illustrate
trti
"f
/
1I
^.'
"'mi'' 111 l,M lhc'
i;il
lhr
f()rmc r,. iii!
TIf| ,2((;
^ UrCS.
lattei the latter bears armoui, t ht
r
n
,,-,1-rrl
hv Mvrti los and
,ii.
,,|.2..s.. cp.ii.5o:
1.
!.,,. struckf
under Trajan, tlu altar and beneath
Mom. gr. *As. ;,>,. ^UUnLrton-Babclon-Reinach eMl laid with lune a large altar iu y!.
,f
^
bridal torch.
the
word
AIOCaltar'
-,,), fr she ^ a vs Sl,, n.|H'. .
.
^^vi.
/,';/'/.i,l.,.
,l/y.C'/(t.>i.
Cut.
'';
iv.
132
It.
IK
F
278, /V"//.,
/irfA.2,
tfA
8 5 8
145
ff.
s
10.ise.
AV?\ 170.1
*
My'i'l.iv,
andi.
are from a fresh drawing
'
^'nt
Aphrodite,
a- S. Keinacli
*
up p,.scs
(A',/.
FQ.
TheHeraklesor'
Blue Nimbus
39
Grove
left,
present as founder of the Olympic games. The Altis indicated by a couple of tree-stumps to right and while the two doves hovering above them are probably theis'
is
equivalent of Aphrodite and Eros in the last design noticed that the four-sided pillar with its altar- base is
1.
It will
be
now topped.
by a statue of Zeus, who stands clad in cliitdn and himdtion, his 2 left hand leaning on a sceptre, his right raised as if to hurl a bolt A second kratir of the same sort, found in 1790 near Lecce and
knownguineas
as the
'
Cawdor vaseIt
'
because purchased for a thousandis
by Lord Cawdor,
nows.
13 Lincoln's Inn Fields.
exhibits a
the sacrifice by Oinomaos (pi. v) But the king still stands at the altar, holding a phidle, a started. wreath and a flower in his right hand, a spear in his left, while a
the Soane Museum at somewhat later moment Pelops and Hippodameia havein
youth (Myrtilos ?) brings up a ram for the sacrifice. On the right of this group sits a retainer with armour on the left a female figure wearing diadem, ear-ring, and necklace (Sterope ?) approaches with a basket, a fillet, and three epichyseis. The altar is horned, and above it rises a pillar with moulded top, on which is placed a small undraped image of Zeus advancing with uplifted bolt. Between Zeus and Oinomaos a small prophylactic wheel is seen;
suspended
4.
Similarly on a Campanian amphora from Capua, now at s Dresden, Orestes stab's Aigisthos in the presence of Elektra(fig. 1 i) 8 Aigisthos has apparently fled for refuge to an altar-base of Zeus. ,
1
1858
who
In Class. Rev. 1903 xvii. 272 I accepted Minervini's contention (Bull. Arch. Nap. 148 f.) that these doves should be identified with those of the Dodonaean Zeus, spoke his oracles SiaaQtv e/c 7re\etd5a' (Soph. Track. 172 with schol. ad loc). But,vi.
though Aphrodite's doves are ultimately comparable with those of Zeus, we must not suppose any such recondite significance here. 2 The opposite side of the same vase, which depicts the capture of Troy, shows inter alia Neoptolemos stabbing Priamos as he clings to a very similar pillar-altar of Zeus(pi. iv, 2)3:
infra n. 6.
Etruscorum in Vasculis Rome 1775 iii pi. 282 ff., H. Moses London 1814 pi. 23, J. Britton The Union of Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting... London 1827 p. 51 Title-page fig. 1, 6, A general description of Sir John Soane's Museum London 1876 p. 5 fig., T. Panofka in the Abh. d. berl. Akad. 1853 Phil. -hist. Classe pis. 1, 2 no. 5, L. Stephani in the Cotnpterendu St PH.J. B. Passeri Picturae
A
Collection of Vases...
1863 p. 268 n. r, 1868 p. 169, A. Conze in the Arch. Zeit. 1864 xxii Anz. p. 165*, Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Zeus pp. 6, 208 f., 602, A. Michaelis Ancient Marbles in GreatBritain Cambridge 1882 p. 481.
My* 6
prints taken
top register (7^ inches high) was drawn over photographic blueE. Gray of Bayswater. On these prophylactic wheels see infra ch. i 6 (d) i (e). G. Treu in the Jahrb. d. kais. deiWseh. arch. Inst. 1890 v Arch. Anz. p. 90,illustration of the
by
Mr W.
O. Heifer6
The
in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 969. scene as conceived by the vase-painter differs from the literary tradition (cp.
4o1.
The
Blue Nimbus
whose archaic statue holding thunderbolt and eagle surmounts a Before it upon the wall hangs a shield. pillar on the right These vases prove that the pillarcult of Zeus as conceived in south Italy passed from the aniconic to theiconic
stage
withoutto
primitivefair
pillar.
discarding the They thus afford a
the painting from there we have Zeus Pompeii, though by the pillar and here Zeus on theparallelpillar.It
remains to
speak of the blueexpressis
nimbus.
Despite the of L. Stephani 2 there,
denial
something to
be urged for the view put forward byE. G. Schulz, that painters varied the colour of the nimbus in accordance
with the character of the god they portrayed, and that a blue nimbus inparticular suited
Zeus as representative is I would rather a naive device for depicting Zeus say as a dweller in the blue sky, and is therefore no less suitable to otherof the aither*.
It
4.
denizens of
Olympos
Christian art retained the symbol fourth with a like significance.
A
Fig. it.
century painting from the top of anarcosolium in the
Roman Catacombsoffire.
shows Elias ascending to heavenhowever Eur. El. 839 ff.)1:
in his chariot
The
saint
it was perhaps inspired by the death of Priamos Zeus Herketos {supra p. 39 n. 2). A milder type of pillar-Zeus, with phidle in right hand and sceptre in a kratCr from Gnathia, now at Bonn (infra ch. i 6 (d) i (f)).
at the altar of
left,
occurs on
2
L. Stephani
Nimbus und Strahlenkranzix.
Mtmoircs de:1
F Academie
des Sciences de St.-Petersbourg.
the St Petersburg 1859 P* 9^ ( extr fr Sciences politiques, vi Serie.-
m
histoire, philologie. Hull. d. Inst.
456).
103 'Tra le altre divinita e specialmente il Giove quasi sempre fregiato di quest' ornamento, al quale come ad una divinita universale e rapCosi lo vediamo tra presentante 1' etere viene per lo piu attribuito il nimbo azzurro. altri esempj in un dipinto del Museo borbonico ed in un altro esistente nel cavedio della1841 p. casa delle Baccanti,' with n. 'Mus. borb. vi, t. 52.' On the meaning of gold, silver, red, green, and black nimbi in later art see Jenner Christian Symbolism London 1910 p. 91 f.4:
Mrs H.
Camp.
Blue nimbi are attached to the following deities Aphrodite (Helbig Wandgem. nos. 118?, 991, 317), Apollon (Helbig nos. 189?, 232, 4, Sogliano Pitt. mur.
The
Blue Globe1
41
has a blue nimbus about his beardless head and obviously perAn interesting miniature on linen petuates the type of Helios of about the same date comes from a priestly mitre found at Panopolis (Aclimim). On it we see Christ as a youthful brown.
haired figure, standing in a blue robe trimmed with carmine and holding a cross in his right hand he too has a blue nimbus round:
clavus of polychrome wool-work, found on the same site but in a Byzantine grave of the sixth century or thereabout,his.
head 2
A
his left hand represents a white-robed saint between two trees holds a staff, and his head is circled by a blue nimbus*. The:
magnificent mosaic on the triumphal arch of S. Paolo fuori le mura Rome, which was designed in the middle of the fifth century but has undergone substantial restorations, culminates in the bustat
of
Our Lord wearing.
a golden radiate nimbus
rimmed with dark
blue 4
ii.
The Blue
Globe.
The blue nimbus marked Zeus as a dweller in the blue sky. More intimate is the connexion denoted by another symbol in the 5 repertory of the Pompeian artist, the blue orbis or globe.Camp.no.164?),
Demeter (Helbig no. 176
Helios (Sogliano no. 164?),no. 1329),
Hypnos (Helbig
'blaulich'), Dionysos (Helbig no. 388), no. 974 ' blaulich, zackig'), Kirke (Helbig'
Leda (Helbig no. 143), Selene (Sogliano no. 457 azzurognolo '), young god with white or golden star above him (Helbig nos. 964, 971), young radiate god (Helbig no. 969, Sogliano no. 458, cp. Helbig no. 965 youth with blue radiate crown and whitemountain-nymphs (Helbig no. 971), wood-nymph (Sogliano no. 119), radiate female figure with bat's wings (Sogliano no. 499) or bird's wings (Sogliano no. 500). Seestar above),
also Stephani op.1
cit.
pp. 19, 22, 23, 47, 49, 65.pi. 160, 2,
J.
Wilpert Die Malereien der Katakomben Horns Freiburg 1903(f).fig.
infra
ch.
i
5
2 3 4
Forrer Reallex. p. 485Id. ib. p.
401.
939
pi. 292, 1.
G. B. de Rossi Musaici
cristiani e saggi dei pavimenti delle chiese di
Roma
anteriori
al secolopi.
On
L. von Sybel Christliche Antike Marburg 1909 ii. 328 3 (after de Rossi), W. Lowrie Christian Art and Archeology New York 1901 p. 31 1. the blue nimbus in Christian art see further O. If. Dalton Byzantine Art andpi. 13,
xv Roma 1899
Archaeology Oxford 191 1 p. 682. s The word is found in the description of a silver statue of Iupiter Victor, which Dessau Inscr. Lot. sel. no. stood on the Capitol of Cirta Corp. inscr. Lot. viii no. 698: 1
4921" (Wilmanns Ex. inscr. Lot. no. 2736) IN KAPITOLIO HABENS IN CAPITE
SYNOPSIS
|
Iovis
VICTOR
argbntevs
|
ARGENTEAM VEAM FOLIOR XXV 4 IN QVA GLANDES N XV FB|RENS IN MANV DEXTRA ORBEM ARGEN|TEVM ET VICTORIA PALMAM FERENTEM [spinar?] XX ET CORONAM v folior xxxx hastam arc tenens.... Cp., however, [in mantt] sinistra Amm. Marc. 21. 14. sphaeram quam ipse {sc. Constantius ii) dextera manu gestabat,CO|RONAM|
|
I
1
25.
10.
2
Maximiani statua Caesaris...amisit repente sphaeram aeream formatam
in
speciem polip.
quam
gestabat.
Souid.
s.v. '\ovari.vi.a.vi>% also uses the
term
ff] FAVSTI l.IBEN[j] PATRONI HOMINIS [>]JET helpidis svaes CVM s[/tis]. Dessau, however, reads optumus maximus .. Caelus aeternus, Iupp\i\\ter, and thinks that optumus maximusCAELVS |
I
|
|
\
was a later addition intended to be taken with Iuppiter. He interprets [s~\ See further Cumont Textes et mons. de Mithra ii. 104, 233 ff. 1 C. Cichorius Die Reliefs der Traianssdule Berlin 1896 ii. 1 16 f. pi. 19. 2 A. P. Oppe Raphael London 1909 pi. 174, 2 'The third day' and pi. appearing to Isaac in the Loggia of the Vatican.'
as s[ancti}].
182,
1
'God
and
36 'The separation of land and sea' Chapel at Rome. 4 della cilia e costiera di Amalfi Napoli 1836 p. 40 ff. pi. 3 (poor), E. Gerhard Antike Bildwerke Miinchen Stuttgard & Tubingen 18281844 p. 371 pi. 118 (Caelus with a rayed crown rises from the sea, adjoining which is the figure of Motherpi. pi.
3
G. S. Davies Michelangelo London 1909
The creation M. Camera Isloria
37
of
Adam
'
in the Sistine
Earth.)5
O. Jahnf.
in the Ber. sdchs. Gesellsch. d. Wiss.1 r,
Vorlegebl.
A pi.
3,
Robert Sark.-Relfs.
ii.
13
ff.
pi. 5,
1849 Phil. -hist. Classe pi. 4, Wien. 1 1 and 1 1\ Roscher Lex. Myth. iii.
figs. 10 and 10 a. See O. Jahn Archdologische Beitrage Berlin 1847 P- 85 n. 28 and F. Piper Mythologie der christlichen Kunst Weimar 1851 ii. 44 ff. 7 The sarcophagus stands now in the crypt of the Vatican and in such a position that
16258
The Blue Mantle
Fig- 35-
Fig. 36.itr whole front side are given by G. Bottari Sculture e pitture sagre 1632 p. 45 (good), Roma" 1737 i. 35 ff. pi. 15 (fair), E. Pistolesi // Vaticano descritto ed illustrate) Roma 1829 1838 ii pi. 19, E. Guhl und J. Caspar Denkmaler der Kunst etc. Stuttgart 1851 ii. 56 f. pi. 36, 8, W. Lowrie Christian Art and Arc/urology New York 1901 p. 262 fig. 100, K. Woennann Geschichte dcr Kunst Leipzig and Vienna 1905 ii. 58 pi. 10, and of the
cannot be well photographed.
Illustrations of the
^
.
A. Bosio Roma Sottcrranea
Roma
62Lateran
TheMuseum
Blue Mantle,
1 repeats the type which was probably a stocklast trace of it may be detected in a painting at Lucca pattern. God the Father, enthroned in heaven, Fra Bartolommeo. by
A
uplifts his
right
hand00..
in
blessing
and holdsis
in his left
an open
book inscribed A
Beneath
his feet
a small cherub over-
arched by drapery 2
Fig- 37-
Fig. 38.
That such drapery really represents the sky may be proved by the fact that on a coin commemorating the consecratio or 3 apotheosis of the elder Faustina (fig. 37) the empress, carried up to heaven by the eagle of Jupiter, has the same wind-blownmantle spangled with stars. Again, the drapery held by Caelus a relief at Berlin (fig. 38)* is not merely an arc, but almost a complete circle enclosing other concentric circles an obviousin
symbol of the sky.central group in the upper register
Altai Christen Altona 1825p. 156.1
ii.
85,
by F. Miinter Sinnbilder und Kunstvorstellungen der A. N. Didron Iconographie chrdtienne Paris 1843
W. LowrieS.1.
*i.
op. cit. p. 266 f. fig. 102. Reinach Ripertoire de peintures du moyen dge
et
de la renaissance Paris 1905
606,3
Cohen Monti, emp. rem.* ii. 427 no. 185 fig. My illustration is from a cast of a specimen in the British Museum. * Ant. Skulpt. Berlin p. 364 f. no. 900, a fragmentary relief of white Italian marble. The subject is uncertain two female figures approach Iupiter, and one of them clasps his knees (in supplication ?) ; the god is seated on the top of a square pillar, Caelus appearing below his footstool.:
Wolf-god or Light-god 3.
?
63
Zeus Lykaios.?
(a)
Wolf-god or Light-god
the summit of Mount Lykaion in Arkadia was a far-famed Zeus Lykaios. Tradition said that Lykdon, son of Pelasgos, J had founded the town of Lykosoura high up on the slopes of the had given to Zeus the surname of Lykaios, and had ^mountain,.cult of
On
group of
Lykaia\ On the significance of this by no means agreed. Some take them to be pre-Greek or non-Greek 2 Thus Fick maintains that they represent a Hittite tribe to be identified with the Lycaonians and Lycians of Asia Minor 3 while Berard argues for a Phoenicianinstituted the festival called
names
scholars are
.
,
4 Most critics, noting the comparable with that of Baal Greek aspect of the names in question, are content essentially But even to seek an explanation in the language of Greece. from the undeniable here opinions are divided. Some, starting 5 hold fact that the wolf (/j/kos) plays a part in the local myths 6 that Zeus Lykaios was in some sense a 'Wolf-god This view, however, is open to a grave objection. The word Lykaios cannot
cult
.
,
.'
Paus. 8. 2. r, Aristot. frag. 594 Rose ap. schol. Aristeid. p. 323, i2f. Dindorf, schol. Eur. Or. 1647, marm. Par. ep. 17 p. 8 Jacoby, Plin. nat. hist. 7. 205. 2 P. Weizsacker in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2173.
1
A. Fick Vorgriechische Ortsnamen Gottingen 1905 pp. 92, 132. V. Berard De Vorigine des cultes arcadiens (Bibliotheque des holesfrancaises d'Athenes et de Rome Paris 1894 lxvii) pp. 48 Cp. also J. A. Hartung Die Religion und 93. 1866 iii. 6, 26 ff., W. Mannhardt Wald- und Mythologie der Griechen Leipzig 18654
3
Feldhulte 2 Berlin 19045
1905
ii.
342, 346.f.
n.
6, 27 Wolf-god,' the wolf (\vkos connected with XiWa) denoting fierceness. O. Jahn 'Uber Lykoreus' in the Ber. sachs. Gesellsch. d. IViss. 1847 Phil. -hist. Classe p. 423 drew a parallel between Zeus Avkolios of Mt. Lykaion and Zeus Aviaopeiot ofiii.'
Infra pp. 70 ff., 77 ff. F. Creuzer Symbolik und Mythologie* Leipzig and Darmstadt 1841 iii. 76 = Avic6epyos, Lupercus, 'Protector against the Wolf.' J. A. Hartung op.cit.6
At/xcuos
45 Avkoios,
Mt. Parnassos (Steph. Byz.thei.'
s.v.
wolf symbolises the
exiled founder of the cult.
AvKwpeia), pointing out that in the myths of both localities W. Immerwahr Kult. Myth. Arkad.
21 ff. andW. H. Roscher in the Jahrb.f. class. Philol. 1892 xxxviii. 705 follow O. Jahn. O. Gruppe Gr. A/ylh. Rel. p. 805 likewise takes Zeus Avkclios to be Zeus god of 'wolves' i.e. exiles (ib. p. 918 n. 7). H. D. Miiller Ueber den Zeus Lykaios Gottingen 1851 p. 13 ff. and in his Mythologie der griechischen Stamme Gottingen 1857 i86r ii. 78 ff. Ai of'
W. H. Roscherclass. Philol.
)ie Schattenlosigkeit
Jahrb.f.4
1892 xxxviii. 701
709.
Mount Lykaion, cp. Pedias. 21. des Zeus-abatons auf dem Lykaion
'
in the
HeadMus.
Brit.
Hist, num. 2 p. 447 f., Babelon Monn. gr. rom. ii. 1. 843 ff. pi. 38, 8 18, Cat. Coins Peloponnesus p. 1696. pi. 31, 11 24, pi. 32, 1 9, P. Gardner
Types of Gr. Coins pi. 3, 15, 16, 43, Overbeck Gr. Kunstmylh. Zeus pp. 26 Munztaf. 2, 1 3. Cp. infra p. 90.
f.,
155,
first shown by Imhoof-Blumer Monn. gr. p. 196. Babelon Monn. gr. rom. ii. 1. 843 ff. pi. 38, 8, 9, 12, Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins PeloI figure two ponnesus p. 169 f. pi. 31, 11 15, P. Gardner Types of Gk. Coins pi. 3, 43. specimens from my collection.
5
This was
8
7
Fig. 41
is
from a specimen
in the British
Museum,
fig.
42 from another in
my
collection.
Mus. Cat. Coins Peloponnesus p. 171 f. pi. 31, 23 (fig. 43), pi. 32, 3, Imhoof-Blumer Choix de monn. gr. (1871) pi. 2, 76, id. in the Zeitschr. Num. 1876 iii. 291 pi. 7, 3 and 4, Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Zeus Miinztaf. 2, 2 a. 9 Babelon Monn. gr. rom. ii. 1. 845 ff. pi. 38, 13 describes a specimen in the Luynes collection on which Zeus holds corn-ears I take the object in his right hand (fig. 44). to be a thunderbolt, as did F. Imhoof-Blumer in the Zeitschr. f. Num. 1876 iii. 290 pi. 7, 2.
8 Brit.
f
Peloponnesian coin-types of Zeus Lykaios 69sented as standing with himdtion, sceptre and eagle (fig. 45 )\ After the victory of Epameinondas at Leuktra in 371 B.C. the Arcadian League was reconstituted and issued coins with the types of Zeus
Fi g- 39-
Fig. 40.
Fig. 41.
Fig. 42.
Fig- 43-
Fig. 44.
Fig- 45-
1 The obverse design of the silver stater Lykaios and Pan Lykaios' the (fig. 46) is a magnificent head of Zeus wearing a bay-wreath reverse (figs. 47, 48) is Pan seated on a rock, over which he has.
:
Fig. 46.
Fig. 47-
Fig. 48.
Fig. 49.
spread his cloak
;
he
is
human except
for his
horns and holds
in
his right hand a throwing-stick (lagobdlon), while a pipe (sj>ri/ix) lies at his feet. The rock is inscribed Oly- (OAY) or Olym-
one die (fig. 49) Chart- (XAPI) 4 , There can be no doubt that the laureate head is that of Zeus Lykaios. It used to
(OAYM)1
3
,
and
in
Brit.ii.
Mus.
rom.s
Num. 1876 iii. 291 pi. 7, 7. pi. 2, 79 and in the Zeitschr.f. Aikcuos see Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 2168, 20 ff., iii. 1350 f. 3 Head Hist, num. 2 pp. 444 f., 450, Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Peloponnesus pp. lix, 173, and 37, Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. pi. 32, 10, P. Gardner Types of Gk. Coins pi. 8, 33 Zeus pp. 93, 105 f., G. F. Hill Historical Greek Coins London 1906 p. 71 f., pi. 5. 3747 and fig. 48 are drawn from two specimens in the British Museum. Figs. 46 4 F. Imhoof-Blumer in the Zeitschr. Num., 1874 i. n8 n. 3, ib. 1876 iii. 188 f. pi.
849 Choix d/monn.gr. 1871f.
1.
Cat. Coins Peloponnesus p. 169 pi. 31, 10 (fig. 45). Babelon Motin. gr. F. Imhoof-Blumer publishes a similar specimen in his pi. 38, 18.
On Pan
/.
7,
1
(in the
Hague
collection), cp. ib. 1875
ii.
6, 1396.,
246
ff.,
and
in the
Num. Zeitschr.
1884 xvi. 264
pi. 5, 7 (at
Klagenfurt, from the same die).
I
figure the latter specimen.
70 Peloponnesian coin-types of Zeus Lykaioscommonly supposed that the rock inscribed Oly- or Olym- was the Arcadian Olympos, i.e. Mount Lykaion. Prof. Brunn alone maintained that the inscription was the signature of the diebeSince the publication of the specimens reading Chariengraver Brunn's view has met with almost universal acceptance 2 Recently, however, Dr Head has suggested that Olym- and Chari- may be. .
1
abbreviated names of festivals for which the coins were issued 3Still,
.
It remains possible not definitely disproved. that the name of the mountain, placed on the coin for purposes of identification 4 was afterwards replaced by the name of a self-
the old view
is
,
satisfied engraver.
(c)
Human
sacrifice to
Zeus Lykaios.
Across the brightness of Mount Lykaion we have already seen one cloudlet pass. Such was its awful sanctity that the wilful intruder upon the holy ground was doomed to die, while even the unintentional trespasser must needs be banished. But those who knew more intimately the ritual of the mountain-top were aware that a gloom far deeper than this habitually hung about it. There is indeed a persistent rumour of human sacrifice in connexion with the cult. For the said ghastly tradition^ Platon is at once our earliest and our most explicit authority.^ Sokrates in the Republic remarks that at the sanctuary of Zeus Lykaios he who tasted the one human entrail, which was cut up and mixed with the entrails of other victims, was believed to become a wolf ^ The author of the Platonic Minos implies that human sacrifice occurred on Mount 6 Lykaion Theophrastos as quoted by Porphyrios and Eusebios states that it was offered at the festival of the Lykaia 7 Pausanias;
.
1
H. Brunn
2
E.g. F. Imhoof-Blumer
Geschichte der griechischen Kiinstler Stuttgart 1859 1 locc. citt., Head Hist, mini. p. 373.
ii.
437.
3
Head
Hist,
num. 2
p.
445 cp.
OAVN P KONI
on coins of
Elis,
and suggests the
He interprets XAPI of the 104th Olympiad celebrated by the Arcadians in 364 B.C. Charisia or Charitesia, festivals of the Charites, and notes that Charisios was the founder of Charisiai in Arkadia (Paus. 8.i 5 (b). It should also be noticed that the reverse-type of a unique tetradrachm of Messana, now at Berlin, shows a similar figure of Pan, with his lagobdlon and a hare (symbol of the city) : the god is seated on a rock, over which he has thrown his fawn-skin, and by him is the inscription
4
Cp.
nG
I
O N on a coin of Ephesos figured infra ch.
3. 4).
PAN
(G. F. Hill Coins of Ancient Sicily London 1903 p. 130 Pan, presumably may describe Olympos.
f.
pi. 8, 15).
If
PAN
describes
OAYM
Plat. rep. 565 D, cp. Polyb. 7. 13. 7, Isid. origg. 8. 9. 5. B Plat. 315 c.
8
Mm,
Theophr. ap. Porphyr. de infra p. 76 n. 3.
'
abst.
2.
27 and Euseb. praep. ev.
4.
16.
10.
But see
Humanveils the
sacrifice
to
Zeus Lykaios:
yi
ugly
fact
offer secret sacrifices to
into the details
by a decent circumlocution 'On this altar they Lycaean Zeus, but I did not care to pry Be it as it is and has been from of the sacrifice.of these writers
the beginning 1
.'
The concurrent testimony
may
be held to
prove that Zeus Lykaios was indeed served with human flesh, but it hardly enables us to determine how long this hideous custom survived. Theophrastos, who succeeded Aristoteles as head of the Peripatetic school in 322 B.C., says 'up to the and he is in general a trustworthy witness. But present time whether we can infer from the guarded language of Pausanias that five centuries later, in the reign of the refined and philo'
;
Marcus Aurelius, the same gruesome 2 up seems to me at least very questionablesophical.
rite
Itit
be talked about for
many
generations after
was still kept would of course had been as an
actual practice mitigated, superseded, or simply discontinued. should like to know more of the cannibal who was turned
We
into a wolf.
And
Weside
have
in fact three parallel accounts,
here fortunately further evidence is forthcoming. which deserve to be studiedunfold a most remarkable sequel:
by
side.
They
nat. hist. 8.
Pliny 8182.
Saint Augustine de civ. Dei 18. 17.'
Pausanias6. 8. 2.
'Euanthes, who holds a high place among the authors of Greece, reports the following tradition asderived
To
prove
this,
Varro
narrates
other
incredible tales
equally that of
from
Arcadian
the notorious magician who likewise Kirke,
man belongwritings. ing to a clan descendedfrom a certain Anthos is chosen by lot and led toa particular pool in thatlocality.
A
Here he hangs on an oak-tree, swims across, and goeshis clothesoff
changed the comrades of Odysseus into animals, and that of the Arcadians, who were taken by lot, went across a particular pool, andlived
there turning into wolves with beasts like
into
desertis
places,
themselves
in the desert
where heyears1
transformed into a wolf and for nineassociates
places of that locality. But, if they did not feed
withJ.
on humanG. Frazer.
flesh,
then
Paus.
8. 38. 7 trans.
82 Scopas qui Olympionicas scripsit narrat Demaenetum Parrhasium in sacrificio, quod Arcades Iovi Lycaeo humana etiamtum hostia faciehant, immolati pueri exta degustasse etc. (infra p. 73 n. 3) E. Meyer Forschungen zur alten Geschichte Halle 1892 i. 53 n. 1 infers that the human sacrifice, still kept up in the days of Demainetos, had l>een already abandoned when the Olympionicae was written.Plin. nat. hist. 8.
2
From
72
HumanPliny 8. 8182.
sacrifice
to
Zeus LykaiosPausanias6. 8. 2.
nut. hist.
Saint Augustine de civ. Dei 18. 17.after
other wolves of the same
nine
years
had
during this time he has abstained from attacking men, he returnssort.
If
gone by they swam once more across the same pool and weretransformedagain.into
to
the
same pool and,
men
having swum across it, gets back his shape looking nine years older than before. The story adds that he resumes the sameclothing.
Thereally
lengths to
which Greek credulity willrun are
amazing.
Any
falsehood,
outrageous, hasattestation.
however its dueIn conclusion he hasactually
Again, Skopas, writer of a work on OlympicVictors, relates
that
De-
name
mentioned by a certain De-
As to a certain boxer named Damarchos, a'
Parrhasian of Arkadia
mainetos the Parrhasian at a human sacrifice, which the Arcadians were even in his day making to Zeus Lykaios, tastedthe entrails of the
mainetos, asserting that he, having tasted the
an immolated boy, which the Arcadians were wontsacrifice
of
with his exception victory at Olympia thepared to believethe ofstorytold
by
race,
I
was not pre-
by
sundry
boy that had been immolated and thereupon turned into
to
make
to
their
god
Lykaios, was thereupon
braggarts. For they say that he changed from
a wolf; but that in the tenth year he was restoredto athletics,
changed into a wolf; and that in the tenth year he was restored tohis
a
man
into
a wolf atof
the
sacrifice
Zeus
came back,victory-
own
form, practised
andthe
won
a
in
boxing,
and won
in
a
Lykaios, and that in the tenth year afterwards he became a
boxing
match
at
match
at Olympia.'
man
again.'
Olympia.'
Pliny and Saint Augustine are obviously drawing from the 1 well, viz. Varro Only, whereas Pliny cites Varro's sources without Varro's name, Saint Augustine cites Varro's name without
same
.
Varro's sources. The sources in question are both satisfactory for our purpose the ascertaining of popular belief. Euanthes was an author of repute, and moreover bore a name which is known to have occurred in Arkadia 2 he professedly follows Arcadian
:
writers.1
Skopas
8
was probably wrong about the
victor's
name
;
Varro de gente populi Romani frag. 17 (Hist. Rom. frag. p. 233 f. Peter). 2 Collitz-Bechtel Gr. Dial.-Inschr. i. 357 no. 1247 B 3 cp. 20. C. Miiller Frag. hist. Gr. iii. 11 no. 33 would read Neanthes for Euanthes. Jacoby in Pauly-Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 846.3
But see
C
Miiller Frag.
hist.
Gr.
iv.
407 suggests that Pausanias derived the story of
Humanfor
sacrifice
to
Zeus Lykaios
73
Pausanias read and copied the actual inscription on the man's But whether the name was Demainetos or Damarchos makes no difference to us the story told of him isstatue-base 1. :
identical.
Varro'sis
twofold.
statement, as evidenced by the foregoing extracts, It contains on the one hand Euanthes' general
account of the Arcadian custom, on the other Skopas' particular it. Comparing the two, we at once detect a Both agree that a man became a wolf for a period discrepancy. of nine years, after which he returned to human shape. But,exemplification of
whereas Euanthes speaks of him as having been chosen by lot, Skopas describes him as having tasted the entrails of an immolated boy. This discrepancy would indeed vanish altogether,that the method of selection indicated by Platon a passage already quoted 'he who tasted the one human .entrail,' etc. might be viewed as a kind of cleromancy or sortition.if
we assumed
in
But it is better to suppose that the casting of lots was a later and more civilised substitute for the arbitrament of the cannibal feast. Be that as it may, Euanthes has preserved various details of
He tells us that those who thus cast lots among primitive import. themselves (and therefore, presumably, those who at an earlier # date gathered about the banquet of human flesh) belonged to a clandescended from a certain Anthos. Now H. W. Stoll 2 and J. 3 Topffer have pointed out that the names Anthos, Anthas, Anthes, Antheus were given in sundry parts of the Greek world to mythicalthe handsome youth who comes early figures of a common type to a cruel death just because he personifies the short-lived vegetation of the year 4 One of these Flower '-heroes, Anthas or'.
Damarchos from Euanoridas8. t).
of Elis,
whose
'OXvpiriovTicai
Miiller further conjectures that in Plin. nat. hist. 8. 82
he had just mentioned (Paus. 6. we should read itaque
Euanoridas qui Olympionicas scripsit (MSS. item or ita or itaque copas, whence Jan cj. Scopas, Schwartz in Pauly-Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 896 Harpocras, Gelenius Agriopas). But again see Jacoby in Pauly-Wissowa Real-Enc. vi. 845, and cp. Plin. nat. hist, index to 8 Euanthe apoca or apocha (so MSS. Scopa Jan, Agriopa Gelenius, Agrippa vulg.) qui:
'OXvfjLirioplKas.
stage'
one p. 13 f. pushes Midler's speculation and proposes to identify Euanthes with Euanoridas, whom he calls Euanoridas-Euagriopas-Euanthes Agrippa' 1 Paus 6. 8. 2. Both AaMa^eros (Collitz-Bechtel op. cil. i. 352 no. 1231 B 26, 38, C 42) and Ad/xapxos (id. i. 341 no. 1189 A minor 15, 358 no. 1246 4) are Arcadian
Immerwahr Kult. Myth. Arkad.!
further
D
names.2
H. W.J.
Stoll in
Roscher Lex. Myth.
i.
369
f.
Topffer in Pauly-Wissowa Real-Enc. i. 2358. 4 Thus Anthos, son of Hippodameia and Autonoos the nder of a neglected and therefore barren land, was attacked and eaten by his father's horses, which he had driven from their scanty pasture he was transformed by Zeus and Apollon into the bird:
g
dvOos,
and as such
still
retains his hostility to horses (Ant. Lib. 7
I
see also
D'Arcy W.
74
Human
sacrifice
to
Zeus Lykaios
Anthes, the son of Poseidon, was driven out of Troizen and His descendants the Antheadai 2 formed founded Halikarnassos a priestly clan which, as we happen to know from an inscription found at Halikarnassos 3 managed the cult of Poseidon in that Poseidon was worshipped at the city for over five hundred years. mother-city Troizen as Poseidon Phytdlmios*, so that the functions of the Antheadai were almost certainly concerned with the propa5 Arguing from analogy, I conclude that gation of vegetable life in Arkadia likewise the descendants of Anthos were a priestly clan charged with the upkeep of vegetation in connexion with the cult1.
,
.
of Zeus Lykaios 6 That the Flower '-hero might be associated with Zeus no less than with Poseidon we see from an inscription of Roman date.
'
It is a list of persons combining to build a found at Athens 7 gymnasium 'for Zeus Keraids and Anthas.' Mr J. G. C. Anderson,.
published this inscription with a careful commentary, remarked of the contributing members bore Boeotian names. He therefore proposed to identify Zeus Keraids with Zeus Amnion ofthat
who
many
Thebes 8 and
to regard
Anthas
either as a separate personage, the
Thompson A Glossary of Greek Birds Oxford 1895 p. 33). Anthos, eponym of Anthedon or Anthedonia the old name of Kalaureia, was lost as a child but found again by his brother Hyperes acting as cup-bearer to Akastos or Adrastos at Pherai (Mnasigeiton ap.Gr. 19). Anthes, son of Poseidon and eponym of Anthana, was slain by Kleomenes, brother of Leonidas, who flayed him and wrote on his skin roi>s xPV~/avsPlout. quaestt.Trjpelffdai
in Frag. hist. Gr.
(Philostephanos frag. Sap. Steph. Byz. s.v. 'Avddva: but see C. Midler's note iii. Antheias, son of Eumelos, was killed by falling from the car 30).
of Triptolemos (infra ch. i 6 (d) i ()). Antheus, son of Antenor, was a beautiful youth loved by Dei'phobos and Alexandras, but accidentally struck and slain by the latter (Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 132). Antheus, a prince of Halikarnassos, served as a hostage under Phobios,ruler of Miletos Kleoboia or Philaichme, wife of Phobios, loved him and, unable to compass her desires, asked him to recover a tame partridge or a golden trinket for her from a deep well, and while he was doing it dropped a heavy stone on the top of him (Parthen. narr. am. 14).:
1
Strab. 374, 656, Steph. Byz. s.v. 'AXucapvaffads.
2
Steph. Byz.
s.v. 'Adrjvai.ii
Corp. inscr. Gr. denser, gr. no. 877.*
3
no. 2655, Dittenberger Syll. inscr. Gr. 2 no. 608, Michel Recueil
Paus.
2.
32. 8, Bull.iii.
Corr. Hell. 1893 xvii. 98 no. 18
:
see further O.
Hofer
in
Roscher Lex. Myth.I
inscription from Halikarnassos records the priests rod Ilo[
W.
Robert son Smith
on the
Hadhramaut Bonn 1866 p. 19 f. (quoted 1 Religion oj the Semites' London 1907 p. 88,11.
Campbell Thompson S, in change to were-wolves'
miti,in
Wagie London [908 p. 57 time of drought.S.
1),
the Sei'ar in Iladramaut
Recent monographs on the subject are
Baring-Gould The Book ofWere- Wolves
TheArkadia1,
Precinct of Zeus Lykaios
8
1
And
3 naturally attached itself to the rite of eating human flesh lycanthropy often involved metamorphosis for a given term of. .
8 But years, after which the were-wolf returned to human shape nowhere else, so far as I am aware, did this superstition stand in any special relation to the cult of Zeus. I conclude, therefore, that
Zeus Lykaios was not essentially, but only as it were by accident, a His original character was that of a 'Light '-god 'Wolf-god. controlling the sunshine, the rain, and the crops.
(d)
The Precinct
of
Zeus Lykaios.
In 1903 Mr K. Kourouniotes trenched the altar and laid bare the precinct of Zeus Lykaios. I will here summarise the results of the excavation 4.
The top
of
Mount Lykaion
5
(fig.ft
50)
has three crests
StepJuini,
above sea-level); Ae Lids, somewhat lower (about 4550 ft); and Diaphorti, on which is a ruined It is with Ae Lids that we are tower, probably Turkish in origin. concerned. This summit takes its name from Saint Elias 6 whose little chapel stands on the south-east edge of a small level space adjoining the crest on its south side. The level is known locally as Taberna from a shop, which was once established here to supplythe highest point (about 4615,
necessaries for the saint's festival.LondonVampir1865,u.
W.
Hertz
Der Werwolf
Stuttgart 1862,
W.
Fischer Ddmonische Wesen,
Werwolf, in Geschichte und Sage (Aberglaube aller Zeiten iii) Stuttgart See also R. Leubuscher Dissertatio de Lycanthropia Medio aevo Berlin 1850, 1906. F. G. Welcker Lykanthropie ein Aberglaube und eine Krankheit' in his Kleine'
157 184, W. H. Roscher 'Das von der Kynanthropie handelnde Fragment des Marcellus von Side in the Abh. d. sacks. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. Phil. -hist. Classe 1897 xvii. 3. 1 92.Schriften
Bonn 1850
iii.
"
"
'
and Ancient Greek Religion Cambridge 1910 modern Greece generally consult N. G. Polites irtpl AvKOKavOdpwv in the journal Uavduipa 1866 xvi. 453 f., MeX^n; evl rov filov twv xtewrtpwv 'EWfyuw Athens 1871 i. 67 ff., and Ilapaddoeis Athens 1904 ii. 1240 ff., where a full1
J.
C. Lawson Modern Greek Folklore
p.
240.
On
the were-wolf in
bibliography2
is
given.cit.
p. 39 (quoted by Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 920 n. 3) adduces Indian and German examples of men transformed into beasts after tasting human flesh. 3 E.g. S. Baring-Gould op. cit. pp. 58 (Ireland: seven years), 59 ('Ossyrian' sic: seven years), P. Sebillot Le Folk-lore de France Paris 1906 iii. 55 (Normandy: seven years, sometimes three). 4 K. Kourouniotes in the 'E
jf
"3)
&>
9
Thefourth century
Precinct of Zeus Lykaios
83
and an almost shapeless terra cotta bird. The metal finds included a silver coin of Aigina (c. 500 B.C.), two small altogether a meagre tripods of beaten bronze, and an iron knife
and disappointing
collection.
which occupies the level called Tabe'rna, is It is marked out 180 ft broad by 400 ft long. approximately a line of unworked stones, a boundary that men or beasts could by 1 The earth here is blackish, but has no bones in it. easily crossprecinct,.
The
Kourouniotes believes that the discoloration is due to the blood of animals slain as it were on the prothysis before they were burnt on the altar. Perhaps a geologist or an analytical chemist couldsupply a less gruesome explanation. In the soil of the precinct were found fragments of roof-tiles, part of an iron chain, a large key, a greave decorated with swans and serpents in relief and 2 inscribed fchAA:>ANfc a bronze statuetteAIAANAI and two bronze statuettes. One of these was a beardless base,,
Hermesboots;
{c. 490 470 B.C.) in chitontskos, chlamys, pilos, and winged the other a later figure, probably of the same god, with.
3 cldamys and petasos little lower down than the eastern limit of the precinct Kontopoulos had discovered in 1897 two large bases about 23 ft apart, undoubtedly those of the two eagle-bearing columns
A
mentioned by Pausanias 4 In a gully north-east of the summit he had found also one marble drum from a Doric column of 5 twenty flutes, and had erected it on the southern base (pi. viii) Kourouniotes continued the search, and was rewarded for his pains. He obtained other blocks belonging to the bases, which were thus proved to have resembled the three-stepped statue-bases of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. The columns themselves were still 6 in Pausanias' day, but the gilded eagles had gone standing He Kourouniotes accounts for their disappearance as follows. out that in the market-place at Megalopolis Pausanias saw points an enclosure of stones and a sanctuary of Zeus Lykaios containing 7 and he suggests that these altars, two tables, and two eagles.
.
.
;
1
2
3'
'A/>x- 1904 p- 159 f fi g- Kourouniotes restores [Evr]e\l5as dvi[0t]Ke t 'E.-
Avicaitf
Ad
kclI r]j 4v Kvp^fji. Hesych. iXivtiuv dvairavd/jiepos. L. Midler op. at. i. 67 f. regards the /*Yw
eire7mI
A
yCT^
in 1907 Prof. Sir W. M. Ramsay Miss G. Bell found 'a pinnacle of rock forty feet high, roughly carved into the shape of a seat or throne with high back '(fig. ioi)...'On the throne is incised a
Here*
anc
figure of the god, sitting, holding a sceptre
hand and a cup in the rightV A. H. Sayce regards the seated figure as that of a king and interprets the Hittitein the left
Prof.
inscription
that
accompanies(fig.
it4.
as
theJ.
royal
name Tarkyanas
102)
Dr
Garstang accepts this reading as against Prof. Ramsay's Tarkuattes, but adds Fig. 102. it is conceivable that we have here a of the deity called by a name which was that used representation also by the priest 5 The priestly king thus postulated was doubtless the dynast of Barata at the mountain-foot 6 Rock-cut thrones have been repeatedly seen in Phrygia by A. Korte 7 The rock-cut:
'
.'
.
.
1
Ber. sacks. Gesellsch.
d.
Wiss. Phil. -hist. Classe 1896
xlviii.
115.
Gelzer cites from
the Armenian version of Faustus of Byzantion 5. 25 the following statement about the Greek anchorite Epiphanios Und er sass auf dem grossen Berge an der Statte der:
Gdtzen, welche23 4
sie
Thron der Nahat nennen.'the Physician
Arch.-ep. Mitth. 1896 xix. 34.
W. M. Ramsay LukeA. H. SayceJ.
in the Proceedings
London 1908 p. 160 pi. 16. of the Society of Biblical Archaeology 1909 xxxi. 83
ff.
pi. 7, 1.
Garstang The Land of the Hittites London 19 10 p. i76ff. copper of Barata struck by Otacilia Severa shows Tyche with kdlathos, branch (?) and cornu copiae seated on a rock, a river-god at her feet (Brit. Mus. Cat. Coins Lycaonia etc. p. 2 pi. 1, 3). Another noteworthy coin-type of the same town is a standing Zeus, who rests on a sceptre and holds a phidle or globe, with an eagle beside him6
6
A
Head Hist, num. 2 p. 713. Is Tyche enthroned on a rock the successor of (ib. p. xix). a pre-Greek mountain-mother? 7 W. Reichel Uber norhellenische Gbtlerculte Wien 1897 p. 31.
The Mountainaltars of
as the
Throne of Zeus
137
Kybele discovered by
plateau of Doghanlu, the Phrygian thrones at least as much as altars1.
of these rock-cut thrones
is,
W. M. Ramsay on the town of Midas, resemble The most striking example however, one on Mount Sipylos inProf. Sir'
Lydia.
Pelops
2.'
Pausanias, a native of the locality, calls it the throne of And Dr Frazer in his commentary describes the scenery'
as follows 3
:
On
the south side of the
fertile
Mount Sipylus {Manissa-dagh) towers upwall of rock.dicular.Its sides are
valley of the abruptly, like an
Hermus, immense
very precipitous, indeed almost perpen-
at
of
The city of Magnesia, the modern Manissa, lies immediately its foot. About four miles east of Magnesia the mountain wall rock is cleft, right down to the level of the Hermus valley, by
a narrow ravine or canon, which pierces deep into the bowels of the mountain. It is called by the Turks the Yarik Kaya or " riftedrock."
The canon
is
only about ioo feet wide;
;
its
sides are sheer
walls of rock, about 500 feet high there is a magnificent echo in it. small stream flows through the bottom it is probably the
A
;
Achelous of Homer {Iliad, xxiv. 616). It is plain that the ravine has been scooped out in the course of ages by the stream wearing away the limestone rock but it would naturally be regarded by the;
ancients as the result of a great earthquake, such as are common in this district. On the western edge of the canon, half-way up
the mountain-wall of Sipylus, there shoots up a remarkable crag, which stands out by itself from the mountain-side. On one sideit
is possible from its summit to drop a stone 900 feet sheer into the canon on all other sides it rises with a perpendicular face 100 Even to reach the foot of this crag from feet from the mountain.;
the plain, stout limbs and a steady head are needful for the ancient mule-path, partly hewn out of the rock, partly supported on walls;
on the edge offorit
and there is precipices, has mostly disappeared but to cling as best you can to the bushes and the nothing In this way you at last reach the foot of projections of the rock. the cliff, the sheer face of which seems to bar all further advance.;
However, on the western side of the crag there is a cleft or "chimney" to (cheminSe), as they would call it in Switzerland, which leads upIn antiquity the top, otherwise quite unapproachable, of the crag. there seems to have been a staircase in the "chimney." The first few steps of it may be seen under the bushes with which the rocky The upper surface of the crag, reached fissure is
overgrown.
1
Perrot-Chipiez Hist, deiii.1
VArt\. 148
ff.
figs.
102104, W. M. Ramsay
in
/mm.
Hell. Stud. 1882
Korybantes8
the thrones of 3 f. figs. 4f., 42 fig. 9, pL 21 B. see further Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 1523 n. 4.
On
Kybele and the55?)
Append.
B
*
Lydia.
J.
G. Frazer on Paus.
5. 13. 7 ('
i
}8
The Mountaintin's
as thelevel;
Throne
ofit
Zeusslopes like
through
cleft, is
nowhereis
on the contrary,
indeed so steep that to climb up it is difficult. There are, however, twenty or thirty foundations of houses cut in the rock and rising one above the other like thethe roof of a house andsteps of an
immense
staircase.
Also there are seven or eight
bell-shaped cisterns. The ancient settlement on the
summit
would seem
to be that to
which
classical writers
of this remarkable crag gave the name of
Tantalis or the citv of
Tantalus.
They
affirmed, indeed, that the
[
t
v airroxOdvuf Ad rjvaluv wj di tvtot, dirb tov 5t* avrdv rot's dpidfioi'i14|
'
rinroCffdaiiairroiis
roiyapovv ~ikvuvioi icard ^>i'\dj , cp. Michel Recneil a" Inscr. gr. Kovptov no. %o-,=Bidl. Corr. Hell. 1880 iv. 168).is\ | ]
63 f. 7 E. Maass
Cp. supra pp. 15, 104 ff. H. Usener in F. Hiller von Gaertringen Die Insel Thera i. 149 n. 34 compared the Kovprf)s of Thera with the irpuroKoijpTjs of Ephesos and most ingeniously suggested that the enigmatic personage Ae&repos may have been the second in command of a band of9' '
8
humanttot/jlos)
Kovprjres.
I
incline, however, to think that AevreposKovp-qs,
means
'
re-born
'
(6evrep6-
and
is
an epithet of
the youthful Zeus.I|
10
Inscr. Gr. ins.
ib.
no. 4741.11
iii no. 377 [A](v)(n)dv(w)v [Ni5/a]0cu K6(/x)(ct)i...j3' = Collitz-Bechtel See F. Hiller von Gaertringen Die Insel Thera i. 284.
Id.
ib.
i.
33
f.,
289
ff., iii.
115
ff.
"
Append. B Crete.
The MountainThe
as the
Throne of Zeus
145
Between Megara and Eleusis lies the mountain-range of Kerata. highest of its four peaks (1527 ft) as Prof. A. Milchhofer is thought by the peasants of Megara to have been first noted the spot whence Xerxes on his throne watched the battle of1
Salamis.
Since the
site
little plateau that crowns the an isolated rock partially hewn into topmost peak he the shape of a seat with rounded back and projecting footstool 3 The seat commands a wide view, but is so placed (fig. 108) that one sitting on it would face north and look directly away from Salamis Reichel concludes that it is a very ancient
W. At
Reichel twice visited
2 agrees with Akestodoros' description Milchhofer' s report. it in order to verify
,
the south-east corner of the
found
.
!
Fig. 108.
mountain-throne, to which has become attached 4.
in
popular belief the story of Xerxes
In an angle of the Mouseion Hill at Athens there are no less than seven such seats (figs. 109-no) 5 Carefully cut in the rock along one side of a platform or terrace, with a single step in front of them, they give the impression of being a row of seats.
See W. Reichel Uber vorhellenische Gdtterculte Wien 1897 p. 21. Akestodoros (Frag. hist. Gr. ii. 464 Miiller) ap. Plout. v. Them. 13 iv nedopii? tijs "Sleyapldos inrip twi> KaKov/iivuv Kepdruv. 3 W. Reichel Ein angehlicher Thron des Xerxes' in the Festschrift fit r Otto Benndorf1
1
'
Wien 1898 pp. 6365 with tig. (sketched by K. Gillieron from a photograph). 4 The actual throne was a golden chair (Akestodoros loc. at.) with silver feet,on the Akropolis at Athenss.v. apyvpdirovs 8lpos).5
preserved
(I)eni. in
Timocr. 129 with schol.)
in the
Parthenon (Harpokr.p.
E. Curtius and J. A. Kaupert Atlas von Athen Berlin 1878
19
f.
description,
plan, and section; pi. 6, 4 view.
146
The Mountain
as the
Throne of Zeus
Fig. 109.
The Mountainfor
as the
Throne of Zeus
147
judges or the
like,
Areiopagos. They 1 It seems niche in the Pnyx where Zeus HypSistos was worshipped therefore, that we have here an open-air tribunal at which possible, In fact, decisions were delivered under the inspiration of Zeus..
are about
forerunners perhaps of the Council on the two hundred yards from the rock-cut
Seats of incline to identify the seven seats with the so-called old tradition, Zeus,' the place at Athens where, according toI
'
Athena when she contended with PoseidonAkropolis, begged Zeus to givepart to sacrifice the first victim
for possession of the
his vote for her,
on the
altar of
promising on her Zeus Polietls-.
At Phalasarna hewn in the lower'
western Crete three sandstone thrones are The slopes of a coast-hill near the necropolis.in:
best-preserved of them was described by R. Pashley in 1837 as a great chair cut out of the solid rock the height of the arms above the seat is two feet eleven inches and its other dimensions
;
are in proportion 3 But the most interesting feature of this throne, the pillar carved on the inner surface of its back, was first observed.'
and drawn by L. Savignoni and G. de Sanctis1
in
1901
(figs,
hi,
Infra Append. B. Hesych. s.v. Aids $3.koi ko.1 ireaeol, Souid. s.v. Aids frj4>os, Kratin. Archilochi frag. 4 (Frag. com. Gr. ii. i8f. Meineke). 3 R. Pashley Travels in Crete Cambridge and London 1837 ii. 64 fig. Cp. T. A. B. Spratt Travels and Researches in Crete London 1865 ii. 234 f. fig. ('the monolith bema of2
Phalasarna
'
!).
148 The Mountain1 .
as the Birth-place
of Zeus
If we may press the analogy of other Cretan pillar-cults, 112) 2 3 the divine occupant of the throne was either Rhea or Zeus.
Fig. 112.
(c)
The Mountain
as the Birth-place of Zeus.
The Zeus-legends
that clung about the mountain-tops related
to the birth or infancy of the god, his marriage-unions, his sons, and his death.1
plan1911
L. Savignoni and G. de Sanctis in the Mon. d. Line. 1901 xi. 363 ff. figs. 60 6r ; ib. p. 349 f. fig. 47. Cp. F. Studniczka in the fahrb. d. kais. deutsch. arch. Inst.xxvi. 85fig.
20.in the
-
A.J. Evansloe. cit.
Journ.
Hell. Stud.
1901 xxi. 165
ff.
L. Savignoni and G. de
Sanctis1
p.
366
f.
cite Paus. 2. 4. 7 (on the'
way up
the Akrokorinthos) Mrjrpbs
diCov va6s eari Kal arifKT) koX Opovos
\l6wv
/coi
avrr) Kal 6 dp6vos.
pp. 163 ff., i7off. Cp. infra ch. ii 3 (a) ii (5) and, for the u>v>ciation of a pillar with the throne of Zeus, supra p. 34 f. Recently A. Fick in the Zeitschriftfiir vergleichende Sprachforschung 191 1 xliv. 341 ff. has drawn attention to Hesych. 'E\\d- Kadidpa. A&Kwves. Kal Aids lepbv ii> Auddivr). HeJ.loe. eit.
A.
Evans
in
is 'ein uraltes Wort,' which survived Hesych. Ka
M
siniiis pi. 57, 6,>te> that,
Head
Hist,
num.-
p. 686.
led1
to three
according to the author of the Sibylline Cretans to be reared in I'hrygia (prac.125If.,
>S
If.
^
The MountainMount Kokkygion1.
as
Marriage-place of Zeusin
155
Euboia, Mount Kithairon in Boiotia, Argolis, as the scene where Zeus took Hera for his bride It was said too that Zeus met Semele on Mount 2 Sipylos that he consorted with Leto in a shady nook and natural bower on Mount Kithairon 3 that he seduced Kallisto in the neighbourhood of Mount Lykaion 4 that he carried off Europe to his He formed liaisons, moreover, with more cave in Mount Dikte 5
Others named Mount Ochein
,
,
,
.
a rocky
than one mountain-goddess or mountain-nymph. Mount Agdos, summit of Galatia, bore to him a bisexual child Agdist