zarbulas sundials roger bailey & alain ferreira nass 2005 chicago
TRANSCRIPT
Zarbula’s
Sundials
Roger Bailey & Alain Ferreira
NASS 2005 Chicago
Sundials in France
Distribution by Département
Hautes-Alpes 772
Highest sundial density in the world!
Ref: http://www.saf-lastronomie.com/cadrans/carte_2002.gif
Why Hautes-Alpes?
• Alpine folk art traditions• Insolation: 330 days of sunshine • Isolation from politics and progress
– Travel over the passes not down the valleys– Transhumance- summer alps, winter
Piedmont• Independent Republics
– Five “Escartons de Briançonnais” – from 1343 until 1713 and 1789
• Itinerants: shepherds and tradesmen
ZARBULA
ZONE
Austria
Bavaria
France
Italy
Alpine Sundials
EngadineTyrol
Sundials of Giovanni Francesco ZARBULA
Who was Giovanni Francesco Zarbula?
• We only know his name and his works
• Itinerant Italian painter• Piedmont to Hautes Alpes• Only tools, materials and
techniques that could be carried by a donkey
• Speciality: bold flamboyant vertical declining sundials
• Distinctive folk art style• Accurate gnomonic method• Long lasting fresco paintings
Zarbula’s StyleBaroque Italian Folk Art• Equinoctial Line • Birds and Flowers• Frame, curtains, tassels• Sun and crescent moon• Symbols: Masonic and
Religious• Mottos: Latin, French,
Italian, Provencal• Signed: GFZ or ZGF• Dated: 1830 – 1876• Maljasset, Ubaye, 1860
ZARBULA
ZONE
95
Zarbula
sundials
26 ORIGINALS11 WITH ZARBULA’s DRAWINGS
36 RESTORED23 PHOTOS FROM ORIGINALS
33 LOST5 PHOTOS OR DRAWINGS OF THOSE LOST
5 DUBIOUS8 DUPLICATES OR COMPLEMENTARY
Italy, Piedmont
Zone Val Chisone
20 sundials
VALLOIRE2
ZONE BRIANCON
29
VALLOUISE
4
VALLEE DE LA CLAREE
4
NORTH ZARBULA ZONE
Latitude 45º
ZARBULA’ s Method
Discovered by Paul Gagnaire, From the Valloire sundial, at Les Verneys en Savoie.
Ref : Cadrans solaires en Savoie, 1999 by P.Gagnaire. Page 130-137: A Valloire, Solved mystery.L’Equere et L’Oiseau ou L’Art et La Maniere de ZARBULA by P.Gagnaire. 2000 Cadran Info SaF http://www.ens-lyon.fr/RELIE/Cadrans/Promenades/Zarbula/Equerre.htm
ZARBULA’ s Method
Les Verneys en Savoie.
Drawing by P.Gagnaire
Equatorial
6 o’clock
Equatorial Circle
Zarbula’s Construction Lines
Noon
Horizontal
Zarbula’s Method: The Sun Rules!
•Zarbula did not need to know the latitude or wall declination to define the dial.•The shadow determined the sub-style line•Zarbula used no calculations or tables.•Simple geometry determined the hour lines.•Zarbula worked at the latitude of 45°• None of the sundials are oriented North.• The wall is vertical and declining from south.• Zarbula already knew the sundial’s size and location on the wall.
Principle 1: Horizontal Equivalence
• Any Vertical Declining sundial has a equivalent horizontal sundial at in the southern hemisphere at a different latitude
• Determine the sub-style distance and sub-style height for the polar axis
• Lay out the hourlines for the horizontal equivalent
XII
He draws the vertical noon line XII and marks the centre C
C
He drives in a horizontal style at C perpendicular to the wall
Zarbula’s Method
XII
C
Zarbula draws point by point a
hyperbolic declination line,
representing of the path of the
tip of the shadow.
Principle 2: Indian or Hindu Circle for Sub-style
P 1
P 2
Zarbula draws the sub-style, the axis of symmetry of the dial
S
XII
C
Zarbula’s Method
XII
Center of sundial C
NOON LINE XII
S
SUB-STYLE
Zarbula’s Method
C
S
M
45°
45°
M ’
The perpendicular gnomon gives the shadow path to set the sub-style line. For the actual dial, polar style is from the intersection of the noon meridian and the same sub-style line.
Zarbula’s Method
Principle 3: Rotation of the Meridian Plane
• Meridian plane shows the Latitude , Co-Latitude, Polar style and Equatorial true size
• Rotation of the Meridian plane about the Meridian axis to the Sub-style, perpendicular to the wall, shows the Substyle Height
• Rotation defines the Equatorial Horizon plane
C
Noon
Lat
Co-LatPol
ar S
tyle
Equatorial
M
C
Noon to equinox
45°
45°
45°
Define the Equatorial Horizon by rotating the meridian plane and the latitude angle around the vertical Meridian axis
Zarbula’s Method
S
He draws a horizontal line
M
C
45°
45°
45°Horizon
Zarbula’s Method
S
He draws an equatorial line perpendicular to the sub-style line
M
C
Horizon
45°
45°
Equatorial
Zarbula’s Method
S
He draws the 6 o’clock (18h) line to the equatorial horizon
M
C
Horizon 18h
Equatorial
Zarbula’s Method
S
If it’s morning declining,
he draws the 6 am line
M
C
Horizon
Equatorial
6h
Zarbula’s Method
S
M
C
Horizontal line
48°
18h
Equatorial
Generalised method for different latitudes
Example Chicago = 42°
42°
Zarbula’s Method
S
Zarbula draws the center W of an auxiliary equatorial
M
C
Horizon
Equatorial
O
18h
12h
W
?
?
?
Zarbula’s Method
Vertical méridional sundial Villevieille church, Queyras
Principle 4: Always 90º between noon and 6 o’clock
S
Starting from auxiliary equatorial centre W, he draws the 15° angles to the equatorial line
M
C
Horizontal line
Equatorial
18h
12h
W
R
Sub-Style Height is RW, radius of the auxiliary equatorial circle
Zarbula’s Method
S
The intersections are numbered in sequence from noon to 18 o clock
M
C
Horizon line
Equatorial
18h
12h
W
11h
14h
16h15h
13h
10h
19h
17h
9h
Zarbula’s Method
S
The only thing left is to draw the hours lines from C point...
M
C
Horizon line
Equatorial
18h
11h
14h
16h15h
13h
10h
19h
17h
9h
Zarbula’s Method
S
M
C
Horizontal Line
Equatorial
18h
11h
14h
16h15h
13h
10h
19h
17h
9h
Installation of the Polar Style (Gnomon) above the Sub-Style Line
Sub-Style Height is theRadius of the auxillary equatorial circle
Zarbula’s Method
Principles of Zarbula’s Method
• Horizontal Equivalence of Vertical Decliner• Indian (Hindu) Circle for sub-style line• Meridian plane contains Latitude true size• Rotate Meridian plane to establish Horizon
plane Equatorial line and 6 o’clock line• 90º between Noon and 6 o’clock • Equatorial Tangent line for hour lines and
Sub-style Height• The geometry is correct; the method is
accurate, within some limitations
Test of Zarbula’s Method
1. Sub-style line
Latitude: 48.6º NDeclination: 58º E
Shadow Path for 14 June
Noon
36.8°
Distance
Sub-Style
Sub-Style
Declination Line
Noon
Substyle
Horizon
Equinox
56
7
9
12
11
10
81.40
36.8°
SH
SD
311.4°
Lat
12:30
13
Zabula Test: Latitude N 48.6º Substyle 36.8ºTest of Zarbula’s Method
2. Equatorial Tangent Line
DeltaCAD design drawingusing Zarbula’s Method gives identical results to trig calculations
Zarbula’s ToolsSticks and String
• Sticks– ruler, straight edge– set square 45º & 90º– compass, dividers– gnomon
• String– plumb bob– chalk line – compass
Zarbula’s Painting
• Fresco technique on parged masonry walls
• Mineral oxide pigments on fresh lime mortar
• No organic materials
• Weather and sun resistant
• Quick bold strokes
Ochre de Provence
Pigments :
Ochre (iron oxides) for yellow orange &, red.
black soot, zinc oxide white, cobalt blue, copper greens Sienne earths.
ZONE ZARBULA South
LES TANCS1
LES ORRES1
UBAYE2
QUEYRAS
38 sundials
Château Queyras
QUEYRAS
EYGLIERS2
CERVIERES3
CHÂTEAU QUEYRAS
12
ABRIES
4
MOLINES2
SAINT VERAN7
AIGUILLES
1
ARVIEUX
7
LES ESCOYERES
First Known Zarbula DialQueyras, Arvieux, le Coin
1832 QUEYRAS
Arvieux, Les Escoyères
VIHORIZON
EQUATORIAL
1839 Cervières,
Customs Office
Original Restored
by Evelyne and
Norbert Peyrot 2000
18?? QUEYRAS
Château Villevieille
Clot du Riou
1840 - Zarbula’s Miracle Year
• Twelve Zarbula dials dated 1840• Eight Queyras (6-St. Veran, 2-Chateau)• Two Vallouise, • Two Briançonnais (Clarée, Salle les
Alpes)• 1830 to 1839 only six Zarbula dials• Apprenticeship done, artistic style set• Breakthrough commission? Vallouise, Bardonnèche
Vallouise 1840
• Zarbula’s breakthrough commission
• Home of Françoise Ponce,Viscountess de Bardonnèche
• Zarbula’s techniques and style established
• Restored in 1991 by Pique & Bachet of Atelier Tournesol, Grenoble
St Véran at 2040 mThe Highest village in Europe31 Sundials, 7 by Zarbula
1840
Saint Véran
Haut Forannes
1840 Saint VéranMathieu Romain farm
1840
Saint Véran
Le Raux
1840: Saint Véran Forannes
Pierre Belle
1840: Saint Véran
1858 St Véran Pierre Belle
Restored in 1995 by Rémi PoteyGite Gabelous
Queyras, Arvieux
Les Escoyères,
1857 Original
Les Escoyères chapel dial
Restored by Rémi Potey
Suzon ConWith Susan
1861 Eygliers, Le Cros Guillestre
Complementary corner dial lost
Rose Marble
Briançon Hautes Alpes
• The highest city in Europe
• Crossroads for Alpine pass
• Vauban fortress near Italian border
• 1719 dial on Collégiale Notre-Dame
1876: BriançonPlace d’Armes
Most Zarbula sundials are in the surrounding alpine villages
1876: Briançon, Place d’Armes
Zarbula?
1842: Briancon, Puy St Pierre, Le Pinet
Restored by E & N Peyrot
1843: Clarée, Val des Prés
1869 : Vallouise Le Villard St Sébastien
1869 : Vallouise Le Villard St Sébastien
1869 : Vallouise, Le Villard, St Sébastien
Zarbula dials and paintings restored in 1997 by Atelier Tournesol, Pique & Bachet
1869: Le Villard Vallouise
PM dial is almost south facing
“Don’t rely on the firstas all depends on the last”
6 o’clock line is off the dial
Morning dial is close to east facing.Zarbula’s normal method does not work
Black Madonna
“I am black, but comely,O ye daughters of Jerusalem” Song of Solomon, 1:5
Zarbula’s Painting of the
ZONE ZARBULA EAST
Italy, Piedmont
Val Chisone
USSEAUX
1PRAGELATO
5TRAVERSES
2SESTRIERE
6
Turin Olympics 2006
Val Chisone
1870 : Sestriere, Champlas du Col, via Nationale
1870 : Sestriere, Champlas du Col, via Nationale
Close the shutter...
“I am black, but comely, O ye daughters of Jerusalem”
1872 Sestriere Borgata,
1872 : Sestriere, Borgata,
1872 Sestriere, Borgata
14 viaColle de Sestriere
1872 : Zarbula Original
Sestriere, Borgata
Restoration?
1872 Sestriere, Borgata12A via Colle de Sestriere
1872 Sestriere, Borgata 12A
Sundial EntropyLost Zarbula’s
• Paints wash away• Grime obscures• Parging spalls • Gnomons bend and
break• Walls crack and fall• Renovation and
development destroy • Fires, floods,
avalanches
1853 : Saint Martin de Queyrières, Prelles
This sundial disappeared in 2003
TIME IS RUNNING OUT JUST LIKE WATER.
Aiguilles 1889102 Buildings destroyed
In Château Queyras : flood level in 1957
In Abries, Zarbula’s sundial
destroyed in 1944 bombardment
Restorations:Club du Vieux Manoir
• Patrimony: history, cultural, architecture
• 13 sundials restored in Brianconnais 1984-2000
1870: St Martin de Queyrières Church
Restorations: Solaria s.n.c
• Lucio Maria Morro & Fabio Garnero
• FOSSANO (Cuneo) It • Sundial creation &
restoration • Many Italian dials• Zarbula Restoration
http://www.solariameridiane.com/313/L109.html
1872 Sestriere, Champlas du Col
1843 Château Queyras Villevieille
•Fresco painter•Creative artist•Many modern dials•Hautes Alpes, Haute Provence, Buëch•Restorations:
–St Véran–Château Queyras
Restorations: Rémi Potey
Jean-François Gavoty
• Creative artist, painter, cadranier
• Professor fine arts– Ecole des Beaux Arts,
Strasburg, Grenoble, Lyon
• Haute Provence, Ubaye– Maljasset– Serenne
1860 Serrenes, Ubaye, Alpes de Haute Provence
RestorationsAtelier Tournesol
• Pique & Bachet• Inventories,
protection• Grenoble, Savoie,
Hautes Alpes• Vallouise:
– Bardoneche– Le Villard, St
Sebastien
Evelyne & Norbert Peyrot
1847 : SAINT-CHAFFREY, Villard-Late,
Restoration of sundials and fresco paintings in Briançonnais, Val de Clarée, Val des Prés
18?? : Savoie, Valloire, Les Verneys
1998 : Renovated by Peyrot
THE END
Alain Ferreira & Roger Bailey2005 : Destroyed -Valloire Town Hall
Acknowledgements & References
• Alain Ferreira: co-author ideas, slides, pictures, files
• Internet: Google, SML • A. Gunella: L’ Orologio Francese e il
detto DI ZARBULA per trovare la declinazione del muro
• A. Bouchard: Zarbula Dossier, Le Gnomoniste, mars 2005
• P. Gagnaire: L’ Equerre et le Oiseau
• P.Putelat & G. Ducrot: Cadrans Solaires Traditionnels en Queyras – Briançonnais
• Cadrans Solaires Français Catalogués; SAF CCS
Emmanuel Defever*** Sommelier