Khodorkovsky-Yukos Timeline

2 For further information, please visit the Khodorkovsky & Lebedev Communications Centre

1989

Following the creation of a successful import-export business, Mikhail Khodorkovsky acquires a banking licence and with several

business partners forms Bank Menatep, one of the first commercial banks in Russia. Subsequently, Khodorkovsky and his business

partners establish Rosprom, a diversified holding company. Rosprom was later replaced with Group Menatep Limited.

15th April 1993

The Russian Government founds Yukos as a separate legal entity and consolidates certain state-owned producing, refining and

distribution entities into a vertically integrated oil company. By the end of 1995, Yukos comes close to bankruptcy amid falling output and

rising debt, owing over $3 billion.i

1996

The government makes a decision to privatize Yukos. Through their holding company, Khodorkovsky and his business partners acquire a

majority interest in Yukos for approximately $350 million. At this time, Yukos’s debt exceeds $3 billion and the company is six months

behind in payment of salaries to its employees. Yukos annual oil production reaches 34 million metric tons of oil but is decreasing by 7-

15% annually.

1996- 1999

With Khodorkovsky’s leadership, Yukos initiates a series of modernising reforms and major restructuring programmes to “match

international standards for corporate behaviour and financial stability.” By the end of 1999, Yukos’s oil production was increasing 10%

annually. By 2003, its production level reached 80 million metric tons of oil per year.ii

Feb 2000

Yukos launches its Governance Charter and publishes accounts to international standards.iii

March 2001

Yukos becomes listed on the New York, London, Frankfurt, Berlin and Munich financial indexes.iv

3 For further information, please visit the Khodorkovsky & Lebedev Communications Centre

Feb 2001

Khodorkovsky founds the “Open Russian Foundation” (ORF) a non-governmental organisation dedicated to principles of freedom and

democracy. Prior to its enforced closure by the Kremlin in 2006, the ORF funded up to $20 million per annum in programmes diversified

across education and science, public health, leadership and cultural development. The ORF was also noted for providing support to

populations indigenous to the areas in which Yukos maintained production facilities.v

2003

Group Menatep Limited, which holds a majority interest in Yukos, enters into negotiations with United States oil majors ExxonMobil and

ChevronTexaco for the acquisition of at least a 25% interest in Yukos for up to $20 billion. In addition, Yukos agrees in both principle

and detail to acquire Sibneft, the fourth-largest oil company in Russia, through a merger.vi

19th Feb 2003

During a live televised broadcast, Khodorkovsky challenges President Putin over Rosneft’s controversial acquisition of the oil producer

Severnaya Neft from Senator Andrei Vavilov. During this exchange, Khodorkovsky argues that the $600 million price paid by Rosneft

was excessive, thus implying that some parties close to the Kremlin had improperly benefited from the transaction.

April 2003

In an attempt to promote democracy and engender greater political debate, Khodorkovsky shows his public support for numerous

political groups including Yabloko, the Communist Party and even the pro-Kremlin United Russia.vii

19th June 2003

The Russian government arrests one of the Yukos security managers, Alexei Pichugin, on charges of murder and attempted murder.

Pichugin’s arrest is widely seen as an attempt to coerce him into implicating one or more of the founders of Yukos. During his pre-trial

detention in the Lefortovo Prison in Moscow, Pichugin is denied access to counsel and is interrogated with the aid of psychotropic

drugs.viii

4 For further information, please visit the Khodorkovsky & Lebedev Communications Centre

2nd July 2003

Platon Lebedev, a major shareholder in Yukos, head of Group Menatep Limited, and a close friend of Khodorkovsky is arrested on fraud

charges relating to the 1994 privatisation of the fertilizer company Apatit. The arrest occurs while Lebedev is hospitalised.ix

14th August 2003

The Yukos-Sibneft merger is approved by the Russian Anti-Monopoly authority, subject to certain standard conditions. The merger

would create Russia’s largest oil and gas group and the world’s fourth largest oil producer. However, following discussions between

leading Sibneft shareholder Roman Abramovich and President Putin, the merger which had been scheduled to begin in January 2004 is

unexpectedly cancelled.x

October 2003

In an interview with German publication “Die Welt”, Khodorkovsky argues that the Kremlin had sought to create a “managed

democracy” that operates “a liberal economy in an authoritarian state.” The publication of the interview comes only three days prior to

his arrest.xi

25th October 2003

When a TU-134 plane with Khodorkovsky on board stops in Irkutsk where he was scheduled to speak at the School of Public Politics, ,

FSB Special Forces arrest Khodorkovsky at gunpoint on trumped-up charges of fraud and tax evasion. When news of the arrest is made

public, the Russian stock market closes for the first time ever and the rouble experiences one of its most drastic falls. The Russian media

argued that the arrest marked “the end of capitalism” and even state-owned news outlets described the arrest as “absurd.”xii

30th October 2003

The Russian prosecutor’s office freezes 44% of Yukos common stock owned by Group Menatep Limited “as shares which are in effect

owned by Khodorkovsky.” xiii

5 For further information, please visit the Khodorkovsky & Lebedev Communications Centre

29th December 2003

The Russian tax authorities initiate a “special” tax re-audit of Yukos’s income tax payments for 2000. The audit lasts less than two weeks,

and the Russian tax authorities conclude that Yukos failed to pay approximately $3.4 billion in taxes for 2000 (almost 85% of Yukos’s

income before income taxes for that year).

14th April 2004

Following an irregular “re-audit” of Yukos’s tax liabilities, Russian tax authorities declare Yukos liable for a further RUB 99.4 billion in

retroactive tax liabilities dating back to 2000. Simultaneously, Yukos are told by Russian Tax Ministry that they have two days within

which to fulfil their tax obligations.

15th April 2004

Only a day after Yukos’s declared liability, the Russian Tax Ministry initiates legal proceedings with the Moscow court of arbitration to

recover their tax entitlements.

6th May 2004

In a Moscow Arbitrazh Court, Yukos appeals the $3.4 billion assessment of back taxes, asking the court to declare unlawful the decision of

the tax authorities.

26th May 2004

Following a short period of deliberation, the Moscow Arbitrazh Court upholds 99% of the Russian Tax Ministry’s reassessment of Yukos.

Consequently, Yukos is compelled to make the repayment within 5 working days, while all its bank accounts and assets are under arrest

as security. Yukos subsequently make three appeals against the decision only for the court to uphold the ruling on 29th June 2004.xiv

16th June 2004

The initial trial of Khodorkovsky and Lebedev begins, only to be immediately adjourned at the request of the prosecution.xv

6 For further information, please visit the Khodorkovsky & Lebedev Communications Centre

12th July, 2004

The trial resumes with prosecutor Dmitry Shokhin brandishing Khodorkovsky as the head of an “organised criminal group,” an accusation

the defense describes as “absurd.” The Russian judicial system is broadly criticised for requiring that Khodorkovsky and Lebedev endure

the entire trial from within a metal cage in the courtroom.xvi

20th July 2004

The Moscow District Federal Arbitrazh Court upholds the decision of the Moscow Arbitrazh Court forcing Yukos to pay its $3.4 billion

back tax claim immediately.

24th July 2004

Former Yukos executive and Representative on the Russian Federation Council, Leonid Nevzlin is accused of organising contract killings.

An in absentia trial of Nevzlin (based on a new law which was recently adopted) began on March 19th, 2008 and resulted in Nevzlin’s

conviction on August 1st, 2008, with a sentence of life in prison. Nevzlin, who remains in Israel, has applied to the ECHR for review of his

case.

November, 2004

The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe issues a report titled “The circumstances surrounding the arrest and prosecution

of leading Yukos executives”. The report concludes that “the circumstances of the arrest and prosecution of leading Yukos executives

suggest that the interest of the State’s action in these cases goes beyond the mere pursuit of criminal justice, to include such elements as

to weaken an outspoken political opponent, to intimidate other wealthy individuals and to regain control of strategic economic assets.”

2nd November 2004

The Russian tax authorities announce additional tax liabilities on Yukos for the financial years of 2001 and 2002, adding another $10

billion in back tax claims.

7 For further information, please visit the Khodorkovsky & Lebedev Communications Centre

19th November 2004

The Russian government announces that it will conduct an auction of Yuganskneftegas (YNG), the main production subsidiary of Yukos,

to be held on 19th December 2004, in order to liquidate all or part of Yukos’s alleged tax liability. The auction contravenes Russian law,

which requires non-core assets to be sold first for such purposes. Gazprom is rumoured to be the expected winner of the auction.

7th December 2004

Former Yukos in-house legal counsel Svetlana Bakhmina is arrested on charges of embezzlement related to Yukos activity. In April 2006

she was convicted and sentenced to seven years (reduced to 6.5 years on appeal) of imprisonment in a Mordovian prison camp, over

600 kilometers away from her family, including two young sons, in Moscow. Russian law allows sentencing to be delayed when a mother

has very young children, but Bakhmina's request was denied. At times during her imprisonment, she went on hunger strikes to protest

the prison authorities' acts of cruelty, which included not allowing her to phone her children.

16th December 2004

Yukos files for bankruptcy protection in the United States to prevent the auction of YNG. It accuses the Russian authorities of "an

unprecedented campaign of illegal, discriminatory, and disproportionate tax claims escalating into raids and confiscations, culminating in

intimidation and arrests". The Houston bankruptcy court issues an order freezing all Yukos assets including the YNG stock that was to

be the subject of the auction and enjoining Gazpromneft, Gazprom and several foreign banks from taking any actions with respect to the

sale of YNG shares.xvii

19th December 2004

State-owned gas producer Gazprom attends the YNG auction, yet does not bid. YNG is purchased by a diminutive Russian front

company, Baikal Finance Group, at the fire sale price of only $9.7 billion. Baikal’s bid is the only bid at the auction.

Subsequently, it transpires that Baikal Finance Group was wholly comprised of Kremlin insiders headed by Igor Sechin, Deputy Head of

the Presidential Administration and a close associate of President Putin. On 22nd December, Baikal Finance Group is purchased by

Rosneft, a wholly state-owned Russian oil company. Igor Sechin had been Chairman of Rosneft from July 2004.

When asked, “Why does the state use non-transparent schemes…[such as] the use of Baikal Finance Group to buy YNG?”, Putin

responded by claiming that the use of Baikal Finance Group to purchase YNG was necessary to protect the ultimate owner of the asset

from legal claims of expropriationxviii.

8 For further information, please visit the Khodorkovsky & Lebedev Communications Centre

The de-facto nationalisation of YNG was denounced by Andrei Illarionov, then the most senior Kremlin economic advisor, who

described it as “the scam of the year.”xix

March 2005

Following Russia’s petition to Britain for the extradition of Yukos employees, the Bow Street Magistrates’ Court refuses the extradition

of both Dmitry Maruev and Natalya Chernysheva. The court deems that the charges against Khodorkovsky and other Yukos employees

are “politically motivated”.xx

1st March 2005

The Committee of Foreign Affairs of the Spanish Congress of Deputies passes a motion supporting the release of Mikhail Khodorkovsky

(file number 161/1408), published in the "BOCG. Congreso de los Diputados" Series D, Volume 325 1st February 2006, that calls upon

Russian authorities to respect Resolutions 1418 (2005) and 1692 (2005) of the Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe in relation

to Khodorkovsky and other Yukos executives, in reference to infringements of the rule of law; and to request the immediate transfer of

Khodorkovsky to a detention center with conditions of incarceration to which he is legally entitled as is any prisoner, and which is in

proximity to his immediate family.

30th March 2005

Former Yukos security manager Alexei Pichugin is found guilty of organising the murders of Sergei and Olga Gorin and the attempted

murder of Olga Kostina and Victor Kolesov. Pichugin is sentenced to serve 20 years in prison. Between April 3rd and August 17th, 2006,

a second case against Pichugin was tried in the Moscow City Court on allegations of organising the murders of Valentina Korneyeva and

Nefteyugansk mayor Vladimir Petukhov, two attempted murders of Yevgeny Rybin and his driver and two bodyguards. Pichugin was

convicted and sentenced to an additional 24 years in prison. Following a retrial of his second case that saw an appeal by the prosecution

to increase the severity of the sentence, in August 2007 Pichugin was again found guilty and the sentence was increased to life in prison.xxi

Pichugin applied to the ECHR to review both convictions.

11th April 2005

Amnesty International issues a public statement on the political motivations behind the arrest and prosecution of Khodorkovsky and

Lebedev: “Amnesty International believes that the concerns in these cases are indicative of wider problems in the criminal justice system

9 For further information, please visit the Khodorkovsky & Lebedev Communications Centre

in the Russian Federation relating to the independence of the judiciary; access to effective legal counsel; conditions of detention; and the

use of torture and ill-treatment in order to extract confessions.”xxii

16th May 2005

After 12 days of concluding statements at Moscow’s Meshchansky Court, judges find both Khodorkovsky and Lebedev guilty on all

charges and they are sentenced to 9 years imprisonment (reduced to 8 years on appeal). The trial was officially concluded on May 31

when the judges finished reading of the verdict in open court.xxiii

1st August 2005

The first part of Mikhail Khodorkovsky’s political essay “Left Turn”, written in his prison cell, is published in Vedomosti, calling for a turn

to a more socially responsible state.

19th August 2005

Khodorkovsky announces that he is on hunger strike in protest over Lebedev's placement in a punishment cell. Khodorkovsky asserts

that because Lebedev has diabetes mellitus and heart conditions, keeping him in the punishment cell could be equivalent to murder.xxiv

September 2005

The hearing of Khodorkovsky’s appeal of his verdict is rushed through at an impossible speed: 450 case volumes, 6,500 protocols from

the court hearings and 700 pages of the defence’s appeal are ostensibly read and considered by the Moscow City Court in one day.

The purpose of the rushed appeal process is to deprive Khodorkovsky of his right to stand for election in the Duma by ensuring his

conviction is confirmed before a certain date under the election timetable – which turned out to be the day after the appeal judgment.

The authorities were eliminating any chance that Khodorkovsky win election to the Duma and thus have a political platform – again

denying him his right to engagement in political processes and peaceful expression of his political beliefs.

16th October 2005

Khodorkovsky is transferred to the prison camp YaG-14/10 in Krasnokamensk, Siberia, close to the border with China. The camp is

close to a uranium mine, and the area was found in 1995 to have levels of radon 190 times over the recommended maximum. Lebedev is

transferred to OG 98/3 Kharp Colony, a prison colony located above the Arctic Circle.xxv

10 For further information, please visit the Khodorkovsky & Lebedev Communications Centre

11th November 2005

Mikhail Khodorkovsky expresses his views on Russia’s political future and the role of the elites in the second part of his political essay

"Left Turn", published in Vedomosti.

18th November 2005

U.S. Senate Resolution 322, signed by Barack Obama, John McCain and Joe Biden, is passed and states that “the criminal cases against

Khodorkovsky, Lebedev, and their associates are politically motivated.” It continues to suggest that “the trial, sentencing, and

imprisonment of Mikhail Khodorkovsky and Platon Lebedev have raised troubling questions about the impartiality and integrity of the

judicial system in Russia," and that their imprisonment represents "a violation of the norms and practices of Russian law."xxvi

December 2005

The Russian tax authorities bring a new tax claim against Yukos for the 2003 tax period in excess of $4 billion. With an additional claim

for back taxes for 2004, Yukos’s total tax bill exceeded $30 billion for the 2000-2004 tax periods.

7th April 2006

Just 3 days after his appointment as Executive Vice President of Yukos to lead the battle for Yukos survival, Vasily Alexanyan, former

Head of the Yukos Legal Department, is arrested on charges of money laundering and embezzlement.

13th April 2006

Khodorkovsky is attacked in his sleep by fellow prisoner Alexander Kuchma. In 2008, around the time of the hearing on Khodorkovsky’s

application for parole, the same prisoner files a lawsuit for 500,000 roubles ($15,000) against Khodorkovsky, accusing him of homosexual

harassment. Kuchma’s intended appearance at the parole hearing as a witness was planned by the authorities to demonstrate that

Khodorkovsky was not fit to be released from prison. In March 2009, after Khodorkovsky’s parole application was denied, the case was

summarily dismissed after the initial court hearing.xxvii

11 For further information, please visit the Khodorkovsky & Lebedev Communications Centre

August 2006

A court order formally declares Yukos bankrupt and calls for the liquidation of assets to commence. Liquidators are appointed despite

Yukos’s appeal.

December 2006

Khodorkovsky and Lebedev are transferred from their prison camps to Chita pre-trial detention facility No.1 (IZ-75/1), located in

another Siberian city, 6,072 kilometres east of Moscow. In 2003, the prison gained notoriety when it drew strong criticism from the

Moscow Helsinki Group which reported it to be operating under extremely poor conditions and severe overcrowding, with as many as

eighty people occupying rooms designated for only twenty. Despite the flagrant unsuitability and illegality of their relocation,

Khodorkovsky and Lebedev were forced to prepare their defence arguments 6,072 kilometres from the scene of their trial and the

location of their lawyers.xxviii

25th - 26th December 2006

The Russian Federal Tax Service files a suit against Price Waterhouse Coopers (PwC) in the Moscow Arbitrazh Court demanding that

the 2002-2004 Yukos audit contracts be declared invalid. The next day, Michael Kubena, Director-General of PwC in Russia strongly

refutes the charges, stating: “PwC’s audited statements for Yukos in 2002 had no professional, legal or regulatory defects. To the contrary, PwC

conducts all of its audits, including the 2002 Yukos audit, according to the highest professional and ethical standards strictly in compliance with

Russian and international law. We will vigorously defend our position and reputation both in court and in dialogue with government authorities which

are empowered to regulate [the] auditing profession.”

The Russian authorities make it clear to PwC that any attempt to cooperate with the Khodorkovsky defence team would potentially

land several PwC officials in jail, and perhaps even cost PwC Russia its business.

17th January 2007

PwC issue a statement on Yukos financial statements: “[PwC] reiterates that Yukos financial statements “have been properly prepared

to present, in all material respects, the company’s financial position and financial results in accordance with the relevant Russian

accounting standards. We conducted these audits according to the highest professional and ethical standards strictly in compliance with

Russian law and best auditing practices.”

12 For further information, please visit the Khodorkovsky & Lebedev Communications Centre

5th February 2007

Shortly preceding Khodorkovsky’s and Lebedev’s eligibility for parole, new charges of the embezzlement of oil produced by Yukos

subsidiaries, embezzlement of shares held by a Yukos subsidiary, and money laundering resulting from the sale of the allegedly embezzled

oil collectively worth $25 billion are brought against them. The charges would potentially add up to 22 years to their sentences.

14th February 2007

On its front page and in a worldwide exclusive outside of Russia, Le Monde publishes the full text of Khodorkovsky’s strong rebuttal to

the new allegations against him, under the headline, “I am not afraid”.

In a statement published in the newspaper, Khodorkovsky says: “The reason why all this is being done is also quite obvious. People who

invented the ’Khodorkovsky case’ in order to steal Yukos, the most prosperous company in Russia, are very much afraid to see me

freed and want to insure themselves against the possibility of my conditional release.”

9th March 2007

Approximately twenty representatives of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Prosecutor General’s Office raid and search

PwC’s Moscow office on the grounds that as Yukos’s auditors, the firm had committed tax fraud. Interior Ministry officials also announce

they are launching a criminal probe into alleged tax avoidance by PwC in Russia. PwC comment that the Russian authorities seized

paper files and electronic records not limited to the period of 2002 which went well beyond the scope of the tax claim.

20th March 2007

The Moscow Arbitrazh Court rules that contracts held by PwC with Yukos were invalid and orders a payment by PwC of $480,000 to

the Russian State.

At the hearing the representative of the tax authorities says that PwC employees who acted as auditors and consultants to Yukos are

formally put on notice that they may be prosecuted for tax evasion schemes and other crimes allegedly committed by Yukos.

April 2007

PwC appeals the decision of the Moscow Arbitrazh Court which ruled that the contracts for audit between the accounting firm and

Yukos in 2002-2004 were invalid.

PwC loses its major Russian client of 13 years, carmaker AvtoVAZ; the Russian Government annuls its contract with PwC for the

Sakhalin II hydrocarbon project, and Transneft reports that it will not renew its contract with PwC. Pressure mounts on PwC not to

defend its audits on behalf of Yukos.

13 For further information, please visit the Khodorkovsky & Lebedev Communications Centre

March - August 2007 – The Final Assets of Yukos Sold Off

Following the highly punitive tax arrears against Yukos that totalled more than $30 billion, and acquisition by Rosneft of the vast majority

of Yukos assets in controversial auctions, the liquidation of Yukos is nearly completed.xxix According to the Financial Times, “Rosneft’s

sweep of all of Yukos’s production units and refineries has transformed the company from Russia’s number eight oil major, worth just $6

billion, into the country’s biggest producer, with a market capitalisation of $90 billion. It spent a mere net $2 billion in the process.”xxx

The Economist describes the Yukos sell-offs as “larceny”.xxxi

24th June 2007

PwC succumb to the intensive pressure applied against it by the Russian state. The auditors reverse course on their vigorous defence of

their audits on behalf of Yukos, withdrawing the entire set of audit reports for the company for the years ending 1995 to 2004. A cryptic

PwC press release states that new information brought to its attention by Russian authorities led the audit firm to believe that certain

information provided to it by Yukos may not have been accurate. Observers find PwC’s statement to be dubious.

PwC provide no specifics as to what new information could possibly cause such a broad reversal and full surrender.

August 2007

The Swiss Federal Tribunal forbids Swiss authorities from cooperating with Russian prosecutors on Moscow’s requests for legal

assistance related to the allegations against Khodorkovsky. The Tribunal – which is Switzerland’s highest court – noted that such

assistance must be refused when a case is "a subterfuge to pursue a person for his political opinion". This was the first time, outside of

extradition cases, that Swiss courts denied assistance because a case was political in nature.

Owing to the “politically motivated nature” of the case, the Lithuanian Prosecutor’s General Office denies Russia’s request that Mikhail

Brudno, a former associate of Khodorkovsky, be extradited.xxxii

October 2007

The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) finds that Lebedev's prosecution violated international human rights laws and awards him

damages. The ECHR finds that Lebedev was detained illegally and denied access to counsel, that hearings were conducted on his case

without his attorneys present, that proceedings have been unlawfully delayed, and that the appeal process has been continually

obstructed.xxxiii

14 For further information, please visit the Khodorkovsky & Lebedev Communications Centre

The Amsterdam District Court rejects the Russian Bankruptcy Receiver’s attempt to take control of Yukos’s subsidiary outside of Russia,

Yukos Finance, NV, and finds that Yukos was deprived of a fair trial in the Russian tax cases and, therefore, the Yukos bankruptcy case

violated the fundamental principles of due process of law as generally accepted in the Netherlands and outlined in Article 6 of the

ECHR.xxxiv

October 2007

Following an appeal by UK based firm RosInvestCo, the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC) accepted jurisdiction for the appeal

owing to the MFN clause found in the UK-Soviet Bilateral Investment Treaty. The appeal by RosInvestCo is founded on evidence that

the Russian Government initiated discriminatory and expropriatory actions that rendered Yukos and by extension RosInvestCo’s assets

worthless. Following the SCC’s ruling, the Russian state sought again to challenge the Tribunal and the jurisdictional permissibility of the

case.

26th October 2007

In Le Monde, French philosopher André Glucksmann publishes an article titled “Sakharov and Khodorkovsky: The Same Battle” in which

he describes Khodorkovsky’s ongoing imprisonment as retribution for his expression of political values inconsistent with those of the

regime.xxxv

7th November 2007

Following a lengthy arbitration with Rosneft, the Dutch courts find in favour of the petitioner Yukos Capital S.a.r.l, thus refusing to

recognise the enforced bankruptcy of Yukos. The appointment of Eduard Rebgun, the Kremlin-installed administrator of Yukos’s Finance

Division BV, is deemed unlawful. Following this decision, in April 2009 the Amsterdam Court of Appeal rules that Rosneft pay an

arbitration award worth $400 million in damages to Yukos Capital S.a.r.l. The decision effectively allows Yukos Capital S.a.r.l. the right to

seize Rosneft assets in the Netherlands.xxxvi

15th November 2007

Following the completion of the sale of Yukos’s remaining assets, the courts grant the liquidator’s application to declare Yukos bankrupt

and formally dissolved. On the 22nd of November, Yukos Oil Company was removed from the Russian register of enterprises.

15 For further information, please visit the Khodorkovsky & Lebedev Communications Centre

30th January 2008

Khodorkovsky begins a hunger strike in protest over former Head of Yukos Legal Department Alexanyan’s treatment. Despite being

HIV-positive, Alexanyan was denied any medical treatment because he refused pressure to testify falsely against Khodorkovsky, Lebedev

and other Yukos officials. Following a diagnosis of lymphatic cancer, Alexanyan continued to be deprived of medical care, and was kept in

harsh jail conditions, with his condition severely deteriorating over the course of nearly two years while the criminal investigation is

pending. In three decisions, the ECHR pressures Russia to provide medical care on an urgent basis and an immediate release of

Alexanyan. Khodorkovsky’s hunger strike continues for fourteen days (from 30th January to 12th February) until Alexanyan is finally

moved to a hospital, where despite being handcuffed to his bed he is finally able to receive treatment. On the 30th December 2008 the

terminally-ill Alexanyan is released on bail, with his trial delayed pending a court decision on whether he can stand trial despite his

illness.

7th February 2008

On the front pages of its four editions worldwide, The Financial Times publishes the first face-to-face interview with Khodorkovsky since

his arrest in 2003. In a broad-ranging interview, Khodorkovsky expresses hope that President Medvedev will succeed in his goal to

combat “legal nihilism” in Russia, and wishes Medvedev strength in the face of strong forces impeding the development of the rule of law

in Russia.

2nd March 2008

Dmitry Medvedev is elected Russian President, who then appoints Vladimir Putin as Russian Prime Minister. President Medvedev publicly

acknowledges the systemic corruption and misuse of the Russian judicial system, and subsequently vows to tackle the “legal nihilism”

endemic in Russia. Medvedev’s declaration leads to assertions that Khodorkovsky’s new trial represents “a litmus test” for Medvedev’s

agenda of reforming Russia’s judiciary and removing the state’s perturbing level of corruption.xxxvii

May 2008

Cypriot Judge Alecos Panayiotou denies Russia’s request for the extradition of Vladislav Kartashov, a former manager of Yukos. Judge

Panayiotou rules that “there is a real risk that his right to a fair trial may be flagrantly violated.” He further states that the charges against

Yukos and Khodorkovsky were “tainted with political motive.”xxxviii

16 For further information, please visit the Khodorkovsky & Lebedev Communications Centre

8th June 2008

When asked for her opinion on a potential pardon for Khodorkovsky, German Chancellor Angela Merkel said that Germany “would

welcome” such a move.

30th June 2008

In order to circumvent a law limiting pre-trial detention to a maximum of 18 months, Khodorkovsky and Lebedev are presented with a

recycled version of the charges brought against them in February 2007.

16th July 2008

Having served more than half of his eight year sentence, Khodorkovsky’s legal team submits a request for his parole to the Chita District

Court.

22nd August 2008

The Chita District Court denies Khodorkovsky’s parole request. Following a further appeal to the Ingodinsky Regional Court in Chita,

Judge Igor Faliliyev upholds the original parole denial, citing a series of supposed acts of indiscipline and “lack of enthusiasm in learning

how to sew” as evidence of Khodorkovsky’s unsuitability for rehabilitation.

After a Russian news agency incorrectly reports that Khodorkovsky was granted parole, the Russian stock market reacted positively, and

then plummeted again when the rumours were found to be untrue.xxxix

October 2008

Mikhail Khodorkovsky’s written dialogue with Russian writer Boris Akunin is published in the Russian edition of Esquire magazine.

In his written answers, Mikhail Khodorkovsky reflects on the experience from the first trial and its impact, and recollects his role in

promoting anti-corruption legislation and democratic reform before his arrest.

8th October 2008

After his first major interview with the Russian edition of Esquire magazine is published, Khodorkovsky is castigated with 12 days of

solitary confinement. Following the unsuccessful appeal of the parole decision, the original decision to reprimand Khodorkovsky for his

17 For further information, please visit the Khodorkovsky & Lebedev Communications Centre

Esquire interview is condemned as “illegal”. His interviewer, Boris Akunin, a well known writer in Russia, argues that Khodorkovsky has

become “a symbol of Russia’s lost rule of law.”

November 2008

In 2008, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law in the Hague considers GML’s claim for $50 billion in

compensation from the Russian Federation following the disintegration of Yukos. GML brought an Energy Charter Treaty Claim (the

world's largest investment lawsuit to date) against the Kremlin. Yukos shareholders accuse the Russian Federation of unlawfully

expropriating their investments by issuing the company a series of impossibly huge tax demands, forcing the sale of its production

subsidiaries to state-owned companies at a fraction of their value.

7th November 2008

The third part of Khodorkovsky's political essay "Left Turn", a strikingly radical article with the subheading "Global Perestroika", is

published in Vedomosti.

18th February 2009

The ECHR declares that the Yukos case filed on 29th January 2009 is admissible for further examination regarding complaints that:

o the company was taxed unlawfully in respect of liabilities asserted against no other taxpayer in Russia and which were wholly

unknown to Russian law before the Yukos case;

o that this taxation and its enforcement amounted to the disguised expropriation of the company and its assets;

o and that these measures singled the company out for special treatment in a discriminatory and abusive way

This is the first time the ECHR reached such a conclusion for a publicly quoted company and in monetary terms this is the biggest claim

ever submitted to the ECHR or any other court in the world.

27th January 2009

Upon the conclusion of the investigation of the new charges, the defense lawyers of Khodorkovsky and Lebedev file a motion with the

prosecution to dismiss the charges against the men and terminate the proceedings. Citing the numerous violations of their clients'

constitutional rights and lawful interests, the attorneys assert that it would be impossible for Khodorkovsky and Lebedev to receive a fair

trial.

18 For further information, please visit the Khodorkovsky & Lebedev Communications Centre

30th January 2009

The ECHR rules that a claim against the Russian government filed by Yukos is partially acceptable. The Strasbourg court rejects claims

by the Russian side that Yukos had already been liquidated and therefore the case could not be heard. At the same time, the court found

admissible Yukos’s assertion that tax claims against the company were filed to destroy it and sell off its assets. The hearing on the merits

of Yukos claims was scheduled for November 19, 2009.

24th February 2009

Khodorkovsky and Lebedev are moved from Chita to Moscow's Matrosskaya Tishina Detention Facility to face trial on the new charges.

3rd March 2009

The preliminary hearings begin on the new case with Khodorkovsky and Lebedev facing charges of embezzling 350 million metric tonnes

of oil worth $25.4 billion – an amount that exceeds Yukos's entire production over the 6 year period in question. The defense repeats

its motion to terminate the criminal case against Khodorkovsky and Lebedev previously filed with the prosecution. The court denies this

motion as well as all other motions filed by the defense at the preliminary hearings.

31st March 2009

Following the completion of the preliminary hearings, Chief Judge Viktor Danilkin begins trial proceedings at the Khamovnichesky Court

on 31st March 2009.

April 2009

In a meeting coordinated through the National Press Club, seven prominent human rights foundations issue an open letter to President

Medvedev criticising the Russian government’s “politically motivated prosecutions” and its propagation of “serious flaws within the

(Russian) criminal justice system.” The letter cites the plight of Khodorkovsky and Lebedev “as the case in point,” using their example to

demonstrate the “marred judicial process” and failures to protect its people’s “liberty and security” as examples of the moral bankruptcy

of the Russian legal system. The letter calls on President Medvedev to “ensure that the rule of law is upheld in the trial of Mr

Khodorkovsky and Mr Lebedev.”xl

19 For further information, please visit the Khodorkovsky & Lebedev Communications Centre

14th April 2009

Following the official adoption of the European Parliament Foreign Affairs Committee’s Annual Report on Human Rights in the World

2008, the Committee criticizes the Russian government, expressing concern about the mistreatment of Khodorkovsky, Lebedev and

Alexanyan, and noting the lack of an independent judiciary in Russia.

In the report, the Committee expresses “further concern... as to the ongoing failure of the Office of the Prosecutor to respect the right

of Mikhail Khodorkovsky and his associate Platon Lebedev to a fair trial”

21st April 2009

Khodorkovsky and Lebedev plead not guilty to the criminal allegations brought against them. Khodorkovsky states: “…what is taking

place is not “legal nihilism” in the name of certain “political objectives” nobody understands, but specifically a corruptional conspiracy of

the petty bureaucratic slime out of personal, mercenary interests, contrary to the interests of the country and of justice”. Lebedev calls

the charges "blatantly falsified" and states: "This is not an accusation but a schizophrenic fraud...I have never stolen anything nor raided

anything in my life, either individually or in a group. To confess to a crime that has not taken place is ridiculous."

On the same day, having served four out of six years imprisonment on charges of fraud and embezzlement, former Yukos lawyer

Svetlana Bakhmina is released on parole from a prison in Mordovia. The release is the culmination of a concerted national and

international campaign for her freedom that included an 86,000-person-strong petition and the public support of former Soviet President

Mikhail Gorbachev. The former Soviet President felt compelled to act after hearing that Bakhmina had her application for parole twice

rejected, despite being legally eligible for parole, and pregnant.xli

27th April 2009

Judge Danilkin denies a defense motion plea for the case to be thrown out of Court and the prosecution start to present their evidence.

Defense attorneys are denied the right to comment on the evidence presented by the prosecution.

May 2009

The arbitration court in Stockholm grants jurisdiction over the claim by four Spanish investment funds with a previous stake in Yukos

which demanded over $75 million in damages from the Russian Government for expropriation of their investment.xlii

20 For further information, please visit the Khodorkovsky & Lebedev Communications Centre

15th May 2009

In a rare detraction from protocol, Igor Yurgens, a prominent adviser to President Medvedev, openly criticises the premiership of Mr

Putin on the grounds of Russia’s overdependence on energy revenues and for creating a legal system that practises acts of “selective

jurisprudence and of disproportionate brutality that is counterproductive for the state itself.” Yurgens went on to suggest: “There are

signs of a thaw, but it is very cautious and it is not yet enough to prove that is a tendency rather than symbolic."xliii

20th May 2009

Following Khodorkovsky’s 2004 application to the Strasbourg Court, the ECHR issues its Admissibility Decision. The Court rejects the

arguments of the Russian Federation which had sought to have the application ruled inadmissible, and instead rules that Khodorkovsky's

argument – that there had been fundamental violations of his human rights – raises "serious issues of fact and law under the Convention"

which now must be considered for a final judgment. The Court decides that Khodorkovsky's allegations of the following breaches of the

European Convention on Human Rights are all admissible:

o Article 3: Inhuman and degrading treatment

o Article 5: Unlawful arrest and subsequent detention

o Article 18: His arrest, detention and prosecution were politically motivated.xliv

June 2009

The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe issues a report examining “politically-motivated abuses of the criminal justice

system in Council of Europe member states”, with a heavy emphasis on Russia and the Khodorkovsky case in particular. Sabine

Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger, a former German minister of justice who had led the research and writing of the report, highlights the

Yukos affair as “emblematic” of the risks faced by investors when dealing with the Russian state’s authorities. The report describes the

new charges against Khodorkovsky as “bizarre” and “contradictory,” and asserts that Russian authorities are waging an “unrelenting

campaign” against Yukos and its executives. The arguments of the prosecutors in the new Khodorkovsky case are described as

“inconsistent” and “perplexing”.

9th June 2009

MP Marcus Meckel, the foreign affairs spokesman of Germany's Social Democratic Party, attends the Khodorkovsky trial at Moscow’s

Khamovnichesky Court. Meckel states: "The goal of my visit was to show that we are all watching what is happening here." He further

asserts that the outcome of the trial will show if President Dmitry Medvedev is truly committed to making Russia's judicial system

21 For further information, please visit the Khodorkovsky & Lebedev Communications Centre

independent. Meckel criticizes the charges that Khodorkovsky is facing, and the way in which they are being "absurdly" presented. "If we

assume that the court is independent, let us wait for the court's decision, which I believe, will prove the charges are absurd," Meckel

concluded.xlv

19th June 2009

US Senators Roger Wicker and Benjamin Cardin submit a bipartisan resolution condemning the politically-motivated trial of

Khodorkovsky and Lebedev. The resolution stipulates that Khodorkovsky and Lebedev are “prisoners who have been denied basic due

process rights under international law for political reasons”, that “Russia operates on a record of selective prosecution, politicization, and

abuse of process” and that “the new criminal charges brought by Russian authorities against Mr. Khodorkovsky and Mr. Lebedev should

be withdrawn.”xlvi

22nd June 2009

MP Dr. Andreas Schockenhoff, Deputy Chairman of CDU/CSU Parliamentary Faction, visits the second trial of Khodorkovsky and

Lebedev. Following his visit to the trial, MP Schockenhoff says: “...the current proceedings are not congruent with the constitutional and legal

norms which Russia has committed itself to. Moreover, there is concern about political influence on the proceedings and that this trial will be used

for political goals...This trial is a test case for the credibility of the Russian justice system which [President] Medvedev has called for. It is also a test

case for Russia's compliance with standards of the Council of Europe to which it has committed itself.”

26th June 2009

Following the Senate’s resolution submission, the House of Representatives put forward House Resolution 588, introduced by James

McGovern (D-Mass.), chairman of the Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission, and Robert Wexler (D-Fla.), chairman of the Foreign

Affairs Subcommittee on Europe. The Resolution states that the state-led castigation of Khodorkovsky constitutes “a politically-

motivated case of selective arrest and prosecution that serves as a test of the rule of law and independence of Russia’s judicial

system.”xlvii

July 2009

U.S. President Barack Obama’s visit to Moscow underlines the unrelenting concern of major world powers at the arbitrary and unfair

treatment of Khodorkovsky. President Obama asserts that “only true democracy can advance our rights” while also suggesting that

governments who do not serve the will of their people do not last long.xlviii In an interview with opposition newspaper Novaya Gazeta,

22 For further information, please visit the Khodorkovsky & Lebedev Communications Centre

Obama comments on the perplexing nature of the new charges against Khodorkovsky, and declares his support for President Medvedev’s

“courageous initiative to strengthen the rule of law in Russia,”xlix

2nd July 2009

The German Bundestag passes a resolution entitled “Strengthening the Rule of Law in Russia.” The Resolution attains support from all

parties within the Bundestag. Dr Andreas Schockenhoff, Deputy Chairman of CDU/CSU Parliamentary Faction, states: “The

Khodorkovsky trial is an important test case for the credibility of the Russian justice system Medvedev holds dear, due to its signal effect

for the economic and legal culture within Russia.”l

14th July 2009

German MP Rainder Steenblock attends Khodorkovsky’s and Lebedev’s trial, stating: “It is astonishing that the evidence is presented in a

very imprecise manner. It looks like they do it on purpose...The atmosphere in the courtroom, with the defendants locked in a glass cage

and with armed guardians in front of them, does not contribute to a fair trial."

20th July 2009

Former Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Kasyanov gives an affidavit in the ECHR supporting Khodorkovsky's case that Vladimir Putin

"revealed political motives" for his attack on Khodorkovsky during his presidency. In an interview with The Financial Times, Kasyanov

confirmed his closed-door conversation which he detailed in his statement to the ECHR. Kasyanov said that Putin had stated that

Khodorkovsky had "crossed a line by financing the communists without his permission", despite also financing Kremlin-friendly parties.

6th August 2009

Spanish authorities refuse to extradite Antonio Valdes Garcia, whom the Russian Prosecutor General's Office has sought in connection

with the case against former Yukos officials. Valdes Garcia, a Russian-born Spanish national, is the former head of Fargoil, a former

Yukos oil trading subsidiary that plays a central role in the second trial against Khodorkovsky.

At the request of the Russian General Prosecutor’s office, Valdes Garcia returned to Russia in July of 2005. He was charged criminally

shortly thereafter. After he was almost killed in the custody of the enforcement agencies (he fell from the window of the building where

he was kept in the custody of the enforcement agencies), Valdez Garcia managed to escape Russia. In 2009, he filed a criminal complaint

in Russia against the Prosecutor’s office, describing threats, blackmail and torture inflicted upon him to force him to provide false

testimony against Khodorkovsky and Lebedev. The Prosecutor’s office denied the allegations.

23 For further information, please visit the Khodorkovsky & Lebedev Communications Centre

14th August 2009

The Khamovnichesky Court grants the prosecution's motion to extend Khodorkovsky’s and Lebedev's detention in the Matrosskaya

Tishina detention facility until November 17, 2009. The court disregards all of the defense team's counter arguments against the harsh

conditions of incarceration.

18th August 2009

Yukos liquidator Eduard Rebgun is delivered a notification to pay a €500,000 fine following his failure to enforce the Dutch court's April

2009 decision regarding the restoration of Group Menatep's control over Yukos Finance, according to reports from Kommersant. The

notification states that if Rebgun fails to pay the fine, his property and assets might be seized.

11th September 2009

Khodorkovsky’s correspondence with famed Russian novelist Lyudmila Ulitskaya is published by Novaya Gazeta.

Through his letters, Khodorkovsky discusses his life in prison, how he maintains his strength, his past as a wealthy entrepreneur and

Russia's current political situation.

18th September 2009

The prosecution completes its presentation of case material in the second trial.

24th September 2009

The Italian parliament votes in favour of a motion urging the Italian Government "to activate all diplomatic channels, together with other

European partners, to guarantee the respect for human rights and the right of defence for Mikhail Khodorkovsky and Platon Lebedev

and for all Russian citizens".

The motion, presented by Pier Ferdinando Casini, leader of the Christian Democrat Party (UDC), receives overwhelming support: out

of 478 MPs attending the plenary session, 430 vote in favour.

During the debate, Alfredo Mantica, Undersecretary of State for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, express support for the motion on

behalf of the Government and call for unanimous adoption by all political groups.

i The BBC, The rise and fall of Yukos, 31st May 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4041551.stm ii IBID http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4041551.stm iii IBID http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4041551.stm iviv IBID http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4041551.stm v Khodorkovsky & Lebedev Communications Centre, http://www.khodorkovskycenter.com/about-khodorkovsky-and-lebedev/philanthropic-work

24 For further information, please visit the Khodorkovsky & Lebedev Communications Centre

vi The Independent, Exxon Mobil set to invest in Yukos, Oct 2003, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/exxonmobil-set-to-invest-in-yukos-581977.html vii PBS, Interview with Mikhail Khodorkovsky: Money, Power & Politics, October 2003, http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/moscow/khodorkovskyinterview.html viiiThe BBC, Jail Term for Security Boss, 30thMarch 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4393003.stm ix The BBC, The rise and fall of Yukos, 31st May 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4041551.stm x The Daily Telegraph, Abramovich met Putin before vetoing Yukos-Sibneft merger, 30th Nov 2003, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2870505/Abramovich-met-Putin-before-vetoing-Yukos-Sibneft-

merger.html xi The New York Times, The President and the Prisoner, 5th February 2008 www.nytimes.com/2008/05/02/opinion/02iht-edvonklaeden.4.12527934.html xii National Journal, Putin’s Arresting Move: Jailing Russia’s Richest Oilman Makes Him a More Dangerous Rival, Political Pulse, William Schneider,4th November 2003 xiii The BBC, Russia Freezes Yukos Shares, 30th Nov 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3227447.stm xiv Gateway Gateway to Russia, Yukos has to pay tax bill, court says, 29th June 2004, http://www.gateway2russia.com/st/art_244946.php xv The BBC, The rise and fall of Yukos, 31st May 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4041551.stm xvi The BBC, Yukos “Tycoon ran criminal group”, 15th July 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3896507.stm xvii The BBC, Yukos seeks US tax Refuge, 15th Dec 2004 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4097551.stm xviii Yukos Shareholder Coalition, http://www.yukosshareholdercoalition.com/press_room/media_summaries_2006feb.html xix The BBC, Putin Aide slams Yukos Sell off, 28th December 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4129875.stm xx Khodorkovsky Communications Centre, Other trials and proceedings, http://www.khodorkovskycenter.com/previous-trials-proceedings/other-trials-proceedings xxi The BBC, Jail Term for Yukos security boss, 30th March 2005 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4393003.stm xxii Amnesty International, AI Index: EUR 46/012/2005 (Public), http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR46/012/2005/en/dom-EUR460122005en.html xxiii The BBC: The rise and fall of Yukos, 31st May 2005 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4041551.stm xxiv Khodorkovsky Communications Centre, Human Rights and Rule of Law, http://www.khodorkovskycenter.com/global-perspective/human-rights-rule-law xxv The Guardian, Welcome to Penal Colony YaG 14/10. Now the home of one of Russia’s richest men.”, 25th Oct 2005 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/oct/25/russia.tomparfitt xxvi Senate Resolution No.355, 18th November 2005 http://www.khodorkovskycenter.com/sites/khodorkovskycenter.com/files/Senate%20Res.%20322.pdf xxvii Khodorkovsky Communications Centre, Human Rights and Rule of Law, http://www.khodorkovskycenter.com/global-perspective/human-rights-rule-law xxviiiKhodorkovsky Communications Centre, Current Legal Status, Prisons http://www.khodorkovskycenter.com/current-legal-status/prisons/interactive-feature xxix Huliq News (RIA Novosti), Yukos Oil Firm formally ceases to exist, 22nd November 2007 http://www.huliq.com/42721/yukos-oil-firm-formally-ceases-exist xxx The Financial Times, Yukos finally expires, victim of its battle with the Kremlin”, 10th May 2007 xxxi The Economist, Yukos is finally being put out of its misery. Guess who profits?, 28th March 2007 xxxii Khodorkovsky Communications Centre, Other trials and proceedings, http://www.khodorkovskycenter.com/previous-trials-proceedings/other-trials-proceedings xxxiii Khodorkovsky Communications Centre, European Court of Human Rights Cases, http://www.khodorkovskycenter.com/previous-trials-proceedings/echr-cases xxxiv Khodorkovsky Communications Centre, Other trials and proceedings, http://www.khodorkovskycenter.com/previous-trials-proceedings/other-trials-proceedings xxxv Robert Amsterdam Blog (Le Monde), Sakharov and Khodorkovsky: the same battle, 26th October 2007 http://www.robertamsterdam.com/france/2007/10/glucksmann-dans-le-monde.html xxxvi Khodorkovsky Communications Centre, Other trials and proceedings, http://www.khodorkovskycenter.com/previous-trials-proceedings/other-trials-proceedings xxxvii The Washington Times, Reversing the Habit of Legal Nihilism, 1st April 2009 www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/apr/01/reversing-habit-of-legal-nihilism xxxviii Khodorkovsky Communications Centre, Other trials and proceedings, http://www.khodorkovskycenter.com/previous-trials-proceedings/other-trials-proceedings xxxix Reuters, Russian court rejects Khodorkovsky parole, 22nd August 2008 http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSLM50421620080822 xl Khodorkovsky Communications Centre, Human rights groups call President Medvedev to uphold rule of law, 22nd April 2009 http://www.khodorkovskycenter.com/news-resources/stories/human-rights-

groups-call-president-medvedev-uphold-rule-law-khodorkovsky-tria xli Radio Free Europe, Russia Orders release of Ex Yukos Lawyer, 21st April 2009 http://www.rferl.org/content/Russia_Releases_ExYukos_Lawyer_Bakhmina_On_Parole/1612722.html xlii Khodorkovsky Communications Centre, (The am law), Stockholm Court hear Yukos investors’ claim against Russia, 9th April 2009 http://www.khodorkovskycenter.com/news-

resources/stories/stockholm-court-hear-yukos-investors-claims-against-russia xliii The Daily Telegraph, Medvedev aide attacks Vladimir Putin’s concentration of power, 19th June 2009 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/5345009/Dmitri-Medvedev-aide-attacks-Vladimir-Putins-concentration-of-power.html xliv Khodorkovsky Communications Centre, European Court of Human Rights Cases, http://www.khodorkovskycenter.com/previous-trials-proceedings/echr-cases xlv Khodorkovsky Communications Centre, Marcus Mekel... criticises Khodorkovsky trial, 9th June 2009 http://khodorkovskycenter.com/news-resources/stories/marcus-mekel-german-social-democratic-

party-foreign-affairs-spokesman-critici xlvi Senate Resolution 189, 21st June 2009, http://www.khodorkovskycenter.com/sites/khodorkovskycenter.com/files/S%20%20Res%20%20189%20-%202009.pdf xlvii House Resolution 558, 27th June 2009, http://www.khodorkovskycenter.com/sites/khodorkovskycenter.com/files/pdfs/res588-2009.pdf xlviii The New York Times, Obama resets ties to Russia but work remains, 7th August 2009 http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/08/world/ europe/08prexy.html?scp=3&sq=obama%20russia%20visit&st=cse xlix The Novaya Gazzeta, Interview with President Obama, 28th June 2009 l Khodorkovsky Communications Centre, Bundestag Parliamentary Motion regarding Mikhail Khodorkovsky , 3rd July 2009

http://www.khodorkovskycenter.com/sites/khodorkovskycenter.com/files/3%20July%202009%20Bundestag_Parliamentary%20Motion.pdf