ZEUSA STUDY IN ANCIENT RELIGION

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS C. F. CLAY, MANAGERFETTER LANE, E.G. 100, PRINCES STREET

Berlin: A. ASHER AND CO. ILetpjtg: F. A. BROCKHAUS $efo gorfe: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS iSombag anft Calcutta: MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD. Toronto: J. M. DENT AND SONS, LTD. 0fcgo: THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA

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Zeus from a Pompeian wall-painting.See page 34 ff.

ZEUS

BY

ARTHUR BERNARD COOK //FELLOW AND LECTURER OF QUEENS* COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE READER IN CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGY TO THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

VOLUME I ZEUS GOD OF THE BRIGHT SKYZeu? a\~\.OKa juev TreXet aWpios, a\\oica 8' vet, THEOKRITOS 4. 43

Cambridge:at the University Press

1914

703091(Eamirttrge:PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Zeyc, O'CTIC TTOT' 4pT|'N,^-el TOA' AYTO (j)lAON KGKAHWeNCp,

TOYTO NIN rrpoceNNenoo npoceiKACAi

HN Aide, ei TO MATAN And cJjpONTiAoc A'XOOCXpH BAAe?N feTHTYMCOC.

AlSCHYLOS Agamemnon i6off.

TO

MY WIFE

PREFACEORE than eighty years have elapsed since the last comprehensive monograph on Zeus was written, a couple of octavo volumes by T. B. Emeric-David issued at Paris in 1833. In the interval much water has gone under the classical mill. Indeed the stream flows from remoter ranges and some of its springs rise from greater depths than our grandfathers guessed. Nowadays we dare not claim to understand the religions of Greece and Rome without an adequate knowledge of contiguous countries and at least an inkling of prehistoric antecedents. In both directions pioneer work of inestimable value has been accomplished. The discoveries of Rawlinson and Layard in Babylonia, of Lepsius and Mariette in Egypt, of Humann and Winckler in Asia Minorto mention but a few of many honoured nameshave enormously increased our area of interest. Again, Schliemann and Dr Dorpfeld, Prof. Halbherr and Sir Arthur Evans, Piette and the Abbe Breuil, have opened to us vista beyond vista into the long-forgotten past. We realise now that Mycenaean and 'Minoan' and even Magdalenian culture has many a lesson for the student of historical times. But above all a new spirit has little by little taken possession of archaeological research. Under the universal sway of modern science accuracy of observation and strictness of method are expected not only of the philological scholar but of any and every investigator in the classical field. Changed conditions have brought with them a great influx of material, much of which bears directly on the main topic of this book. Important sites where Zeus was worshipped have been identified and examined. His caves on Mount Dikte and Mount Ide, his precinct on the summit of Mount Lykaion, his magnificent altar on the Pergamene Akropolis, his temples at Olympia and Athens and many another cult-centre, have been planned and published with the minutest care. Inscriptions too are discovered almost daily, and not a few of them commemorate local varieties of

M

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this ubiquitous deitynow thirty or forty questions scratched on slips of lead and addressed to his oracle at Dodona, now a contract for the building of his temple at Lebadeia, now again a list of his priests at Korykos, odd details of his rites at lasos, a hymn sung in his service at Palaikastro, and votive offerings to him from half the towns of Greece. Such information, fresh and relevant, accumulates apace. Moreover, those who can neither dig nor travel carry on the quest at home. Year in, year out, the universities of Europe and America pour forth a never-ending flood of dissertations and programmes, pamphlets and articles, devoted to the solution of particular problems in ancient religion; and a large proportion of these is more or less intimately concerned with Zeus. To cope with an output so vast and so varied would be beyond the strength of any man, were it not for the fact that intensive study follows hard upon the heels of discovery. On many aspects of what K. Schenkl called die Zeusreligion standard books have long since been penned by well-qualified hands. And more than one admirable summary of results is already before the public. Greek and Latin literature has been ransacked by writers galore, who have sketched the conceptions of Zeus to be found more especially in the poets and the philosophers: it would be tedious to enumerate names. Others again have dealt with the worship of Zeus as it affected a particular area : recent examples are Maybaum Der Zeuskult in Boeotien (Doberan 1901) and E. Neustadt De Jove Cretico (Berlin 1906). Yet others have written on some specialised form of Zeus: C. J. Schmitthenner De Jove Hammone (Weilburg 1840), H. D. Miiller Ueber den Zeus Lykaios (Gottingen 1851), and A. H. Kan De lovis Dolicheni cultu (Groningen 1901) will serve as specimens of the class. Notable attempts have been made to cover parts of the subject on more general lines. Inscriptions about Zeus are grouped together by W. Dittenberger Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum (ed. 2 Leipzig 1898, 1900, 1901), C. Michel Recueil d inscriptions grecques(Paris 1900, 1912),and H.Dessau Inscriptiones Latinae selectae (Berlin 1892, 1902, 1906, 1914). Descriptions of Zeus in Greek and Latin poetry are analysed by C. F. H. Bruchmann Epitheta deorum quae apudpoetas Graecos leguntur (Leipzig 1893) and J. B. Carter Epitheta deorum quae apud poetas Latinos leguntur (Leipzig 1902). The festivals of Zeus in Athens and elsewhere are discussed by A. Mommsen Feste der Stadt Athen (Leipzig 1898) and, with greater circumspection, by M. P. Nilsson Griechische Feste von religib'ser Bedeutung mit Ausschluss der attischen (Leipzig 1906).

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The monuments too 'have received their fair share of attention. Statues and statuettes, reliefs, vase-paintings, coins, and gems are collected and considered in primis by J. Overbeck Griechische Kunstmythologie (Besonderer Theil i. I Zeus Leipzig 1871 with Atlas 1872, 1873)a book that is a model of archaeological erudition. Further, every worker on this or kindred themes must be indebted to the Repertoires of S. Reinach, whose labours have now reduced chaos to cosmos, not merely in the reproduction of previously known sculptures and vases, but also in the publication of much unpublished material. For surveys of the whole subject we turn to the handbooks. And here again good work has been done. C. Robert's revision of L. Preller Griechische Mythologie (Theogonie und Goetter Berlin 1894) deals with Zeus in a clear conspectus of 45 pages. O. Gruppe, the greatest mythologist of modern times, compresses the Father of gods and men into 22 of his well-packed pages (Griechische Mythologie undReligionsgeschichte Munchen 1897, 1906). Probably English readers will derive most benefit from the lucid chapters of Dr L. R. Farnell, who in his Cults of the Greek States (Oxford 1896, 1896, 1907, 1907, 1909) spends 144 pages in discussing 'Zeus,' 'The Cult-monuments of Zeus,' and ' The Ideal Type of Zeus ' with a wealth of learning and aesthetic appreciation that leaves little to seek. Other treatments of the topic are no doubt already being designed for twTo at least of the three huge dictionaries now approaching completion. The Dictionnaire des Antiquites grecques et romaines edited by C. Daremberg and E. Saglio (Paris 1877) has given some account of Zeus in its article' on 'Jupiter' (vol. iii pp. 691708 by E. P[ottier], pp. 708713 by P. Perdrizet). But W. H. Roscher's Ausfuhrliches Lexikon der griechischen und romischen Mythologie (Leipzig 1884- ), though it includes an excellent article on 'luppiter' by Aust (vol. ii pp. 618762), is not likely to reach 'Zeus' for some years to come. And the great syndicate of scholars who are re-writing Pauly's Real-Encyclopddie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (Stuttgart 1894) have not yet got as far as ' luppiter,' let alone ' Zeus.' The present volume is the first of two in which I have endeavoured to trace the development and influence of Zeus. It would seem that the Greeks, starting from a sense of frank childish wonder, not unmixed with fear, at the sight of the animate sky, mounted by slow degrees of enlightenment to a recognition of the physical, intellectual, and moral supremacy of the sky-god. Dion

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Chrysostomos in a memorable sentence declared Zeus to be ' the giver of all good things, the Father, the Saviour, the Keeper of mankind.' On the lower levels and slopes of this splendid spiritual ascent the Greeks found themselves at one with the beliefs of many surrounding peoples, so that a fusion of the Hellenic Zeus with this or that barbaric counterpart often came about. On the higher ground of philosophy and poetry they joined hands with a later age and pressed on towards our own conceptions of Deity. I have therefore felt bound to take into account not only the numerous adaptations of Levantine syncretism but also sundry points of contact between Hellenism and Christianity. It is obvious that the limits of such an enquiry are to a certain extent arbitrary. I shall expect to be told by some that I have gone too far afield, by others that I have failed to note many side-lights from adjacent regions. Very possibly both criticisms are true. Indeed, given the subject, it is not altogether easy to determine the best method of handling it. As a matter of fact I have tried more ways than one. In the Classical Review for 1903 and 1904 I published a series of six papers on ' Zeus, Jupiter and the Oak,' which aimed at summarising the Greek and Roman evidence that might be adduced in support of Sir James G. Frazer's Arician hypothesis. Satisfied that the evidence was much stronger than I had at first supposed, I next attempted, rashly enough, to pursue the same theme into the Celtic, the Germanic, and the LettoSlavonic areas. With that intent I wrote another series of eight articles on ' The European Sky-God,' which appeared in Folk-Lore between the years 1904 and 1907. Of these articles the first three restated, with some modifications, the results obtained on GraecoItalic ground ; and the remaining five were devoted to a survey of analogous phenomena among the Insular Celts. I had meant to go further along the same road. But at this point Dr Farnell in the friendliest fashion put a spoke in my wheel by convincing me that the unity of an ancient god consisted less in his nature than in his name. Thereupon I decided to abandon my search for 'The European Sky-God'; and I did so the more readily because I had felt with increasing pressure the difficulty of discussing customs and myths without a real knowledge of the languages in which they were recorded. After some hesitation I resolved to start afresh on narrower lines, restricting enquiry to the single case of Zeus and marking out my province as explained in the previous paragraph. Even so the subject has proved to be almost too wide.

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I incline to think that a full treatment of any of the greater Greek divinities, such a treatment as must ultimately be accorded to them all, properly demands the co-ordinated efforts of several workers. Be that as it may, in this instalment of my book I have traced the evolution of Zeus from Sky to Sky-god and have sought to determine the relations in which he stood to the solar, lunar, and stellar cults of the Mediterranean basin. I need not here anticipate my conclusions, since the volume opens with a Table of Contents and closes with a summary of results. But I would warn my readers that the story runs on from Volume I to Volume II, and that the second half of it is, for the history of religion in general, the more important. Zeus god of the Bright Sky is also Zeus god of the Dark Sky; and it is in this capacity, as lord of the drenching rain-storm, that he fertilises his consort the earth-goddess and becomes the Father of a divine Son, whose worship with its rites of regeneration and its promise of immortality taught that men might in mystic union be identified with their god, and thus in thousands of wistful hearts, throughout the Hellenic world awakened longings that could be satisfied only by the coming of the very Christ. To some it may be a surprise that I have not made more use of ethnology as a master-key wherewith to unlock the complex chambers of Greek religion. I am far from underestimating the value of that great science, and I can well imagine that the mythology of the future may be based on ethnological data. But, if so, it will be based on the data of future ethnology. For at present ethnologists are still at sixes and sevens with regard to the racial stratification of ancient Greece. Such a survey as K. Penka's Die vorhellenische Bevolkerung Griechenlands (Hildburghausen 1911) shows that progress is being made; but it also shows the danger of premature constructions. Hypotheses that stand to-day may be upset to-morrow ; and to build an edifice on foundations so insecure would be seriously to imperil its stability. I shall therefore be content if certain ethnological conclusions can be drawn, as I believe they can, from the materials here collected, materials that have been arranged on other principles. Again, I may be taxed with an undue neglect of anthropological parallels. In defence I might plead both lack of knowledge and lack of space. But, to be honest, I am not always satisfied that similarity of performance implies similarity of purpose, and I hold that analogies taken from a contiguous area are much more likely to be helpful than analogies

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gathered, sometimes on doubtful authority, from the ends of the habitable earth. Mention must here be made of sundry minor points in method and arrangement. I have as far as possible refrained from mottling my text with Greek and Latin words, and have relegated the necessary quotations to foot-notes, which can be ' skipped' by the expeditious. The perennial problem of orthography I have solved along arbitrary, but I trust consistent, lines. My plan is to transliterate all Greek names (Aischylos, Phoinike, etc.) except those that have been so far Englished as to possess forms differing not only from the Greek but also from the Latin (Homer and Aristotle, the Achaeans and Thessaly). Greek words and phrases cited in the text are further italicised and accentuated. References in the foot-notes have the author's name transliterated, but the title of his work given in Latin to suit prevailing custom, unless that title includes the name of a Greek deity (e.g. Aisch. P.v., Flout, v. Aem. Paul., but Kallim. h. Zeus, Orph. h. Dem. Eletts^). To facilitate occasional usage I have provided two Indexes at the end of Volume I, the first dealing in detail with Persons, Places, and Festivals, the second more summarily with Subjects and Authorities. On the other hand, considerations of space have led me to reserve the Appendixes to the end of Volume II. I may add that the manuscript of that volume is already far advanced : its publication will not, I hope, be unduly delayed. There remains the pleasant task of thanking those that have in a variety of ways helped towards the making of this book. It was Sir James G. Frazer who first advised me to put together in permanent form the materials that I had collected: he has seen about a third of the present volume, and, though well aware that I differ from him on certain vital issues, he has with characteristic generosity more than once encouraged me to persist in my undertaking. I am conscious that I owe much also, both directly and indirectly, to Dr O. Gruppe, who in his Handbuch and elsewhere has set up a standard of thoroughness that must for many a long day be kept in view by all writers on the subject of classical religion. Prof. G. Murray, with proofs of his own on hand, has yet given time to reading mine and has sent me ,a flight of pencilled marginalia, which I have been glad here and there to incorporate. Most of this book has been perused, either in manuscript or in slip, by Miss J. E. Harrison, to whose wide range and quick synthetic powers I am indebted for several valuable suggestions: I am the

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more anxious to acknowledge this debt because on matters of the deepest import we do not see eye to eye. Other helpful criticisms have reached me from my friend Dr J. Rendel Harris, whose studies of ' Dioscurism ' have obvious bearings on certain aspects of Zeus, and from Mr F. M. Cornford, especially in connexion with Dionysiac drama, a subject which he has made peculiarly his own. Life in Cambridge has indeed afforded me, not merely ready access to a great Library, butwhat is better stillready access to many personal friends both able and willing to enlighten ignorance. *On questions of etymology I have time after time trespassed on the scanty leisure of Dr P. Giles, Master of Emmanuel College, or all too rarely had the benefit of a flying visit from the Rev. Dr J. H. Moulton, Greenwood Professor of Hellenistic Greek and Indo-European Philology in the Manchester University. Prof. E. J. Rapson has answered various queries with regard to Sanskrit myths and has furnished me with a detailed note on the Vedic Dyaus. One who deals-with the syncretistic worships of the nearer East must perforce make excursions into the religions of Egypt, Babylonia, Syria and Asia Minor. In things Egyptian I have consulted Mr F. W. Green, Mr H. R. Hall, and Mrs C. H. W.Johns. For Mesopotamian cult and custom I have gone to my friend and former colleague Dr C. H. W. Johns, Master of St Catharine's College. Semitic puzzles have been made plain to me, partly in long-suffering talks and partly on learned post-cards (that boon of modern University life), by the Rev. Prof. R. H. Kennett of Queens' College, by Profs. A. A. Bevan and F. C. Burkitt of.Trinity College, by Mr N. McLean of Christ's College, and by Mr S. A. Cook of Gonville and Caius College: to each and all of them I tender my cordial thanks. In a book of this character, with its constant appeal to the monuments, textual illustration is not a luxury but a necessity. And here again many friends have laid me under lasting obligations. Photographs of unpublished scenes or objects have been sent to me by Mr K. Kourouniotes, Dr C. G. Seligmann, Mr E. M. W. Tillyard, Mr P. N. Ure, Mr A. J. B. Wace, and by my brother Dr A. R. Cook. Mr A. H. Smith, Keeper of Greek and Roman Antiquities in the British Museum, has allowed me to have photographs and drawings made of numerous art-treasures in gold and silver, bronze, marble, and terra cotta: not a few of them are figured here for the first time. I am specially indebted to Mr H. B. Walters, Assistant-Keeper of the same collection, who

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has compared the drawings of vases with the vases themselves, and to Miss P. B. Mudie Cooke, who has verified illustrations and references for me in the Reading Room. In the Department of Coins and Medals Mr G. F. Hill and the late Mr W. Wroth likewise gave me valuable help, partly by discussing various numismatic problems, and partly by supplying me with scores of casts taken from the coins under their charge. Mr F. H. Marshall, formerly of the British Museum, has'sent me impressions of gems in the Gold Room, and Monsieur E. Babelon has furnished me with the cast of an unpublished coin in the Paris cabinet. Permission to have* drawings made from objects in their possession was granted to me by Mr R. M. Dawkins, Mr F. W. Green, and Dr W. H. D. Rouse; permission to reproduce blocks, by Messrs F. Bruckmann and Co., Monsieur 1'Abbe H. Breuil, and Sir William M. Ramsay. Mr J. R. McClean, who was always eager to put his magnificent collection of Greek coins at the service of classical scholarship, generously allowed me to anticipate his Catalogue by figuring several of his most interesting specimens, and but a few weeks before his death contributed a large sum towards the better illustration of this work. Another liberal donation to the same object, enhanced by a letter of rare kindness, has reached me from my friend and fellow-lecturer the Rev. Dr A. Wright, Vice-President of Queens' College. Of the subjects represented in my first volume thirteen coins and one relief were drawn for me by the late Mr F. Anderson, official draughtsman to the British Museum. But the main bulk of the drawings has been made by an equally gifted artist, Miss E. N. Talbot of Saint Rhadegund's House, Cambridge. To her scrupulous exactitude and unremitting industry I am indebted for no fewer than three hundred and twenty-five of my cuts, including the two coloured designs and the restorations attempted in plates vi, xv, xxiii, and xl. Nor must I omit to thank another craftsman of first rate ability, Mr W. H. Hayles of the Cavendish Laboratory, who visited more than one museum on my behalf and, though working against time and not always in ideal conditions, produced a series of exceptionally good photographs. The Syndics of the University Press by undertaking financial responsibility for the whole work have shouldered a heavy burden with little or no hope of ultimate remuneration. Apart from their timely assistance this book would have remained a pile of musty manuscript. Moreover, at every stage of its production I have

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met with unwearied -courtesy and consideration from the Manager and Staff of the Pitt Press. In particular I wish to express my obligation to Mr N. Mason, whose resourceful skill has frequently surmounted obstacles in the way of satisfactory illustration, and to Mr W. H. Swift, whose vigilance and accuracy in proof-reading have been to me a perpetual marvel. Finally, my wife has devoted many hours to the monotonous work of Index-making. I am glad to think that in consequence of her labours this volume will be decidedly more useful than it could otherwise have been.

ARTHUR BERNARD COOK.19 CRANMER ROAD, CAMBRIDGE. 22 July 1914.

c.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME I

ZEUS AS GOD OF THE BRIGHT SKYPAGES

1. Zeus and the Daylight(a) (b} (c) (d)

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.

.

.

.. . . .

.. . . .

.. . . .

. 125. . . . i 9 14 18

Zeus the Sky . . . The Transition from Sky to Zeus Amdrios , . . Zeus Pandmaros, Panemefos,

. . . Sky-god . . . . Panemerios

.. 2. Zeus and the Burning Sky

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256225 26 27 33 34 41 56

(a) Aither as the abode of Zeus . . ..-'. (b} Zeus Aitherios, Zeus Aithrios . - . . . (c). Zeus identified with Aither (sometimes with Aer) in and Poetry . . . . . . . (d} Zeus as god of the Blue Sky in Hellenistic Art i. The Blue Nimbus . . . . . i i . T h e Blue Globe . . . . . iii. The Blue Mantle . . . . . 3. Zeus Lykaios. . . . (a) Wolf-god or Light-god? (&) Peloponnesian coin-types of Zeus Lykaios . (c) Human sacrifice to Zeus Lykaios (d} The Precinct of Zeus Lykaios (e) The Cult of Zeus Lykaios at Kyrene ( / ) Zeus Lykaios o n a Spartan ('Cyrenaic') kylix (g) Zeus-like deities in wolf-skin garb

. . . . . . Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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.

.

.

6399 63 . 68 70 81 89 . 92 96

4. Zeus and Olympos(a) (b) (c) (a) (b} (c] (d) (e} (/)

100117100 104 113

The Cult of Zeus on Mount Olympos . . . . . Dionysiac traits in the Cult of Zeus on Mount Olympos . Development in the meaning of Olympos. Zeus Olympics .

5. The Mountain-cults of Zeus

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117186

Chronological Development of the Mountain-cults The Mountain as the Throne of Zeus . . . The Mountain as the Birth-place of Zeus . . The Mountain as the Marriage-place of Zeus . T h e Mountain a s t h e Burial-place o f Zeus . Zeus as a Mountain-god superseded by Saint Elias

. . 117 . 124 . . 148 . . 154 . 157 . . 163b2

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ContentsPAGES

6. Zeus in relation to the Sun(a) (b) (c) (d) Direct identifications of Zeus with the Sun . Cult-epithets of Zeus that may be solar The Sun as the Eye of Zeus . .

186730. 186 195 196

The Sun as a Wheel . . . . . . . . 1 9 7 i. The Solar Wheel in Greece 197 (a) Ixion . 198 03) Triptolemos 211 (y) Kirke . . . 238 (8) Medeia . . . 244 (e) lynx . . 253 () Isis, Nemesis, Tyche, Fortuna . . . . 265 Zeus and the Solar Wheel . . . . . . 288 Zeus and the Solar Disk 291 The Lycian Symbol 299 v. T h e Lycian Symbol a n d t h e Kyklops . . . . 302 vi. The Kyklops of the East and the Kyklops of the West 309 vii. The Kyklops and Zeus 317 viii. The Blinding of the Kyklops' Eye . . . ' . 321 ix. Prometheus' Theft of Fire . . . , 323 x. The Fire-drill in relation to Prometheus, the Kyklops, and Zeus 325 xi. The Solar Wheel combined with Animals . . . 330 xii. The Solar Chariot 333 xiii. T h e Solar Wreath . . . . . 33& The Sun as the Bird of ZeusThe Sun and the Ram i. The Ram and the Sun in Egypt. Zeus Ammon . (a) Khnemu and Amen 0) Amen and Zeus Thebaieus . . (y) Amen and Zeus Ammon (8) Ba'al-hamman and Zeus Ammon . . (e) Zeus Ammon and the Snake (f) Zeus of the Oasis a Graeco-Libyan god . . . (77) The youthful Ammon (ff) The Oasis of Siwah ii. The Ram and the Sun in Phrygia. Zeus Sabdzios . iii. The Golden or Purple Ram of the Etruscans and Italians iv. The Golden or Purple Lamb of Atreus . . . v. The Cattle of the Sun vi. The Golden Lamb in a folk-tale from Epeiros . . vii. The Golden or Purple Ram of Phrixos . . . viii. Zeus Aktatos or Akraios and his Fleeces . . . ix. Zeus Meilichios, Zeus Ktesios, and the Fleece of Zeus x. The Significance of the Ram in the Cults of Zeus .

(e)(/)

341346 346 346 347 348 353 358 361 371 376 390 403 405 409 412 414 420 422 428

Contents(g) The i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. xi. xii. xiii. xiv. xv. xvi. xvii. xviii. xix. xx. Sun -and -the Bull . The Bull and the Sun in Egypt . . . . Zeus, lo, and Epaphos Priests and Priestesses with Animal Names . Hera and the Cow Kleobis a n d Biton . . . . . . . Trophonios and Agamedes The Proitides . . . . . Hera and lo Zeus a n d Argos . . . . . . . The Myth of Pasiphae The Bull and the ,Sun in Crete . . . T h e C o w a n d t h e Moon i n Crete . . . The Sacred Cattle of Gortyna The Labyrinth a t Knossos . . . . . T h e Minotaur . . . . . . . . ' Minoan' Bull-fights . . . . . Ritual Horns . . . . . . . The Marriage of the Sun and the Moon in Crete Zeus and the Bovine Figures of Cretan Mythology The Bull and the Sun in Syria (a) Zeus A dados and lupiter Heliopolitanus . . 0 ) lupiter Heliopolitanus a n d t h e Bull . . . ( y ) Adad o r Ramman a n d t h e Bull . . . (8) Zeus (Adad) and Hera (Atargatis) at Hierapolis (e) Zeus (Adad) at Dion, Rhosos, etc. . . . () Characteristics of the Syrian Zeus (Adad) . (?) Ba'al-tars and Zeus Tersios . . . . (&} Zeus Dolichaios and lupiter Dolichenus . . xxi. The Significance of the Bull in the Cults of Zeus (a) T h e Bull a s a Fertilising Power . . . (|8) The Influence of Apis . . . . . (y) Spread of the Hittite Bull-cult (8) The Cretan Zeus and Zagreus . . . . (f) The Cretan Zeus and Human Omophagy . () The Cretan Zeus and Bovine Omophagy . (77) The Origin of Tragedy (8) T h e Attic Festivals o f Dionysos . . . (i) The Satyric Drama (K) Zeus, Dionysos, and the Goat xxii. Animals sacrificed to Zeus The i. ii. iii. iv. v. Sun as a Bronze Man Talos i n Crete . . . . . Talos in Sardinia Talos and the Bronze-founder's Art Talos at Athens Talos identified with Zeus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xxi430 430 437 441 444 447 450 451 453 457 464 467 469 471 472 490 497 506 521 543 549 549 567 576 582 590 591 593 604 633 633 635 639 644 651 659 665 680 695 706 716 719 719 721 723 724 728

(K)

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xxii

ContentsPAGES

7. Zeus in relation to the Moon . . . . (a) Direct identifications of Zeus with the Moon (b) Zeus paired with Selene (Pandta ?) (c) Zeus paired with lo, Pasiphae, Europe (d) Zeus paired with Antiope (e) Zeus and his Lunar Consorts . . .

. .

. .

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730740 . 730 732 733 734 . 739

8. Zeus in relation to the Stars . . . . . . 740775 (a) Zeus Aste'rios, Zeus Seiren, Zeus Oromdsdes . . . . 740 (&) Zeus as god of the Starry Sky . . . . . . 751 (c) Zeus i n Astronomy a n d Astrology . . . . . . 754 (d) -Zeus transformed into a Star . . . . . . 760 (e) The Dioskouroi as Stars . . . . . . . . 760 i. The dedication of Stars after the battles of Salamis and Aigos Potamos . . . . . . . 761 The Dioskouroi as Stars in Hellenic Literature . . 763 'The Dioskouroi with Stars in Hellenistic Art . . 764 The Dioskouroi identified with the Heavenly Twins in Hellenistic Literature . . . . . 770 v. 'The'Dioskouroi identified with various Stars by modern writers . . . . . . . ' . . - . . 771 vi. The Dioskouroi identified with Saint Elmo's Fire in . Hellenistic Literature . . . . . . 771 vii. The Stars of the Dioskouroi arid of Helene as a good or b a d omen . . . . . . . . 772 viii. " Saint Elmo's Fire . . . . . . . . 774 9. General Conclusions with regard to Zeus as god of the Bright Sky . . . . . . . . . ' ' . 776780 ADDENDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . 781786 787859 860885

INDEX I (PERSON'S, PLACES, FESTIVALS) INDEX I I (SUBJECTS, AUTHORITIES) .

LIST OF PLATES IN VOLUME IFRONTISPIECE arid PLATEWall-painting from Pompeii : Zeus enthroned with pillar behind him II Well-mouth at Naples : Zeus enthroned with pillar beside him Ill Amphora from Ruvo : pillar-cult o f Zeus . . . . IV i, 2 Krater from Apulia : pillar-cults of Zeus . . V Krater from Lecce : pillar-cult o f Zeus . . . . VI Wall-painting from Pompeii: Zeus enthroned with globe beside him VII Relief on the so-called ara Capitolina : Zeus enthroned with globe beside him VIII View of the summit of Mount Lykaion, showing bases of eagle-columns . . . . . . . . . IX, i View of Mount Olympos as seen from the port of Litokhoro 2 Diagram of the same view, showing Mount Olympos as it rises through aer into aither . . . . . . X Restored view of Pergamon, showing the great altar of Zeus XI Hydria from Ruvo : Zeus and the judgment of Paris XII Pelike from Ruvo: Zeus and the defeat of Marsyas XIII Relief signed by Archelaos of Priene : Zeus and the apotheosis of Homer XIV View of Mount Taygeton as seen from Sparta . XV Upper half of colossal figure from Eleusis : kistophoros known as Saint Demetra XVI Amphora from Cumae : Ixion on his wheel XVII Etruscan mirror : Ixion on his wheel XVIII Krater from Agrigentum : Triptolemos . . . . XIX Amphora from Ruvo : Triptolemos . . . . . XX Krater from Cumae: Triptolemos . . . . . XXI Coin of Gaza Minoa (?): the Hebrew Godhead as a solar Zeus . . . . . . . . . . XXII Krater from Canosa : the vengeance of Medeia XXIII, i Restoration of the cult-statue of Nemesis at Rhamnous ia, i & Front and side of extant fragment of the head 2a, 2* Coin of Kypros : obv. Zeus enthroned ; rev. Nemesis standing XXIV, i Silver-gilt plaque from Elis : Helios rising 2 Bronze crescent from Elis : lily-work etc. . . I

34 34 36 f39 39 42 42 83

100 119 125 129 129

172 203 204 219 223 223 232 252

274 f. 336

XXIVPLATE .

List of Platesto face page

XXV XXVI, i 2 3 XXVII XXVIII XXIX XXX XXXI XXXII XXXIII XXXIV XXXV XXXVI XXXVII XXXVIII XXXIX, i 2 XL, i4

XLI XLII

May-garland of flowers and corn from Eleusis . . 338 Terra-cotta statuette from Kypros : Ba'al-hamman enthroned Leaden plate from Caesarea lol : heads of Ba'al-hamman Silver diadem from Batna : Ba'al-hamman, Tanit, etc. 354 fBronze relief at Copenhagen : Zeus Sabdzios . 392 Corn-maiden from Lesbos 396 Mosaic in the orchestra of the theatre at Athens : swastikapattern 480 Hydria from the Canino collection : a Minotaur-dance (?) 497 ~Bz\\-krate'r in the Hope collection : Herakles in Olympos taking fruit from the cornu copiae of Zeus . 502 White-ground kylix from Aigina : Zeus and Europe 526 f. Marble stele from Marseille: lupiter Heliopolitanus 57o Bronze plate from Heddernheim : lupiter Dolichenus . 620 Bronze tympanon from the Idaean Cave in Crete : Zeus and the Kouretes 644 Hydria from Kameiros : Zagreus devoured by the Titans . 654 f. Terra-cotta mask from Anthedon : a Satyric choreutes . 696 Krater from Altemura : (a) the decking of Pandora ; (b) a Satyric chorus 700 f. Bell-/rtf//r in the Hope collection preparations for a Satyr-play Bell-/rjafj.ev, | /cat TaVrpa /cat TOV 'tipiwva depKOfJUU.

Zeus the Sky'This earth 'I keep for my own use ; The sky, Zeus, is for thine1.'

With these passages of comedy and quasi-comedy should be compared certain others of more serious tone, in which the poet says ' the rays of Zeus' or ' the light of Zeus' where we should say ' the light of day.' The Iliad thus describes the crash of a battle between Argives and Trojans:The din of both Rose to the upper sky and the rays of Zeus2.

Hekabe in the tragedy that Euripides named after her speaks of her dead son Polydoros asNo longer in the light of Zeus3.

In the same poet's Iphigeneia at Aulis the heroine, when she departs to her death, bids adieu to the day-light:O lamp of day And light of Zeus, Another life, Another lot Henceforth be mine. Loved light, farewell4.

In such passages it is difficult to determine whether Zeus is conceived as anthropomorphic, or not. Anthropomorphism is, however, apparent in the Rhesos, where Euripides writes not only 'the light of the god 5 ' but also 'Zeus god of Light6.'.1 Plout. de Alex. magn. i. 9, 2. 2 ( = Cougny Anth. Pal. Append. 3. 53) avdaffovvri d' eoiKev 6 xaX/ceos els At'a Xetkrcrciw | 'yav vir' ejUoi ride/tai, ZeO, crv 8' "OXvpirov l^e.' 2 //. 13. 837 TOT; 5' d/j.(poTtp (II. 2. 458). So schol. T., adding ol de " At6s" TOV 17X1011, IIXaTWj'tKws. Cp. Eustath. in II. p. 962, 64 f. Atos avyds, o effTiv i]\iov /card TOVS TraXatotfs and et. mag. p. 409, 9 which quotes the line as proof that Zevs sometimes means 'the sun.' Hesych. Atos avyds' TTJS ijnepas TO s. TOV aldepa. The phrase recurs in a Greek metrical inscription found at Ostia (Inscr. Gr. Sic. It. no. 940 \ev a,We]pi Kal Atos avyais). 3 Eur. Hec. 707 oikr' OVTO. Atos ev fidei. 4 Id. I.A. 1505 ff. /w t'c6, | XayUTrao'oCxos a/Jtepa \ At6s re (jteyyos, K.T.\. 5 Id. Rhes. 331 TOVTTIOV ae\as 6eov = ' to-morrow.' 6 Id. ib. 355 Zeus 6 ^apatos. Perhaps we should rather render ' He that Appeareth'; cp. ib. 370 (pdvrjdi. The same title was borne by Apollon in Chios (Hesych. s.v. 3>avaios), and is thus explained by Macrob. Sat. i. 17. 34: Jpcwato;' (MSS. rtfeot,uaf?fc 457? Epithet: bull 718j Priest: POVKO\IKOS 457 f. Myth: Ahalya 3952 Etymology : 4583 Function: thunder 3417 718i Attribute: bull 458 Attribute: eagle 3417 lolaos In relation to ram 3952 Myth: Hydra 724! Indulgentia August! lole 117 Attributes: cornu copiae, rod, wheel 268 lolkos 244 246 Type: stands leaning on column 268 lone Ino Cults: Zeus 'ft-rriKdpirtos 236io Zeus Oracle: 522 Myths: Athamas 674 6746 becomes foundation of 236 cp. 237i Leukothea 674 Brasiai 6746 DionyIonia sos 674 6746 Melikertes 416 674 Rites: dances of TiTfim, Phrixos 415 f. 4182 Sdriipoi, /3owc6Xot 679iC.

52

8i8.

Index IIthome, Mt Cult: Zeus 154 Zeus 'Itfayidray 121 Myth: Zeus nursed by Nymphs 154 lulus 488 luno Cults: Caerleon-on-Usk 6112Netherby 6113 Rome 59U eilj Syene 3534' Epithets: Hera 6099 Lacinia 82l Eegina 59U 3534 611! 6113(?) Sancta 6099 6105 Saturnia 4454 Functions: lunar 455 mountain 3534 Festival: Nonae Caprotinae 6940 Attributes: cow 619 patera 289i peacock 289X Type: on cow 619 Assimilated to Venus 617 f. (?) Associated with lupiter Dolichenus 610 f. 611 619 lupiter and Minerva 60 anger of 661 luno, queen of Crete 661 f. lupiter Cults: Acumincum(?) 611 f. Apulum 190o 6309 Aquileia in Upper Germania 619 626 Aquincum 5515 6332 Athens 5514 554^ Auximum 1900 Babylon 757i Caerleon-on-Usk 6112 Capitolias 45 f. Carnuntum 3534 5516 612 ff. 626 633! Carthage 3534 Celts 288 f. 482p Cirta 415 Dalmatia(?) 19lo Dion in Dekapolis 572! Doliche 606 Dorstadt 1910 Eleutheropolis 572i Heddernheim 619 ff. 626 ff. Heliopolis in Syria 550 ff. 578 635 Ianiculum(?) 551U Kommagene 6122 Lambaisa 1883 Latovici 551 5518 633j Lussonium 615 ff. 620 ff. 626 Lutri 189! Magna 5523 Massilia 552i 611 Mauretania Caesariensis 354 f. Neapolis in Samaria 45 572j Nemausus 5522 Netherby 6113 Nikopolis in ludaea 572j Pfiinz 6308 Portus Romanus 55110 5676 Puteoli 5519 Rome 42 ff. 53 f. 58 189! 1900 1910 194i 351n 3534 608 ff. 6308 Sallentini 1805 Sassoferrati 1900 Siscia 551* Syene 3534 Trigisamum 617 ff. Epithets: Aeternus 59U 1910 6087 6098 aetherius 26 cp. 273 102 Ammon 3652 (See also Hammon) Angelus 55110 5675 Augustus 5520 6098 Balmarcodes 571o Barbarus 3534 Belus 757i Capitollnus 343 42 ff. 53 f. 194i 2344 781 Chnubis 3534 Conservator 2765 Conservator Imperil 551n Conservator Totius Poll 6087 633 corniger 365i Crescens 714 Defensor 2765 deus Dolichenius 611g (See also Dolichenus} Deus Paternus Commagenus 6122 Dignus (?) 6099 cp. 6098 Dolicenus 6150 (See also Dolichenus) Dolichenus 25