[yrc]-dinh huong xay dung nganh xu ly nuoc thai 2009

7/31/2019 [YRC]-Dinh Huong Xay Dung Nganh Xu Ly Nuoc Thai 2009

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B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC NGOI THNG-----------------o0o-----------------

CNG TRNH DTHI CUC THISINH VIN NGHIN CU KHOA HC I HC NGOI THNG 2009

Tn cng trnh:

NH HNG XY DNG NGNH XL NC THICNG NGHIP V NC THI SINH HOT TI VIT NAM

NHM NGNH: XH1a

H Ni, thng 7 nm 2009


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http://svnckh.com.vn 2

MC LC

LI MU ................................................................................................................. 6

CHNG I: L LUN CHUNG V NGNH XL NC THI .................... 9

1. Khi nim c bn vnc thi cng nghip v nc thi sinh hot ........................ 9

1.1. Thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc thi ............................................................... 9

1.2. Cc thng s ca nc thi c nh hng ti mi trng ............................... 12

1.3. Cc phng php xl nc thi..................................................................... 13

1.3.1. Phng php l hc ................................................................................... 14

1.3.2. Phng php ha hc ................................................................................. 15

1.3.3. Phng php sinh hc ................................................................................ 16

1.3.4. X l nhit ................................................................................................. 17

2. Tm quan trng ca ngnh xl nc thi ............................................................. 17

2.1. Trn lnh vc kinh t ........................................................................................ 17

2.2. Trn lnh vc x hi .......................................................................................... 20CHNG II : CC NHN TNH HNG N SPHT TRIN CANGNH XL NC THI VIT NAM ......................................................... 21

1. Cc nhn t chung ................................................................................................... 22

1.1. Ngun cung nc sch ..................................................................................... 22

1.2. Ngun vn v cng ngh .................................................................................. 24

1.3. Ti nguyn thin nhin ..................................................................................... 252. Cu thtrng v xl nc thi ........................................................................... 27

2.1. Qu trnh th ho .......................................................................................... 27

2.2. Qu trnh cng nghip ho v tdo ho thng mi v u t ....................... 28


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2.3. S kin Vit Nam gia nhp WTO .................................................................... 32

3. Cc ngnh cng nghip h tr................................................................................. 32

4. Vai tr ca chnh ph .............................................................................................. 334.1. Cc c quan qun l hot ng xl nc thi ............................................... 33

4.2. Cc vn bn php lut v xl nc thi ........................................................ 34

4.3. Cch thc theo di v nh gi hot ng xl nc thi .............................. 37

CHNG III: THC TRNG NGNH XL NC THI CNG NGHIPV NC THI SINH HOT CA NC TA HIN NAY ................................ 39

1. Khi qut v thtrng xl nc thi ti Vit Nam hin nay .............................. 392. Thc trng xl nc thi cng nghip ................................................................. 40

2.1. Thc trng chung ................................................................................................. 40

2.3. Khu vc ng Nam B .................................................................................... 41

2.4. Khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long ................................................................ 46

3. Thc trng xl nc thi sinh hot ...................................................................... 48

3.1. Xl nc thi sinh hot TP HCM .................................................................. 50

3.2. Xl nc thi sinh hot H Ni ..................................................................... 52

CHNG IV: NH HNG XY DNG V PHT TRIN NGNH XLNC THI TRONG THI GIAN TI ................................................................. 54

1. Kinh nghim ca Trung Quc trong pht trin h thng xl nc thi ............... 54

2. Cc gii php i vi Vit Nam .............................................................................. 58

2.1. i vi vic xl nc thi ti cc KCN, KCX .............................................. 58

2.2. S dng vn vay ODA cho cc d n v XLNT .............................................. 59

2.3. Ku gi u t v s tham gia ca t nhn vo ngnh XLNT ......................... 60

KT LUN ................................................................................................................... 63


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DANH MC TVIT TT

NTCN: Nc thi cng nghip

NTSH: Nc thi sinh hot

XLNT: X l nc thi

KCN: Khu cng nghip

KCX: Khu ch xut

WSC: Cng ty cung cp nc

URENCO: Cng ty nc sch v v sinh mi trng

SME: Doanh nghip va v nh

FDI: Vn u t trc tip nc ngoi

CNH: Cng nghip ha

SXCN: Sn xut cng nghip

MOSTE: B khoa hc, cng ngh v mi trng

DOSTE: Skhoa hc, cng ngh v mi trng

NEA: Tng cc mi trng quc gia

MoNRE: B ti nguyn mi trng

EIA: nh gi tc ng mi trng (Environmental impact assessment)


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DANH MC CC BNG, BIU , S

Bng

Bng 1: Cc c im l hc, ha hc, sinh hc ca nc thi v ngun sinh ran

Bng 2: Cc cht nhim quan trng cn ch trong qu trnh xl nc thi

Bng 3: Cc thng s ca nc thi nh hng ti mi trng

Bng 4: Cc c quan qun l mi trng Vit Nam

Bng 5: Gi tr ti hn cc thng s v nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi

cng nghip

S :

S 1: Xl nc thi bng phng php l hc

S 2: Xl nc thi bng phng php ho hc

S 3: Xl nc thi bng phng php sinh hc

S 4: X l nhit

S 5: Cc KCN quanh h thng sng ng Nai

Biu

Biu 1: C cu ngnh cng nghip nc ca M

Biu 2: Slng KCN, KCX trn cnc qua cc nm

Biu 3: Vn FDI u t vo Vit Nam giai on 1990-2008


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LI MU1. Tnh cp thit ca ti:

Trong vi nm tr li y, vn xl nc thi ngy cng thu ht cnhiu s quan tm, ch khng ch tcc c quan, ban ngnh c lin quan m

cn tng o qun chng nhn dn. Mt thc trng d nhn thy l nhim

nc thi ti cc khu cng nghip v khu th trong tnh trng bo ng.

Tnh trng nc thi cng nghip, nc thi sinh hot cha qua x l x trc tip

vo ngun nc hin ang rt ph bin. Theo kt qu iu tra ca B Cng

Thng, cho n thng 7/2008, trong s 154 khu cng nghip (KCN) ang hot

ng trn ton quc th ch c 39 KCN c h thng x l nc thi tp trung

(chim 25,3%), 27 khu cng nghip ang xy dng v 27 khu c c k hoch

xy dng. Bn cnh , sc p ca qu trnh thha (TH), gia tng dn s,

di dn tp trung cao ti cc th ln gy nn tnh trng qu ti v h tng k

thut. Mt bo co ton cu mi c T chc Y t th gii (WHO) cng b cho

thy, mi nm VitNam c hn 20.000 ngi tvong do iu kin nc sch v

v sinh ngho nn, thp km. Cn theo thng k ca B Y t, hn 80% cc bnh

truyn nhim nc ta lin quan n ngun nc. Ngi dn c nng thn v

thnh thang phi i mt vi nguy c mc bnh do mi trng nc ngy mt

nhim trm trng. Khng chnh hng nghim trng n sc khe v sinh

hot ca ngi dn, nhim nc thi cn gy ra thit hi ln cho nn kinh t.

Ngn hng th gii c tnh, mc thit hi kinh t ca Vit Nam do thiu qun l

cht thi v nc thi ln n 1,3% thu nhp quc dn, vo thi k suy gimkinh t, mc thit hi ny c thcao hn na. Trong khi , c ch chnh sch

pht trin chm, h thng vn bn quy phm php lut cn thiu, cha ng b,

cha c tnh php l cao thng nht qun l nh nc vlnh vc xl nc


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thi. R rng, x l nc thi hin nay tr thnh mt vn nhc nhi ca

ton x hi, khng nhng nh nc cn a ra mt chin lc r rng cng nh

mt bn quy hoch chi tit cng c v pht trin ngnh xl nc thi, m tt

c cc doanh nghip, c nhn trong x hi cng phi chung tay hnh ng th

mi c th gii quyt c vn ny.

Nhn thy tm quan trng chin lc v ngha kinh t, x hi su sc ca

vn xl nc thi, em quyt nh chn ti nh hng xy dng v pht

trin ngnh xl nc thi cng nghip v nc thi th ti Vit Nam lm

ti nghin cu.

3. i tng nghin cu v mc tiu nghin cu

i tng nghin cu ca ti l hot ng x l nc thi ti cc khu cng

nghip v cc khu th ca Vit Nam

Mc tiu nghin cu ca ti l

a n mt ci nhn tng th v hin trng pht trin ca ngnh CN x l

nc thi ti cc khu th v cc khu cng nghip ca Vit Nam hin

nay.

xut nh hng v m hnh pht trin cho ngnh xl nc thi ca

Vit Nam

Kin nghcho cc c quan ban ngnh Vit Nam mt s bin php v hon

thin khung php l v cc bin php qun l ngnh xl nc thi

4. Phng php nghin cu

Phng php nghin cu ch yu l phng php tng hp, phn tch, thng

k, so snh s dng cc s liu nguyn cu th cp. Bn cnh phng php


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m hnh ho s dng bng biu, th, s sc s dng trong tt c cc

chng khi qut v lm r vn .

5. Phm vi nghin cuPhm vi nghin cu ca ti l hot ng xl nc thi ti cc khu cng

nghip v cc khu th ca Vit Nam tnm 2000 n nay.

6. Kt qu nghin cu dkin

Kt qu nghin cu d kin ca ti l:

Nu ln c i tng v c im ca ngnh xl nc thi

Phn tch hin trng xl nc thi cng nghip v nc thi sinh hot ti

Vit Nam hin nay.

a ra c nh pht trin ngnh xl nc thi cng nghip v nc

thi sinh hot ti Vit Nam.


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CHNG I: L LUN CHUNG V NGNH XLNC THI

1. Khi nim cbn v nc thi cng nghip v nc thi sinh hot

1.1. Thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc thiNc thi sinh hot bao gm nc thi x t cc khu dn c, cc cng trnh

cng cng, trng hc, siu th, chba, cquan vn phng.

Nc thi cng nghip l nc thi x t cc cc cssn xut, ch bin,

kinh doanh dch v.Theo cc qui nh v bo vmi trng ca Vit Nam, nhim nc l

vic a vo cc ngun nc cc tc nhn l, ha, sinh hc v nhit khng c

trng v thnh phn hoc hm lng i vi mi trng ban u n mc c kh

nng gy nh hng xu n s pht tri ng ca mt loi sinh vt no

hoc thay i tnh cht trong lnh ca mi trng ban u.

Theo mt nh ngha khc " nhim nc mt din ra khi a qu nhiu

cc tp cht, cc cht khng mong i, cc tc nhn gy nguy hi vo cc ngun

nc, vt khi khnng t lm sch ca cc ngun nc ny"

Bng 1:Cc c im l hc, ha hc v sinh hc ca nc thi v ngun sinh ra n

c im Ngun

Lhc

MuNc thi sinh hot hay cng nghip, thng do sphn hy ca cc cht thi hu c.

Mi Nc thi cng nghip, s phn hy ca nc thi


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Cht rnNc c p, nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip, xi mnt.

Nhit Nc thi sinh hot, cngnghip

Ha hc

Carbohydrate Nc thi sinh hot, thng mi, cng nghip

Du, m Nc thi sinh hot, thng mi, cng nghip

Thuc tr su Nc thi nng nghip

Phenols Nc thi cng nghip

Protein Nc thi sinh hot, thng mi, cng nghipCht hu c bay hi Nc thi sinh hot, thng mi, cng nghip

Cc cht nguy him Nc thi sinh hot, thng mi, cng nghip

Cc cht khcDo s phn hy ca cc cht hu c trong nc thitrong t nhin

Tnh kim Cht thi sinh hot, nc cp, nc ngm

Chlorides Nc cp, nc ngm

Kim loi nng Nc thi cng nghip

Nitrogen Nc thi sinh hot, cng nghip

pH Nc thi sinh hot, thng mi, cng nghip

Phosphorus Nc thi sinh hot, thng mi, cng nghip; ra tri

Sulfur Nc thi sinh hot, thng mi, cng nghip; nc cp

Hydrogen sulfide S phn hy ca nc thi sinh hot

Methane S phn hy ca nc thi sinh hot

OxygenNc cp, s trao i qua b mt tip xc khng kh -nc


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Sinh hc

ng vt chy h v h thng x l

Thc vt l

Eubacteria Nc thi sinh hot, h thng x l

Archaebacteria Nc thi sinh hot, h thng x l

Viruses Nc thi sinh hot, h thng x l

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991

Bng 2: Cc cht nhim quan trng cn ch n trong qu trnh xl nc thi

Cht gy nhim Nguyn nhn c xem l quan trng

Cc ch t rn l lng To nn bn lng v mi trng y m kh khi nc thicha x l c thi vo mi trng. Biu th bng nv mg/L.

Cc ch t hu c c thphn hy bng conng sinh hc

Bao g m ch y u l carbohydrate, protein v ch t bo.Thng c o bng ch tiu BOD v COD. Nu thi thng vo ngun nc, qu trnhphn hy sinh h

Cc mm bnh Cc bnh truyn nhim c th ly nhim t cc vi sinhvt gy bnh trong nc thi. Thng s qun l l MPN(Most Probable Number).

Cc dng cht N v P cn thit cho s pht trin ca cc sinh vt. Khic thi vo ngun nc n c th lm gia tng s phttrin ca cc loi khng mong i. Khi thi ra vi s

lng ln trn mt t n c th gy nhim ncngm.

Cc cht nhim nguyhi

Cc hp cht hu c hay v c c kh nng gy ungth,bin d, thai d dng hoc gy c cp tnh.


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Cc cht hu c khphn hy

Khng th x l c bng cc bin php thng thng.V d cc nng dc, phenols...

Kim loi nng C trong nc thi thng mi v cng nghip v c nloi b khi ti s dng nc thi. Mt sion kim loi cch cc qu trnh x l sinh hc

Cht v c ho tan Hn ch vic s dng nc cho cc mc ch nng,cng nghip

Nhit nng Lm gim kh nng bo hooxy trong nc v thc ys pht trin ca thy sinh vt

Ion hydrogen C kh nng gy nguy hi cho TSV

Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Diposal, Reuse, 1989

1.2. Cc thng sca nc thi c nh hng ti mi trngBng 3:

Thng s nh hng n mi trng

COD, BOD (Nhucu oxy ho hc,nhu cu oxy sinhhc)

BOD l lng oxy cn thit oxy ho mt phn cc hpcht hu c d phn hu bi vi sinh vt. COD l lng oxycn thit oxy ho cc hp cht ho hc trong nc baogm cv c v hu c. Nu BOD v COD qu cao s gyra s thiu ht oxy ngun tip nhn, nh hng n thusinh vt trong mi trng nc . Nu ngun nc thiuht trm trng oxy, iu kin ym kh s hnh thnh, gy rami hi trn b mt nc.

SS (cht rn llng)

Lng ng ngun tip nhn, gy iu kin ym kh

pH nh hng n thu sinh vt, gy n mn ng ng thit b


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hoc lng cn trong mng dn/ ng ng.

Nhit nh hng n thu sinh vt

Vi trng gybnh

Bnh lan truyn bng nc

NH3, P Dn n hin tng ph dng ho, l hin tng hm lngN, P trong nc cao, t l P/N cao do s tch lutng i Pso vi N, gy ra s ym kh v mi trng kh ca lp ncy thu lc, s pht trin mnh m ca to v nhoa to, skm a dng ca cc sinh vt nc, c bit l c, nc cmu xanh en hoc en, c mi khai thi do thot kh H2S

v.v...

Ch t hu c khphn hu sinhhc

B n vng trong cc qu trnh x l thng thng (thu c ditc, thuc tr su, gy c hi v tch lu sinh hc, c th gybnh ung th.

Mu Mt i m quan

Du m Gy mi, ngn cn oxy khuch tn trn b mt, trng c

nhim du b h hng.

1.3. Cc phng php xl nc thi


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1.3.1.Phng php l hc

S 1:


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1.3.2.Phng php ha hc

S 2


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1.3.3.Phng php sinh hc

S 3


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1.3.4.Xl nhit

S 4

2. Tm quan trng ca ngnh xl nc thi

2.1. Trn lnh vc kinh tTrong mt vi nm gn y, cc chuyn gia trong ngnh nc trn th gii

ch ra rng s khan him ti nguyn, gia tng dn s, di dn, v vic thiu vn

u t nng cp v m rng c s h tng, cng nh cc quy nh v tiu

chun ngun nc chnh l nhng yu t dn dt s pht trin ca ngnh cng

nghip nc trn th gii. Thi gian ny cng khng c nhiu thay i trong

ngnh nc, ngoi tr mt thc t rng tnh trng ngun nc trn th gii ngy

cng trnn xu i qua mi nm.


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Rt nhiu chuyn gia tuyn b, di hnh thc ny hay khc rng Nc

chnh l du ca th k21; Nc l loi du bi trn ct yu ca nn kinh t.

Theo bi bo Running dry c ng trn tp ch The Economist ngy

21/8/2008, cng nh du, ngun cung nc ang phi chu nhng p lc ngy

cng ln. Theo c tnh ca ngn hng u t Goldman Sachs, lng tiu th

nc trn ton th gii tng gp i sau mi 20 nm. Cng ging nh du, nc

l hng ha khng th thay th. Trong lnh vc kinh t, nc l nguyn liu thit

yu ca nhiu sn phm tiu dng. Theo JPMorgan, 5 ngi khng ltrong lnh

vc thc phm v ung: Nestle, Uniliver, Cocacola, Anheuser-Busch and

Danone mi nm tiu th khong 575 tlit nc, lng nc p ng nhu

cu nc hng ngy cho tt c mi ngi trn tri t. Khng ch cc ngnh cng

nghip thc phm, ung s dng nhiu nc, cc ngnh nng lng v cng

nghcao cng s dng mt lng nc ln trong sn xut. Cn s dng 13 m3

nc ngt sn xut ra mt lt bn dn dy 200mm. Lng nc dng cho ch

to chip chim khong 25% tng lng nc tiu th Silicon Valley. Nng

lng cng l ngnh tiu th rt nhiu nc. M, hng nm 40% lng ncngt bm ra t cc h v tng t ngm nc c dng lm mt cc nh

my nng lng. tch ra c 1 lt du t ct du nng cn dng n 5 lt

nc.

S dng mt lng ln nc trong sn xut ch bin, mt iu tt yu l cc

cng ty phi chi nhng khon ln xl nc thi. cc nc cng nghip

pht trin, trong ngnh nc th ngnh cng trnh x l nc thi, cng vi

ngnh cung ng nc l hai ngnh chim t trng ln nht.


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Biu 1

C cu ngnh cng nghip nc tr gi 119 t USD

ca M nm 2007

32%

32%

9%

11%

4%4%

7% 1%

Cng trnh x l nc thi Cung ng nc

Thit b x l nc Thit b h tng

Ho cht Vn hnh, bo dng

T vn, thit k Cng c, dch v phn tch

Ngun : USA water sector overviewupdate 2009

S yu km trong qun l ngun nc v nc thi c th gy ra nhng

thit hi ln cho nn kinh t. Trung Quc, nn khan him nc do nhim v

do mch nc ngm b ph hu gy ra thit hi 21.4 tla M mi nm, bng

1% GDP. Nm 2007, tnh ring sn lng cng nghip ca Trung Quc st

gim 12 tla M do cht lng ngun nc ngy cng km 1. Cn VitNam, theo c tnh ca Ngn hng Th gii, mc thit hi kinh t ca Vit Nam

1Ngun: http://www.economist.com/businessfinance/displayStory.cfm?story_id=11966993


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do thiu qun l nc thi v cht thi ln n 1,3% thu nhp quc dn, vo thi

k suy gim kinh t, mc thit hi ny cn c thcao hn na.2

2.2. Trn lnh vc x hiTheo B Y t, c gn mt na trong s 26 cn bnh truyn nhim u c

nguyn nhn lin quan ti nc, v sinh c nhn v v sinh mi trng, c bit

l cc dch bnh ng rut. Trong c ti 80% cc bnh c lin quan n

ngun nc, chim ti 50% tng s bnh nhn ni tr v 25.000 trng hp t

vong mi ngy. Cc chuyn gia y t cnh bo ngun nc sinh hot ca ngi

dn ang b nhim trm trng bi cc cht thi sinh hot v sn xut, cht thi

bnhvin, cng vi cc thi quen khng hp v sinh ca ngi dn.

Chng trnh quc gia v nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn

(NSVSMTNT) t mc tiu n nm 2010 t l ngi dn nng thn c s

dng nc sch s 85%

Nhu cu v sinh mi trng, v sinh ngunnc l nhu cu cp thit cn

cp ng cangi dn. X l nc thi, lm sch ngunnc khng chtiu dit cc mm bnh trong nc, lm gim nguy cmc nhiu bnh truyn

nhim nguy him ngi m v lu di cn gimc chi ph vnc do mt

phn nc thic ti s dng cho vic ti cy, lm thu li hay dng lm

mt thit b trong cc nh my sn xut, ch bin. Do ngun nc cn p

ng nhu cu sinh hot, sn xut ca ton x hi s gim i, nguy cthiu nc

sch s trnn bt trm trng.

2 Ngun:http://www.nhandan.com.vn/tinbai/?top=41&sub=72&article=141917
http://www.nhandan.com.vn/tinbai/?top=41&sub=72&article=141917http://www.nhandan.com.vn/tinbai/?top=41&sub=72&article=141917http://www.nhandan.com.vn/tinbai/?top=41&sub=72&article=141917http://www.nhandan.com.vn/tinbai/?top=41&sub=72&article=141917


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CHNG II : CC NHN TNH HNG N SPHTTRIN CA NGNH XL NC THI VIT NAM

Khi qut chung vti nguyn nc Vit Nam

Ti nguyn nc ca Vit Nam nhn chung kh phong ph. Vit Nam l

nc c lng ma trung bnh vo loi cao, khong 2000 mm/nm, gp 2,6

lng ma trung bnh ca vng lc a trn th gii. Tng lngma trn ton

b lnh th l 650 km3/nm, to ra dng chy mt trong vng ni a l

324km3/nm.Ngoi dng chy pht sinh trong vng ni a, hng nm lnh th

Vit Nam nhn thm lu lng t Nam Trung Quc v Lo, vi s lng

khong 550 km3. Do vy, ti nguyn nc mt v nc ngm c th khai thc v

s dng Vit Nam rt phong ph, khong 150 km3 nc mt mt nm v 10

triu m3 nc ngm mt ngy.. Tuy nhin lng ma phn b khng u theo

ma v theo khu vc. Lngnc mt d tr c ti hn 2/3 l ngun t nc

ngoi v lngnc di t c du hiu cn kit. Hin nay lng nc bnhqun u ngi ca Vit Nam ch khong 3.840m3/ ngi/ nm, thp hn

160m3 so vi quy nh ca th gii (trn 4.000m3/ngi/nm). Trong khi , s

bin i kh hu cng nh thi quen tiu dng, khai thc nc ang t ra vn

v s suy kit ngun ti nguyn thin nhin qu gi ny.

V cht lng nc, ngun nc thng lu ca hu ht cc con sng u

thch hp cho s pht trin ca hsinh thi v tiu chun dng lm nc sinhhot. Nhng cht lng ngun nc hlu nhn chung l thp, c bit khu

vc th do cc con sng phi gnh chu mt lng ln nc thi cng nghip

v nc thi thcha qua x l. Ngun nc ngm phong ph, di do v c


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cht lng tt, tuy nhin do qun l yu km hot ng khai mnn dn n

tnh trng nhim h lu sng v tng t ngm nc. Hot ng khai thc

qu mc ng bng sng Hng v sng Mkng lm cho t ln ngy cng su

v nhim mn ngy cng nhiu. Chnh ph ban hnh chin lc quc gia v

bo vmi trng n nm 2010, tm nhn n nm 2020, trong c cp

n chin lc v khung chnh sch bo v ngun nc. B ti nguyn mi

trng chu trch nhim v cc vn mi trng. Gia cc tnh c cng mt

con sng chy qua, mt u ban qun l sng cng c thnh lp phi hp

qun l ngun ti nguyn nuc ca con sng .

1. Cc nhn t chung

1.1. Ngun cung nc schTheo s liu ca Hi cp thot nc Vit Nam (VWSA), cnc hin c

68 cng ty kinh doanh nc sch, chu trch nhim iu hnh, qun l hn 420

h thng cung cp nc. Hu ht cc cng ty kinh doanh nc sch u l cng

ty TNHH nh nc mt thnh vin (ch c hai trong s68 cng ty c phn

ha nhng Nh nc vn gi t l chi phi). iu dn n tnh trng, hot

ng kinh doanh nhng doanh nghip ny cn xa l vi kinh t thtrng, c

ch qun l chm c ci tin.

Kt quiu tra v cp nc th Vit Nam 2004 -2007 do VWSA thc

hin c s h trca Ngn hng Th gii vi 66/68 cng ty kinh doanh nc

sch (WSC) ca cnc cho thy thc trng hot ng ca cc cng ty ny. Th

nht, phn ln cc doanh nghip cp nc Vit Nam u c quy m nh. Kt

quiu tra cho thy trong s 66 cng ty, ch c 11 cng ty (chim 16,7%) c

sn lng nc sch thng phm nm 2007 hn 20 triu mt khi/nm.Thhai,

cng ngh v trang thit b ca phn ln cc nh my nc ang hot ng hin


23/64


nay cn lc hu so vi cc nc trn th gii v khu vc. V cng ngh x l

nc, loi tr mt vi nh my mi c xy dng vi s h trca cc nc

nh Phn Lan, H Lan, CHLB c, hu ht cc nh my nc hin nay vn s

dng cng ngh gin phun - mt cng ngh t thi Php li. Thba, phn ln

cc doanh nghip cp nc c kt qu hot ng kinh doanh km, ko di trong

nhiu nm. iu th hin ch yu qua cc chtiu nh: h s khai thc cng

sut, bao ph (t ldn c cp nc trong tng dn s vng phc v), t l

tht thot nc v kt qu kinh doanh. V h s khai thc cng sut: nm 2007

cng sut khai thc bnh qun ca cnc cht 70,9%, c bit mt s nh my

cc tnh min ni chkhai thc c 30-40% cng sut. bao ph dch v

bnh qun ton quc khong 70%. H thng truyn dn v phn phi nc ang

tnh trng thiu v yu hoc khng th sa cha, ci to c do c qu

nhiu cng trnh c xy dng bn trn. T l tht thot nc bnh qun c

nc l 33%, trong , cc cng ty c cng sut hn 20 triu mt khi/nm li c

t l tht thot ti 40%, cc cng ty cn li l 27%. c bit, Cng ty Kinh

doanh nc sch H Ni, Tng cng ty cp nc Si Gn v Cng ty cp ncTin Giang c t l tht thot hn 40%. Kt qu cui cng l doanh thu kinh

doanh nc sch hin nay mi chb p chi ph thng xuyn, cha th b

p c chi ph khu hao thu hi vn u t v cha th to ngun tr n

cc khon vay u t di hn.

V h thng thot nc th ch c 20% tnh trng tt. T lthu c tin

nc l trn 95%. Cc cng ty mi trng th (URENCO) chu trch nhimv h thng thot nc v qun l cht thi rn, nhng so vi cc WSC th yu

hn nhiu v mt th chcng nh ti chnh. Qu trnh th ha v s xung

cp ca mi trng th lm cho vn vsinh th trthnh mi quan


24/64


tm ln ca chnh ph. Hin ti c rt t nh my xl nc thi tp trung cc

thnh ph, iu ny dn ti dng nc b nhim nng n. i vi khu vc

nng thn, ch c 16% dn sc lp t h thng thot nc, vi phn ln

nc thi cng nghip v sinh hot x trc tip ra sng khng qua x l.

Nc ta t mc tiu n nm 2010, 95% dn s th v 85% dn s

nng thn tip cn c vi ngun nc sch. Theo thng k ca vn phng ban

ch nhim Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia nc sch v v sinh mi trng

nng thn v kt qu thc hin nm 2008, tnh n ht ngy 10.4.2009, chng

trnh ny cung cp nc cho 2,7 triu ngi, gp phn nng t lngi dn

nng thn s dng nc hp vsinh t t l75%, trong 40% t tiu chun

ca b Y t. nhim nc do nhim mn, phn gia sc, cht thi lng ngh v

ha cht s dng trong nng nghip l tnh trng ph bin v ang pht trin

theo chiu hng xu nhiu khu vc, gy ra nhiu nguy c i vi sc kho v

hot ng ca con ngi.

1.2. Ngun vn v cng nghNhiu ngnh cng nghip Vit Nam vn ang s dng nhng cng ngh

lc hu, gy ra s thiu hiu qu trong s dng ngun lc, chng hn nh trong

s dng nng lng. Lng nhim gy ra trn mi n v sn lng Vit

Nam v th cao hn nhiu so vi mc ca cc nc cng nghip pht trin.

Nhng cng ngh lc hu ny thng c ngun gc t Trung Quc hay Lin X

c.

Trong tin trnh t do ha thng mi hin nay, c bit l sau khi VitNam gia nhp WTO, rt nhiu cng ty nc ngoi s vo u t ti Vit Nam.

Nhng cng ty ny s mang theo nhng thit b k thut tin tin. Theo ng Cao

S Khim - ch tch hip hi cc doanh nghip va v nh (SME) Vit Nam th


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sau khi Vit Nam gia nhp WTO, cc cng ty nn u t vo cng ngh mi v

nng cao cht lng sn phm c th cnh tranh. Cc cng ty Vit Nam mun

cnh tranh c trn ton cu th phi xc nh c nhng hn ch ca mnh, t

tm cch ci thin hiu qu cng vic; ng thi cng phi quen vi vic p

dng lut php quc t v png cc tiu chun v mi trng quc t.

Cc d n v mi trng ni chung v x l nc thi ni ring l nhng

d n cn rt nhiu vn u t. Mc d kin thc, kinh nghim cng nh ngn

sch dnh cho cc d n mi trng u ang tng ln, Vit Nam vn thiu rt

nhiu thit b cn thit. Cc cng ty Vit Nam ch xy dng c nhng nh my

x l nc thi tng i n gin ch khng thm trch c nhng d n

ln. Hu ht cc b phn, thit b ch cht trong mt nh my x l nc thi

u phi nhp khu. Mc d cc cng ty trong nc ngy cng trng thu nhiu

d n v xy dng nh my x l nc thi nhng cc cng ty ny vn phi nhp

khu vo cc b phn, thit b nhp lp rp.

1.3. Ti nguyn thin nhinMt s kin cho rng ti nguyn thin nhin khng nh hng trc tip

n mi trng, nhng c th nhn thy mi quan h gia ti nguyn thin nhin

v mi trng. Chin lc gia Micheal Porter ni rng Mt t nc s tn

dng nhiu nht nhng yu t no c u i nht. Vit Nam shu ngun ti

nguyn thin nhin phong ph, chng hn nh du m, v th Vit Nam s tn

dng ti nguyn thin nhin pht trin. Hin ti Vit Nam ang khai thc mt

tr lng du th ln xut khu. Ngnh cng nghip du mc coi l mttrong nhng ngnh cng nghip nhim nht trn th gii, v th r rng vic

khai thc du m gy ra nh hng ln mi trng Vit Nam.


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Mt v d khc v khai thc ti nguyn dn n nhim ngun nc l vic

khai thc ct Lm ng lm ngun nc sinh hot nhim nng. Dng

sng th mng Dng chy dc theo cc huyn Lm H, Di Linh, c Trng

thuc tnh Lm ng khng cn na, thay vo l cnh hng trm my bm

khai thc ct, vng, thic hot ng lin tc, gm nhm ph nt dng chy.

khu vc ny ngoi nhng hm khai thc ct c giy thp php ca chnh quyn

a phng cn c rt nhiu hm khai thc chui ang hot ng ngang nhin

ti y. Thm ch c nhiu trng hp sang nhng t nng nghip ca dn

khai thc v thl t nng nghip trthnh t sn xut ct, thic. Do s dng

cng cc gii vi cng sut ngy cng ln nn lng khai thc cng nhiu,

nhanh chng lm thay i dng chy ca con sng ny. Vic ny v ang nh

hng nghim trng n ngun nc. Hin nay, 1.000 h dn trong khu vc

khng th s dng trc tip ngun nc ca nh my nc Lm H v b

nhim nng. K tu nm 2003 n nay, Nh my nc Lm H c gng

dng mi bin php k thut x l tp cht kim loi, hu c, v c, vi trng

gy bnh, nhng cn tiu chun vc th khng tht yu cu, trong ncvn cn nhng ht cn khng lng c trong cng trnh xl, theo ng ng

dn ra vi nc ca dn. c ca dng nc sng Dng c khi ln ti

1334 NTU, vi cng ngh hin nay th Nh my nc Lm H ch c khnng

x l n nh vi ngun nc c c t 200 - 260 NTU m thi.

R rng vic khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin qu mc v khng theo quy

hoch s dn ti nhim ngun nc.


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2. Cu thtrng v xl nc thi

2.1. Qu trnh thho th ha l s mrng ca th, tnh theo t l phn trm gia sdn

thhay in tch th trn tng s dn hay din tch ca mt vng hay khu vc.

N cng c th tnh theo t lgia tng ca hai yu t theo thi gian. Nu tnh

theo cch u th n cn c gi l mc th ho, cn theo cch th hai, n

c tn l tc th ho.

Trong hn 20 nm tin hnh cng cuc i mi, qu trnh th ho din ra

ht sc nhanh chng nht l trong 10 nm trli y, c bit cc thnh ph

ln nh H Ni, Nng v Thnh ph H Ch Minh

Tnm 1990 cc th Vit Nam bt u pht trin, lc cnc mi c

khong 500 th (t l th ho vo khong 17-18%), n nm 2000 con s

ny ln 649 v nm 2003 l 656 th. Tnh n nay, cnc c khong 700

th, trong c 5 thnh ph trc thuc trung ng, 44 thnh ph trc thuc tnh,

45 th x v trn 500 th trn. Bc u hnh thnh cc chui th trung tm

quc gia: Cc th trung tm quc gia gm H Ni, Thnh ph H Ch Minh,Hi Phng, Nng, Hu. Cc th trung tm vng gm cc thnh phnh:

Cn Th, Bin Ho, Vng Tu, Bun Ma Thut, Nha Trang, Nam nh, Thi

Nguyn, Vit Tr, HLong, Ho Bnh Hin nay, t l dn s thnc ta

di 40%, theo quy hoch pht trin n nm 2010 con s ny s 56-60%, n

nm 2020 l 80%.

Hin nay ti 4 th ln ca nc ta l H Ni, thnh ph H Ch Minh,Hu, Hi Phng th H Ni, ngun nc m cng ty nc sch th x l

cung cp cho ngi dn l ngun nc ngm, thnh ph H Ch Minh l nc

ngm v nc sng, Hu v Hi Phng, nc c ly t cc con sng, qua x


28/64


l ri cung cp cho ngi dn. Trong cc th, hu ht nc thi sinh hot v

nc thi cng nghip c thi trc tip ra dng chy m khng qua x l.

Hin nay lng nc thi th qua x l cht khong 6% 3. Nu tnh trng

ny c ko di th hu qu tt yu s l s nhim nng n ca cc dng chy,

ngun nc.

Theo d bo ca B Xy dng, t l th ho ca Vit Nam vo nm 2020

st khong 40%, tng ng vi sdn c sinh sng ti th chim trn 45

triu dn. Nh vy cng vi qu trnh th ho ang din ra nhanh chng, vn

x l nc thi th vn cng thng li phi chu nhiu p lc hn na.

2.2. Qu trnh cng nghip ho v tdo ho thng mi v u tVi mc tiu n nm 2020, nc ta c bn tr thnh mt nc cng

nghip. Mt trong cc ch trng ln ca chnh ph mrng, pht trin sn

xut cng nghip l khuyn khch xy dng, u t vo cc khu cng nghip

(KCN), khu ch xut (KCX). Cc d n u t vo KCN, KCX c hng

i v thu v c nh nc h trv csh tng. n nay trn cnc

c 219 khu cng nghip, khu ch xut ang hot ng.

3Ngun:http://www.viencanh.com/200-trieu-euro-de-xu-ly-nuoc-thai-cong-nghiep-o-viet-nam-

n2796.php
http://www.viencanh.com/200-trieu-euro-de-xu-ly-nuoc-thai-cong-nghiep-o-viet-nam-n2796.phphttp://www.viencanh.com/200-trieu-euro-de-xu-ly-nuoc-thai-cong-nghiep-o-viet-nam-n2796.phphttp://www.viencanh.com/200-trieu-euro-de-xu-ly-nuoc-thai-cong-nghiep-o-viet-nam-n2796.phphttp://www.viencanh.com/200-trieu-euro-de-xu-ly-nuoc-thai-cong-nghiep-o-viet-nam-n2796.phphttp://www.viencanh.com/200-trieu-euro-de-xu-ly-nuoc-thai-cong-nghiep-o-viet-nam-n2796.phphttp://www.viencanh.com/200-trieu-euro-de-xu-ly-nuoc-thai-cong-nghiep-o-viet-nam-n2796.php


29/64


Biu 2

S lng KCN, KCX trn c nc qua cc nm

65

130

145

194

121

30926

46588

26971

11830

2370

3000

50

100

150

200

250

1991 1995 2000 2005 2006 2008

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

ha

S lngKCN, KCX

Din tch

Ngun:www.khucongnghiep.com.vn

Tp trung sn xut cng nghip vo cc KCN, KCX c rt nhiu li ch.

Mt trong s l nh nc c th kim sot tt hn vn nhim do SXCN.

ng thi n cng cho php cc cng ty trong cng 1 KCN, KCX chia s cc chi

ph v mi trng. V d nh cc cng ty c th chia s chi ph xu dng, vnhnh cho mt nh my x l nc thi tp trung. Theo quy nh ca nh nc,

mi KCN, KCX phi c mt nh my x l nc thi tp trung, v mi cc cng

ty trc khi thi nc ra nh my ny phi x l nc thi sb ti nh my ca

mnh. iu ny c ngha l mi nh my phi c mt b phn x l nc thi.

i vi cc DN va v nh c lng nc thi t th s rt tn km duy tr

mt b phn x l nc thi trong nh my, do tit kim chi ph, cc DN

ny khng x l nc thi trc khi thi ra nh my x l nc thi tp trung,

hoc xnc thi trc tip ra mi trng.

Trong qu trnh CNH ca nc ta khng th khng kn vai tr ca dng

vn FDI. FDI chim mt t l ln trong vn u t vo SXCN mi nm.
http://www.khucongnghiep.com.vn/http://www.khucongnghiep.com.vn/http://www.khucongnghiep.com.vn/http://www.khucongnghiep.com.vn/


30/64


Ngun: Tng c thng k Vit Nam

Trong nm 2008, lng vn FDI ng k vo Vit Nam l 64,1 t USD,

trong vn gii ngn l 11,5 t USD, tng 43,2% so vi nm 2007. Trong

tng s 1171 d n FDI cp mi ca c nm 2008, c 572 d n u t vo lnh

vc cng nghip v xy dng vi tng vn ng k 32,62 t USD, chim

48,85% v s d n v 54,12% v vn u t ng k. Khi doanh nghip FDI

ng gp 40% kim ngch xut khu v chim 25% thm ht thng mi caVit Nam nm 2008. Tnh ly kn 19/6/2009, cnc c 10.409 d n cn

hiu lc vi tng vn ng k 164,7 t USD.


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Tuy nhin i cng vi tng trng cng nghip v t do ho thng mi v

u t, vn nhim mi trng, nhim ngun nc ngy cng trnn trm

trng. Vit Nam c lc lng lao ng ph thng di do. Chi ph lng lao

ng ph thng Vit Nam tng i thp, mc lng ti thiu ca ngi lao

ng trong doanh nghip FDI ch trn di 1 triu ng/ ngi/ thng tu theo

tng khu vc. V Vit Nam c mt lc lng lao ng gi r di do nn Vit

Nam c li th tng i trong nhng ngnh s dng nhiu lao ng. Tng t

nh vy. Vit Nam, cc chnh sch v quy nh lin quan mi trng cn kh

lng lo, iu ny nh hng n ccu sn phm cng nghip nc ta. Bi v

Vit Nam thiu thiu nhng bin php kin quyt bo v mi trng nn

Vit Nam c li th tng i trong cc ngnh cng nghip nhim.

Vit Nam c mi quan h v thng mi v u t vi cc nc c quy

nh v mi trng cht ch hn nhiu nh Nht Bn v cc nc trong khi EU.

iu ny s tt yu dn n tnh trng Vit Nam trthnh ni tp trung sn xut

ca cc ngnh cng nghip gy nhim. gic tc tng trng v tr

nn cnh tranh, Vit Nam kh c th t chi d n u t vo cc ngnh ny,bi v cc doanh nghip FDI gii quyt c vn thiu vn v to cng n

vic lm cho lc lng lao ng ph thng vn d tha Vit Nam. Tuy nhin

trong di hn, ci gi phi tr cho vic chp nhn cng ngh bn s rt t, v chi

ph lm sch mi trng nhim bao gicng cao hn nhiu so vi chi ph

bra bo v mi trng.

Nh vy mt khi nh nc thc hin tt cng tc qun l mi trng v c

cc bin php kin quyt ngn chn cc hnh vi vi phm php lut v mi trng

th s tng trng quy m SXCN chc chn s lm gia tng nhu cu i vi

ngnh x l nc thi.


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2.3. Skin Vit Nam gia nhp WTOVit Nam theo ui qu trnh gia nhp WTO t nm 1995 v t thng 11

nm 2006 chnh thc trthnh thnh vin ca WTO. Mc d Vit Nam ang

thay i vi nhp nhanh chng, nhng t cch thnh vin ca WTO vn s l

mt lc y cho qu trnh ci cch Vit Nam. Trong qu trnh m phm gia

nhp WTO chnh ph ban hnh c rt nhiu lut cng nh quy nh mi. Vn

nm ch nhng lut hay quy nh ny c son tho trong mt thi gian

rt ngn. Nhng lut, quy nh ny l iu kin cn gia nhp WTO, nhng r

rang chng thiu mt nn tng vng chc cn thit. Tuy vy vn c th hy vng

rng s c nhiu thay i v ci tin, cng nh cc hnh thc cng ch nhng quy nh ny i vo thc t. Nhng quy nh mi v bo v mi trng s

mra chi mi cho cc cng ty hot ng trong lnh vc ny.

Thc hin tt cng tc qun l mi trng l mt trong nhng yu cu c

bn Vit Nam c th gia nhp WTO. Nh vy, sau khi nc ta gia nhp

WTO c th hy vng rng nhng cam kt v qun l mi trng s sm c

a vo thc tin.

3. Cc ngnh cng nghip h tr

Cc cng ty Vit Nam gn y ginh c ngy cng nhiu hp ng xy

dng nh my x l nc thi. Nhng hu ht trong s ch l nhng nh my

nh. Cc nh my ln v phc tp th vn do cc cng ty nc ngoi xy dng,

lp t. D nh my x l nc thi c xy dng, lp t bi cc cng ty

trong nc hay nc ngoi th cng u ph thuc ch yu vo cc thit b nhpkhu. Cc dng c, thit b nh qut, my qut gi, bm, van, ng cc

nhp khu tnc ngoi sc lp rp trong nc.


33/64


4. Vai tr ca chnh ph

4.1. Cc cquan qun l hot ng xl nc thiB khoa hc, cng ngh v mi trng (MOSTE) thnh lp nm 1992 v

Tng cc mi trng quc gia (NEA) thnh lp nm 1993, trc thuc MOSTE l

hai cquan chnh chu trch nhim v bo v mi trng. Nhim v chnh ca

cc cquan ny l xc tin cc nghin cu v mi trng, nh hng cc chnh

sch v mi trng, thc hin hp tc quc t v cc vn mi trng, v theo

di nh hng ca cc d n ln n mi trng. B k hoch v u t l c

quan ch qun trong vic vch ra cc k hoch pht trin kinh t, ng thi chu

trch nhim thm tra, ph duyt cc d n u tnc ngoi sau mt qu trnh

thm nh ton din, bao gm c thm nh v tc ng n mi trng.

Di MOSTE l Skhoa hc, cng ngh v mi trng (DOSTE) ca tng

tnh, chu trch nhim theo di xem cc DN c tun th php lut v mi trng

hay khng. DOSTE thng c t 3 n 10 nhn vin, tu thuc tng tnh.

DOSTE trao i, xin kin MOSTE cc vn v chuyn mn, nhng chu s

qun l nh nc ca UBND tnh. UBND tnh ph trch cp ngn sch hotng cho MOSTE. DOSTE c thm quyn xem xt, nh gi tc ng ln mi

trng ca cc d n u t, v gii quyt cc vn lin quan n nhim mi

trng.

Bng 4

Cc c quan trong khung php l v qun l mi trng

Hoch nh chnh sch ng cng sn Vit Nam NamThtng chnh phQuc hiHi ng nhn dn tnh


34/64


Ban hnh lut, quy nh Quc hiThtng chnh phHi ng nhn dn tnh

Lp k hoch Cc b v u ban qu c giaUBND tnh (phng k hoch)

C vn Vn phng chnh phB, vin, trng i hcT chc phi chnh phBan cho, nhm lm vic lin ngnh

T chc chp hnh Cc bBti nguyn mi trng (MoNRE)Cc bo v mi tng quc gia (VEPA)

T chc thc hin Ban mi trng ca cc u ban quc giaDoNREVEPA, NGO, DOSTE, cc vin nghincu, trng i hc, t chc qun chng

4.2. Cc vn bn php lut v xl nc thiC 3 mc chnh trong php lut mi trng ti Vit Nam. Th nht l lut

bo v mi trng, th hai l cc tiu chun mi trng quc gia. Th ba l lut

v quy inh c th cho tng ngnh lin quan n vn bo v mi trng v

sc khe con ngi, v cc quy nh v tiu chun mi trng cp tnh. Cc lut

v quy nh cp 3 ny do MOSTE qun l.

Cc vn bn cho chnh v bo v mi trng c lin quan n kim sot

nhim ngun nc l:

Lut bo v mi trng ban hnh nm 2005, c hiu lc t 1/7/2006

Nghnh s 80/2006/N-CP ca chnh ph v quy nh chi tit v hng

dn thi hnh mt siu ca lut bo v mi trng.


35/64


Quyt nh s 22/2006/Q-BTNMT ca B ti nguyn v mi trng v vic

bt buc p dng Tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng

Bng 5: Gi tr ti hn cc thng s v nng cc cht nhim trong nc thicng nghipTT Thng s n v Gi tr ti hn

A B C

1 Nhit oC 40 40 45

2 pH _ 6 n 9 5,5 n 9 5 n 9

3 Mi _ Khngkh chu

Khngkh chu

_

4 Mu sc, C0-Pt pH=7 20 50 _

5 BOD5(20o) mg/l 30 50 100

6 COD mg/l 50 80 400

7 Cht rn llng mg/l 50 100 200

8 Asen mg/l 0,05 0,1 0,5

9 Thu ngn mg/l 0,005 0,01 0,01

10 Ch mg/l 0,1 0,5 1

11 Cadimi mg/l 0,005 0,01 0,5

12 Crom (IV) mg/l 0,05 0,1 0,5

13 Crom (III) mg/l 0,2 1 214 ng mg/l 2 2 5

15 Km mg/l 3 3 5


36/64


16 Niken Mg/l 0,2 0,5 2

17 Mangan Mg/l 0,5 1 5

18 St Mg/l 1 5 10

19 Thic Mg/l 0,2 1 5

20 Xianua Mg/l 0,07 0,1 0,2

21 Phenol Mg/l 0,1 0,5 1

22 Du mkhong Mg/l 5 5 10

23 Du ng thc vt Mg/l 10 20 30

24 Clo d Mg/l 1 2 _

25 PCBs Mg/l 0,003 0,01 0,05

26 Ho cht bo v thcvt: Ln hu c

Mg/l 0,3 1

27 Ho cht bo v thcvt: Clo hu c

Mg/l 0,1 0,1

28 Sunfua Mg/l 0,2 0,5 1

29 Florua Mg/l 5 10 15

30 Clorua Mg/l 500 600 1000

31 Amoni (tnh theo Nit) Mg/l 5 10 15

32 T ng Nit Mg/l 15 30 60

33 Tng phtpho Mg/l 4 6 8

34 Coliform MPN/100ml

3000 5000 _


37/64


35 Xt nghim sinh hc(Bioassay)

90% c s ng st sau 96gitrong 100% nc

thi

_

36 Tng hot phng x Bq/l 0,1 0,1 _

37 Tng hot phng x Bq/l 1 1 _

Nc thi cng nghip (NTCN) c gi tr cc thng s v nng cc cht

nhim bng hoc nh hn gi tr quy nh trong ct A c th vo cc khu

vc nc thng c dung lm ngun nc cho mc ch sinh hot. NTCN c

gi tr cc thng s v nng cc cht nhim ln hn gi tr quy nh trong

ct A nhng nh hn hoc bng gi tr quy nh trong ct B th c o vo

cc vc nc nhn thi khc khng dng cho mc ch sinh hot. NTCN c gi

tr cc thng s v nng cc cht nhim ln hn gi tr quy inh trong ct B

nhng khng vt qu gi tr quy nh trong ct C chc php thi vo cc

ni c quy nh (nh h cha nc thi c xy ring, cng dn n nh

my x l nc thi tp trung)

4.3. Cch thc theo di v nh gi hot ng xl nc thiC 3 cquan chu trch nhim theo di cc hot ng mi trng: min

bc l i hc Xy dng H Ni, min Trung l Trung tm bo v mi trng

(EPC), v ng bng Mkng l i hc Bch khoa TP H Ch Minh.

Mt bin php quan trng bo v mi trng c nu r trong Lut

mi trng 2005, m trc l lut mi trng 1993 l Nh nc yu cu cc

d n u t mi, u t mrng phi lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng

(EIA), v bo co ny phi c coi l mt trong nhng yu t ch cht trong


38/64


qu trnh ra quyt nh. iu lut vEIA c a ra vi mc ch bo v mi

trng khng b hu hoi bi cc d n gy nhim, nhng trong mt strng

hp, n li trthnh ro cn cho s chp thun cc d n u t. V th c nhiu

d n c B k hoch u t cp php u t ri th bo co EIA mi c

xt n. a im v quy m ca d n c quyt nh trc khi xem xt, nh

gi bo co EIA. V th cc bo co EIA thng khng nh hng n vic d

n u t c c cp php khng, hay c phi di chuyn a im khng; m

ch c ngha trong vic bt buc cc DN phi p dng cc bin php gim thiu

nhim. Mt vn na l thiu ngun nhn lc cht lng cao thm nh,

nh gi EIA. iu ny dn n vic cc c quan qun l mi trng khng

nh gi ng v tc ng mi trng ca d n u t, nhiu khi khng lng

trc c mc nhim m cc d n u t s gy ra.


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CHNG III: THC TRNG NGNH XL NC THICNG NGHIP V NC THI SINH HOT CA NC TA

HIN NAY

Khi qut h thng sng ngi Vit Nam

Vi chiu di bbin 3.260 km, bin gii t lin di 3.730 km, Vit Nam

c h thng sng ngi dy c vi 9 lu vc sng (LVS) ln bao gm K Cng-

Bng Giang (vi tng din tch lu vc Vit Nam l 11.200 km2), Hng-Thi

Bnh (92.246 km2), (25.500 km2), M-Chu (17.600 km2), C (21.230 km2),

Thu Bn (10.350 km2), Ba (13.800 km2), ng Nai (36.261 km2) v Mkng(70.520 km2), cng nhiu tiu LVS nh Cu, Nhu - y... Trong xu th pht

trin kinh t - x hi nhng nm gn y, di tc ng ca cc yu t t nhin

v hot ng ca con ngi, mi trng mt sLVS nc ta ny sinh hng

lot cc vn nhim, c bit l nhim ngun nc. vn qun l mi

trng cc LVS cn nhiu bt cp. Tuy nhin cho n nay, ti Vit Nam cha

c t chc chuyn trch no qun l vn lin quan n mi trng cp

lu vc, phng php tip cn nhm bo v mi trng LVS cha c xc

nh r rng, h thng chnh sch, vn bn php quy lin quan n bo v mi

trng LVS cn thiu v cha ng b, ngun kinh ph m bo cho cc hot

ng bo vmi trng LVS cn cha p ng c yu cu thc t; cha c

h thng d liu - thng tin phc v qun l mi trng LVS.

1. Khi qut v thtrng xl nc thi ti Vit Nam hin nay

Theo s liu iu tra ca Vin Nghin cu Chin lc v Chnh sch cng

nghip (IPSI) tin hnh trong cc nm 2006-2007 trn phm vi 20 tnh, thng

k c trn 2.000 doanh nghip ang hot ng trong lnh vc mi trng.

Ngoi cc cng ty Mi trng th URENCO ca cc tnh/thnh ph cn c


40/64


cc doanh nghip t nhn trong nc, nc ngoi, cc hnh thc lin doanh, lin

kt. Quy m ca cc cng ty cng tng rt nhanh, trong mt s cng ty c

doanh s ln n 1.000 t ng/nm.

Hot ng mi trng ca Vit Nam ang dn tr nn chuyn mn ha su,

mang tnh cng nghip vi cc doanh nghip chuyn sn xut v cung ng dch

v trn tt c 3 lnh vc: dch v mi trng, sn xut thit b cng ngh v

qun l ti nguyn. Chng ta c qu nhiu vn mi trng xut hin, yu cu

gii quyt cp bch. Do nhng quy nh v mi trng cn cha cht ch nn

Vit Nam l im n ca khng t cng ngh bn m gi tr gia tng cha

hn cao nh: st thp, xi mng... Theo tnh ton ca IPSI, c tnh, nhu cu u

t bo v mi trng ca 18 ngnh v lnh vc c nguy c nhim mi trng

cao nc ta ln n 124.000 t ng, chng t th trng ca ngnh cng

nghip, dch v mi trng l rt ln.

2. Thc trng xl nc thi cng nghip

2.1. Thc trng chung

Mi ngy, 1 triu m3 lng nc thi cng nghip thi ra mi trng t

219 khu ch xut v khu cng nghip trn cnc, nhng ch mt phn t s

lng trn c x l. Theo ng Phan Hu Vinh, ph cc trng cc cnh st

mi trng n cui nm 2008, cnc mi ch 60/219 khu ch xut - khu cng

nghip c nh my xl nc thi, vi lng nc xl t 30%. Tuy nhin,

ng lo ngi l cht lng nc thi sau khi x l vn chat yu cu v cha

n nh 4. Nhiu ni c nh my x l nc thi nhng thc cht khng hot

ng v thiu kinh ph hoc cc c ssn xut xl nhng khng u ni vo

4Ngun:http://www.laodong.com.vn/Home/Bao-dong-o-nhiem-cac-khu-cong-

nghiep/20096/142096.laodong
http://www.laodong.com.vn/Home/Bao-dong-o-nhiem-cac-khu-cong-nghiep/20096/142096.laodonghttp://www.laodong.com.vn/Home/Bao-dong-o-nhiem-cac-khu-cong-nghiep/20096/142096.laodonghttp://www.laodong.com.vn/Home/Bao-dong-o-nhiem-cac-khu-cong-nghiep/20096/142096.laodonghttp://www.laodong.com.vn/Home/Bao-dong-o-nhiem-cac-khu-cong-nghiep/20096/142096.laodonghttp://www.laodong.com.vn/Home/Bao-dong-o-nhiem-cac-khu-cong-nghiep/20096/142096.laodonghttp://www.laodong.com.vn/Home/Bao-dong-o-nhiem-cac-khu-cong-nghiep/20096/142096.laodong


41/64


h thng xl nc thi tp trung. V vy, nhiu ch tiu v coliform, amoniac,

kim loi nng u vt tiu chun cho php.

Cht lng nc thi sau x l cng l vn cc doanh nghip v cc c

quan qun l cn quan tm, t l mu phn tch nc sau x l t tiu chun

mi trng cn thp. Vic x l cc b ti cc doanh nghip trong KCN trc

khi nhp vo h thng thi chung cng cha c quan tm ng mc a s

cc doanh nghip; vn o m tnh ph x l nc thi cng l vn cn

nhiu tranh ci gia ch ngun thi v cc cng ty kinh doanh h tng KCN;

mt sKCN c h thng x l nc thi tp trung nhng cng sut v hiu

xut x l khng t yu cu, thm ch cn c hin tng chy cm chng

gim chi ph x l.

Do hn ch v mt tip cn s liu nn trong phm vi bi nghin cu ny s

ch cp n thc trng x l nc thi hai vng: vng ng Nam B l khu

vc kinh t pht trin nht v vng ng bng sng Cu Long (BSCL). cc

vng khc tuy khng c s liu c th v cp nht nhng thc trng XLNT CN

nhn chung cng gp phi cc vn nh hai vng kinh t trn.

2.3. Khu vc ng Nam B khu vc ny, h thng sng ng Nai Si Gn phi gnh chu mt

lng ln NTCN mi ngy t cc KCN, KCX.

Con sng ng Nai phi on mnh gnh nc thi ca gn 30 khu cng nghip

t tnh ng Nai v cc tnh khc nh Bnh Dng, Bnh Phc v B Ra

Vng Tu. C th hnh dung mt lc sng ng Nai v mt mng li khucng nghip ang u c n nh th no.


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S 5: Cc KCN quanh h thng sng ng Nai

Theo bo co ca sTi nguyn mi trng tnh ng Nai, vo gia nm

2008, tng lng nc thi cng nghip ton tnh x ra mi ngy m hn200.000m3. y mi ch l thng k s b v vn cn khng t khu cng nghip

v cc c ssn xut nhcha b kim tra. Hu ht snc thi trn u cha


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qua x l, hoc x l khng t cht lng, v lu vc sng ng Nai trthnh

b cha khi nc thi khng l kia.

Hin ti, ng Nai c 30 khu cng nghip, chim gn 10.000ha t, ch

mt st cha c doanh nghip vo u t, phn cn li i vo hot ng t lu.

Qua t kho st nc thi ca 21 khu cng nghip hi gia nm, kt qu: cht

lng nc thi ca tt c 21 khu cng nghip (68.000m3) u khng t. Cho

d nhiu khu cng nghip c nh my xl nc thi tp trung (chim gn

1/3 lng nc thi) nh Bin Ho 2, Amata, Nhn Trch 1, phn ng trong

s 21 khu cng nghip c kim tra, u cha c nh my xl nc thi tp

trung.

t nht, c n 14 khu cng nghip trong s ny thi thng ra sng

ng Nai, qua nhiu nhnh sng, sui, rch. im qua bn khu cng nghip

nm ti Bin Ho gm Bin Ho 1 v 2, Amata, Loteco, nc thi c x ra

sng Ci, sui Cha, sui B La. Tng t, hng lot khu cng nghip Nhn

Trch mn sng Th Vi xnc, cc khu cng nghip Long Thnh mn

rch B Cho, sui Nc Trong x thi. Tt c nhng dng ny u vosng ng Nai. C hai h ln ng Nai l TrAn v Sng My, u b cc

khu cng nghip mn lm ni x thi. y mi ch l con s thng k s b,

cha y ca s Ti nguyn v mi trng, bi l, cn li by khu cng

nghip na, sTi nguyn mi trng mi ch kt lun l c xnc thi tri

php vo mi trng, nhng khng r l thi i u, vo sng sui no.

Phn tch cht lng nc thi 12 khu cng nghip c ngun thi ln

trong nm 2007 theo cc tiu ch ca bTi nguyn mi trng cho kt qu

nh sau: tm khu cng nghip gy nhim mi trng nghim trng v bn

khu cng nghip gy nhim mi trng. Trong tm khu cng nghip, c

khng t mi i vo hot ng vi nm nay, gm: H Nai, Bin Ho 1, Nhn


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Trch 2 v 3, Sng My, G Du, Amata, Tam Phc v Loteco. Gi s, nu

kim tra ht cc khu cng nghip, con s gy nhim s khng ch l 12 khu

cng nghip.

Th nhng, ni lo ca s Ti nguyn mi trng v vi chc khu cng

nghip xnc thi cha x l ra sng, sui ni trn li khng ln bng ni lo

vhng trm doanh nghip nm ngoi khu cng nghip ng trn a bn tnh

ng Nai. Qua t kim tra 110 doanh nghip vo gia 2008, cho thy: mi

ngy m c 136.400m3 nc thi c x ra sng, sui; ch c 36 doanh

nghip trong s ny c h thng x l nc thi, thnhng ch c 20 doanh

nghip t yu cu v cht lng nc thi. Trong 90 doanh nghip x by, c

kh nhiu cng ty ln nh: cng ty men thc phm Mauri La Ng x thng ra

h sng La Ng gn 10.000m3/ngy m v cha c nh my xl nc thi;

cng ty c phn Ho An x hn 3.000m3/ngy m; cng ty Vedan

5.800m3/ngy.

Sng Si GnHin nay mi ngy sng Si Gn phi tip nhn hng trm ngn mt khi

nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip, mt phn cht thi rn th, cht thi nguy

hi cng ngun nc t sn xut nng nghip vi hm lng phn bn v thuc

tr su cao gy nhim ngun nc, nhiu ch tiu mi trng vt mc

tiu chun cho php gp nhiu ln...

Sng Si Gn vi tng chiu di hn 280km i qua cc tnh Ty Ninh,

Bnh Dng v TP.H Ch Minh. Sng Si Gn bt ngun t lu vc h Du

Ting n ng ba sng ng Nai v gi vai tr quan trng trong vic cung cp

nc sinh hot, cng nghip, nng nghip cho 3 a phng ny. Lu vc sng

Si Gn bao gm 2 huyn thuc Ty Ninh, 5 huyn thuc Bnh Dng v 20

qun huyn thuc TP.H Ch Minh. Ngun nc mt trn lu vc sng Si Gn


45/64


c xem l ngun nc ch yu phc v cho hu ht cc hot ng pht trin

kinh t x hi trong ton lu vc, tng lng dng chy b mt ca cc sng

sui trong lu vc ra bin hng nm gn 3 t m3. Thi gian qua cc knh

rch cng b thu hp v din tch dng chy trong lc li phi gnh chu

lng nc thi phn ln cha qua xl. iu ny khin cht lng nc mt

ca khu vc h lu sng Si Gn- khu vc TP.H Ch Minh ngy cng suy

gim v cht lng. Nng du trong nc c xu hng tng dn mi nm t

1,9-2,1 ln, nhim vi sinh tng vt vi hm lng Coliform ti cc trm quan

trc cht lng nc o c vt chun cho php t 5-71 ln. Nguyn nhn

chnh ca vic suy gim cht lng nc trn sng Si Gn l do tc gia

tng ca cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, cm cng nghip v cc th dc

theo lu vc sng.Nc thi th v cng nghip cha qua xl lm cho

khnng t lm sch ca sng km i. Theo quy hoch pht trin ca cc tnh

thnh trn khu vc n nm 2020 lu vc sng Si Gn s c khong 39 KCN,

KCX trong TP.H Ch Minh l 19 khu cng nghip, khu ch xut. Hin nay

trong s 27 KCN, KCX ang hot ng trn lu vc qua kt qu kho st thngk s b th ch c 10 khu c h thng xl nc thi tp trung i vo hat

ng, cn li hoc ang xy dng hoc cha c h thng x l nc thi tp

trung. Lng nc thi t cc KCN, KCX ny vo sng Si Gn bnh qun

khong 70.034m3/ ngy m.

Theo d bo ca cc nh khoa hc ang nghin cu n Xy dng hn

mc x thi trn sng Si Gn n nm 2020, lu lng nc thi cng nghip

t cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut strn 319.425m2/ ngy m. Vi con s

d bo ny c 3 kch bn ginh c ra: nu cht lng nc thi cng

nghip vn nh hin nay th n nm 2020 cc cht nhim nh COD, BOD5

stng gp 4-6 ln, ti lng N tng s gp 55 ln hin ti v y l mt bc


46/64


tranh rt xu cho mi trng. Nu cht lng nc thi t cc khu cng nghip,

khu ch xut t loi B th lng COD, BOD5 stng khong 2 ln. Nu cht

lng nc thi t cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut m bo t loi A th

nng cc cht nhim trong nc cng chtng ng vi hin nay. i

vi nc thi sinh hot n nm 2020 d bo con s ny s vo khong 2 triu

m3/ ngy m, ti lng nhim do nc thi sinh hot sgia tng t 1,5-2 ln.

2.4. Khu vc ng bng sng Cu LongTheo sTi nguyn Mi trng Cn Th, hin c 3 KCN ang hot ng

l Tr Nc 1, Tr Nc 2 v Tht Nt th cha c ni no xy dng h thng x

l nc thi tp trung.

Theo quy trnh, nc thi sau khi c DN xl bc 1, tp trung li ti

KCN x l ln 2 ri mi c thi ra sng Hu. Tuy nhin, thc t ti cc KCN

ny, DN bc cc ng cng trc tip thi ra sng, vic ny din ra hng chc nm

nay.

15% DN ti cc KCN thi nc bn trc tip ra sng, cn li 85% c xy

dng h thng xl nc thi bc 1, tuy nhin vic cc h thng ny c c

vn hanh thng xuyn hay khng th khng chc chn.

Thc t ti c s, hu ht cc ming cng t cc doanh nghip ti cc KCN

ny thng xuyn thi ra thnc en ngm, c qunh. Trn a bn Cn Th

ngoi hng trm DN ang ngy m bc t sng Hu cn c 500 ao, b c, trn

di 5.000 c stiu th cng nghip, bnh vin, c sy t u cha c h

thng x l nc thi trung. Tng cng, mi ngy bnh qun dng sng nyphi ung hng triu m3 nc thi nhim.

Theo thng k s b, ti TP Cn Th, nc sng Hu b nhim cp

2, rch Sang Trng (Phc Thi, Mn) nhim cp 7, rch B t


47/64


(Thi Thun, Tht Nt) nhim cp 4. Ti x Long Ha, huyn Ph Tn,

tnh An Giang, nng NH3 vo ma kh cao gp 40 ln so vi tiu chun mi

trng cho php. Ti Long An, vi cc KCN, CCN hin c, mi ngy d tnh

thi ra mi trng khong 363 tn rc cng nghip v 151.000m3 nc thi

cng nghip...

Cn theo s liu ca cc nh khoa hc, ti BSCL, tng lng nc thi

sinh hot thi ra mi nm l102 triu m3/nm, nc thi cng nghip 47,2 triu

m3/nm. Cc khu cng nghip ti BSCL u c chn vtr t ti ven sng

rch v cha c khu cng nghip no xy dng h thng x l nc thi. T

trc n nay, cc loi cht thi loi u tun ra sng rch mt cch

thng trc khin mi trng sng nhim trm trng.

Nguyn nhn: c rt nhiu l do cho thc trng hin nay rt nhiu KCN,

KCX khng tin hnh x l nc thi tp trung

Mt l phn ln cc DN trong cc KCN, KCX l cc DN va v nh, hn

ch v nng lc ti chnh. Trong khi vic xy dng, vn hnh mt nh my x

l nc thi li tn rt nhiu chi ph, do vic XLNT tp trung lm tng givn hng bn, dn n hng ha ca cc DN ny km cnh tranh trn thtrng.

Hn na hnh pht i vi cc DN khng XLNT hoc XLNT cha t cht

lng cn qu nh. V th nhiu DN chn gii php np pht hn l xy dng,

vn hnh hay s dng mt h thng x l nc thi t tin.

Hai l, chng ta cha c chti mnh bt buc cc chu t kinh

doanh h tng k thut KCN phi xy dng h thng xl nc thi tp trung

ngay trong qu trnh chun bu t, t khu lp, thm nh dn, gim st u

t v kim tra thm nh nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM). Cc c quan

chc nng ca Trung ng v trong ni b ca cc a phng i khi cn cha


48/64


ng thun trong vic cng ch tun thcc quy nh vBVMT i vi doanh

nghip.

Ba l, nhiu c quan Trung ng v c bit l a phng coi trng vic

tng trng kinh t, thu ht u t m cha quan tm thong n cng tc

BVMT, to tm l coi thng cng tc BVMT ca cc doanh nghip ngay t

khi lp dn u t. Do vic coi trng thu ht u t, khng t cc KCN b

ph vquy hoch phn khu chc nng, hu qu l nhiu KCN khng cn t

cho vic xy dng h thng x l cht thi, do c dn u t khc chim

ch.

Bn l, tc u t cng nghip trong nhng nm qua l rt cao, trong

khi , nng lc qun l ni chung ca cc c quan thm quyn cha theo kp,

trnh cn bm trch cng vic ny va thiu li va yu. Cc c quan t

vn k thut vBVMT cha mnh nn gii php k thut a ra cha hp l,

kh thc hin, trong nhiu trng hp khng kh thi khi bt tay vo u t xy

dng KCN, tnh trng khi i mc ni, trv mc snggy rt nhiu kh khn

cho nh u t.Nm l, chng ta cn thiu mt tiu ch chung da vo , cc ch ngun

thi v doanh nghip kinh doanh h tng KCN c thxc nh c ph x l

nc thi cho mi loi hnh nc thi hoc theo ti lng cht nhim c x

l. y cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm cho nhiu doanh nghip kinh

doanh h tng KCN cha u t xy dng h thng xl nc thi v cha c

phng n kinh t hp l.

3. Thc trng xl nc thi sinh hot

Nc thi sinh hot chim khong 80% tng snc thi cc thnh ph,


49/64


l mt nguyn nhn chnh gy nn tnh trng nhim nc v vn ny c xu

hng cng ngy cng xu i. (vacne.org.vn)

Cc th ca Vit Nam hin nay, h thng thot nc l h thng chung

ch yu c xy dng t thi Php thuc. ng ng nc thi v ng ng

nc ma cn chung nhau, dn n vic kh khn trong qu trnh x l nc

thi, c bit l nc thi sinh hot. Thot nc trong cc khu th hin nay l

vn v cng bc thit. Tuy vy, chng ta mi chquan tm c giai on

u, l vic lm thno nc khng bng trong ni , nht l khi c

ma ln. Cn vn xl nc thi trong thot nc vn cha thc iu kin

ch trng. Vn l vic u t cn ng b v thng nht. Theo tnh ton, nu

u t cho cp nc l 1 phn th vic thot nc cn ti 3 phn, ti thiu phi l

2,5 th mi c thm bo vn nc sch v vsinh mi trng.

Theo lut ca nh nc, ngun nc thi khi thi ra cc h thng sng phi

c x l sch trc . Tuy nhin, do vn kinh ph cn gp nhiu kh khn

nn nh phi chp nhn vic nc thi cha x l trit . Chnh phcng ang

khuyn khch cc thnh phn kinh tkhc u t nhng cn gp nhiu trngido quy nh vic thu ph cp v thot nc i vi ngi dn cn thp. Hin nay,

vic thu ph thot nc cha p ng cho chi ph vn hnh v qun l,

cha kn ngun my mc, thit b cn nhp v.

c, mt s th c mc thu lph chi cho vic u t my mc

v vn hnh, nhng l do mc thu nhp ca h ln, mc sng cao. Cn Vit

Nam th Chnh ph yu cu nc sch l mt mt hng khng c tng gi, t

nht l trong thi im hin nay. iu ny l mt kh khn v cng ln. Hi cp

thot nc cng ngh Chnh ph c nhng chnh sch u i hn nh gia

hn thanh ton tin trong khi cha c tng gi nc v ph rc thi. C th ni,

vic thu ph l mt vn v cng quan trng. nhiu nc trn th gii c


50/64


ring mt y ban c lp quyt nh gi thu ph cho ph hp v u t li.

Cn Vit Nam th vic ny do y ban tnh/ thnh phquy nh. Do vy, vic

mun nng gi ph ln ly ngun vn gp rt nhiu kh khn.

Cc thVit Nam hin nay gn nh cha c ni no lm c trit

vn xl nc thi m lc c mi chim tn c vi ni. Chng ta cng

c nhng quy nh c th v vic bt buc phi c h thng xl nc thi

khi xy dng cc khu th. Trong bn quy hoch trnh chnh ph ph duyt th

y l yu cu khng th thiu. Mc d vy hin nay cc khu th mi vn

khng p ng c ng cc yu cu ny, y l li ca bn thi cng, gim st.

Th gii hin nay hin c hai xu hng x l nc thi, l x l tp

trung v x l phn tn. Mi xu hng u c nhng u im ring ty thuc

tng khu vc. Trong nghnh ca Chnh ph Vit Nam khng yu cu bt buc

phi xl nc thi tp trung hay phn tn, ty c im tng a phng m c

th linh hot trong hnh thc xl. Khi chng ta cha thc c mt h thng

thu gom nc thi hon chnh v ng b th tt nht l nn s dng hnh thc

x l phn tn. Nc thi trong ni ca chng ta thng vn ra cc consng trong khu vc nn nu c x l t gc l tt nht, trnh gy nhim trn

cc con sng.

3.1. Xl nc thi sinh hot TP HCM

t rt lu nc thi sinh hot ti TPHCM khng h c x l m

thng thi thng ra mi trng chung vi ng cng thot nc ma. Khi

dn s cn t th lng nc thi ny c cc h thng sng, knh rch cathnh pht lm sch. Tuy nhin, l cu chuyn ca hng chc nm v

trc, khi dn s ch khong 3-4 triu ngi. Hin nay vi dn sln n gn

10 triu ngi v hu ht sng knh, rch b nhim, c qunh cht thi, th


51/64


thin nhin khng thgip con ngi tri ra nc thi. Cch y gn 5

nm, TPHCM nhn thc c vn ny v bt u trin khai mt k hoch

xy dng h thng xl nc thi cho ton thnh ph. Nh my xl nc thi

huyn Bnh Chnh thuc d n ci thin mi trng nc lu vc Tu H-

Bn Ngh, knh i-T l nh my x l nc thi u tin nm trong k

hoch nu trn ca thnh phc khi cng xy dng.

Qua hn 2 nm trin khai, hin nh my ny hon thnh c n hn

95% khi lng cng vic v ang tin hnh vn hnh th, chun b cho vic

tip nhn v x l nc thi vo u nm 2009. Nh my x l nc thi

huyn Bnh Chnh c cng sut x l (giai on 1) ln ti 141.000m nc

thi/ngy, m. Nc thi sinh hot a bn cc qun 1, 5, 8 nm trong lu

vc knh Tu H-Bn Ngh-knh i-T sc thu gom qua mt h thng

cng thu nc thi ring, hon ton tch bit vi h thng thot nc ma hin

nay, a v nh my x l. Khi nc thi c chuyn v nh my, chng s

c bm ln b vt rc, lng bn v bt u mt qu trnh x l theo cng

ngh bn hot tnh ci tin. Theo cng ngh ny, vic x l nc thi skhng dng qu nhiu ha cht gy hi cho mi trng m ch yu dng cc vi

sinh, kch thch qu trnh phn hy. Phn nc, sau khi xl t tiu chun Vit

Nam sc x ra knh, rch, cn phn bn, t v rc sc ch bin thnh

phn vi sinh, phc v cho nhu cu pht trin nng nghip ca thnh ph.

Theo ng Hiroshi Suzuki, Gim c d n Nh my xl nc thi huyn

Bnh Chnh, cng ngh p dng nh my ny kh thng dng trn th gii,

song chng c ci tin tng nng sut t 8 gi/ln x l xung cn 4

gi/ln x l.

Cng vi cc nh my x l nc thi sinh hot cho tng lu vc, TPHCM

cng ang khn trng, quyt lit yu cu cc bnh vin, nh my, x nghip x


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l nc thi t chun trc khi thi ra mi trng. V song hnh l vic no

vt v khi thng dng cho h thng knh, mng vn ang c nght v rc

ca thnh ph. Nh vy, ha hn trong mt tng lai khng xa, mi trng

nc TPHCM s c ci thin ng k.

3.2. Xl nc thi sinh hot H Ni

Hin ti, nc thi sinh hot ca H Ni phn ln mi c xl s b ti

cc b t hoi, sau tiu thot ra h thng cng v 4 con sng T Lch, L, St,

Kim Ngu. Theo STN-MT&N, tng lng nc thi sinh hot v nc thi

sn xut cng nghip khu vc ni thnh khong 500.000 m3/ngy, u tiu

thot qua h thng cng v 4 sng tiu chnh l T Lch, L, St, Kim Ngu.

Nc thi t hot ng sn xut, bnh vin v c sdch v cha nhiu cht gy

nhim cha c x l chim ti 90% tng lng nc thi cng nghip, dch

v, x thng vo ngun nc mt. Hin H Ni mi chc 40 c s sn xut

cng nghip, 29 c sdch v v 5 bnh vin c trm xl nc thi 5.

Mt cuc kim tra mu nc c cung cp bi cc nh my nc trn a

bn H Ni cho thy rng nc sinh hot trn a bn H Ni b nhim

nng. Theo , mu th ca cc hdn dng nc tnh my nc Hnh,

Php Vn, Tng Mai... nhim amoni, asen vt mc cho php nhiu ln. Mu

th t cc trm cp nc Bch Khoa, Phng khng khng qun, Ho Nam v cc

trm khu vc pha Nam H Ni, khu vc ng Tam Trinh u nhim amoni.

iu chng t ngun nc ngm m H Ni ang khai thc cp nc sinh

hot cho ngi dn b nhim nng. Nu H Ni tip tc khai thc ncngm lm nc sinh hot, vic loi tr amoni v asen l khng th6. Cng ngh

5Ngun: http://www.thiennhien.net/news/139/ARTICLE/5329/2008-04-29.html

6Ngun: http://www.vnexpress.net/GL/Doi-song/2009/03/3BA0CF7D/


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x l hin ti bng dn phun ma cp oxy ca cc nh my nc sch ch x l

c cn v st. Gii php cho vn ny l khai thc nc sng thay cho

nc ngm, nhng mc tiu ca H Ni ti nm 2015 ch mi cung cp c

200.000 m3 nc sinh hot cho ngi dn t ngun nc sng . Trong khi

ngi dn ni thnh mi ngy ang dng hn 750.000 m3

Thnh ph H Ni phn u n ht nm 2010 xl c t 10 -15% nc

thi sinh hot, khong 40% lng nc thi cng nghip v x l mt bc

nhim nc ton b cc h c no vt v k bti cc qun ni thnh 7.

7Ngun: http://www.vhdn.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8119:H-Ni-thc-hin-cc-gii-

php-x-l--nhim-nc-mt-&catid=96:xa-hi


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CHNG IV: NH HNG XY DNG V PHT TRINNGNH XL NC THI TRONG THI GIAN TI

1. Kinh nghim ca Trung Quc trong pht trin h thng xl nc thi

Trung Quc pht trin mt h thng XLNT hin i trn 50 thnh ph,

t nhng siu th nh Bc Kinh, Thin Tn, Trng Khnh n nhng thnh

ph bin gii nh v va vng bin gii Tn Cng, s dng ngun vn ODA

ca Nht ln ti 200 t yn. D n xy dng nh my x l nc thi Bc Kinh

l d n xy dng nh my XLNT u tin dung ngun vn vay ODA ny.

nhim nc th Bc Kinh

Nm 1950, lng nc thi ca Bc Kinh trong 1 ngy l 65.000 m3. Nm

1960, con s ny ln ti 630.000 m3 v trong nhng nm 1980 ln ti 2.000.000

m3, trong 50% l NTSH v 50% l NTCN. Vo thi im , phn ln ngi

dn trong khu vc thnh thc lp t ng ng thot nc, nhng nc

thi t nhng ng ng ny phn ln khng c x l. Cui nm 1988, 92%

nc thi c x trc tip ra cc con sng, h m khng qua x l, ch c 8% lc x l sb. C n 1200 ngnh CN x trc tip nc thi ra sng, lm

dng sng nhim nng n. Trong s cc con sng th sng Tong Hui nhim

nhiu nht, vi ch s BOD ln ti 80g/ml, sng bc mi rt kh chu. Trong

hon cnh , chnh ph nhn thy tm quan trng ca vic xy dng nh

my XLNT. K hoch xy dng nh my XLNT Bc Kinh hon tt trc ,

nhng vic xy dng vn cha c tin hnh, ch yu v thiu vn. Vo nm1988, chnh quyn thnh ph Bc Kinh nhn c khon vay ODA ca Nht

ln ti 2,64 t yn, vi li sut 2.5% trong 30 nm, trong 10 nm u c

min tr li.


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Nng cao nng lc qun l nc thi Bc Kinh

Vin nghin cu v thit k th Bc Kinh c giao nhim v thit k

nh my XLNT. Cc quy hoch c bn c hon tt vo nm 1973. Mc d

c mt thi gian di chun bnhng vin thit k vn thiu kinh nghim trong

vic tin hnh nhng cng vic ny, v cho n thi im , hcha c kinh

nghim thit k mt nh my XLNT c cng sut ln ti 1.000.000 m3/ ngy. V

Tokyo l thnh ph kt ngha vi Bc Kinh nn h n Phng thot nc

Tokyo xin c t vn. Sau cng, qu trnh x l ca nh my cng c thit

k xong. Qu trnh xy dng bt u vo nm 1990, v thnh ph Bc Kinh t

mnh tin hnh ton b cng vic. Vo thng 3 nm 1993, cng trnh hon tt

80%. Thnh ph Bc Kinh li yu cu Phng thot nc Tokyo o to cho h

v cch vn hnh v qun l nh my. Bc Kinh gi mt on nghin cu,

hc tp bao gm 36 ngi sang Tokyo tp hun trong vng 14 ngy. 24 ngi

c o to v qun l cng nh ti chnh trong nh my XLNT, cn 12 ngi

c o to k thut vn hnh nh my, ni dung o to bao gm: hot

ng ca qu trnh x l sinh hc, cch bo dng my mc, phng php phntch ha hc Chuyn tp hun Tokyo em li hiu qu rt thit thc. Sau

khi trv Bc Kinh, cc thnh vin c tp hun m nhim nhng vai tr

quan trng trong nh my XLNT Gaobei Dian. Phn ln h hin nay tr

thnh nhng thnh vin ch cht ph trch cc cng trnh thot nc, bao gm

tp on thot nc Bc Kinh, mt trong nhng cng ty hng u trong lnh vc

thot nc v XLNT ca Trung Quc. Ngoi cng vic hng ngy, cng ty ny

cn tin hnh cc hot ng nghin cu v t chc cc hi tho quc t. 30

chuyn gia ca cng ty c gi ti nhng nh my XLNT mi c xy

dng Bc Kinh. Hp tc nhn lc gia phng thot nc Tokyo v Bc Kinh

vn c tip tc cho n ngy nay, bng cch mt cu vin chc ngh hu ca


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phng thot nc Tokyo c chnh l c vn cho Vin thit k th Bc

Kinh

nhim nc c kim sot

Vo nm 1999, nh my Gaobei Dian nng cng sut x l ln 1.000.000

m3 mt ngy, phc v cho 2,4 triu ngi. Lng nc thi ny chim khong

40% tng lng nc thi Bc Kinh. n nay, n vn l mt trong nhng nh

my XLNT ln nht Trung Quc.

Nhc nh my Gaobei Dian, lng nc thi qua x l khng gy

nhim sng h nhtrc y na. Ch tiu BOD sng Tong Hui gim mnh.

t trn 80mg/l xung cn 12mg/l. Cn h Geobei Dian, h sinh thi t nhin

xut hin li. Tm, c, c, c ng dn cng quay trli. Nh my Gaobei

Dian trthnh nhn t chnh trong vic bo tn mi trng nc nhng khu

vc chnh ca Bc Kinh. Hin ti, c 8 nh my XLNT Bc Kinh vi cng sut

1,88 triu m3 mt ngy. 6 ngy my na c d kin xy thm trc nm 2010.

Ti sdng ngun nc

Nc thi sau khi x l sc s dngd dti cy trn ng hoc ra cc thit bnh my. Nc thi ln 3 sc a n nh my lc nc s

6 v n nh my nhit in Huaneng Bc Kinh. Nh th. mt lng nc ln

c to ra, gim bt c vn u t cho ngun nc. Kh biogas thu c

t qu trnh x l nc cng li c s dng to ra nng lng cho nh my

hot ng. Nng lng thu c c thm bo n 20% nhu cu nng lng

ca nh my.

Ci cch v chnh sch

Hot ng ca nh my Gaobei Dian cho thy thu gom nc thi v x l

tp trung gip kim sot nhim tt hn cng nh ci thin iu kin sng hn.

Xy dng v vn hnh mt h thng tp trung s t chi ph hn, v cn t din


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tch hn. Mt li th khc ca h thng x l tp trung l s tch lu b quyt k

thut trong vn hng v bo tr nh my. T s thnh cng ca nh my Gaobei

Dian, vic xy dng h thng x l tp trung trthnh mc tiu quc gia, v

Trung Quc ang u t rt nhiu tin vo vic .

Vo u nhng nm 1990, ngi dn khng phi tr phcho nc thi sinh

hot. Bc Kinh cng khng phi ngoi l. Khi mi i vo hot ng, nh my

Gaobei Dian i din vi nhng kh khn v mt ti chnh nn khng th hot

ng ht cng sut. Bc u tin khc phc vn ny l vic sa i Lut

kim sot nhim vo nm 1996. Theo , ngi c u quyn c th thu ph

nc thi tngi dn a phng v t cc x nghip. Vo khong nm 2000,

mt vi thnh ph ln, trong c Bc Kinh tin hnh thu ph.

Ccbc cn thit nh ra phnc thi kh phc tp. u tin, mt hi

ng c chnh xut mt biu ph mi. Biu ph ny phi c phng

qun l gi ca chnh quyn thnh ph Bc Kinh chp thun. Sau , n phi

c chp thun thng qua mt cuc thm d dn. Cui cng, chnh quyn a

phng phi chp nhn mc ph. Thng th xut ln u rt kh ccng chng chp thun.

Biu ph cho NTCN cao hn nhiu so vi NTSH. Trong khi 1m3 NTSH b

tnh ph l 1 nhn dn t th mt cskinh doanh dch v ra xe t phi tr 10

nhn dn t cho 1m3 nc thi, cn cc nh tm cng cng phi trn 16 nhn

dn t. Hn na, mt khi cc ch tiu v nc thi ca mt csvt qua

gii hn t ra th cs phi tr thm ph. T l thu phnc thi l 85%, v

th c th b p c tt c chi ph hot ng trc tip, chi ph bo dng, chi

ph nhn cng, chi ph ti chnh. Tnh c chi ph cung cp 1m3 nc sch th

ngi dn phi tr 3,7 yuan (khong 0,48 USD) cho 1m3 nc sinh hot.

Nng cao nhn thc vmi trng


58/64


ngi dn chp nhn vic thu ph XLNT th nht thit phi tng cng

cng tc gio dc mi trng cho ngi dn. Bc Kinh, mt trung tm gio

dc mi trng c thnh lp vo thng 10/2005 vi tn gi chnh thc l

Trung tm gio dc khoa hc nc v nc thi. Trung tm ny c din tch

1500 m2, nm ngay cnh nh my XLNT Gaobei Dian. Mc tiu chnh ca trung

tm l gip mi ngi hiu c cc vn mi trng, nh s thiu ht ngun

nc, s nhim nc, cng nh cc bin php gii quyt cc vn . Trung

tm c cc ti liu, tranh nh, video, m hnh thu nh cc my mc dung

XLNT. Ngoi ra, cn c cc phng hp v mt phng hc ln. Trung tm ny

mca t thhai n th su cho ngi dn, v cn cung cp c cc chng

trnh gio dc cho hc sinh ph thng. Trung tm gip mi ngi hiu c tm

quan trng ca cc cng trnh x l nc thi i vi vic kim sot nhim.

2. Cc gii php i vi Vit Nam

2.1. i vi vic xl nc thi ti cc KCN, KCXKhng ngng nng cao nhn thc, trch nhim cho cc cp cc ngnh t

trung ng n aphng trong cng tc bo v mi trng, phi t nhim v

bo v mi trng ngang hng vi nhim v pht trin kinh t - x hi, khng

th tn ti quan im thu ht u t vo a phng mnh bng bt c gi no.

Tip tc hon thin h thng vn bn quy phm php lut v BVMT ni

chung v i vi KCN ni ring, c nhng u i ph hp, ng thi tng

cng ch ti x pht, phn cng trch nhim qun l nh nc vBVMT i

vi KCN tht r rng, ng thi cn tng cng nng lc v trch nhim thc

thi cng vi vi cn b cng chc thuc mng li kim sot nhim.

Tng cng cht lng thm nh cc dn u t mi (TM), gim st

qu trnh u t v hu TM vi tt c cc d n. Mt s ch tiu nhim quan


59/64


trng ca nc thi cn c quan trc lin tc, truyn dn s liu v trung tm

x l, theo di trnh hin tng lm i ph hoc nhng kt qu kim tra

sai lch do ch quan ca con ngi. Tng cng gim st vic tun th quy

hoch phn khu chc nng trong cc KCN.

Cn a ra mt chun chung v ph x l nc thi lm c s p dng

xc nh ph x l nc thi ph hp iu kin ca mi a phng v doanh

nghip, iu ny sthc y x hi ho trong vic u t, vn hnh h thng x

l nc thi trong cc KCN.

Mt khiNh nc c nhng chti mnh buc cc doanh nghip, cc

c skinh doanh phi XLNT t tiu chun quy nh trong lut th thtrng

cho ngnh XLNT srt tim nng. Ngoi nhng hnh thc cng ch, Nh nc

c tha ra cc chnh sch u i i vi nhng DN ti sdng chnh ngun

nc thi ra. Vic ny hin nay Vit Nam cha c tin lnhng mt sni

trn th gii, khi chnh quyn kin quyt v ngi dn c thc bo v mi

trng th cc DN p dng chnh sch ny v chng minh c tnh

hiu qu ca n.

2.2. Sdng vn vay ODA cho cc dn v XLNTT trc n nay, cc d n, chng trnh quc gia thc hin bng vn

ngn sch hay vn ODA u tp trung ch yu vo mc tiu cung cp nc sch

ch t ch n vn x l nc thi. Cc nh ti trchnh cho cc d n v

nc ca Vit Nam c th k n: Ngn hng pht trin chu ADB, Ngn

hng th gii World Bank, Ngn hng hp tc quc t Nht Bn, Cquan phttrin quc t Australia, Cquan pht trin quc t Hoa K, Chng trnh pht

trin ca Lin Hp Quc, Cquan hp tc k thut c (GTZ). V vn u t

cho mt nh my x l nc thi l rt ln nn Vit Nam c th vay vn ODA t


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vi nh ti tr, v c th nhcc nh ti tr t vn v mt k thut cng nh

qun l. T kinh nghim xy dng nh my x l nc thi tp trung ca Trung

Quc c th thy ch cn chnh ph cng nh nhng ngi iu hnh c

quyt tm, kin tr v sng kin trong cng vic th mi kh khn u c th tho

g.

2.3. Ku gi u t v stham gia ca t nhn vo ngnh XLNTChnh ph ca mt nc c th mun t nhn tham gia vo ngnh x l ncthi v nhng mc ch sau:

Mc tiu Cch thc t c mc tiu

Tng tnh hiu qu ca tchc, vn hnh nh my xl nc thi

ng c li nhun s dn n nhng n lc ct gim chi ph, gim gi bn v bo v ngunnc

Cng c, m rng c s htng ngnh XLNT

u t ca t nhn vo ngnh ny s gip cthm c sh tng m khng phi chi t ngnsch

Tng ngun thu cho chnhph

Chnh pht nhn ho ngnh nc, bn cc tisn thuc shu nh nc cho t nhn

Gim trch nhim ca chnhph

Chuy n giao quy n shu hoc quy n qun lcc dch v vnc cho t nhn

Hin nay nc ta, nc c

coi l mt hng ho thit yu,

c nh nc tr gi. S tinnc m mi ngi dn phi tr

ch b p chi ph hot

ng thng ngy ca nh my

Tin tr cho dchv vnc thp

Thiu tin bodng, u tcho thit b mi

Cht lng dch

v khng cci thin


61/64


cung cp nc chkhng sa cha, bo tr, hay u t lp t thit b mi.

Cng ty cung cp nc v th s khng c vn ci thin hay mau mi thit b,

dn n cht lng dch vkhng c m bo. Cht lng thp th ngi dn

cng khng ng chi tr nhiu tin hn cho cc dch v vnc. Hn na,

ngi dn dng nc my hin nay ch phi tr mt phn nh trong thu nhp ca

mnh cho cc dch v vnc. V th trong thi gian ti, c kinh ph sa cha,

mua sm thit b cc nh my cung cp nc, chnh ph nn cho php cc

cng ty kinh doanh nc sch tng gi nc. Vi cc khu vc kh khn th Nh

nc c th trcp.

Dch v cng

cng

Cng ty nh nc chus cho ca chnh ph

Cng ty nh nc hotng theo c ch thtrng

Hp ng qun l

Hp ng cho

thu (Leasing)

Tho thunBOT-/BOO-

Hp ng chuynnhng (Concession)

Cng ty t nhn (cng

ty c phn)

Tng dn s tham giaca khu vc t nhn

S tham gia ca khu vc t nhn vo ngnh XLNT


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Chnh ph nhiu nc p dng cc hnh thc nh: thu cng ty t nhn

qun l hot ng ca nh my XLNT, cho t nhn thu csh tng XLNT

kinh doanh, hay trong lnh vc u t mi l cc hp ng BOT-BOO, hay thm

ch l bn c nh my x l nc cho t nhn. Hin nay trn th gii Anh l

nc t nhn ha 100% ngnh x l nc thi. Tuy nhin gii php thu ht

khu vc t nhn tham gia cung cp ton b hay mt phn dch v XLNT ti cc

th, cc thnh ph ln ca nc ta hin nay khng my kh thi, v ti cc

thnh ph ln hu nh khng c h thng csh tng cho XLNT, u t vo

ngnh ny li i hi vn rt ln v th gian thu hi vn di. V th vi tnh

hnh ca Vit Nam hin nay th chnh ph v cc cquan chc nng nn p dng

kinh nghim ca Trung Quc trong vic xy dng mt nh my nc thi tp

trung cng sut ln, phc v cho mt lng ln dn c tp trung. Sau khi xy

dng v cho hot ng thnh cng mt vi nh my nh th th c th khuyn

khch khu vc t nhn tham gia vo lnh vc ny.

ng thi, nh nc nn ginh cc u i v thu cng nh h trk thut,

h trnghin cu th trng i vi cc cng ty hot ng trong lnh vc snxut thit b mi trng, t vn thit k, xy dng lp t cc cng trnh XLNT

quy m nh cho cc DN, bnh vin thu ht u t vo ngnh ny.


63/64


KT LUNVn mi trng ni chung v x l nc thi ni ring trthnh mi

quan tm ca ton x hi trong my nm gn y. CNH lun i i vi nguy c

nhim ngun nc, m trong trng hp ca nc ta nguy c hin hin

r trong cuc sng hng ngy ca ngi dn, lm suy gim nghim trng cht

lng sng ca ngi dn mt s khu vc, c bit l nhng khu vc tp

trung nhiu KCN, KCX. Kinh nghim ca cc nc tri qua qu trnh CNH l

chi ph bo v mi trng bao gicng nh hn nhiu chi ph lm sch

mi trng sau khi b nhim.

Do tnh mi m v phc tp ca ngnh XNLT, cc doanh nghip trong

ngnh ch yu bao gm cc cng ty cung cp thit b mi trng v cc cng ty

t vn, cng ty xy dng hot ng trn quy m nh nn ti nghin cu

khng trnh khi mt s hn ch trong tip cn v phn tch s liu cng nh

thng tin. Tuy nhin qua tm hiu ti liu v XLNT c th thy rng trong nhng

nm ti, vn nhim nc thi s ngy cng trthnh vn nhc nhi, i

hi c gii quyt, v th th trng cho ngnh XLNT s rt rng m, s cnhiu chi cho cc cng ty trong v ngoi nc khi u t vo lnh vc ny,

mt khi chnh ph c cc bin php kin quyt buc cc c s sn xut kinh

doanh thc hin ng quy nh vXLNT. i vi mt t nc ang pht trin

nh Vit Nam, vic x l nhim NTSH, NTCN khng th thc hin trong thi

gian ngn nhng vic ra mt chng trnh vi ccbc thc hin c th l ht

sc cn thit. Chnh ph cng nh chnh quyn a phng nn nng ng, tch

cc trong vic tm kim ngun vn cng nh trgip v k thut, qun l t cc

t chc, chnh phnc ngoi trong vic xy dng cc nh my XLNT. C nh

vy mi thu ht c khu vc t nhn trong v ngoi nc tham gia vo lnh

vc ny.


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TI LIU THAM KHO

I. Ti liu tham kho ting Vit

1. Bo i on kt, s ra ngy 2/7/20092. Bo Khoa hc cng ngh s thng 5/2009 (trang 6)3. Websitehttp://www.ctu.edu.vn/colleges/tech/bomon/ttktmoitruong/4. Websitehttp://www.mientrung.com/content/view/3173/137/5. Website b ti nguyn mi trng www.monre.gov.vn6. Website

http://qhxdvungthudo.xaydung.gov.vn/qhxdhn/module/news/viewcontent.asp?id=232&langid=1)

7. Website cc KCN:www.khucongnghiep.com.vn

8. Website ca tng cc thng k:www.gso.gov.vn9. Websitehttp://dantri.com.vn/c76/s76-255585/cac-khu-cong-nghiep-

dang-sat-hai-moi-truong.htm10.Website:

http://www.sgtt.com.vn/detail83.aspx?newsid=41248&fld=HTMG/2008/1002/41248

11.Bo Si Gn gii phng:http://www.sggp.org.vn/moitruongdothi/2008/9/164569/

II.Ti liu tham kho ting Anh1. Bo co Wastewater treatment in Vietnam ca tc gi Raymond

Van Wasbeek2. Ti liu Sewage treatment in China download trn mng Internet3. Asian Water Development Outlook 2007, country paper Vietnam

download t Website ca ngn hng pht trin chu :

http://www.adb.org/Water/Knowledge-Center/AWDO/default.asp4. Ti liu Private sector participation in the water and wastewater caUS I i l T d C i i
http://www.ctu.edu.vn/colleges/tech/bomon/ttktmoitruong/http://www.ctu.edu.vn/colleges/tech/bomon/ttktmoitruong/http://www.ctu.edu.vn/colleges/tech/bomon/ttktmoitruong/http://www.mientrung.com/content/view/3173/137/http://www.mientrung.com/content/view/3173/137/http://www.mientrung.com/content/view/3173/137/http://www.monre.gov.vn/http://www.monre.gov.vn/http://qhxdvungthudo.xaydung.gov.vn/qhxdhn/module/news/viewcontent.asp?id=232&langid=1http://qhxdvungthudo.xaydung.gov.vn/qhxdhn/module/news/viewcontent.asp?id=232&langid=1http://qhxdvungthudo.xaydung.gov.vn/qhxdhn/module/news/viewcontent.asp?id=232&langid=1http://www.khucongnghiep.com.vn/http://www.khucongnghiep.com.vn/http://www.khucongnghiep.com.vn/http://www.gso.gov.vn/http://www.gso.gov.vn/http://www.gso.gov.vn/http://dantri.com.vn/c76/s76-255585/cac-khu-cong-nghiep-dang-sat-hai-moi-truong.htmhttp://dantri.com.vn/c76/s76-255585/cac-khu-cong-nghiep-dang-sat-hai-moi-truong.htmhttp://dantri.com.vn/c76/s76-255585/cac-khu-cong-nghiep-dang-sat-hai-moi-truong.htmhttp://dantri.com.vn/c76/s76-255585/cac-khu-cong-nghiep-dang-sat-hai-moi-truong.htmhttp://www.sgtt.com.vn/detail83.aspx?newsid=41248&fld=HTMG/2008/1002/41248%C6%B0http://www.sgtt.com.vn/detail83.aspx?newsid=41248&fld=HTMG/2008/1002/41248%C6%B0http://www.sgtt.com.vn/detail83.aspx?newsid=41248&fld=HTMG/2008/1002/41248%C6%B0http://www.sgtt.com.vn/detail83.aspx?newsid=41248&fld=HTMG/2008/1002/41248%C6%B0http://www.sggp.org.vn/moitruongdothi/2008/9/164569/http://www.sggp.org.vn/moitruongdothi/2008/9/164569/http://www.adb.org/Water/Knowledge-Center/AWDO/default.asphttp://www.adb.org/Water/Knowledge-Center/AWDO/default.asphttp://www.adb.org/Water/Knowledge-Center/AWDO/default.asphttp://www.sggp.org.vn/moitruongdothi/2008/9/164569/http://www.sgtt.com.vn/detail83.aspx?newsid=41248&fld=HTMG/2008/1002/41248%C6%B0http://www.sgtt.com.vn/detail83.aspx?newsid=41248&fld=HTMG/2008/1002/41248%C6%B0http://dantri.com.vn/c76/s76-255585/cac-khu-cong-nghiep-dang-sat-hai-moi-truong.htmhttp://dantri.com.vn/c76/s76-255585/cac-khu-cong-nghiep-dang-sat-hai-moi-truong.htmhttp://www.gso.gov.vn/http://www.khucongnghiep.com.vn/http://qhxdvungthudo.xaydung.gov.vn/qhxdhn/module/news/viewcontent.asp?id=232&langid=1http://qhxdvungthudo.xaydung.gov.vn/qhxdhn/module/news/viewcontent.asp?id=232&langid=1http://www.monre.gov.vn/http://www.mientrung.com/content/view/3173/137/http://www.ctu.edu.vn/colleges/tech/bomon/ttktmoitruong/

[yrc]-dinh huong xay dung nganh xu ly nuoc thai 2009

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