,yq;ifapy; ez;epjp njhlh;ghd rl;l xoq;fikg;g gw;wpa mwpf;if · ,yq;ifapy; ez;epjp njhlh;ghd rl;l...

,yq;ifapy; Ez;epjp njhlh;ghd rl;l xOq;fikg;G gw;wpa

mwpf;if

Produced by GTZ ProMiS in collaboration with The Banking With The Poor Network

1 Ez;epjp rl;l Ma;T 2010

,yq;ifapy; Ez;epjp Jiw kPjhd rl;l Ma;T

2010

j yq;fh ikf;Nuhgpdhd;]; mNrh]pNa\Dldhd $l;L Kaw;rpAld; GTZ ProMiS,dhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ

2Ez;epjp rl;l Ma;T 2010

i. GTZ gw;wp

vkJ jhgdk;

rk~;bhPjpapy; chpj;Jhpikiaf; nfhz;l jhgdnkhd;whf nlhap]; [Pnry;];~g;l; ngh; nuf;dp~p #]

k;nkdh;ngapl; (GTZ) tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ehk; epiyj;jpUj;jy; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd rh;tNjr xj;Jiog;Gj;

Jiwapy; cyfk;g+uhTk; gzpahw;Wfpd;Nwhk;. mjd; mgptpUj;jp Nehf;fq;fisr; rhjpg;gjpy; N[h;kd;

murhq;fj;jpw;F Mjutspg;gNj vkJ nraw;gzpahFk;. KOikahd cyfnkhd;wpy; murpay;> nghUshjhu>

#oypay; kw;Wk; r%f mgptpUj;jpf;F rhj;jpatskhdJk;> Kd;Ndhf;fpr; nry;fpd;wJkhd jPh;Tfis

ehk; toq;Ffpd;Nwhk;. rpy Ntisfspy; f~;lkhd epiyikfspd; fPo; Ntiynra;Ak; NghJ> rpf;fyhd

rPh;jpUj;jq;fisAk;> khw;wj;jpyhd eilKiwfisAk; ehk; Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;Nwhk;. epiyj;jpUf;Fk;

mbg;gilnahd;wpd; kPJ kf;fspd; tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;JtNj vkJ $l;LNehf;fkhFk;.

ehk; ahUf;fhf gzpahw;WfpNwhk;

gpuhq;Nghh;l; Mk; nkapDf;F mUfpy; cs;s v]r;Nghh;dpy; jsj;ij GTZ nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J 1975,y;

jdpg;gl;l rl;;lj;jpd fPo; epWtdnkhd;whf jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ. N[h;kd; rk~;b nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;G>

mgptpUj;jp mikr;rpdhNyNa (BMZ) vkJ ngUksT eltbf;iffs; Muk;gpj;J itf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

NtW N[h;kdpa mikr;Rf;fs;> NtW ehLfspd; murhq;fq;fs;> INuhg;gpa Mizf;FO> If;fpa ehLfs;

Mfpatw;wpdJk; kw;Wk; cyf tq;fp Nghd;w rh;tNjr thbf;ifahsh;fspdJk; mj;Jld; jdpahh;

epWtdq;fs; Nghd;w rh;tNjr thbf;ifahsh;fspdJk; rhh;ghf ehk; nraw;gLfpd;Nwhk;. epiyj;jpUj;jy;

mgptpUj;jpf;F vkJ nrhe;j rh;tNjr xj;Jiog;Gf; fUj;jpl;lq;fspDs; rfy Nkd;kpiffSf;fhd

topKiwapy; nghJrd-ed;ik mbg;gilnahd;wpd; kPJ ehk; nraw;gLfpd;Nwhk;.

cyfk;g+uhtpYkhd nraw;ghLfs;

Mgphpf;fh> Mrpah> yj;jPd; mnkhpf;fh> kj;jpa jiu kw;Wk; kj;jpa fpof;Fg; gpuhe;jpaq;fs; Mfpatw;wpYk;>

mj;Jld; INuhg;ghtpYk;> nfhf;Nfhr]; kw;Wk; kj;jpa Mrpah Mfpatw;wpYk; cs;s 128 ehLfspy; GTZ nraw;ghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ehk; 88 ehLfspy; vkJ nrhe;j mYtyfq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;Nshk;.

cyfk; g+uhTk; Vwj;jhs 15>000 gzpahsiu ehk; njhopYf;fkh;j;jpAs;sJld;> ,th;fspy; 11>000f;F

Nkw;gl;lth;fs; ehl;bd; Fbkf;fshth;. v];r;Nghh;dpy; cs;s jiyik mYtyfj;jpYk;> N[h;kdpapy;

NtW vq;fpDk; Rkhh; 1>800 Ngh; gzpahw;Wfpd;whh;fs;.

N[h;kd; rk~;bg; nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;G> mgptpUj;jp mikr;rpd; (BMZ) rhh;ghf GTZcldhd

gq;fhz;ikAld; ,yq;ifapd; epjp> jpl;lkply; mikr;rpdhy; mKy;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w tphpthd

nray;jpl;lnkhd;Nw Ez;epjpj; Jiwapd; Nkk;gLj;jy; (ProMis) MFk;.


ii. Kd;Diu

,yq;ifapy; Ez;epjpj; Jiw kPjhd rl;l Ma;T

GTZ ProMis fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; MjuTld; ,yq;if Ez;epjp nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs; rq;fj;jpdhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;s

rl;l Ma;Tf;F Kd;Diunahd;iw vOJtjpy; ehd; mjpfsT ngUkpjk; nfhs;fpNwd;.

Ez;epjpj; Jiwf;F xU Gwk;ghd rl;lthf;fk; ,y;yhjjpdhy;> ehl;by; jw;NghJ mKypy; cs;s NtWgl;l

rl;lthf;fq;fspdhy; Ez;epjp epWtdq;fSk;> kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; eltbf;iffSk; Ml;rpg;gLj;jg;gLtjhf

ehk; mtjhdpj;Js;Nshk;. Jiwapd; vjph;fhy mgptpUj;jpf;F Ez;epjp epWtdq;fspdhYk;> rfy

gq;fhsh;fspdhYk; Kfq;nfhLf;fg;gLk; ghhpa rthy;fspy; xd;whf ,J milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,jdpilNa> tWikj; jzpg;G eilKiwiaj; Jhpjg;gLj;Jtjw;F Ez;epjpj; Jiwiaj;

jpwk;gl nraw;gLk;gbahf mikg;gjw;fhf ,d;Wtiu ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpdhy; vLf;fg;gl;Ls;s

Kd;ndLg;GfisAk; ehk; ghuhl;Lfpd;Nwhk;. Ez;epjpapd; Nkk;gLj;jy; kPJ 'kfpe;j rpe;jidapd;" nfhs;if

Mtzk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f typAWj;jiy toq;fpAs;sJ vd;gijf; ftdj;jpw;nfLg;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

Ez;epjpj; Jiwf;F nghUj;jkhd rl;lthf;fnkhd;iwf; nfhz;L tUtjw;F epjp mikr;rpdhYk;> ,yq;if

kj;jpa tq;fpapdhYk; jw;NghJ Kaw;rpfs; vLf;fg;gLtjhf ehk; Ghpe;Jnfhz;Ls;Nshk;.

Ez;epjp epWtdq;fspd; Ml;rpf;Fk; kw;Wk; nraw;ghl;Lf;Fk; njhlh;ghd eilKiwapyhd rl;l

me;j];ijg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;tjw;F gq;fhsh;fSf;F> Fwpg;ghf vkJ mq;fj;Jtj;ijf; nfhz;l Ez; epjp

epWtdq;fSf;F cjtpaspg;gjw;fhf Nkw;gb rl;l Ma;T Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,j; Jiwf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd

nfhs;iffisAk;> rl;lthf;fq;fisAk; tpUj;jp nra;Ak; eilKiwapy; nfhs;if tFg;Nghh;fSf;Fk;>

fUj;jpid toq;Fk; NtW jiyth;fSf;Fk; ,e;j Ma;T cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJld;> xspngwr;

nra;Ak; vdTk; ehk; ek;Gfpd;Nwhk;.

ngWkjpkpf;f cs;sPl;bid toq;fpaikf;fhf vkJ cWg;gpdh;fSf;Fk;> Kfhikj;Jtr; rigf;Fk;

ed;wp $Wtjw;F ,t;tha;g;gpid ehd; vLf;fpd;Nwd;. epjprhh; cjtpia toq;fpaikf;fhf GTZ ProMis fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;F tpNrlkhf kpfTk; ftdj;JlDk;> mh;g;gzpg;GlDk; ,r; nraw;ghl;bid xd;wpizj;j

Ez;epjp epGzuhd jpU.`rpj tpN[Re;juTf;Fk; jpL. nldp nfhd;];ud;iud; MfpNahUf;Fk; vdJ

kdkhh;e;j ed;wpfis ehd; ePbf;fpd;Nwd;. ,t;tifapy; GJikahd ,e;j tphpthd rl;l Ma;itj;

njhFj;jikf;fhf nk]h;]; vg;.N[ md;l; [p.B Nruk;]; vd;w rl;lj;juzpfs; epWtdj;jpw;F ehd; ed;wp

$Wfpd;Nwd;.

NkYk; jkpo; nkhop ngah;g;gpid nra;J cjtpa epU rz;Kfypq;fk; mth;fSf;Uk; jpU. ,uhNk];tud;

mth;fSf;Fk; vd;J ed;wpia njuptpf;fpd;Nwd;.

\fPyh tpN[th;jdjiyth;

,yq;if Ez;epjp nraw;ghl;lhsh; rq;fk;


nghUslf;fk;;

i. GTZ gw;wp 2

ii. ,yq;if Ez;epjp nraw;ghl;lhsh; rq;fj;jpd; jiythpd; Kd;Diu 3

1. Ez;epjp Jiw njhlh;ghd eilKiwapyhd rl;lq;fspdJk;> rl;lthf;f

MNyhridfspdJk; RUf;fk; 6

2. ,yq;ifapy; Ez;epjp Jiw njhlh;gpy; eilKiwapyhd rl;lq;fspd;

xU RUf;fkhd gFg;gha;T 6

3. ,yq;ifapy; Ez;epjp eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;Ls;s gy;NtW epWtdq;fspd; rl;l

me;j];jpd; tpsf;fk; 30

4 Ez;epjp epWtdnkhd;iw mikg;gjw;Fk;> gjpTnra;tjw;Fkhd Vw;ghLfspd;

gFg;gha;T 32

5. ,yq;ifapy; Ez;epjp epWtd;q;fshy; xd;W jpul;lg;gLk; itg;G 36

6. xd;Wjpul;lg;gl;l itg;ig ifahSjy; 44

7. gy;NtW Nkw;ghu;itf; fl;likg;Gfspd; (jw;NghJ cs;sthwhd) xg;gPl;Lg;

gFg;gha;Tk;> rl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; mtw;wpd; rhu;Gepiy rl;l

mjpfhuq;fSk; 46

8. Ml;rp kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$wy; gpur;rpidfSk; (epjp epWtdq;fspy;) Ez;epjp

epWtdq;fis epUtfpg;gjpy; mtw;wpd; gpuNahfj;jd;ikAk; 54

9. Ez;epjp epWtdq;fSf;F ngWkjp Nrh;f;fg;gl;l tupr; rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfspd;

gpuNahfj;jd;ik 57

10. Ez;epjp epWtdq;fs; njhlh;gpy; thpapdJk; kw;Wk; ,iwthp Vw;ghLfspdJk;

kPsha;T 58

11. cupik %yjdq;fs; njhlh;gpy; rl;lq;fspdJk;> xOq;FtpjpfspdJk; gFg;gha;T 61

12. ntspehl;L %yq;fspypUe;J flndhd;iwg; ngWtJ njhlh;gpyhd rl;lj;jpd;/ rl;lq;fspd; gFg;gha;T 63

13. Ez;epjp epWtdq;fSf;F fld; mwtply; rl;lq;fspd; gpuNahfj;jd;ik 64

14. Ez;epjp epWtdq;F <l;Lr; rl;lj;jpd; gpuNahfj;jd;ik 68

15. Ez;epjp epWtdq;fSf;F gjptopg;G nfhs;iffs; vt;thW gpuNahfpf;fj;jf;fJ

vd;gij kjpg;gha;jy; 70

16. ,yq;ifr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Ez;epjp epWtdk; xd;W vd;d topfspy; mlF

kw;Wk; Fj;jif eltbf;iffspy; <Lglyhk; vd;gJ Fwpj;J kjpg;gha;jy; 71

17. Ez; fhg;GWjp kPjhd kjpg;gha;T 74

18. Njrpa mgptpUj;jp ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;G epjpaj;jpd; rl;l me;j];J 75

19. KjyPLfSf;fhd jilfis vt;thW Ez;epjp nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs;

ntw;wpnfhs;s KbAk; vd;gJ kPjhd tpje;Jiug;Gf;fs; 76

20. murhq;ff; nfhs;ifia Mjutspg;gjw;F MjuT NjLtjpy; LMFPAf;fhd tpje;Jiug;Gfs; 76


01. Ez;epjp njhlh;ghd eilKiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; rl;lq;fsJk;> rl;lthf;f

MNyhridfsJk; RUf;fk;

,yq;ifapy; ,d;W Ez;epjp gw;wpa xNu xU

rl;lk;> Ez;epjp toq;fypy; <Lgl;Ls;s vy;yh

tif mikg;Gf;fisAk; xOq;fikf;Fk; Kiwapy;

cs;sjhff; $w KbahJ. ,J njhlh;ghd rl;lk;

gy rl;lthf;fq;fspy; rpjwpf; fplf;fpwJ. Ez;epjp

toq;fiyr; nra;Ak; jhgdj;jpd; jd;ik> mJ

Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s Ez;epjp; toq;fy; eltbf;ifapd;

jd;ik vd;gdtw;iwg; nghWj;J rl;lq;fs;

NtWgLfpd;wd.

Ez;epjp njhlh;ghd vy;yh epWtdq;fisAk;

kj;jpa tq;fpAld; ,izj;J epjpaikr;R xd;whff;

fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; rl;lnkhd;iwf; nfhz;L tUtjw;F

Kd;nkhope;Js;sJ. ,Ue;jNghJk;> vkJ Ma;tpd;gb

,e;j MNyhrid gpd;dh; iftplg;gl;lJ vd;gij

mwpe;Njhk;.

,q;Nf jug;gl;l Ma;tpy; Ez;epjp eltbf;ifapy;

<Lgl;Ls;s epWtdq;fs; kPJ ghjpg;igf; nfhz;Ls;s

gy;NtW rl;lq;fisg; gFg;gha;Tf;F cl;gLj;jp

As;Nshk;.

vq;fSf;F tpLf;fg;gl;l Ma;Tg; gpur;rpid

vd;dntd;gjidAk;> mJ gw;wp vkJ fUj;Jf;fisAk;

,e;j mwpf;ifapy; tpghpj;Js;Nshk;. Kjypy; vkf;F

tpLf;fg;gl;l Nfhhpf;ifia jUjy; gaDilaJ

vdf; fUJfpNwhk;.

02. ,yq;ifapy; Ez;epjp;; toq;fypy; <Lgl;Ls;s epWtdq;fs; njhlh;ghd gpd;tUk; rl;lq;fs; gw;wpa gFg;gha;T: fk;gdpr; rl;lk;> tzpf tq;fpfs; me;epa ehzaf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rl;lk;> mlF gpbj;jy; rl;lk;> epjpf; Fj;jif (yPrpq;) rl;lk;> rq;fq;fs; fl;lisr; rl;lk;> $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; rl;lk;> rKh;j;jp mjpfhurigr; rl;lk;> Njrpa tPlikg;Gr; rl;lk;> fhg;GWjpj; njhopypid xOq;fikg;gjw;fhd rl;lk;> fld; mwtpLjy; (tpNrl Vw;ghLfs;) rl;lk;> mlkhdr; rl;lk;> ehzar; rl;lk;> CRIB njhlh;ghd rl;lq;fs;> cs;ehl;L ,iwthpr;

rl;lk;> ‘tw;’ thpr; rl;lk; vd;gd.

NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl; rl;lq;fs; Ez;epjp toq;fy;

njhlh;ghd epWtdq;fspd; kPJ nfhz;Ls;s

fl;Lg;ghLk;> rl;lq;fspd; nraw;ghLk; NtWgLk;

jd;ikAilajha; cs;sd. NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l

rl;lq;fs; xt;nthd;wpdJk; Kf;fpa ,ay;Gfis

RUf;fkhff; $wpAs;Nshk;. mj;NjhL xt;nthU rl;lKk;

vt;thW Ez;epjp epWtdq;fspd; nraw;ghLfSf;F

nghUe;JtjhAk;> fl;Lg;ghL cilajhAk; cs;sJ

vd;gijAk; tpsf;fpAs;Nshk;.

fk;gdpfs; rl;lk;

2007Mk;; Mz;bd; 7Mk; ,yf;ff; fk;gdpfs;

rl;lk; ,yq;ifapd; fk;gdpfs; ahtw;wpd; kPJk;

nraw;ghLila rl;lkhFk;. ,r;rl;lk; gpd;tUk;

tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpajha; ,Uf;fpd;wJ:

fk;gdpfis $l;bizj;J cUthf;fYk;> mJ

njhlh;ghd tplaq;fSk;> jdpg;gl;l fk;gdpfSf;F

nghUj;jkhd tpNrl Vw;ghLfSk;@ cWjpAiuahy;

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l fk;gdpfspw;F nghUe;Jk;

tpNrl Vw;ghLfs;@ gq;Ffis toq;FjYk; fld;

gj;jpuq; fis toq;FjYk;> gq;Fjhuh;fspd;

chpikfSk;> flikfSk;@ fk;gdp xd;wpdhy;

Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjpg;gdTfs;@ fk;gdpfis

Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jYk;> eph;tfpj;jYk;@ epjpf;

$w;Wf;fisj; jahhpj;jy;@ $l;lq;fis elj;Jjy;@

gzpg;ghsh;fspd; flikfSk;> gzpg;ghsh;fis

epakpj;jYk;> mth;fis tpyf;FjYk;@ fk;gdpfis

xd;wpizj;jYk;@ mtw;wpd; eltbf;iffis

KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L tUjy;.

,yq;ifapy; tpahghu mYtyfj;jpidf;

nfhz;Ls;s ntspehl;Lf; fk;gdpfisAk;> fly;

fle;j fk;gdpfisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;JtjhAk;

fk;gdpfs; rl;lk; cs;sJ.

fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ];jhgpf;fg;gLk; fk;gdp

xd;W gpd;tUk; tiffSs; xd;whf ,Uf;Fk;.

(A) tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gila fk;gdp:

gq;Ffis toq;Fk; fk;gdp mg;gq;Ffspw;F

chpajhd nghWg;G vt;tsT vd;gij

tiuaWj;Jf;$wp fk;gdpapd; nrhj;Jf;fSf;F

gq;Fjhuh; gq;fspf;f Ntz;ba njhifapid

tiuaiw nra;Ak;.

gq;Ffis toq;Fk; fk;gdp jdpahh; fk;gdpahf

,Uf;Fk;. mt;tplj;J mJ nghJkf;fSf;F

gq;FfisNah> gpizg; gj;jpuq;fisNah

tpw;gid nra;tijj; jilnra;tjhd

tpjpfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. gq;Fjhuh;fs;fs;

50f;F Nkw;glhJ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij

tpjpf;Fk;. ,j;njhifapy; gzpahsh; my;yJ

Kd;dhs; gzpahsh;fshd gq;Fjhuh;fs;

GwePq;fyhftpUg;gh;. ml;ltizg; gLj;jg;gl;l

my;yJ gq;Fr; re;ijapy; gq;Ffs; $wp

tpw;fg;gLtjw;F ml;ltizg; gLj;jg;gl;l


fk;gdpfsy;yhj kl;Lg;gLj;j fk;gdpfSk;

mlq;Fk;. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l xt;nthU

fk;gdpapdJk; (ml;ltizg;gLj;jpa

fk;gdp jtph;e;jit) ngahpd; ,Wjpapy;

‘tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ’ vd;Nwh mjd; RUf;fkhd

ypkpl;ll; vd;Nwh Fwpf;fg;gLk;. jdpahh;

fk;gdpapd; ngah; ‘tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jdpahh;’ vd;Nw Fwpf;fg;gLk;. ml;ltizg;gLj;jg;gl;l

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpahapd; ‘tiuaWf;fg; gl;l nghJf; fk;gdp’ vd;W ,Uj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

(B) nghWg;G kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhj fk;gdp: gq;Ffis

toq;Fk; fk;gdpapd; mikg;G tpjpfspd;gb

mg;gq;Ffis itj;jpUg;Nghh; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;

glhj nghWg;ig cilath;fsha; ,Ug;gh;.

mth;fs; fk;gdpapd; nrhj;Jf;fis <Lnra;ar;

Nrh;f;f Ntz;ba gq;fspg;gpd; msT Fwpj;j

msTf;F vy;iyaplg;glhjjhf ,Uf;Fk;.

(C) cj;juthjj;jpd;gb kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhd

fk;gdp: ,t;tiff; fk;gdp gq;Ffis

toq;Ftjpy ;iy. Mdhy ; > mf ;fk ;gdp

Fiyf;fg;gLk; NghJ Fwpj;j njhifg; gzj;ij

nrhj;Jf;fSf;F <lhf toq;Ftjw;fhd

cj;juthjj;jpid mikg;G tpjpfspy; fk;gdp

nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

,t;thwhd fk;gdpfs; ‘tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ’ vd;w nrhy;iy jk; ngaUld; ,izj;Jf;

nfhs;tjw;F tpyf;F mspf;Fk;gb fk;gdpg;

gjpthsh; ehafj;jpw;F mDkjp Nfhhp

tpz;zg;gpf;fyhk;. th;j;jfk;> fiy>

tpQ;Qhdk;> rkak;> jUkfhhpak;> tpisahl;L

my;yJ NtW tifg; gaDila Nehf;fj;ij

nfhz;Ls;s fk;gdpfNs ,t;tpjk; tpyf;F

mspg;gjw;F mDkjp NfhUk; jFjpAilad.

NkYk;> mf;fk;gdpfs; jkJ ,yhgj;ij

Nkw;Fwpj;j tw;wpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf

nrytpLtdthf ,Uf;FNkad;wp ,yhgj;ijg;

gq;fPL nra;tdthf ,Uj;jyhfhJ. fk;gdpiag;

gjpT nra;j gpd;> fk;gdpg; gjpthshpd; vOj;J

%ykhd Kd; mwptpj;jy; ,d;wp fk;gdpapd;

mikg;G tpjpfis jpUj;jNth> khw;wNth

KbahJ.

fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; %d;whk; ml;ltizapy;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tpjpfs; cj;juthjj;jpd;gb

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l fk;gdpf;Fg; nghUe;Jtd

Mfh.

Ez;epjp epWtdq;fspw;F fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd;

nry;YgbahFk;jd;ik

$l;Lilikahf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpahf xU Ez;epjp;

epWtdj;ijj; jhgpg;gjw;F tpUk;Gk; xUth;

fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; tpjpKiwfisg; gpd;gw;w

Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW jhgpj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; %yk;

‘KjypLgth;’ xUth; ‘kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l nghWg;G’ vd;Dk; ed;ikiag; ngwyhk; (kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhj

nghWg;Gila fk;gdpapy; ,j;jifa ed;ikf;F

,lk; ,y;iy)

gzj;ijf; fldhf toq;Fjy; gw;wpa

fl;lisr; rl;lk;

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fldhf toq;Fjy; gw;wpa fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd;gb

(1954Mk;; Mz;L 9Mk; ,yf;f jpUj;jr; rl;lk;>

1963Mk;; Mz;L 11Mk; ,yf;fj; jpUj;jr; rl;lk;

vd;gtw;NwhL $baJ)

(i) ,yq;ifg; gpui[ my;yhj MnshUth;@

(ii) xU ntspehl;Lf; fk;gdp@

(iii) xU ntspehl;L epWtdk;@

Mfpa tifg;gl;l Ml;fs; vtUk; epjpaikr;rhpd;

mDkjpf; fl;lisapd;wp gzj;ijf; fldhf

toq;Fk; tpahghuj;jpy; <Lgl KbahJ. mikr;rhpd;

mj;jifa fl;lis vOj;J %ykhd fl;lisahf

Fwpj;j fk;gdpia my;yJ epWtdj;ij mDkjpf;Fk;

tifapy; gpuRhpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

“gzj;ij fld; nfhLj;jy;” vd;Dk; njhlh; gzk;

fldhf toq;fy; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpy; tiuaiw

nra;ag;gltpy;iy.

‘ntspehl;Lf; fk;gdp’ vd;gij fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; gFjp XI nraw;ghLilajhf cs;s fk;gdp vd;W

tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ (,J ,d;W gFjp XVIII vd;W 2007Mk; Mz;L 7Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lj;jpy;

cs;sJ). ehzar; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;tUk; tq;fpfs;

my;yJ MAl; fhg;GWjpf; fk;gdp xd;W ‘ntspehl;L fk;gdp’ vd;gjDs; cl;glkhl;lh.

‘ntspehl;Lf; fk;gdp’ vd;gjd; nghUs;: (i) , U

gq;fhsiuf; nfhz;l fk;gdpapy; xUth; ,yq;ifg;

gpui[ my;yhjtuhjy; my;yJ ,U gq;fhspfSNk

,yq;ifg; gpui[ my;yhjtuhjy; (ii) ,uz;Lf;F

Nkw;gl;l gy gq;fhspfisf; nfhz;l fk;gdpapy;

ahNuDk; xUth; ,yq;ifg; gpui[ my;yhjtuha;

,Uj;jy;.


gzk; fldhf nfhLj;jy; gw;wpa ,r;rl;lk; egh;fSk;>

fk;gdpfSk;> epWtdq;fSk; fld; nfhLj;jy;

tifahd nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; eltbf;iffspy;

<LgLk; NghJ filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba tpjpKiwfis

vLj;Jf; $WfpwJ. epahakw;w tl;b tpfpjq;fs;>

fzf;Ffisg; NgZjy;> ‘Kiwaw;w nry;thf;ifg;’ gpuNahfpj;jy; Mfpa tplaq;fs; gw;wpa tpjpKiw

fisAk; ,it cs;slf;fpAs;sd.

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fPo; nfhLj;j flid kPsg;ngWtjw;fhd tof;F

njhLf;fg;gl;l Ntisapy; my;yJ cld;gbf;if

my;yJ gpizg;gj;jpuk; xd;iw epiwNtw;Wk;

gb NfhUfpd;w my;yJ Kd;ida nfhLf;fy;

thq;fypid kPs MuhAk;gb NfhUfpd;w tof;fpy;

ePjpkd;wk; rpy mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;ljhf

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fldhff; NfhUk; njhif toq;fg;gl;l flid

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tprhhpj;J jPh;g;gspf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F

,r;rl;lg;gb cs;sJ. (gphpT 2)

,Ue;j NghJk;> Nkw;Fwpj;j Vw;ghLfs; gpd;tUk;

tif epWtdq;fSf;F Vw;Gilad my;y:

(a) gu];gu Nrkeyr; rq;fkhf rq;ff; fl;lisr;

rl;lj;jpd; gb mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l rq;fk;

(b) Njrpa tPlikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; mikf;fg;gl;l

xU rq;fk;

(c) $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT

nra;ag;gl;l xU rq;fk; my;yJ gjpT

nra;ag;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLk; rq;fk;.

murpay; ahg;gpd; 13MtJ jpUj;jk; ghuhS

kd;wj;jpy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l gpd;dUs;s

fhyj;jpy; khfhz rigfSf;F gfph;e;jspf;fg;

gl;l mjpfhukhfTk;> khfhz rig

ml;ltizapy; ,lk;ngWk; tplakhfTk;

$l;LwT rq;fq;fs; miktjhYk;> xUq;fik

ml;ltizapy; cs;s tplakhfTk; ,J

,Ug;gjhYk; khfhz rigfSk; $l;LwTr;

rq;fq;fs; gw;wpr; rl;lk; ,aw;wyhk;.

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; MNyhridAld; khfhz

rigfs; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fspd; gjpT>

Nkw;ghh;it Mfpa tplaq;fs; Fwpj;Jr;

rl;lq;fis ,aw;wyhk;. ,t;thwhd rl;lq;

fis xU khfhz rig ,aw;Wkplj;J

mr;rl;lj;jpd; fPo; rq;fq;fisg; gjpT nra;jy;>

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khfhz rig vy;iyf;Fs; mikAk;

$l;LwTr; rq;fq;fq;fSk; mr;rl;lj;jpd; fPo;

gjpT nra;ag;gl;ldthff; fUjg;gLk;.

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gphpT 2 khfhz rigfspd; fPo;tUk;

$l;LwTr; rq;fq;fspw;Fk; nry;YgbahfhJ

vd;Nw nghUs; nfhs;sy; KbAk;. ,J gw;wp

$l;LwT rq;fq;fs; rl;lk; gw;wpa gFjpapYk;

tphpthf vLj;Jf; $wpAs;Nshk;. Nkw;gb

rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 2 gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;Fk;

nry;YgbahfhJ.

(d) fld; toq;Ftjw;nfd xU tpNrl rl;l

Mf;fj;jpd; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;L mjpfhuk;

ngw;w mikg;G/epWtdk;

(e) gjpT nra;ag;gl;l tq;fp

(f) fhg;GWjpj; njhopiy ey;Nehf;Fld; nra;J

tUk; xUth;

(g) cj;juTg;gj;jpuk; ngw;w eif milT

gpbg;gth;.

gzk; fld; toq;fy; gw;wpa fl;lisr; rl;lk;

Ez;epjp epWtdq;fspw;F nry;Ygbahjy;

Ez;epjp; epWtdq;fspd; Ez;fld; toq;Fjy;

nraw;ghLfs; njhlh;gpy; gzk; fld; toq;fy;

gw;wpa fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfs;

nry;YgbahFk; jd;ik ciladthFk;.

,r;rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 2 NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lthwhd (a) Kjy; (g) tiuahd epWtd mikg;Gf;fshd

Ez;epjp epWtdq;fspw;F nry;YgbahfhJ.

tq;fpfs; rl;lk;

1988Mk; Mz;bd; 30Mk; ,yf;f tq;fpfs; rl;lk;

(1990Mk; Mz;bd; 39Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk;> 1995Mk;

Mz;bd; 33Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk; 2005Mk; Mz;bd;

02Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk;> 2006Mk; Mz;bd; 15Mk;

,yf;fr; rl;lk;> 2006Mk; Mz;bd; 46Mk; ,yf;fr;

rl;lk; vd;gtw;why; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ) gpw gytw;NwhL

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisg; gw;wpa mjpfhuq;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

- tq;fp tpahghuj;ijr; nra;Nthh;> itg;Gf;fis

Vw;wYk;> mtw;iw KjyPL nra;jYk;

Mfpa tpahghuj;ij nra;Nthh; Mfpa

Ml;fspw;F cj;juTg;gj;jpuk; toq;Fjy;@

- ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapdhy; mj;jifa

cj;juTngw;w mikg;Gf;fis Nkw;ghh;it

nra;jy;> xOq;FgLj;jy;@


- cj;juT ngw;w tq;fpfs; Ngz Ntz;ba

%yjdk;> xJf;F epjpfs;> itj;jpUf;f

Ntz;ba jputr; nrhj;Jf;fs; vd;gd gw;wpa

tpjpKiwfs;@

- fly; fle;j tq;fpr; nraw;ghLfis xOq;

fikj;jy;@

- fzf;Ffisj; jahhpj;jy;> fzf;fha;T>

jfty;fis toq;Fjy;> ghpNrhjid

epfo;j;jy;@

- cj;juT ngw;w tq;fpfspd; gzpg;ghsh;fSk;>

nrayhsh;fSk;@

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chpik khw;wk; nra;jy;> ,yq;ifapy;

$l;lhf;fk; nra;J jhgpf;fg;gl;l tq;fpfspd;

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Kw;gzq;fs;> toq;ff;$lhj Kw;gzq;fs;>

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vy;iyfs;> tq;fpfspd; gq;Ffspd; cr;r

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$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ‘tq;fp tpahghuk;’ vd;why; vd;d vd;gijAk; tq;fpfs; rl;lk; tiuaWj;Js;sJ.

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itg;Gf;fis cgNahfpj;jy; Mfpa fUkq;fs;

tq;fp tpahghuk; MFk; vd rl;lk; tiuaiw

nra;Js;sJ.

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tiuaWj;Js;sgb cj;juTg;gj;jpuj;jpy; eltbf;if

fs; ahit vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;. mj;NjhL

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mDkjp cj;juTg;gj;jpuj;jpy; Fwpf;fg;gLk;.

mDkjpf;fg;gLk; eltbf;iffspy; gpd;tUtdTk;

mlq;Fk;: i) itg;Gf; fzf;Ffs;> Nrkpg;Gf;fs; -

,it Nghd;w Vida fzf;Ffis Muk;gpj;jy;>

NgZjy;> eph;tfpj;jy; (eilKiwf; fzf;F cl;gl)

ii) fld;ngWjy;> gzj;ij jpul;Ljy;> ngWjy; iii) fld;fspidAk;> Kw;gzq;fspidAk; nfhLj;jYk;>

thq;FjYk; iv) gpizapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;Nlh>

my;yJ ngwhkNyh gzj;ij Kw;gzkhfNth>

fldhfNth nfhLj;jy; Kjypad.

gq;Ffis clikahf itj;jpUj;jy;

,yq;ifapy; jhgpf;fg;gl;ljhd cj;juT ngw;w

tzpf tq;fp xd;wpy; nghUz;kpa eyd;fis

(material interest) Ms; vtUk; epjpaikr;rhpd;

xg;GjYld; ehzar; rig toq;Fk; mDkjpapd;wp

ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ vd;W 2005Mk; Mz;bd;

05Mk; ,yf;f tq;fpfs; jpUj;jr; rl;lk; $WfpwJ

(nghUz;kpa eyd;fs; vd;gij thf;fspf;Fk;

chpikAld; $ba gj;J rjtPjj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l

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itj;jpUj;jy; vd tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ). ,Ue;j

NghJk;> ehzar; rig jdpj;jdp tplakhf Muha;e;j

gpd;dh; gq;Ff; nfhs;tdT gw;wp KbT nra;ayhk;

vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l tifapduhd gq;Fjhuh;fSf;F

toq;fpa %yjdj;jpd; 15%f;F Nkw;glhj

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gq;Ffis toq;fyhk; vd;Wk; rl;lk; $wpAs;sJ.

cj;juT ngw;w tzpf tq;fpapd; gq;F %yjdj;jpd;

100% tiu me;epa ehl;bd; KjyPl;Lg; gq;fspg;ig

ngwyhk; vd;Wk;> mit rpy fl;Lg;ghLfSf;F

cl;gl;ljhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;Wk; tq;fpr; rl;lk;

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eilKiwapy; cs;s Mff;Fiwe;jsT %yjdk;

&gh ,uz;lhapj;J Ie;E}W kpy;ypad;fshFk; (&gh

2,500,000,000/-)

Nkw;ghh;it

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gphpthy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. tq;fp Nkw;ghh;itf;fhd

gry; FO (Basel Committee) tq;fp Nkw;ghh;it


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nra;ag;gLk;.

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ngw;w tzpf tq;fpfspy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;lit.

eilKiwf; fzf;Ffis Muk;gpj;jYk;> NgZjYk;

cj;juT ngw;w tpNrl tq;fpfshy; nra;a

KbahJ. jq;fk;> me;epar; nryhtzp Mfpatw;iw

tzpf tq;fpfs; Nghd;W ifahs;tjw;Fk;

tpNrl tq;fpfSf;F mjpfhuk; ,y;iy (kj;jpa

tq;fpapd; mDkjpAld; tzpf tq;fpfs; ,tw;iw

nra;fpd;wd).

cj;juT ngw;w tpNrl tq;fpfs; (LSB) vd;ndd;d Ntiyfisr; nra;ayhk; vd;gJ tq;fpfs;

rl;lj;jpd; ehd;fhtJ ml;ltizapy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

mt; Ntiyfspy; gpd;tUtdTk; cs;slf;fg;

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fzf;Ffis xj;j gpw fzf;Ffis Muk;gpj;jy;>

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toq;Fjy;. Vida epjp epWtdq;fSld; ,ize;J

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fl;Lg;ghLfSf;Fk;> gpw vOj;jpy; cs;s

rl;lq;fSf;Fk; ,zq;fp xOFjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ

cj;juT ngw;w tzpf tq;fpfs;> cj;juT ngw;w

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nghUe;Jk; nghJ tpjpahFk;.

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fSk; nghJthditNa.

gq;Ffis clikahf itj;jpUj;jy;

cj;juT ngw;w tpNrl tq;fpapd; gq;Ffis ntsp

ehl;lth; nfhs;tdT nra;J KjypLtjpy; rl;lg;

gbahd fl;Lg;ghLfs; vitAk; fpilah. MnstUk;

($l;bizf;fg;gl;l rl;l egh; cl;gl) tpNrl

tq;fpapd; nkhj;j gq;F Kjypd; 15%f;F Nkw;gl;l ngWkjpAila gq;Ffis itj;jpUj;jy; MfhJ.

mt;thW itj;jpUg;gjhapd; ehzar; rigapd;

vOj;J %ykhd Kd; mDkjpiag; ngw;wpUj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

Mff;Fiwe;j %yjdk;

tpNrl tq;fpfs; Mapuj;J Ie;E}W kpy;ypad;

ngWkjpw;F (&gh 1,500,000,000/-) Fiwahj

njhif gq;Ffis itj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Nkw;ghh;it

tzpf tq;fpfisg; Nghd;Nw cj;juT ngw;w tpNrl

tq;fpfSk; kj;jpa tq;fpapd; Nkw;ghh;itapd; fPo;

nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.

(iii) ntspehl;L tq;fpfs;

gjpT nra;ag;gl;l fly; fle;j fk;gdpfSf;F

Vw;Gilad vd;W fk;gdpr; rl;lj;jpy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l

Vw;ghLfSf;F ,zq;f ntspehl;L tq;fpfs;

,yq;ifapy; tq;fp tpahghuj;jpidr; nra;ayhk;.

,jw;fhf ehzar; rigapd; cj;juTg;gj;jpuj;ijg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

fk;gdpr; rl;lj;jpy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l epge;jidfs;

gpd;tUkhW:

,yq;ifapy; tpahghu eltbf;iffis Muk;gpf;Fk;

ntspehl;L epWtdk; mt;thW tpahghu eltbf;if

fis Muk;gpj;j xUkhj fhy vy;iyf;Fs;

gpd;tUk; Mtzq;fisf; fk;gdpfspd; gjpthsh;

ehafj;jpw;Fr; rkh;g;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.


(m) fk;gdpapd; gl;lak;> rl;lk; my;yJ mikg;G

tpjpfspd; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l gpujpnahd;iwr;

rkh;g;gpj;jy;. ,itapy;yhtpby; fk;gdpiaj;

jhgpg;gjw;Fk;> mjd; mikg;ig tiuaiw

nra;tjw;Fk; Mtzj;jpd; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l

gpujpiar; rkh;g;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j

Mtzq;fs; ,yq;ifapd; cj;jpNahf

nkhopapNyh my;yJ Mq;fpyj;jpNyh

,y;yhjtplj;J> gjpthsuhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk;

nkhopapy; nkhopngah;j;Jr; rkh;g;gpj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

(M) fk;gdpapd; gzpg;ghsh;fspd; ml;ltiz

xd;iwr; rkh;g;gpj;jy; - fk;gdpapd; gzpg;ghsh;

gjpNtl;by; fk;gdpfs; rl;lg;gb gjpag;gl

Ntz;ba gzpg;ghsh;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fs;

ahTk; ml;ltizapy; cs;slf;fg;gLjy;

Ntz;Lk;.

(,) fk;gdpf;F mDg;gg;gLk; Mtzq;fs;>

mwptpj;jy;fs; vd;gtw;iw ngw;Wf;

nfhs;tjw;F mjpfhuk; mspf;fg;gl;ltUk;>

,yq;ifapy; tjpgtUkhd xUthpd; my;yJ

gyhpd; ngaiuAk;> KfthpiaAk; njhptpj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

(<) i. gjpT nra;ag;gl;l my;yJ

jiyikapl khfTs;s fk;gdp

Kfthp

ii. ,yq;ifapy; Fwpj;j fk;gdpapd;

gpujhd tpahghu mYtyfk;

mike;Js;s ,lj;jpd; Kfthp

vd;gdtw;iw cs;slf;fpa $w;W xd;iwAk;

rkh;g;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

(c) fk;gdp $l;likf;fg;gl;likf;Fhpa

rhd;whf mikAk; VjhtJ Mtzj;jpd;

mz;ikapy; cWjpg;gLj;jpj; jpfjpaplg;gl;l

rhd;Wg;gj;jpuk;.

Nkw;Fwpf;fg;gl;l Mtzq;fs; fpilj;jJk; rl;lj;jpd;

Njitg;ghLfs; ahTk; g+h;j;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;snjdj;

jpUg;jpailAkplj;J> gjpTr; rhd;wpjio gjpthsh;

ehafk; toq;Fthh;. ,yq;ifapy; tpahghu

mYtyfk; my;yJ ,lj;ijf; nfhz;l xU fly;

fle;j gjpT nra;ag;gl;l fk;gdpahf ,g;gjpTr;

rhd;wpjo; ngw;w fk;gdp nraw;gLk;.

,t;thW gjpT nra;ag;gl;l fk;gdp jdJ tpahghu

eltbf;iffisj; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;dh;

Fwpj;jsT njhif gzj;ij nlhyh;fspNyh my;yJ

mjw;Fr; rkdhd njhifapy; NtW ehzaq;fspNyh

,yq;iff;F nfhz;LtUk;gb kj;jpa tq;fpapdhy;

Ntz;lg;glyhk;. ,t;thW cl;nrYj;jg;gLk;

gzj;jpd; msit epjpaikr;rhpd; mq;fPfhuj;Jld;

kj;jpa tq;fp eph;zapf;Fk; vd;W tq;fpfs; rl;lj;jpy;

$wg; gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thW cl;nrYj;jg;gLk; gzk;

Fwpj;njhJf;fpa %yjdk; vd;w Kiwapy; kj;jpa

tq;fpapy; itg;ghf itj;jpUf;fg;gLk; my;yJ

kj;jpa tq;fp tpjpf;Fk; NtW vk; KiwapNyDk;

itj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,yq;ifapy; tq;fp eltbf;iffisr; nra;a

cj;Njrpf;Fk; xU ntspehl;L tq;fp tq;fpr; rl;lj;jpd;

Vw;ghLfSf;F mika> cj;juTg;gj;jpuj;ijg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. cj;juTg;gj;jpu epge;jid

fSf;F mika kj;jpa tq;fpapd; xOq;fikg;Gk;>

fl;Lg;ghLk; cl;gl vy;yhtpj fl;Lg;ghLfSf;Fk;

cl;gl;L nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.

Ez;epjp epWtdq;fspw;F tq;fpr; rl;lj;jpd; nry;YgbahFk;jd;ik

,yq;ifapy; Ez;epjp; tpahghuj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s

tpUk;Gk; epWtdk; xd;W cj;juT ngw;w tzpf

tq;fpnahd;iw epWtyhk; my;yJ cj;juT ngw;w

tpNrl tq;fpia epWtyhk;. ,t;tplaj;jpy; tq;fpr;

rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfs; nraw;ghL cilajhf

,Uf;Fk;. ,jw;fhf kj;jpa tq;fpaplkpUe;J cj;juTg;

gj;jpuj;ijAk; me;epWtdk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;.

‘tq;fp tpahghuk;’ vd;w tiutpyf;fzj;jpw;Fs;

vy;yh tifapYk; mikAk; eltbf;iffis

Vw;fdNt Nkw;nfhz;L tUk; Ez;epjp toq;Fk;

epWtdk; ,yq;ifapy; xU cj;juT ngw;w tzpf

tq;fpahfr; nraw;gLtjw;fhd cj;juTg;gj;jpuj;ijg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

Vw;fdNt itg;Gf;fis Vw;wy;> mtw;iw KjypLjYk;@

fld; nfhLj;jYk; Mfpa gzpfisr; nra;J tUk;

Ez;epjp; epWtdk; ,yq;ifapy; cj;juT ngw;w

tpNrl tq;fpahfr; nraw;gLtjw;fhd mDkjpiag;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW nraw;gl;L

tUk; Ez;epjp epWtdk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l $l;LwTr;

rq;fkhfNth my;yJ tPlikg;Gr; rq;fkhfNth

my;yJ cj;juT ngw;w tzpf tq;fpahfNth

(LCB) my;yJ tpNrl msTNfhypd; gb ehzar;

rigahy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;ljhfNth ,Ue;jhy;>

Nkw;Fwpj;jthW cj;juT ngw;w tpNrl tq;fpahfg;

gjpT nra;aNtz;ba Njit ,y;iy.

epjpf; fk;gdpfs; rl;lk;

1988Mk; Mz;bd; 78Mk; ,yf;f epjpf; fk;gdpfs;

rl;lk; (1991Mk; Mz;bd; 23Mk; rl;lj;jhy;

jpUj;jg;gl;lJ) epjpf; fk;gdpfisg; gjpT

nra;tjw;Fk;> mtw;wpw;F cj;juTg;gj;jpuq;fis


toq;Ftjw;Fkhd Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

ehzar; rigapdhy; xOq;fikg;Gf;Fk;> Nkw;ghh;it

f;Fk; cl;gLj;jy;> epjpf; fk;gdpfs; itj;jpUf;f

Ntz;ba %yjdk; rl;lg;gbahd xJf;F epjpfs;

NgZjy; vd;gdTk; epjpf; fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpy;

tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jid tpl tpahghu eltbf;if

fis elj;Jjy;> fzf;FfisAk; epjpf;$w;Wf;

fisAk; rkh;g;gpj;jy;> eltbf;iffis KbTf;Ff;

nfhz;Lte;J clikfisg; nghWg;gspj;jy;

(vesting) vd;gd gw;wpAk; ,r;rl;lk; Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. epjpf; fk;gdpfs; jkJ tpahghu

eltbf;iffis vt;thW nfhz;L elj;j Ntz;Lk;

vd;gJ gw;wp mwpTWj;jy;fis ehzar; rig

toq;Fjy; gw;wpAk; ,r;rl;lj;jpy; Vw;ghLfs;

cs;sd.

‘epjp tpahghuk;’ vd;gij gz itg;Gf;fis

Vw;wYk;> mjw;F tl;b toq;FjYk; vd epjpf;

fk;gdpfs; rl;lk; tiuaiw nra;Js;sJ.

(m) tl;bf;Fg; gzj;ijf; fldhf nfhLj;jy;@

my;yJ

(M) vt;tifapNyDk; gzj;ij KjyPL nra;jy;@

my;yJ

(,) NtW vt;tifapyhtJ KjyPL nra;jy; Mfpa

eltbf;iffis nra;tjw;F xU nghJf;

fk;gdp gpd;tUk; epge;jidfisAk; g+h;j;jp

nra;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W epjpf; fk;gdpfs;

rl;lk; tpjpj;Js;sJ.

Fwpj;j nghJf; fk;gdp fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd;

fPo; gjpT nra;ag;gl;bUj;jy;@

toq;fg;gl;lJk;> nrYj;jpj; jPh;f;fg;gl;lJkhd

gq;F %yjdk; Fiwe;jJ Ie;J kpy;ypad;

&ghthf ,Uj;jy;@

epjpf; fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT

nra;ag;gl;bUj;jy;.

,jid tpl xU epjpf; fk;gdpapd; mbg;gil

%yjdk; vd ,UE}W kpy;ypad; &ghthf (&gh

200,000,000/-) ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vdTk; ehzar;

rig tpjpj;Js;sJ.

ehzar; rl;lj;jpd;gb (Monetary Law Act) tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;l tq;fp epWtdk; xd;wpd; tpahghu

eltbf;iffs; njhlh;ghf epjpf; fk;gdpfs; rl;lk;>

nraw;ghL cilajy;y vd;gij ,q;F Fwpg;gpLjy;

Ntz;Lk;.

epjpf; fk;gdpahf epjp tpahghu eltbf;ifia

Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s epWtdj;jpy; ntspehl;L

mikg;Gf;fs; gq;FKjiyf; nfhs;tdT nra;J

KjypLtjpy; fl;Lg;ghLfs; vJTk; ,y;iy. ,Ue;j

NghJk;> ntspehl;L mikg;G xd;W ,yq;ifapy;

xU mYtyfj;ijj; jpwe;J> mjid tpahghu

,lkhfg; gjpT nra;J nfhz;L> fly; fle;j epjpf;

fk;gdp vd tpahghuk; elj;j KbahJ. Vnddpy;

epjpf; fk;gdpr; rl;lj;jpd; gb ,yq;ifapy; fk;gdpr;

rl;lj;jpd; fPo; nghJf; fk;gdpahf (Public Company) gjpT nra;ag;gl;l fk;gdp xd;Nw epjpf; fk;gdpahf

,aq;f KbAk;.

Ez;epjp epWtdq;fSf;F epjpf; fk;gdpfs;

rl;lk; nry;YgbahFk;jd;ik

fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpy; tiuaiw nra;Js;s ‘epjp tpahghuk;’ vd;w tifapy; mikAk; Ez;fld;

toq;Fk; epWtdk; epjpf; fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;

epjpf; fk;gdpahfj; jd;idg; gjpT nra;J nfhs;sy;

Ntz;Lk;.

mj;jifa ‘epjp tpahghuk;’ ,uz;L epge;jidfSf;F

cl;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;Sjy;

mtrpak;. 1. itg;Gf;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;sYk;>

mtw;Wf;F tl;b toq;fYk; vd;w tpahghuj;ij

nra;jy; 2. tl;bf;Ff; fld; nfhLj;jy; my;yJ

gzj;ij NtW VNjDk; tifapy; KjypLjy;.

,e;j ,U eltbf;iffSk; ‘epjp tpahghuk;’ vd;w tiuaiwf;Fs; cl;gLtd.

ehzar; rl;lj;jhy; tiuaiw nra;ag;gLk; tq;fp

epWtdq;fs; tplaj;jpy; epjpf; fk;gdpfs; rl;lk;

nraw;ghL cilajy;y vd;gijAk; ftdpj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. ,Nj Nghd;W> $l;LwTr; rl;lq;fs;

rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l $l;LwTr;

rq;fq;fspw;Fk; epjpf; fk;gdpfs; rl;lk; nraw;ghL

cilajd;W (khfhz rigfspd; $l;LwTr;

rl;lq;fspd; fPo; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l rq;fq;fspw;Fk;

epjpf; fk;gdpfs; rl;lk; Vw;Gilajy;y. ,J gw;wp

,t;twpf;ifapy; Kd;dUk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.)

Ez;fld; toq;Fk; epWtdk; xd;W ehzar;

rigapdhy; toq;fg;gl;l tq;fp cj;juTg;gj;jpuj;ij

itj;jpUf;Fkplj;J my;yJ gjpT nra;ag;gl;l

$l;LwTr; rq;fkhf cs;stplj;J epjpf;

fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; epge;jidfSf;F cl;gl

Ntz;bajpy;iy.

epjpf; Fj;jifr; rl;lk; (Finance Leasing Act)

2000Mk; Mz;bd; 24Mk; ,yf;f epjpf; Fj;jifr;

rl;lk; (2005Mk; Mz;bd; 24Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk;>

2007Mk; Mz;bd; 33Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk; vd;gtw;wpd;


jpUj;jq;fSld; $baJ) gjpT xOq;fikj;jy;>

fz;fhzpj;jy; Mfpa gzpfisr; nra;jy; gw;wpAk;

Fj;jiff;F tpLgth;> Fj;jif vLg;gth;> rhjdq;

fis toq;Feh; MfpNahhpd; chpikfisAk;>

flikfisAk; ghJfhg;gJ gw;wpAk; $WfpwJ.

epjpf; Fj;jifr; rl;lk; Ms; vtUk; epjpf; Fj;jif

tpahghuj;ij mjw;fhd gjpTr; rhd;Wg;gj;jpuj;ijg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;shky; elj;Jjy; MfhJ vdf;

$WfpwJ. ‘epjpf; Fj;jif tpahghuk;’ vd;gij

rhjdq;fis Fj;jif epjp %yk; ngw;Wf;

nfhLg;gjw;fhf gzj;ij KjypLjy; vd ,r;rl;lk;

tiuaiw nra;Js;sJ.

Fj;jiff;F tpLgth;> Fj;jif vLg;gth; vd;w ,U

rhuhUf;Fkpilapy; ,lk;ngWk; cld;gbf;if vd;W

‘epjpf; Fj;jif’ ,r;rl;lj;jpy; tiuaiw nra;ag; gl;Ls;sJ. cld;gbf;if gpd;tUkhW mikAk;:

i. njhpT nra;ag;gl;l xU rhjdj;ij Fj;jif

vLg;gth; cld;gbf;if jpfjpapy; ,Ue;J xU

tUl fhyj;jpw;F clikahf itj;jpUe;J

cgNahfpf;fyhk;. Fj;jif vLg;gtuhy; njhpT

nra;ag;gl;l toq;FeNuh my;yJ Fj;jiff;F

tpLgtNuh ,r;rhjdj;ij Fj;jiff;F

vLg;gtUf;F toq;Fthh;.

ii. Fj;jif vLg;gth; rhjdj;ij clik nfhz;L

cgNahfpg;gjw;fhd rhjdj;ij toq;Ftjw;F

MFk; nrytpd; KOj;njhifiaNah my;yJ

ngUk; gFjpiaNah jPh;g;gjw;Fhpa gzj;jpid

Fj;jiff;F epjp nfhLg;gth; toq;Fthh;.

iii. Fj;jiff;F vLg;gth; rhjdj;ijg; ngw;Wf;

nfhz;l gpd;dh; NkNy Kjyhk; ge;jpapy;

nrhy;yg;gl;l Muk;g fhy vy;iyf;F cl;gl;l

fhyj;jpw;Fs; cld;gbf;ifia KbTf;Ff;

nfhz;L tUjy; ,ayhJ.

iv. ,e;j cld;gbf;if Efh;Nthh; fld; rl;lj;jpd;

(1982,d; 29Mk; ,y. rl;lk;) fPo; mikAk;

thliff; nfhs;tdT cld;gbf;if vdg;

nghUs; nfhs;sg;glkhl;lhJ. Muk;g fhyk;

vd cld;gbf;ifapy; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk; ePbf;fg;

glyhk; my;yJ ePbf;fg;glhJ tplg;glyhk;.

,f;fhyj;jpd; KbtpNyh my;yJ ePbf;fg;gl;l

fhyj;jpd; KbtpNyh Fj;jiff;F vLj;jth;

rhjdj;ijf; nfhs;tdT nra;ayhk;.

‘rhjdk;’ (equipment) vd;gij nghUz;ikAila

(tangible) nrhj;J vdTk;> mJ xU tUlj;jpw;F

Nkw;gl;l nghUshjhug; gad; cs;s ePbj;j ghtidg;

nghUs; vdTk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jDs;

fhzp vd;gJ Nrukhl;lhJ. fhzpAld; NrUk;

nghUj;Jf;fs; my;yJ mirahj nrhj;Jf;fs;>

fhzpf;F nra;ag;gl;l jpUj;jq;fs; vd;gdTk;

rhjdk; vd;gjpy; mlq;fkhl;lh (fhzpAld; NrUk;

nghUj;J f;fs; mirahr; nrhj;Jf;fs; vd;gd

gphpj;njLf;fg; gLk; NghJ ngUk; gq;F Nrjk;

Vw;gLk; jd;ik nfhz;Lk; ,Uf;Fk;).

epjpf; Fj;jif tpahghuj;ijr; nra;Ak;

fk;gdpapd; gq;FKjypy; ntspehl;L KjyPLfs;

,lk;ngWtjw;F vt;tpj jilAk; ,y;iy. ,Ue;j

NghJk;> ntspehl;Lf; fk;gdp xd;W ,yq;ifapy;

xU mYtyfj;ijf; jpwe;Jk;> mjidj; jdJ

tpahghu ,lkhfj; gjpT nra;Jk; epjpf; Fj;jif

tpahghuj;ij ,yq;ifapy; elj;j KbahJ. Vnddpy;

epjpf; Fj;jifr; rl;lk; epjpf; Fj;jif tpahghug;

gjpitf; NfhUk; tpz;zg;gjhuh; fk;gdpr; rl;lj;jpd;

fPo; $l;bizf;fg;gl;l nghJf; fk;gdpahf my;yJ

cj;juTngw;w tzpf tq;fpahf my;yJ cj;juT

ngw;w tpNrl tq;fpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W

$WfpwJ (,t;thwhf ntspehl;L epjpf; Fj;jif

tpahghu mikg;Gf;fspd; nraw;ghLfSf;F cs;s

jil ntspehl;L epjpf; fk;gdpfs; epjp tpahghuj;jpy;

<LgLtjw;F cs;s jilf;F xg;ghdJ).

Ez;epjp epWtdq;fSk;> epjpf; Fj;jifr;

rl;lKk;

‘epjpf; Fj;jif tpahghuk;’ vd;gij epjpf; Fj;jif rl;lk; tiuaiw nra;Js;sik gw;wp NkNy

Fwpg;gpl;Nlhk;. xU Ez;epjp epWtdk; ‘epjpf; Fj;jif tpahghuj;ij’ nra;tij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;bUe;jhy;

mJ jd;id xU epjpf; Fj;jif tpahghukhfg;

gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk; ,g;gjpit epjpf; Fj;jifr;

rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLghLfSf;F mika nra;J

nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf gjpTr; rhd;wpjo;

xd;iwAk; ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk; (cj;juTg;gj;jpuk;

ngWjy; eilKiw gw;wp ,t;twpf;ifapy; gpwpnjhU

,lj;jpy; tpsf;fpAs;sijg; ghh;f;f)

mlFgpbj;jy; njhlh;ghd rl;lk;

‘mlFgpbg;Nghh;’ gw;wpa rl;l Mf;f mjpfhuk;

,g;nghOJ khfhz rig ml;ltizapy; (Provincial Council list) Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 13MtJ murpay;

ahg;Gf; jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gadhf khfhzq;fSf;F

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhuj;jpd;gb khfhz rigfs;

‘mlFgpbj;jy;’ njhlh;ghf rl;lkpaw;wp> mjid

xOq;fikf;fyhk; (Mdhy;> tzpf tq;fpfspd;

mlF tpahghuk; tpyf;fspf;fg;gl;lJ). ,Ue;j

NghJk;. murpay; ahg;gpd; 13MtJ jpUj;jj;jpd;

154 G (8) gphpTg;gb 13MtJ jpUj;jk; nraw;ghl;Lf;F

te;j rkaj;jpy; Vw;Gilajhf ,Ue;j rl;lj;NjhL

Kuz;ghLilajhd rl;lj;ij mjw;Fg; gpd;duhf

khfhz rig ,aw;Wkhapd;> khfhz rigahy;


,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lNk nraw;ghLilajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

13tJ jpUj;jk; eilKiwf;F tUtjw;F Kd;gpUe;j

rl;lk; Fwpj;j khfhzj;jpy; nraw;ghL ,y;yhjjhf

MFk; vd;W $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,yq;ifapd; Nky;

khfhz rig jtph;e;j NtW ve;j khfhz

rigfSk; mlFgpbg;Nghh; vd;w tplak; njhlh;ghf

rl;lk; vjidAk; Mf;ftpy;iy. 1942Mk; Mz;bd;

13Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk; gw;wp fPNo tpghpj;Js;Nshk;.

mjidj; njhlh;e;J Nkw;F khfhz rig ,aw;wpa

2001Mk; Mz;bd; 03Mk; ,yf;f mlFgpbj;jy;

gw;wpa rl;lk; njhlh;ghfTk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;Nshk;.

mlFgpbg;Nghh; fl;lisr;rl;lk;

1942Mk; Mz;bd; 13Mk; ,yf;ff; fl;lisr;rl;lk;

(1953,d; 2Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk;> 1956,d; 55Mk;

,yf;fr; rl;lk;> 1963,d; 11Mk; ,yf;fr;

rl;lk;> 1973Mk; Mz;bd; 23Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk;

vd;gtw;why; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ) mlFgpbj;jiy

xOq;FgLj;J tjw;fhd cj;juTg;gj;jpuq;fs;

toq;Ftijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. mlFg; nghUl;fis

ngw;W tpahghuk; nra;gth; mlFgpbg;gth; vd;W

mlFgpbg;Nghh; rl;lj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ‘mlF’ (pawning) vd;gij ,r;rl;lk; tpsf;fkhff;

$whtpbDk;> kj;jpa tq;fpapd; ehzar; rig

toq;fpa topfhl;ly; mwpTWj;jy;fspy; mlF

vd;why; vd;d vd;gJ njspthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jq;fj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l jdpg;gl;l mzpfyg;

nghUl;fis ngw;W fld; nfhLj;jy;. gd;dpuz;L

khjq;fSf;F Nkw;glhj fhyj;jpw;F Muk;gj;jpy;

mlFgpbj;jy; vd;wthW ,J tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ehzar; rig ,t;thW tiuaiw nra;jpUe;jhYk;>

mfuhjp mh;j;jg;gb ‘mlFgpbg;gth;’ jq;f eiffis mlfhfg; ngWgth;> 12 khjq;fSf;F Nkw;glhj

fhyj;jpw;F mlF ngWgth; vd;w fUj;Jf;fs;

,y;iy. xUthpd; jdpg;gl;l clikahd nghUl;fis

mlfhfg; ngw;W tl;bf;Fg; gzk; nfhLg;gth; vd;W

xf;];Nghl; mfuhjp mlFgpbg;gtiu tiutpyf;fzk;

nra;Js;sJ. mlF gpbg;Nghh; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd;

gb mlFgpbg;Nghh; gpuNjr nrayhshplk; ,Ue;J

cj;juTg;gj;jpuj;ijg; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mlFgpbg;Nghh; fl;lisr; rl;lk; mlFgpbj;jy;

eltbf;ifia xOq;fikj;J MSif nra;Ak;

rl;lkhFk;. ,jd;gb Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l fzf;Fg;

gjpNtLfisg; NgZjy;> mlF itj;j nghUl;fis

kPsg;ngWjy; njhlh;ghd xOq;FKiwfisf;

filg;gpbj;jy;> mwtplf;$ba Mff;$ba tl;b>

mlFg; nghUisg; ngw;W itj;jpUg;gtUf;F cs;s

chpikfs; vd;gdTk; ,tw;NwhL njhlh;Gila

tplaq;fSk; rl;lj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. fld;

nfhLj;jy; rl;lk; Nghd;W mlFgpbg;Nghh; rl;lKk;

ahh; ahh; mlF gpbj;jy; njhopiy nra;ayhk;

vd;gJ gw;wpa fl;Lg;ghLfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

(i) ,yq;ifg; gpui[ my;yhj xUth;; my;yJ

(ii) ntspehl;Lf; fk;gdp; my;yJ

(iii) ntspehl;L epWtdk;

mlFgpbg;Nghh; tpahghuj;ijr; nra;jy; MfhJ

vd;W $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. me;epar; nryhtzpf;

fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rl;lj;jpd;gb ,yq;ifapy; tjpahj

xUth; (Non - Resident) mlFgpbj;jy; tpahghuj;jpy;

<Lgl;Ls;s fk;gdp xd;wpd; gq;Ffspy; KjyPL

nra;a KbahJ.

cj;juTngw;w tzpf tq;fpfs; mlFgpbg;Nghh;

rl;lj;jpd; gb tpz;zg;gk; nra;J cj;juTg;gj;jpuk;

ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;J

tpyf;fspg;Gg; ngw;Ws;sd. tq;fpr; rl;lj;jpd; 83A gphpT gpd;tUkhW tpyf;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;sJ:

‘mlF gpbg;Nghh; rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfs; tzpf

tq;fp xd;wpf;Fr; nraw;ghLilajy;y. mj;jifa

tq;fpnahd;W ehzar; rigapd; epge;jidfSf;F

cl;gl;L mlF gpbj;jy; tpahghuj;jpy; <Lglyhk;.’

ntspehl;L mikg;nghd;W mlFgpbj;jy; tpahghu

j;jpy; Neubahf <Lgl KbahJ. gjpT nra;ag;gl;l

ntspehl;Lf; fk;gdpapNyh my;yJ ,yq;ifapy;

gjpT nra;ag;gl;l fk;gdpapNyh ntspehl;L

mikg;nghd;W Kjypl;L> ,t; tpahghuj;ij

elj;j KbahJ. ,Ue;j NghJk;;> tq;fpj; njhopy;

nra;tjw;fhd cj;juTg;gj;jpuj;ijg; ngw;W> tq;fp

rl;lj;jpd; gb xU tq;fpahfr; nraw;gLk; NghJ

tq;fpr; nraw;ghLfspy; xd;whf mlFgpbj;jYf;fhd

cj;juTg;gj;jpuj;ij ngw;W tpahghuk; nra;a

KbAk;.

Ez;epjp epWtdq;fSk;> mlF gpbg;Nghh;

rl;lj;jpd; nraw;ghLk;

Ez;epjp epWtdk; xd;W ,yq;ifapy; mlFgpbj;jy;

njhopiyr; nra;tjhapd;> gpuNjr nrayhshplk;

,Ue;J mjw;fhd cj;juTg;gj;jpuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> ehzar; rigaplk;

tq;fp tpahghuj;ijr; nra;tjw;fhd cj;juT

gj;jpuj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; NghJ Ez;epjp

epWtdkhdJ mlFgpbg;Nghh; rl;lj;jpd; gb gpuNjr

nrayhshplk; cj;juTg;gj;jpuk; ngWk; Njit

vokhl;lhJ.

Nkw;F khfhz rigapd; rl;lk;

Nkw;F khfhz rig 2001Mk; Mz;bd; 03Mk;

,yf;fr; rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpAs;sJ. ,J mlF

gpbg;Nghh; fl;lisr; rl;lj;ij Vwf;Fiwa Kw;wpYk;


xj;jjhfNt cs;sJ. ,Ue;jNghJk;> cj;juTg;

gj;jpuk; toq;fy;> fl;lzq;fisr; nrYj;Jjy;>

jz;lid tpjpf;Fk; nghOJ jz;lidapd; msT

Nghd;w rpy EZf;f tpguq;fspy; rpy NtWghLfs;

cs;sd. mlFgpbj;jy; tpahghuj;ijr; nra;tjw;F

cj;juTg;gj;jpuj;ijg; ngwNtz;Lk; vd;W fl;lisr;

rl;lk; $Wfpd;wJ.

Nky; khfhz rigapd; rl;lj;jpd; gb mlFgpbj;jy;

tpahghuj;ij nra;Ak; xU epWtdk; gy fpisfisf;

nfhz;L ,aq;Fkhapd;> Nky; khfhzj;jpd;

vy;iyf;Fs; cs;s xt;nthU fpisf;Fk; jdpj;

jdpahd cj;juTgj;jpuj;ijg; ngw;W itj;jpUf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;W $WfpwJ.

mlFgpbg;Nghh; kPjhd Nkw;ghh;itf; flikAk;

jw;NghJ Nkw;F khfhz rigaplk; xg;gilf;fg;

gl;Ls;sJ. MfNt> khfhz rigapd; mikr;rh;

jhd; tplaj;jpw;Fg; nghWg;ghd mikr;rh; vd;W

fUjg;gLthh; (Vida khfhz rigfs; rl;lk;

,aw;wpagbahy; tplaj;jpw;Fg; nghWg;ghd mikr;rh;

kj;jpapy; cs;s mikr;ruhth;)

Nky; khfhz rigahy; ,aw;wg;gl;l mlFgpbg;Nghh;

rl;lk; 1942Mk; Mz;bd; 13Mk; ,yf;f mlF

gpbg;Nghh; rl;lj;jpNdhL cld;gl;ljha; cs;snjdf;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mjyhy;> khfhz rigapd;

rl;lkhdJ Kuz;gLk; ,lj;J khfhz rigapd;

rl;lj;jpd; typJlik Nfs;tpf;F cl;gLj;jg;glyhk;

vd;gJ vkJ mgpg;gpuahak; MFk;. 13MtJ ahg;Gj;

jpUj;jj;jpd; 154 G (8)f;F Vw;g ,J mikatpy;iy>

vdpy; rthYf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl KbAk; vdf;

fUJfpNwhk;.

me;epar; nryhtzpf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rl;lk;

1953Mk; Mz;bd; 24Mk; ,yf;f me;epar;

nryhtzpf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rl;lk; kj;jpa

tq;fpapid ,yq;ifapd; murhq;fj;jpd; Kfth;

vd;W nghWg;ghf;fpAs;sJ. ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd;

Vw;ghLfis nraw;gLj;Jk; gzpapid kj;jpa

tq;fpf;F toq;fpAs;sJ. jq;fj;jpidAk;> me;epar;

nryhtzpapidAk; ifahSjiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;>

me;epar; nrhj;Jf;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;> ,yq;iff;F

ntspNa cs;NshUf;F nfhLg;gdTfs; nra;jiyf;

fl;Lg;gLj;jy;> gpizg;gj;jpuq;fis toq;Fjy;>

ehzar; nryhtzpapdJk; jq;fj;ij ,wf;Fkjp

nra;jYk; Vw;Wkjp nra;jYk;> gpizg;gj;jpuq;fsJ

,wf;FkjpAk; Vw;WkjpAk; vd;gd me;epar;

nryhtzp fl;Lg;ghl;L rl;lj;jpd; gb kj;jpa

tq;fpapd; gzpfshFk;.

,r; rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fisf; fPNo

RUf;fkhfj; je;Js;Nshk;.

jq;fKk;> me;epa nryhtzpAk;

me;epar; nryhtzpf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rl;lk; jq;fk;>

me;epar; nryhtzp ,uz;bdJk; nfhs;tdT>

fld; ngWjy;> tpw;wy;> fld; nfhLj;jy; Mfpa

vy;yh eltbf;iffSk; cj;juT ngw;w tpahghhp

my;yhj gpwuhy; nra;ag;gLjy; MfhJ vdj; jil

nra;Js;sJ. ,j; jilahdJ ,yq;ifapy; cs;Nshh;

midtUf;Fk;> ,yq;ifapy; tjpNthUf;Fk;>

,yq;iff;F ntspNa tjpAk; ,yq;ifaUf;Fk;

nraw;ghLilajhFk; (rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 5).

egh; xUth; jq;fj;jpid my;yJ Fwpj;jnthU

me;epa ehzaj;jpid cj;juTngw;w tpahghhpaplk;

nfhs;tdT nra;Akplj;J mth; jhk; nfhs;tdT

nra;j jq;fj;ijAk;> me;epar; nryhtzpapidAk;

itj;jpUg;gjw;Fk;> cgNahfpg;gjw;Fk; kj;jpa

tq;fpapd; rk;kjj;ijg; ngw;Ws;shh; vd;W fUjg;

gLthh;. NkNy Fwpj;j tpjptpyf;F jtph;e;j

gpwtifapy; me;epar; nryhtzpapid jdJ

clikahf itj;jpUg;gjw;F egh; xUtUf;F

mDkjp ,y;iy (gphpT 6A).

ntspehl;Lr; nrhj;Jf;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

,yq;ifapy; cs;sth;fs; my;yJ tjpgth;fs;

gpd;tUk; tif eltbf;iffspy; <LgLtijj;

jil nra;Js;sJ:

(i) ,yq;iff;F ntspNa tq;fp tpahghuj;jpy;

<Lgl;Ls;s tq;fpapy; fzf;F xd;iw

Muk;gpj;jy;@ my;yJ

(ii) me;jf; fzf;ijj; njhlh;e;J NgZjy;@

my;yJ

(iii) kj;jpa tq;fpapd; mDkjpapd;wp mf;fzf;if

%Ljy; (rl;lj;jpd; 6AA gphpT).

,yq;ifapy; me;epar; nryhtzp ehzaj;jpy;

fzf;Ffis itj;jpUg;gjw;F cj;juTngw;w

tpahghhpfSf;F mDkjpAs;sJ. ,t;tpahghhpfs;

kj;jpa tq;fpapd; fl;Lg;ghLfspw;F cl;gl;L

Fwpg;gpl;l rpy me;epa ehzaq;fspy; kl;Lk;

fzf;Ffis itj;jpUf;fyhk;.

nfhLg;gdTfs;

me;epar; nryhtzpf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rl;lk;

,yq;ifapd; egh; xUth; me;epar; nryhtzpiaf;

ifahSjy; njhlh;ghfg; gpd;tUk; fl;Lg;ghLfisAk;

tpjpf;fpd;wJ:


(i) ntspehl;by; tjpAk; xUthpw;F nfhLg;gditr;

nra;jy; my;yJ mtuJ tuTf;F nfhLg;gditr;

nra;jy;.

(ii) ntspehl;by; cs;s xUthpd; rhh ;ghf

,yq;ifapy; tjpAk; xUtUf;F gzj;ijf;

nfhLj;jy; my;yJ tuT itj;jy;

(iii) ,yq;iff;F ntspapy; tjpAk; xUthpw;fhd

nfhLg;gdit Vw;Wf; nfhs;sYk; Vw;W

itj;jpUj;jYk;

Mfpa eltbf;iffis kj;jpa tq;fpapd;

mDkjpapd;wpr; nra;jy; KbahJ (gphpT 7).

,yq;ifapy; tjpAk; xUth; ,yq;iff;F ntspapy;

tjpAk; xUtUf;F kj;jpa tq;fpapd; mDkjpapd;wp

nfhLg;gdTfisr; nra;jy; MfhJ (gpupT 8).

gpizg;gj;jpuq;fs;

me;epar; nryhtzpf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rl;lj;jpd;

gphpT 10 ,yq;ifapy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l gpizg;

gj;jpuq;fis ,yq;iff;F ntspNa tjpAk;

xUtUf;F kj;jpa tq;fpapd; mDkjpapd;wp

toq;FtijNah> khw;Wjy; nra;tijNah jil

nra;Js;sJ.

rl;lj;jpd; 17Mk; gphpT ,yq;iff;F ntspNa

njhopw;gLk; ,yq;ifah; xUth; my;yJ

,yq;ifia tjptplkhff; nfhz;l xUth;

epjpaikr;rhpd; mDkjpapd;wp gpizg;gj;jpuq;fis

chpik nfhs;Sjy;> itj;jpUj;jy;> khw;Wjy;

Mfpa eltbf;iffisr; nra;jy; MfhJ vd;W

$WfpwJ.

jq;fj;ijAk;> me;epa ehzaj;ijAk; Vw;Wkjp

nra;jYk;> ,wf;Fkjp nra;jYk;

,yq;iff;F cs;Ns me;epa ehzaj;ijAk;>

jq;fj;ijAk; ,wf;Fkjp nra;J nfhz;L tUjiy

me;epar; nryhtzpr; rl;lk; jilnra;Js;sJ.

,jw;F kj;jpa tq;fpapd; mDkjp ngwg;gLjy;

Ntz;Lk;. mt;thNw ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;J kj;jpa

tq;fpapd; mDkjpapd;wp ehzar; nryhtzp>

jpiwNrhp cz;bay;fs;> jq;fk;> Nrkpg;Gg; gj;jpuq;fs;

vd;gdtw;iw ntspNa Vw;Wkjp nra;jy; MfhJ

vdr; rl;lk; tpjpj;Js;sJ.

me;epar; nryhtzpf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rl;lk; me;epar;

nryhtzp tpahghuj;jpy; <Lgl;Ls;s egh;fSf;F

Ngzg;gl Ntz;ba gjpNtLfs;> tpjpKiwfs;

njhlh;ghd gzpg;Giufis tpLf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij

kj;jpa tq;fpf;F toq;fpAs;sJ. rl;lj;jpd; gb

Fw;wr; nray;fshff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tplaq;fs;

gw;wpa jfty;fis MnsthplkpUe;Jk; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;tjw;Fk;> mJ njhlh;ghd fl;lisfis

tpLg;gjw;Fk; kj;jpa tq;fpf;F mjpfhuk; cs;sJ.

egh;fis tprhuizf;F miog;gjw;Fk;> me;epa

ehzaf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fisg; gw;wpa fzf;Fg;

Gj;jfq;fisg; ghpNrhjidf;Fr; rkh;g;gpf;Fk;gb

NfhUtjw;Fk; kj;jpa tq;fpf;F mjpfhuk;

cs;sJ.

Kfth;fisAk;> njhopy;El;g MNyhrfh;

fisAk; epakpj;jy;

me;epar; nryhtzpf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rl;lj;jpd;

29 C gphpT Kfth;fshfTk;> MNyhrh;fshfTk;

epakpf;fg; glf;$bNahh; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

,yq;ifapy; $l;bizf;fg;gl;L gjpT nra;ag;glhj

fk;gdp my;yJ NeubahfNth> kiwKfkhfNth

,yq;iff;F ntspNa tjpgtuhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;

fk;gdp my;yJ ntspehl;by; tjpgth;fshy;

fl;Lg;gLj;jg; gLk; ,yq;iff; fpis mYtyfk;

Mfpad

(i) xU KftuhfNth

(ii) njhopy;El;g my;yJ Kfhikj;Jt MNyhrf

uhNth kj;jpa tq;fpapd; nghJthd my;yJ

tpNrl mDkjpAlNdNa epakpf;fg;glyhk;

vd;W $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,yq;ifapy; tjpgth; my;yhjtUf;F

fld;nfhLj;jy;> cj;juthjk; toq;fy;

- ,yq;iff;F ntspNa tjpAk; xUthpw;F

fld;/flg;ghL/nghWg;G vd;w tifapdthd tplaq; fspy; cj;juthjk; mspj;jy;

- ,yq;iff;F ntspNa tjpgth;fshy; Neub

ahfNth> kiwKfkhfNth fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;

epWtdk; my;yJ fk;gdpf;F fld;fis

toq;Fjy;.

Mfpad kj;jpa tq;fpapd; mDkjp ,d;wpr;

nra;ag;glyhfhJ vd;W rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 30

(6) & (7) vd;gd vLj;Jf; $Wfpd;wd.

me;epar; nryhtzpr; rl;lk; Ez;epjp

epWtdq;fSf;Fr; nry;Ygbahjy;

,yq;ifapy; Ez;epjp epWtdk; xd;W tpahghu

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ me;epar;

nryhtzpr; rl;lq;fSf;F fl;Lg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l jilfSk;> fl;Lg;ghLfSk;

nraw;ghL ciladthFk;. Ez;fld; nraw;ghLfspy;

<LgLk; ntspehl;L tq;fp> fk;gdp> epWtdq;fs;

vd;gdTk;> mtw;wpd; fpisfSk; ‘,yq;ifapy; tjpgth;’ vd;Nw rl;lj;jpd;gb fzpf;fg;gLth;.

,yq;if KjyPl;Lr; rigAld; xg;ge;jk; nra;J


njhopw;gLk; fk;gdpfs; kl;Lk; me;epar; nryhtzpr;

rl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpyf;Fg; ngw;witahf cs;sd

(,yq;if KjyPl;Lr; rigr; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 17

,id ghh;f;fTk;).

ntspehl;by; tjpgtuhd xUth; xU fk;gdpapd;

gq;FKjiyf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjpy; cs;s

fl;Lg;ghL me;epar; nryhtzpf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr;

rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 10,d; gb nraw;gLk;. SIERA

vdg;gLk; tpNrl fzf;fpd; Clhf (Share Investment External Rupee Account) gq;FKjy; nfhs;tdTf;fhd

epjpfs; Mw;Wg;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;w xOq;Ftpjp

cs;sJ. SIERA tpjpKiwfs; ,yq;ifapy; fld;

nfhLg;gjw;fhfNth my;yJ mlFgpbg;gjw;fhfNth

,yq;ifapy; epWtg;gl;l fk;gdpapy; ntspehl;by;

tjpAk; xUth; gq;FKjiy ngWtij jil

nra;fpwJ. Mjyhy;> Ez;epjp tpahghuk; nra;tjw;Fk;>

fld; nfhLj;jy;@ mlF gpbj;jy; vd;gdtw;wpw;Fk;

tq;fpfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; tq;fpahfg; gjpT nra;jy;

my;yJ epjpf; fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; epjpf;

fk;gdpahfg; gjpT nra;jy; Vw;Gila topahFk;.

tq;fpfSk;> epjpf; fk;gdpfSk; fld; nfhLj;jy;

tpahghuj;ij nra;fpd;w NghJk;> mtw;wpy;

ntspehl;L KjyPL GFtjpy; fl;Lg;ghL ,y;iy.

Kd;dh; ntspehl;L tq;fpfs;> epjpf; fk;gdpfs;

njhlh;ghf tpjpf;fg;gl;bUe;j KjyPl;L epge;jidfs;

rpy 2002Mk; Mz;by; ePf;fg;gl;ld vd;gJk;

ftdpg;Gf; FhpaJ.

fld; mwtPL (tpNrl Vw;ghLfs;) rl;lk;

1990Mk; Mz;bd; 12Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lkhd fld;

mwtPL (tpNrl Vw;ghLfs; rl;lk; ‘fld; toq;Fk; epWtdq;fs;’ jhk; nfhLj;j fld;fis tpiutpy; mwtPL nra;tjw;F cjTk; Kiwapy; ,aw;wg;gl;l

rl;lkhFk;).

‘fld; toq;Fk; epWtdk;’ vd;gij ,r;rl;lk;

gpd;tUkhW tiuaiw nra;Js;sJ:

m) 1988Mk; Mz;bd; 30Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lj;jpd;

gb cj;juT ngw;w tzpf tq;fp

M) 1975Mk; Mz;bd; 13Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lg;gb

epWtg;gl;l mur <l;Llik KjyPl;L tq;fp

(State Mortgage Bank)

,) 1979Mk; Mz;bd; 2Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lg;gb

epWtg;gl;l Njrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp

<) 1971Mk; Mz;bd; 30Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lj;jhy;

cUthf;fg;gl;l Njrpa Nrkpg;G tq;fp

c) mgptpUj;jp epjpf; $l;Lj;jhgdr; rl;lg;gb

epWtg;gl;l mgptpUj;jp epjpf; $l;Lj;jhgdk;

(DFCC)

C) epjp tpahghuj;jpy; <LgLk; Nehf;Fld;

jhgpf;fg;l;l epjpf; fk;gdp (1988Mk; Mz;bd;

78Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lg;gb)

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l tifahd tq;fpfs; $l;Lj;jhgdk;

my;yJ fk;gdpfspd; tpahghu eltbf;iffis

KbTWj;Jtjw;fhf 1982Mk; Mz;bd; 17Mk;

,yf;fr; rl;lj;jpd;gb epakpf;fg;gl;l Fiyg;ghsUk;

‘fld; toq;Fk; epWtdk;’ vd;w tiff;Fs;

cs;slq;Fthh; vd;W rl;lk; $Wfpd;wJ. fld;

mwtPL rl;lj;jpd;gbahd mwtPl;L eltbf;iffisj;

njhlh;tjw;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l fldpd; Kjy; &gh

E}w;wp Ik;gJ Mapuk; (&gh 150,000/=) vdf;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb epWtdk; xd;W jdf;F tUkjpahd

njhif xd;W gw;wp rj;jpathf;Fg; gj;jpuj;Jld;

$ba KiwaPL xd;iw jhf;Fjy; nra;J tof;Fj;

njhLf;Fk; NghJ ePjpkd;wk; mjid tprhhpj;J

mwtPL njhlh;ghd fl;lisiag; gpwg;gpf;Fk;.

vjpuhsp ePjpkd;wk; tpjpf;Fk; fl;lisf;F vjpuhf

Ml;Nrgpf;Fk; chpj;J cilatuy;yh;. gpd;tUk;

re;jh;g;gq;fspy; kl;Lk; mf;fl;lisia vjph;j;J

thjhLk; mDkjpia ePjpkd;wk; toq;Fk;:

(1) fl;lisapy; njhptpf;fg;gl;l njhifg;

gzj;ij ePjpkd;wj;jpy; nrYj;jptpl;L>

Ml;Nrgid kDit mspj;jy;; my;yJ

(2) ePjpkd;wk; tpjpj;Jiuf;Fk; gpizg; gzj;ijr;

nrYj;Jkplj;J my;yJ

(3) tof;fhspahy; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;l kDtpd;

rj;jpa thf;Fg; gj;jpuj;jpd;gb vjpuhsp

vLj;Jf; $wf;$ba vjph;thjj;jpw;F ,lk;

cz;nld;W ePjpkd;W jpUg;jpAWkplj;J.

vjpuhsp ePjpkd;wj;jpy; r%fkspj;J fhuzk; fhl;lj;

jtWkplj;J my;yJ ePjpkd;wj;jpy; r%fkspj;J

mth; fhl;ba fhuzk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glhjtplj;J

ePjpkd;wk; jhd; Kd;dh; tpjpj;j fl;lisia

,WjpahdJ vd mwptpf;Fk;. mt;tpjk; mwptpf;Fk;

fl;lis flid mwtpLk; epiwNtw;Wf; fl;lisahf

vjpuhspf;F vjpuhfr; nraw;ghL cilajhFk;.

fld; mwtPl;Lr; rl;lj;jpd; gb njhlug;gl;l tof;fpd;

vjpuhspahff; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; xUth; my;yJ

mtuJ eyd;fisf; ftdpf;Fk; xUth; Fwpg;gpl;l

vjpuhspapd; mirAk; nrhj;Jf;fisNah> mirahr;

nrhj;Jf; fisNah khw;Wjy;> tpw;wy; vd;gdtw;iw


fld; rk;ge;jkhd fl;lis gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l ehspw;F

gpd;dh; nra;a KbahJ vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fl;lisapd; gb gzj;ij nrYj;Jjy;> tof;F

eltbf;if my;yJ fl;lis uj;J nra;ag;gLjy;>

fl;lisapd; gb gpwnrhj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L

flidj; jPh;j;jy; my;yJ ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mDkjpiag;

ngWjy; Nghd;w re;jh;g;gq;fspy; vjpuhsp nrhj;Jf;

fis khw;Wjy; my;yJ tpw;gid nra;ayhk;.

,e;j tpjpf;F khwhfr; nra;ag;gLk; khw;wy;fs;>

tpw;gidfs; ntw;W ntspjhdit vd;gNjhL

mr;nrhj;Jf;fs; ahh; iff;F NghapUe;jdNth

mth;fsplkpUe;J RtPfhpf;fg;gl KbAk;. ePjpkd;W

tpLj;j fl;lis gw;wp mwpe;jpuhj ed;Ndhf;Fld;

nraw;gll nfhs;tdthsh; kl;Lk; nrhj;ijr;

RtPfhpg;gjpy; ,Ue;J tpyf;Fg; ngw KbAk;.

Ez;epjp epWtdq;fspd; kPJ fld; mwtPl;L rl;lj;jpd; (tpNrl Vw;ghLfs;) nry;YgbahFk;

jd;ik

fld; mwtPl;L (tpNrl Vw;ghLfs;) rl;lj;jpd;gbahd

fld; mwtPl;L eltbf;if Kiw xU Ez;epjp

epWtdj;jpw;Fr; nraw;ghLAilajhf ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lkhapd; me;epWtdk; ‘fld; toq;Fk; epWtdk;’ vd;w tiutpyf;fzj;jpy; mlq;Ftjhf ,Uj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. cj;juT ngw;w tzpf tq;fp (LCB) gjpT nra;ag;gl;l epjpf; fk;gdp my;yJ ,e;j tiutpyf;

fzj;jpy; cl;gLj;jg;gl;l tq;fpfspy; xd;W ‘fld; toq;Fk; epWtdk;’ vd;W fUjg;gLk;.

fld; ,zf;fr; rl;lk;

1941Mk; Mz;bd; 34Mk; ,yf;ff; fld; ,zf;fr;

rl;lk; (1959Mk; Mz;L 5Mk; ,yf;fk;> 1964Mk;

Mz;L 24Mk; ,yf;fk;> 1973Mk; Mz;L 41Mk;

,yf;fk;> 1978Mk; Mz;L 19Mk; ,yf;fk;> 1983Mk;

Mz;L 20Mk; ,yf;fk;> 1999Mk; Mz;L 29Mk;

,yf;fk; Mfpa rl;lq;fshy; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ) vd;Dk;

rl;lk; fld; ,zf;fr; rigia epWTk; Nehf;Fld;

,aw;wg;gl;lJ. ,e;jr; rig fldhspfSf;Fk;>

gpiz kPJ fld;nfhLj;NjhUf;Fk; ,ilapy;

eLtuhfr; nraw;gl;L fld;fis jPh;g;gjw;F tif

nra;Ak; Nehf;FilaJ.

fld; ,zf;fr; rl;lj;jpy; fldhsp vd;gth; mirahr;

nrhj;J xd;wpidg; gpizahf itj;jpUg;gth;

vd;Wk;> mthpd; fld; me;jr; nrhj;jpd;

ngWkjpf;F Nkw;gl;l mstpy; cah;e;Js;sJ

vd;Wk; tiuaWf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ. gpiz kPJ fld;

nfhLj;jth; vd;gij nehj;jhhpR (Notary) xUtuhy; vOjg;gl;l epiwNtw;wg;gl;l gpiz cWjp %yk;

mirahr; nrhj;jpw;fhf my;yJ mirTs;s

nrhj;jpw;fhf fld; nfhLj;jth; vd;Wk; ,r;rl;lk;

tiuaiw nra;Js;sJ. ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gbahd

eilKiw gpd;tUkhW:

i. xU fldhsp jhd; fld; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l

fld; nfhLj;jth; xUthplNkh> gyhplNkh jhk;

nrYj;j Ntz;bajha; cs;s flid ,zf;f

Kiwapy; jPh;f;Fk;gb Nfhhp> fld; ,zf;fr;

rigf;F tpz;zg;gpf;fyhk;.

ii. gpiz kPJ fld; nfhLj;j xUtUk; ,t;thNw

fld; tUkjpia ,zf;fk; nra;J jPh;g;gjw;Ff;

Nfhhp rigf;F tpz;zg;gpf;fyhk;.

iii. Nkw;nrhd;d tif tpz;zg;gq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk;

vOj;J%ykhdjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk. ;

ifnahg;gkplg;gl;l tpz;zg;gq;fs; chpa

Mtzq;fSlDk; rj;jpathf;Fg; gj;jpuj;

JlDk; mDg;gg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW

mDg;gg;gLk; gj;jpuq;fs; tpz;zg;gj;jpy;

Fwpg;gpl;l Nfhhpf;iff;F Njhw;w mstpyhd

rhd;Wfshf ,Uf;Fk;.

iv. fldhspfs;> fld;nfhLj;Njhh; vd;NghuJ

tpz;zg;gq;fs; vd;ndd;d jfty;fis

cs;slf;fp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk;

rl;lk; $Wfpd;wJ.

v. tpz;zg;gj;jpy; jug;gl;l tpguq;fisf;

nfhz;l rig Muk;g tprhuiz xd;iw

elj;Jk;. ,e;j Muk;g tprhuizg;gb ,zf;fk;

xd;iw fldhspf;Fk;> fld;nfhLj;NjhUf;Fk;

,ilapy; Vw;gLj;Jjy; tpUk;gj;jf;fJ vdr;

rig mgpg;gpuhag;gLkplj;J> Ntz;ba vy;yh

tpguq;fisAk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l jpfjpf;F Kd;

rkh;g;gpf;Fk;gb Nfl;Lf; nfhs;tNjhL> fld;

,zf;fr; rl;lg;gb ,zf;fj; jPh;T xd;iwr;

nra;a ,Ug;gJ gw;wp th;j;jkhd mwptpj;jiy

ntspapLk;.

vi. ,jd; gpd;dh; tprhuiznahd;iw elj;jp ,U

jug;ghhpdJk; tpsf;fj;ij rig Nfl;lwpAk;.

vii. ,U jug;ghUk; ,zf;fkhd jPh;T xd;wpw;Fr;

rk;kjpf;Fkplj;J ,zf;f rig ,zf;fg;ghl;il

vOj;jpy; Mtzkhf tiue;J jug;gpdhpd;

ifnahg;gq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;.

Ez;epjp epWtdq;fSf;F fld; ,zf;fr;

rl;lj;jpd; nry;YgbahFk;jd;ik

Ez;epjp epWtdq;fspd; tplaj;jpy; fld; ,zf;fr;

rl;lj;jpd; nraw;ghL vt;tifahdJ vd;W

Nehf;Fkplj;J gpiz cWjp %yk; fhg;gplg;gl;l

fld;fs; njhlh;ghfNt ,zf;frig tprhuiz

elj;jyhk; vd;gJ njhpfpwJ. ,Ue;j NghJk;>


tprhuiz eilngWk; NghJ gpiz cWjp ,y;yhj

fld;fisAk; ,zf;fk; nra;ayhk;. MfNt> fld;

,zf;fr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,zf;fg;ghl;il Nfhhp

tpz;zg;gpf;Fk; Ez;epjp epWtdk; gpiz cWjp

Aila fld;fis toq;fpa fld;nfhLj;Njhh; vd;w

tiutpyf;fzj;jpw;Fs; tUjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,d;ndhU

Kf;fpakhd tplaKk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl

Ntz;Lk;. mJ ahnjdpy; Ez;epjp epWtdk; xU

fld; nfhLf;Fk; epWtdk; (a lending Institution) vd;W fld; mwtPL (tpNrl Vw;ghLfs;) rl;lk;

tiuaWf;Fk; tifapy; mlq;Fk; epWtdkhf

,Ug;gpd; fld; ,zf;fr; rl;lj;jpd;gbahd ,zf;fj;

jPh;Tf;F tpz;zg;gpj;jy; KbahJ.

cs;ehl;L ,iwtupr; rl;lk;

gpupT 10 njhlh;ghf nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s vkJ gjpiy

jaT nra;J ghh;f;fTk;.

ngWkjp $l;ba tupr; rl;lk;

gpupT 10 njhlh;ghf nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s vkJ

gjpiyj; jaT nra;J ghh;f;fTk;.

<l;Lr; rl;lk;

gpupT 14 njhlh;ghf nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s vkJ

gjpiyj; jaT nra;J ghh;f;fTk;.

rKh;j;jp mjpfhu rigr; rl;lk;

1995Mk; Mz;bd; 30Mk; ,yf;fr; rKh;j;jp mjpfhu

rigr; rl;lk; (1997Mk; Mz;bd; 02Mk; ,yf;fr;

rl;lj;jhy; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ) murpd; Clhf kf;fs;

r%f eyd; Nritia toq;Ftij Nehf;fkhff;

nfhz;lJ. ,e;jr; rl;lk; rKh;j;jp mjpfhurig

vd;w mikg;ig cUthf;fpaJ (,J njhlh;r;rpahd

,Ug;igAk; tof;Fj; njhlh;tjw;Fk; gpwuhy;

tof;Fj; njhLf;fg;gLtjw;Fk; jFjpAilajhd

rl;l egh; vd;w fzpg;Gf;Fhpa $l;bizf;fg;gl;l

mikg;G). ,isNahh;> ngz;fs;> gpw;gl;l FOf;fs;

MfpNahhpd; nghUshjhu r%f epiyikfis

Nkk;ghL milar; nra;tjw;fhd rKh;j;jp Njrpa

jpl;lq;fis (rKh;j;jpj; jpl;lk;) nraw;gLj;JtJ

,e;j mikg;gpd; Nehf;f khFk;. ,e;Nehf;fk;

gpd;tUk; topfspd; %yk; va;jg;gLk;.

(m) mth;fspd; tUkhdj;ij cah;j;jTk;>

Ntiytha;g;ig Nkk;gLj;jTk;> tphpthf;fTk;

Ntz;batw;iwr; nra;jy;@

(M) nghUshjhu r%f mgptpUj;jp eltbf;if

fspy; mth;fis xd;wpizj;jy;@

(,) FLk;g kl;lj;jpyhd nghUshjhu eltbf;if

fis fpuhkk;> gphpT> khtl;lk;> khfhzk; vd;w

kl;lq;fspd; eltbf;iffSld; ,izj;jy;@

(<) tho;f;ifapd; cah;r;rpf;fhd fUj;jpl;lq;fspd;

jpl;lkpLjy;> Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gtw;wpy;

mth;fspd; gq;Nfw;ig Vw;gLj;Jjy;@

(c) mth;fspilNa $l;Lwit tsh;j;jy;>

Nrkpg;Gfis Cf;Ftpj;jy;> fld;fisg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F cjTjy;@

(C) murhq;fj; jpizf;fsq;fspd; cs;sPLfisAk;>

NritfisAk; toq;Ftjw;F cjTjy;.

mj;NjhL nghJf; $l;Lj;jhgdq;fs;>

cs;quhl;rp rigfs;> jdpahh; epWtdq;fs;>

muR rhh;gw;w epWtdq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd;

gadhspfs; vd;w tifapy; cjTjy;@

(v) tWikj; jzpg;Gf;fhf murhq;fj;jpdhy;

cUthf;fp newpg;gLj;jg;gLk; Vida

jpl;lq;fSf;F cjTjy;.

rKh;j;jp mjpfhurigr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,r;rig

NtW gy mjpfhuq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. fpuhk

kl;lj;jpy; rKh;j;jpf; FOf;fisAk;> fpuhkq;fspd;

$l;lhd nfhj;jzpf; fpuhkq;fs; kl;lj;jpy; rKh;j;jp

kj;jpa epiyaq;fisAk;> rKh;j;jp ‘gyf;fah];’ vdg;gLk; ,isQh; rf;jp FOf;fisAk; epWtp

mjpfhuj;ij gutyhf;fp eltbf;iffis ,af;Fk;

mjpfhuk; rigf;F cs;sJ. rKh;j;jp nray;

jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; Nrkpg;G fld; jpl;lq;fis cUthf;fpg;

gadhspfSf;F ed;ikfisf; fpilf;fr; nra;Ak;

mjpfhuKk; rigf;F cs;sJ. rKh;j;jp kj;jpa

epiyaq;fSk;> rKh;j;jp ‘gyf;fahf;fSk;’ fld;> tq;fpr; Nritfis fpuhk kl;lj;jpy; toq;fyhk;.

tq;fpfs; Vida fld; toq;Fk; epWtdq;fs;

vd;gtw;NwhL ,ize;J itg;Gf;fisj; jpul;Ljy;>

fld; toq;Fjy; vd;gdtw;wpw;F cjtyhk;. fpuhk

Nrit cj;jpNahfj;jh; kl;lj;jpy; cl;fl;likg;G

Ntiyfis eilKiwg;gLj;jp jkJ fpuhkq;fspd;

mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; cjtyhk;.

rKh;j;jp mjpfhurigapd; eltbf;iffSf;F epjp

toq;Ftjw;fhd rKh;;j;jp mjpfhurigr; rl;lj;jpd;gb

epjpak; xd;W jhgpf;fg;gLk;. ghuhSkd;wj;jhy;

xJf;fg;gLk; epjp> md;gspg;Gf;fs; ed;nfhilfs;

vd;w tifapy; fpilf;Fk; gzk; tUkhdq;fs;

vd;gd ,e;j epjpaj;jpy; itg;Gr; nra;ag;gLk;

,e;j epjpaj;jpid eph;tfpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; rKh;j;jp

mjpfhurigaplk; ,Uf;Fk;.

Ez;epjp epWtdq;fSf;U rKh;j;jp mepfhu

migr;rl;lj;jpd; nry;YgbahFk; jd;ik

rKh;j;jp mjpfhu rigr; rl;lk; Ez;fld;

epWtdq;fSf;F Neubahd nraw;ghL cilajd;W.

Mdhy;> ,uz;bdJk; Nehf;fq;fs; xd;Wgl;ldtha;


cs;sgbahy; Ez;fld; epWtdq;fSk;> rKh;j;jp

mjpfhurigAk;> rKh;j;jp kj;jpa epiyaq;fSk;

xd;wpizj;J jj;jk; nraw;jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;

gLj;jyhk;. ,J xl;Lnkhj;jkhd ed;ikiaj;

jUtjhf ,Uf;Fk;.

$l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; rl;lk;

,t;twpf;ifapy; Kd;dh; Fwpg;gpl;bUg;gJ Nghd;W

$l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; vd;Dk; tplak; 13MtJ

jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gbahd khfhz rigfs;

ml;ltiz xUq;fpiz ml;ltiz (ml;ltiz

III) vd;gtw;wpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;

nghUs; ahnjdpy; xd;gJ khfhz rigfSk;

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspy; rl;lq;fis ,aw;wyhk;

vd;gjhFk;.

1. khfhzj;jpd; vy;iyf;Fs; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;

fisAk;> $l;LwT epWtdq;fisAk;

xOq;fikj;jy;> gjpT nra;jy;> Nkw;ghh;it

nra;jy;> fzf;fha;T nra;jy;@

2. $l;LwTf; fy;tp> gpur;rhuk; Mfpatw;wpd;

%yk; khfhzj;jpy; $l;LwT mgptpUj;jpf;F

cjTjy;@

3. khfhzf; $l;LwT Ntiyahsh;

Mizf;FO@

4. khfhzj;jpd; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fspd;

Ntiyahsh;fspd; Ntiy toq;fy;>

gjtp cah;T> Xa;T vd;gd njhlh;ghd

tplaq;fs;.

Nky; khfhzk;> kj;jpa khfhzk;> rg;ufKt

khfhzk; Mfpa khfhz rigfs; $l;LwT gw;wpa

rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpAs;sjhf mwpfpNwhk;.

xUq;fpiz ml;ltizapy; cs;s tplak; Fwpj;J

xU khfhzj;jpdhy; khfhzr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;

gLkplj;J khfhzr; rl;lk; nraw;ghL cilajhf

tpUf;Fk;. khfhzr; rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfs; VNjDk;

ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;NjhL Kuz;ghL

cilajhf ,Uf;Fkplj;J> ghuhSkd;wr; rl;lk

khfhzj;jpy; nraw;ghL cilajhf khl;lhJ.

ghuhSkd;wk; ,jw;nfjpuhd jPh;khdk; vjidAk;

nra;ahjtplj;J> khfhzr; rl;lNk njhlh;e;J

tYTilajhfTk;> nraw;ghL cilajhfTk;

,Uf;Fk;.

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rl;lk;

1972Mk; Mz;bd; 5Mk; ,yf;ff; $l;LwTr; rl;lk;

(1972Mk; Mz;bd; 5Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk;> 1974Mk;

Mz;bd; 37Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk;> 1980Mk; Mz;bd;



rl;lk; Mfpatw;why; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ) $l;LwTr;

rq;fq;fis xd;wpizj;jy;> $l;LwTr; rq;f

rl;lj;jpid jpUj;Jjy; Mfpa Nehf;fq;fSld;

,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lkhFk;.

mq;fj;jth;fspd; nghUshjhu> r%f fy;tp> gz;ghL>

Nrkeyd; Mfpa tplaq;fsp;d; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd

Nritfisr; nra;tjw;fhf $l;LwTf; nfhs;if

fSf;F mikthf ,aq;Fk; Nehf;fKila $l;LwTr;

rq;fq;fisg; gjpT nra;tjw;F $l;LwTr; rl;lk;

Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jid tpl gjpT

nra;ag;gl;l $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fis cWg;gpduhff;

nfhz;l kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l nghWg;igAila

(rq;fq;fspd;) rq;fj;ijAk; gjpT nra;ayhk;.

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cila rq;fq;fshFk;.

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,Utifapdh;f;Fk; chpaJ)

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gjpT Nfhhp tpz;zg;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,th;fs;

18 taJf;F Nkw;gl;NlhuhAk;> rq;fj;jpd;

vy;iyg; gug;gpy; tjpjy;> my;yJ njhopy;

Ghpjy; my;yJ mirtw;w Mjdj;ij

clik nfhz;bUj;jy; Mfpa jfikfis

cilNahuhfTk; tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;.

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Mff;Fiwe;jJ %d;W mq;fj;jtu;fisf;

nfhz;L ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

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mjidg; ghh;f;f)

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,iz mq;fj;jth; gq;FKjiy nfhs;tdT

nra;tjw;Nfh> rq;fj;jpd; ,yhgj;jpYk;> nrhj;Jf;

fspYk; chpik NfhuNth my;yJ thf;fspf;fNth

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nrhj;Jf;fspYk; KjyPL nra;ayhk;.

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tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpa cg tpjpfisf;

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(iii) rq;fk; jhgpf;fg;gl;ljd; Nehf;fq;fs;

(iv) rq;fj;jpd; epjpfs; vd;d tif Nehf;fq;

fspw;fhfr; nryT nra;ag;glyhk;

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mq;fj;jth; mDkjp> mDkjpf;Fk; Kiw

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nghWg;Gf;fs;> mtw;wpd; jd;ik

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mth;fSf;F mr;rkak; nfhLf;f Ntz;ba

VNjDk; nfhLg;gdTfs;

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my;yJ eyd;fis khw;Wjy;

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nfhLf;ff;$ba Mf cah;e;j tl;b tPjk;

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elj;Jk; Kiw> nghJf; $l;lj;jpw;F chpa

mjpfhuq;fs;

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ePf;Fjy;. eph;thf rigapdJk;> gjtpapduJk;

mjpfhuq;fSk;> flikfSk;

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xg;gkpLtjw;F mjpfhukspj;jy;. mq;fj;jth;

fSf;F fld;fis toq;Ftjw;fhf epjpfis

cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fKila rq;fk; xd;W

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; gw;wpAk; cg tpjpfis

Mf;fpf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

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(xiv) mq;fj;jth;fSf;F fld;fis toq;Fjy;

njhlh;ghd epge;jidfs;

(m) tl;btPjk;

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cr;r msTf; fld;

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GJg;gpj;jy;

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toq;fyhk;


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(xv) gq;Ffs;> fld;fs;> jtiz jg;Gk; nghOJ

vLf;f Ntz;ba eltbf;iffs;

(xvi) ,yhgj;ijg; gq;fpLjy;

gjpT nra;ag;gl;l $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; jhk; xU

epjpahz;by; <l;ba ,yhgj;jpd; 25%f;Ff; Fiwahj njhifapid xJf;F epjpak; xd;wpy; itj;jpUj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. $l;LwT epjpak; vd;w epjpaj;jpw;Fk;

tpjpfspy; Fwpg;gpl;l njhifapidr; nrYj;Jjy;

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gq;fpyhgk; nfhLf;fyhk;> gzpahsh;fSf;F rpwg;G

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xJf;fKk;; nra;ayhk;.

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3Mk; ,yf;f epajpr; rl;lk;

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rq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; tbtikg;gpy; cs;sJ.

mjd; thrfq;fSk; Vwf;Fiwa xNu tpjkhfNt

cs;sd. Mjyhy; ehk; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; rl;lk;

gw;wp NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lit Nky; khfhz epajpr;

rl;lj;jpw;Fk; nghUe;Jtd. kj;jpa> rg;ufKf

khfhzr; rl;lq;fSf;Fk; nghUe;Jtd.

khfhzq;fspd; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fspd; gjpT>

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rq;fg; gjpthsh;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd

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fisAk; cs;slf;Ftjhff; fUjf;$lhJ.

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Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.

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nra;tjw;F Mff;Fiwe;jJ ,UgJ

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njhopy; Ghpgth;fshfTk; my;yJ mirahj

nrhj;jpid cilath;fshfTk; ,Uf;f

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tplak; khfhzj;jpy; $l;LwTf;Fg; nghWg;ghf

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$wg;gLk;.

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nra;a KbahJ vd;W rg;ufKt khfhzj;jpd;

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nry;YgbahFk; jd;ik

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vd;w me;j];JlDk; ,aq;Fjy;.

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my;yJ kl;Lg;glhj nghWg;GilajhfNth

rq;fj;ijg; gjpT nra;J nfhs;Sjy;.

(iii) njhlh;r;rpAila topAhpik.

(iv) nrhj ;Jf ;fisr ; rq ;fj ;j pd ; ngah py ;

itj;jpUj;jy;.

(v) xg;ge;jq;fisr; nra;J nfhs;Sk; jFjp.

(vi) tof;Fj; njhLj;jy;> gpwh; rq;fj;jpd; kPJ

tof;Fj; njhLf;ff;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.

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jhf fUkq;fis Mw;Wjy;.

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tpyf;fpidAk; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; ngw;Wf;

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itg;Gf;fis fopj;Jf;nfhz;L vjph;tuT (set off) itf;fyhk; vd;Wk; rl;lk; $WfpwJ.


rq;fq;fs; rl;lk;

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rl;lk;> 1932Mk; Mz;bd; 14Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk;>

1949Mk; Mz;bd; 55Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk;> 1981Mk;


11Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk; vd;gtw;why; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ)

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fspw;fhfTk; rq;fq;fisg; gjpT nra;tjw;F Vw;ghL

nra;Js;sJ.

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rq;fq;fisg; gjpT nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

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Mfpatw;why; f\;lg;gLk;NghJ gzcjtp

nra;jy; tpjitfs;> mehijfshd

gps;isfSf;F cjTjy; Mfpa Njit

fSf;fhf rq;fj;ij mikj;jy;

(M) ‘tpNrlkhd cj;juTg;gb mikf;fg;gl;l rq;fk;’ vd;w tifapy; mikr;rhpd; mq;fPfhpfhuj;jpd;

gb mtuJ th;j;jkhdp mwptpj;jYf;F mika

rq;fj;ij mikj;jy;

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,aq;Fjy;. xU ngaiuf; nfhz;bUj;jy;

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kPJ tof;Fj; njhLf;f Kbjy;

iii) njhlh;r;rpahd top chpik

iv) nghJthd Kj;jpiu

v) tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G

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vd VNjDk; nrhj;Jf;fs; ,Ug;gpd; mit

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itj;jpUj;jy;> Fj;jiff;F nfhLj;jy;>

tpw;wy;> khw;Wjy;> <Litj;jy;> fhzpapy;

fl;blq; fisf; fl;Ljy; Mfpad.

(ii) mirAk;> mirahr; nrhj;Jf;fisg;

gpizahfg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L> mq;fj;jth;

fSf;F fld;fis toq;Fjy;.

(iii) rl;lg+h;tkhf ve;j Nehf;fj;jpw;Fk; rq;fj;jpd; ,yhgj;ijf; nrytpLjy.;

(iv) rq;fj;jpd; tpjpfspw;F mikthf

rq;fepjpfis KjyPL nra;jy;> jw;Nghija

Njitf;F Nkyjpfkhf cs;s epjpfis

,d;ndhU gjpT nra;ag;gl;l rq;fj;jpy;

my;yJ fk;gdpapy; my;yJ nghJ epjpfspy;>

murhq;f cz;bay;fs;> Mtzq;fspy;

KjypLjy;.

Ez;epjp epWtdq;fSf;F rq;fq;fs;

rl;lj;jpd; nry;YgbahFk; jd;ik

rq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfSf;F mikTilajhf

xU rq;fj;ijg; gjpT nra;tjd; %yk; Ez;epjp

epWtdkhfr; nraw;gl KbAk;. ,r;rl;lj;jpd; fPo;

mikr;rhpd; tpNrl cj;juT %yk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l

rq;fkhfg; gjpT nra;jhYk; Ez;epjp toq;fiy

jdJ Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L rq;fk; nraw;glyhk;.

rq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT nra;J nfhs;Sk;

NghJ rq;fj;jpw;F rl;l me;j];J fpilf;fpd;wJ.

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l cj;juthjKila $l;bizf;fg;

gl;l xU epWtdkhf mJ ,aq;fyhk;. njhlh;r;rpahd

topAhpikiaAk;> nrhj;Jf;fis itj;jpUf;fTk;>

xg;ge;jq;fis nra;aTk;> tof;Ffisj; njhLf;fTk;

jFjpAilajhf ,Uf;Fk;. Vida gad;fs; rpyTk;

cs;sd. fld;nfhLj;jy; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; gphpT

2,y; ,Ue;J rq;fj;jpw;F tpyf;F cs;sJ. jdJ

mq;fj;jth;fsplkpUe;J itg;Gf;fisg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;syhk;. ehzar; rigaplkpUe;J ,jw;fhd

mDkjpiaAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;. ,J gw;wp

gpupT 6f;fhd vkJ gjpypy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sijf;

fhz;f.


jd;dhh;tr; r%fNrit epWtdq;fs; (gjpTk;>

Nkw;ghh;itAk;) rl;lk;

‘The Voluntary Social Service Organisation’ rl;lk;

vd;w Mq;fpyg; ngah; VSSO rl;lk; vd;w RUf;f vOj;Jf;fshy; ,q;Nf Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. VSSO rl;lk; 1980Mk; Mz;bd; 31Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lkhFk;

(1988Mk; Mz;bd; 8Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lj;jhy;

jpUj;jg;gl;lJ). ,r;rl;lk; jd;dhh;tr; r%f

Nrit epWtdq;fis murhq;fj;jpy; gjpT nra;J

nfhs;tjw;F ,lkspf;fpwJ. ,it gjptpd; %yk;

murhq;fj;jpd; ghpNrhjidf;Fk;> Nkw;ghh;itf;Fk;

cl;gLk;. ,tw;wpd; eltbf;iffis murhq;fk;

xUq;fpizg;Gr; nra;aTk;> chpa Kiwapy; jhgpf;fg;

gl;l epWtdk; vd;w fzpg;ig murhq;fk; toq;fTk;

KbAk;. mq;fj;jth;fSf;Fk;> nghJkf;fSf;Fk;>

murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; epjp Kfhikj;Jtk; nfhs;if

vd;gtw;wpy; ,e;epWtdq;fs; nghWg;G $wf;

$baitahf ,Uf;Fk;. ,j;jifa epWtdq;fspy;

cs;sth;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Nkhrbfisj;

jL;j;J ,tw;iw xOq;fikg;gJk;> rl;lhPjpapy;

mq;fPfhuk; ngwhky; ,Uf;Fk; jd;dhh;t r%f Nrit

mikg;Gf;fis gjpT nra;J xOq;fikg;gJk;

,r;rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

egh;fs; xU FOthf ,ize;J VSSO rl;lj;jpy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l jd;dhh;t r%f Nrit epWtdk;

xd;iw cUthf;fpf; nfhs;syhk;. mj;jifa

jd;dhh;t epWtdk;:

(i) muR rhh;gw;w mikg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;@

(ii) nghJkf;fspd; nfhilfs;> jUkepjpfs;>

ed;nfhilfs;> murhq;f ed;nfhilfs;

cs;ehl;bNyh ntspehl;by; ,Ue;Njh ngWk;

cjtp ed;nfhilfs; vd;gdtw;wpd; %yk;

jd; nraw;ghLfis ,af;Ftjhf ,Uf;Fk;@

(iii) kdNehapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhh;> cly; tYf;

Fiwe;Njhh;> mq;ftPdh;fs; MfpNahuJ eyd;

fspw;fhd Nritfs;> cjtpfs; toq;jy;

twpNahUf;F cjTjy;> Nehahspfs;>

mehijfs; MfpNahUf;F cjTjy;>

Nghplh;fshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;NlhUf;F cjTjy;

Mfpatw;iw Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

kf;fspd; eydpw;fhd nghJ tpLjpia (community hostel) elj;Jjy; cl;gl;l Nehf;fq;

fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy; KbAk;.

,j;jifa mikg;Gf;fs; VSSO rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT nra;ag;glyhk;. gjpT nra;ag;gl;l jd;dhh;t Nrit

epWtdq;fs; ,r;rl;lj;jpd; epge;jidfSf;Ff;

fl;Lg;gl;L xOFtJld;> rl;lj;jpd; gbahd

Nkw;ghh;itf;Fk;> fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fk; cl;gl;ldtha;

,Uf;Fk;.

tpdh 7>8 vd;gdtw;wpw;fhd gjpypy; VSSO rl;lk; gw;wp NkYk; tphpthff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;Nshk;.

Ez;epjp epWtdq;fspw;F VSSO rl;lj;jpd;

nry;YgbahFk;jd;ik

VSSO rl;lj;jpd; gb jd;dhh;tr; r%f Nrit

epWtdk; vd;w tiutpyf;fzj;jpy; mikAk;

Ez;epjp epWtdk; xd;W VSSO rl;lj;jpw;F

cl;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLk;. mt;thwhapd; Ez;epjp

epWtdkhdJ VSSO rl;lg;gb jd;dhh;t r%f Nrit

epWtdq;fspd; gjpthsuhy; gjpT nra;ag;gLjy;

Ntz;Lk;.

SEC rl;lk;

gpiz cWjpfs;> ghpth;j;jid Mizf;FOr; rl;lk;

1987Mk; Mz;bd; 36Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk; (1991Mk;


18Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk; vd;gtw;why; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ) “Securities and Exchange Commission of SriLanka Act” vd;Dk; Mq;fpyg; ngaiu SEC rl;lk; vd;Dk;

RUf;fg; ngauhy; miog;gh;. ,r;rl;lk; gpiz

cWjpfs; re;ijia xOq;FgLj;Jk; Nehf;fj;ijf;

nfhz;l ,yq;ifg; gpiz cWjpfs;> ghpth;j;jid

Mizf; FOit mikg;gij Nehf;fkhff;

nfhz;L ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lkhFk;. gq;Fr; re;ij

th;j;jf fk;gdpfs; A+dpw; l;u];l;Lfs;> gq;Fr;

re;ij th;j;jfk; nra;Nthh; MfpNahUf;F chpikg;

gj;jpuq;fis toq;FjYk;> re;ij ,ilj;juF

Ntiyapy; <LgLNthiug; gjpT nra;jYk; ,e;j

Mizf;FOtpd; flikfspy; rpythFk;.

SEC rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Mf;fg;gl;l tpjpfs; (2001) gq;Fr;

re;ijapd; ml;ltizg;gLj;jg;gl;l fk;gdpfs;

gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba xOq;Ftpjpfs;> eilKiwfs;

gw;wpf; $Wfpd;wJ. ml;ltizg;gLj;jg;gl;l fk;gdp

xd;iwg; nghWg;Ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;> xd;wpizj;jy; (merger) gw;wpAk; tpjpfs; vLj;Jf; $Wfpd;wd.

SEC rl;lk; Ez;epjp epWtdq;fspw;F

nry;Ygbahjy ;

,yq;ifapy; ml;ltizg;gLj;jpa nghJf; fk;gdp (Listed Company) vd;w tiff;Fs; mlq;Fk; Ez;epjp

epWtdq;fspw;F SEC rl;lk; nry;YgbahFk;.

ehzar; rl;lk;

1949Mk; Mz;bd; 58Mk; ,yf;f ehzar;

rl;lk; (2006 tiu 17 jpUj;jr; rl;lq;fs; %yk;

jpUj;jg;gl;lJ) ,yq;ifapy; xU ehzaKiwia

Vw;gLj;Jjy;> ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpiaj;

jhgpj;jy; vd;Dk; Nehf;fq;fisf; nfhz;L

,aw;wg;gl;lJ. ,yq;ifapd; ehzaKiwapd;


eph;thfk; xOq;fikg;G Mfpatw;wpw;F mtrpakhd

mjpfhuq;fspid kj;jpa tq;fpapd; ehzar;

rigf;F ,r;rl;lk; toq;fpAs;sJ. ,yq;if kj;jpa

tq;fp ,yq;ifapd; epjp epWtdq;fspd; cr;r kl;l

mikg;ghFk;. ,jid Ie;J Ngh; nfhz;l ehzar;

rig eph;tfpf;fpd;wJ kj;jpa tq;fpapd; MSeiu

epjpaikr;rhpd; rpghh;Rg; gb [dhjpgjp epakdk;

nra;thh;.

kj;jpa tq;fp epjp tplaq;fspYk;> nfhs;if

tFj;jypYk; tphpe;j mjpfhuq;fisAk;> flik

fisAk; cilaJ. ,yq;if epjpapay;> tq;fp

Kiwikiaf; xOq;fikj;jYk; eph;tfpj;jYk;>

,yq;ifapy; nghUshjhu cWjpepiyiaAk;> tpiy

kl;lj;jpYk; epjp tplaq;fspYk; cWjpepiyiaAk;

NgZjy;> ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpd; tq;fpahfr;

nraw;gLjy; vd;gd mjd; gzpfshFk;. ,yq;ifapd;

nghJg;gL flid (Public Debt) eph;tfpj;jy;> me;epar;

nryhtzpr; rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfisr; nraw;gLj;jy;>

gpuhe;jpa mgptpUj;jpf;fhf ntspehl;by; ,Ue;Jk;>

murhq;fj;jpy; ,Ue;Jk; fpilf;Fk; epjpfis

eph;tfpj;jy; vd;gdTk; kj;jpa tq;fpapd;

gzpfshFk;.

kj;jpa tq;fpapd; ntt;NtW jpizf;fsq;fs;

(jw;NghJ 26 jpizf;fsq;fs; cs;sd) ,g;gzpfis

Mw;Wfpd;wd. mtw;Ws; rpy tUkhW:

(i) tq;fp Nkw;ghh;itj; jpizf;fsk; - ,J cj;juT

ngw;w tq;fpfspd; Nkw;ghh;itf;Fk;>

eph;tfpj;jYf;Fk; nghWg;ghdJ.

(ii) tq;fpfsy;yhj epjp epWtdq;fspd;

Nkw;ghh;itj; jpizf;fsk; - gjpT nra;ag;gl;l

epjpf; fk;gdpfs;> gjpT nra;ag;gl;l epjp

Fj;jiff; fk;gdpfs; Mfpa tq;fpfsy;yhj

epjp epWtdq;fis Nkw;ghh;it nra;jy;>

mtw;wpd; eltbf;iffis xOq;FgLj;jy;

Mfpad ,j;jpizf;fsj;jpd; gzpahFk;.

(iii) me;epar; nryhtzpf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj;

jpizf;fsk;:

,j;jpizf;fsk; me;epar; nryhtzpr;

rl;lj;jpd;gb me;epar; nryhtzpapid

Kfhik nra;Ak; gzpapidr; nra;fpwJ.

(iv) fpuhk mgptpUj;jpj; jpizf;fsk; - me;epa

ehLfspdJk;> murhq;fj;jpdJk; cjtpNahL

fpuhkpaf; fld; jpl;lq;fspd; %yk; gpuNjr

mgptpUj;jpapid Vw;gLj;jy; ,j; jpizf;

fsj;jpd; flikahFk;.

(v) cs;ehl;L eltbf;iffs; jpizf;fsk;;

gzf;nfhs;if njhlh;ghd eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; ,jd; nghWg;ghFk; gfpuq;fr;

re;ij eltbf;iffs;> th;j;jf tq;fpfspd;

xJf;FtPj epge;jidfis tpjpj;jy; vd;w

,U topfspy; ,J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,jid

tpl murhq;fk;> tzpf tq;fpfs;> Kjy;epiy

epjp mikg;Gf;fs; vd;gd ,j;jpizf;fsj;jpy;

eilKiwf; fzf;Ffisg; NgZjy;

KbAk;.

(vi) epjpGyd; tprhuiz myF - 2006Mk; Mz;bd;

5Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lkhd gzkhw;wy;fs;

rl;lk;> 2006Mk; Mz;bd; 6Mk; ,yf;f epjpf;

nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; mwpf;ifaply; rl;lk;

Mfpatw;wpd;gb gzkhw;wy;fs; njhlh;ghd

Fw;wq;fisj; jLj;jy;> Fw;wr;nray;fis

tprhuiz %yk; fz;Lgpbj;jy; vd;gdTk;>

gaq;futhjk; rl;lg+h;tkw;w eltbf;iffs;

vd;gdtw;wpw;F epjp cjTjiyj; jLj;jYk;

,jd; gzpfshFk;.

Ez;epjp epWtdq;fspw;F ehzar; rl;lj;jpd; nry;YgbahFk; jd;ik

tq;fpj; njhopy; cj;juTg;gj;jpuq;fisg; ngw;Wr;

nraw;gLk; Ez;epjp epWtdq;fs; kj;jpa

tq;fpapd; tq;fp Nkw;ghh;itj; jpizf;fsj;jpd;

fl;Lg;ghl;bd;gb nraw;gLk;. tq;fpfsy;yhj epjp

epWtdq;fs; vd;w tiff;Fs; mlq;Fk; Ez;epjp

epWtdq;fs; mt;tplj;jpw;Fg; nghWg;ghd kj;jpa

tq;fpj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo;

nraw;gLk;. jq;fk;> me;epar; nryhtzp> ,yq;ifapy;

tjpahjth;fspd; nfhLg;gdTfs;> ntspehLfspy;

tq;fpf; fzf;Ffis jpwj;jy;> KjyPL nra;jy;

Mfpad rk;ge;jg;gl;l eltbf;iffs; njhlh;ghf

Ez;epjp epWtdq;fs; me;epar; nryhtzpj;

jpizf;fsj;jpd; fl;Lg; ghl;Lf;Fs; nraw;gLk;.

,Nj Nghd;W epjpg; Gydha;T myF gzkhw;wy;fs;

rl;lk; (2006Mk; Mz;L 5Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk;)>

epjpf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; mwpf;ifaply; rl;lk;

(2006Mk; Mz;bd; 6Mk; ,y. rl;lk;) vd;gdtw;wpd;

Vw;ghLfSf;F mikthf Ez;epjp epWtdq;fs;

nraw;gLjiyf; fz;fhzpf;Fk;.

fhg;GWjp njhopy; xOq;FgLj;jy; rl;lk;

2000Mk; Mz;bd; 43Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lkhfpa

fhg;GWjpj; njhopy; xOq;FgLj;Jjy; rl;lk;

(2007Mk; Mz;bd; 27Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lj;jhy;

jpUj;jg;gl;lJ) ,yq;ifr; fhg;GWjpr; rigapid

epWtpaJ. ,f;fhg;GWjpr; rig fhg;GWjpj;

njhopypd; mgptpUj;jp> Nkw;ghh;it> xOq;FgLj;jy;

Mfpatw;wpw;Fg; nghWg;ghf cs;sJ.

mj;NjhL ,yq;ifapy; fhg;GWjp th;j;jfj;jpy;

<Lgl;Ls;sth;fis; gjpT nra;jy;> Nkw;ghh;it

nra;jy; vd;gdTk; ,r;rigapd; gzpfshFk;.


fhg;GWjpj; njhopy; xOq;FgLj;jy; rl;lk; vy;yh

tiff; fhg;GWjp tzpf eltbf;iffisAk; gjpT

nra;tjw;F Vw;ghL nra;Js;sJ. MAs; fhg;GWjp>

,ize;j ePz;l fhyf; fhg;GWjp Mz;Lg; gzk;>

gd;Kf ,og;gPl;L fhg;GWjp> tpgj;J ,og;gPLfs;>

Neha;tha;g;gLk; NghJ fpilf;Fk; eyd;fs;>

Rfhjhuf; fhg;GWjp> KjyPl;L ,og;gPl;L xg;ge;jk;>

Xa;t+jpak;> nghJf; fhg;GWjp vd;w vy;yh tiff;

fhg;GWjp th;j;jf eltbf;iffspy; <LgLNthh;

fhg;GWjp cj;juTg;gj;jpuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;

Ntz;Lk;. me;j cj;juTg;gj;jpuj;jpy; mth;

vd;d tif my;yJ tFg;igr; rhh;e;j fhg;GWjp

th;j;jfj;ijr; nra;a mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh; vd;w

tpguk; gjpT nra;ag; gLk;.

fhg;GWjp njhopy; xOq;FgLj;jy; rl;lj;jpd;gb

cj;juTngw;w fhg;GWjpahsh; jhk; ve;j tiff;

fhg;GWjpf;F cj;juTg;gj;jpuk; ngw;whNuh mJ

jtph;e;j gpw fhg;GWjp eltbf;iffis nra;jy;

MfhJ. mt;thNw cj;juT toq;fg;gl;l

fhg;GWjpAld; njhlh;Ggl;l my;yJ ,ize;j epjpr;

Nritfspy; <LgLtjw;F fhg;GWjpr; rigapd; Kd;

mDkjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

fhg;GWjp th;j;jfj;jpy; <LgLtjw;F xUtUf;Fg;

gpd;tUk; jfikfs; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W

fhg;GWjpj; njhopy; xOq;FgLj;jy; rl;lk;

$WfpwJ:

(i) 2007Mk; Mz;bd; 7Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lg;gb

,yq;ifapy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l nghJf;

fk;gdpahf ,Uj;jy;.

(ii) tpjpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l gq;F %yjdj;jpw;F

Fiwahj njhifg; gq;fpidr; nrYj;jp

apUj;jy;.

(iii) fhg;GWjpr; rigapdhy;> fhg;GWjp tpjpfSf;F

mika tpjpf;fg;gLk; njhifg; gzj;jpid

jpiwNrhpapy; itg;Gr; nra;jpUj;jy;.

(iv) chpa fl;lzj;ijr; nrYj;Jjy;.

(v) rigapdhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; NtW VNjDk;

epge;jidfisg; g+h;j;jp nra;jy;.

xt;nthU fhg;GWjpahsUk; rigf;F tUlhe;jf;

fl;lzk; xd;iwr; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

,r;rl;lk; gjpT gw;wpa eilKiwia vLj;Jf;

$WtNjhL> fhg;GWjpahsh;fSf;Fg; nghJthd

tpjpKiwfs; gytw;iw vLj;Jf;$WfpwJ.

ePz;l fhyf; fhg;GWjp> fzf;F itg;G Kiw>

ghpNrhjidAk; tprhuizAk;> gpurhuk;> njhopiy

KbTWj;jy;> jufh;fSk;> fhg;GWjp Kfth;fSk;>

Fw;wq;fs; vd;gd ,r;rl;lj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s

Vida tplaq;fshFk;.

fhg;GWjpj; njhopy; xOq;FgLj;jy; rl;lj;jpy;

$wg;gl;l tpjpKiwfis xt;nthU fhg;GWjpahsUk;

gpd;gw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.

Ez;epjp epWtdq;fSf;F fhg;GWjp njhopy; xOq;FgLj;jy; rl;lj;jpd; nry;YgbahFk;

jd;ik

fhg;GWjp tpahghuj;jpy; <Lgl tpUk;Gk; Ez;epjp

epWtdk; ,yq;iff; fhg;GWjpr; rigaplkpUe;J

gjpTr; rhd;wpjiog; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

gjpTr; rhd;wpjiog; ngw tpUk;Gk; xU Ez;epjp

epWtdk; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l vy;yh msTNfhy;fisAk;>

epge;jidfisAk; fl;lhakhfg; g+h;j;jp nra;J

nfhs;Sjy; mtrpak;. gjpTr; rhd;wpjo; ngwg;gl;l

gpd;dh; Ez;epjp epWtdk; fhg;GWjpj; njhopy;

xOq;FgLj;jy; rl;lj;jpd; tpjpfSf;Fk;> fhg;GWjpr;

rigapd; mwpTWj;jy;fSf;Fk;; fl;Lg;gl;L elj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

,yq;if fld; jfty; gzpafk; rl;lk;

CRIB rl;lk; vd;w RUf;fg; ngauhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; 1990Mk; Mz;bd; 18Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk; (1995Mk;

Mz;bd; 8Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lj;jpdhy; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ)

fld; toq;Fk; epWtdq;fspy; ,Ue;J fld;fisg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;SNthh; gw;wpa jfty;fisj;

jpul;Ltjw;fhd mikg;G xd;iwj; jhgpf;Fk; Nehf;fk;

cilaJ. (Credit Information Bureau of Sri Lanka Act - RUf;fg;ngah; CRIB Act) ,J Xh; $l;bizf;fg;gl;l

mikg;ghFk;. gzpafj;jpd; gq;fhsh;fshf cs;s

gq;Fjhuh;fSf;F jfty;fis toq;fp fld;

toq;fiy Kd;Ndw;WtJ ,r;rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

“nghUshjhuj;jpd; vy;yhj; JiwfSf;Fk; Fwpg;ghf

Kiwrhuh njhopy; Kaw;rpfSf;F (informal sector) fld; trjpfisf; fpilf;fr; nra;jy;” gzpafj;jpd;

Nehf;fkhFk;. gzpafj;jpd; Vida Nehf;fq;fs;

rpy tUkhW

(i) fld; ngWNthhpd; th;j;jfk;> fld;> epjp vd;w

tplaq;fs; njhlh;ghd juTfis jpul;LjYk;>

njhFj;jYk;.

(ii) gzpafj;jpd; gq;Fjhuh;fSf;F

Ntz;batplj;J fld;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fis

toq;Fjy;. mt;thNw fld;ngWNthh;fSk;

jkf;Fg; nghUj;jKilajhd jfty;fisf;

Nfl;Fkplj;Jf; nfhLj;J cjTjy;.

(iii) fld; kjpg;gpLjy; Kiw (credit rating system) xd;iw ,yq;ifapy; cUthf;FjYk;>

mjid cs;quth;fSf;Nfh> ntspahUf;Nfh

Nfl;Fkplj;J tpw;gid nra;jYk;


(iv) CRIB gzpafj;jpd; gq;Fjhuh;fshf cs;s

fld; toq;Fk; epWtdq;fs; tpz;zg;gpf;F

kplj;J> mtw;wpw;fhf Muha;r;rpfis

Nkw;nfhs;sy;

Nkw;Fwpj;j eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk;>

ehl;bd; nghUshjhuj;jpd; vy;yhj; JiwapdUf;Fk;

fld;fisf; fpilf;fr; nra;jYk;> Fwpg;ghf

Kiwrhuh Kaw;rpfSf;F fld;fis fpilf;fr;

nra;jYk; gzpafj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

cj;juTngw;w th;j;jf tq;fpfs;> epjpf;

fk;gdpfs;> Vida fld;toq;Fk; epWtdq;fs;>

epjpaikr;rhpdhy; CRIB rl;lj;jpd; Njit fUjp fld; toq;Fk; epWtdk; vd;W th;j;jfkhdp

mwptpj;jy; %yk; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l epWtdq;fs;

vd;gd ,r;rl;lj;jpd; tiutpyf;fzg;gb fld;

toq;Fk; epWtdq;fs; vdf; fUjg;gLk;. ,yq;if

ehzar; rigAk; fld; toq;Fk; epWtdq;fs;

vd tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;l epWtdq;fSk; kl;Lk;

CRIB,d; gq;Fjhuh;fs; Mfyhk;. CRIB fld;

toq;Fk; epWtdk; xd;wplk; ,Ue;J fld;ngw;Nwhh;

tpguq;fis vOj;J%ykhd mwptpj;jy; nfhLj;J

ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. mwptpj;jypy; Fwpg;gpl;lthwhd

jfty;fis toq;Ftjw;F xt;nthU fld; toq;Fk;

epWtdKk; flg;ghL cilajhFk;. NtW ve;jr;

rl;lj;jpy; cs;s VNjDk; Vw;ghLfs; my;yJ

cld;gbf;iffs; NtWtpjkhf ,Ue;j NghJk;> fld;

toq;Fk; epWtdq;fspd; ,f;flg;ghL nraw;ghL

cilajhf ,Uf;Fk;. mwptpj;jypy; Nfl;fg;gLk;

jfty;fis nfhLf;f kWg;gJk;> mwpe;J nfhz;Nl

ngha;j; jfty;fis toq;FtJk; CRIB rl;lj;jpd; gb Fw;wq;fshFk;. Fw;wthspahfj; jPh;f;fg;gl;ltUf;F

rl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l jz;lidfis tpjpf;fyhk;.

Ez;epjp epWtdq;fspw;F CRIB rl;lj;jpd;

nry;YgbahFk; jd;ik

CRIB rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfis ghh;f;Fk; nghOJ

‘fld; toq;Fk; epWtdk;’ vd;w tiuaiwf;Fs;

mlq;Fk; epWtdk; CRIB,dhy; Ntz;lg;gLk;

jfty;fis toq;Fk; flg;ghL cilaJ vd;gJ

njspthfpwJ. ,Ue;j NghJk;> fld; ngWNthh;

gw;wpa jfty;fisg; ngWk; chpik CRIB,d; gq;Fjhuuhf cs;s fld; toq;Fk; epWtdj;jpw;Nf

cs;sJ. CRIB,y; cj;juT ngw;w th;j;jf

tq;fpfSk;> epjpf; fk;gdpfSk; gq;Fjhuh;fshf

Mfyhk;. Vida fld; toq;Fk; epWtdk; xd;W

gq;Fjhuh; Mtjw;F me;epWtdj;ij tplaj;jpw;F

nghWg;ghd mikr;rh; fld; toq;Fk; epWtdk; vd

th;j;jfkhdp mwptpj;jy; %yk; gpufldg;gLJj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

Njrpa tPlikg;Gr; rl;lk;

1954Mk; Mz;bd; 32Mk; ,yf;fr; Njrpa tPlikg;Gg;

rl;lk; (1954Mk; Mz;bd; 37Mk; rl;lk;> 1955Mk;





vd;gtw;why; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ) tPlikg;G mgptpUj;jpia

Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;lJ. Njrpa tPlikg;G epjpaj;ij

Vw;gLj;Jjy;> tPlikg;Gr; rq;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jp

tPlikg;G Ntiyfis tsh;j;jy;> tPlikg;G

NtiyfSf;fhf xd;W NrUk; egh;fis nfhz;l

mikg;Gf;fisAk;> fk;gdpfisAk; mq;fPfhpj;Jg;

gpufldg;gLj;jy;> tPlikg;G tpUj;jpf;fhf murhq;f

cjtpfis toq;Fjy; vd;gd Njrpa tPlikg;Gr;

rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fshFk;.

tPlikg;Gr; rq;fq;fs;;

tPlikg;Gr; rq;fq;fs; (Building Societies) ,uz;L

my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l egh;fs; tPLfspid

fl;Ltjw;fhf xd;wpize;J mikf;Fk; rq;fq;

fshFk;. ,it mq;fj;jth;fsplk; jpul;ba nghJ

epjpak; xd;wpy; ,Ue;J Kw;gzq;fis toq;fp

tPlikg;G Nehf;fq;fisr; nraw;gLj;Jtdtha;

,Uf;Fk;. Njrpa tPlikg;Gr; rq;fq;fs; gpd;tUk;

Nehf;fq;fis nfhz;L nraw;gLk;:

(m) FbapUg;Gj; Njitf;fhd fl;blq;fis

mikj;jy;.

(M) mj;jifa fl;blq;fis mikg;gjw;Fj;

Njitahd cgfuzq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;jy;

,wf;Fkjp nra;jy; my;yJ tot;Fjy;.

(,) FbapUg;Gfspy; tPjpfs;> ePh; toq;fy;>

kpd;rhuk; vhpthA toq;fy; vd;gdtw;iwAk;>

fopT mfw;wy; NtiyiaAk; nra;jy;.

(<) fl;blq;fs;> fl;blj; jpl;lq;fis eph;tfpj;jy;>

Kfhik nra;jy;.

(c) VjhtJ xU tPlikg;G jpl;lg;gFjpf;F

mbg;gil trjpfis mikj;Jf; nfhLj;jy;>

tPjpfis mikj;jy;.

(C) NtW VNjDk; Fwpg;gpl;lnthU Nehf;fj;ij

epiwNtw;wy;.

(v) NkNy nrhy;yg;gl;ltw;NwhL ,ize;j

my;yJ Jizahf mikAk; Nehf;fq;fis

epiwNtw;Wjy;.

(V) NkNy nrhy;yg;gl;l Nehf;fq;fspw;fhf xU

fhzpapid mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;.


(I) NkNy nrhy;yg;gl;l Nehf;fq;fspw;fhf

cjtpfis toq;Fjy; (cjtpfs; vd;W

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l tplak; gz cjtpfisAk;>

gpw tifahd vy;yh epjp cjtpfisAk;

cs;slf;Fk.; mj;NjhL fld;fs;> gq;Ffs;

vd;gtw;iwf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;>

eph;thfj;jpw;F cjTjy; vd;gtw;iwAk;

cs;slf;Fk;)

tPlikg;Gr; rq;fq;fs; cWg;gpdh;fspd; ngah;fis

cs;slf;fpa Mtzk; xd;iwr; rkh;g;gpj;J Njrpa

tPlikg;G Mizahshpd; mq;fPfhuj;ij ngWtjd;

gadhf $l;bizf;fg;gl;lJk;> kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l

nghWg;GilaJkhd rq;fkhf ,aq;fyhk;.

mt;thW mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l tPlikg;Gr; rq;fk;

$l;bizf;fg;gl;ljhAk;> xU ngaiu cilajhAk;

,Uf;Fk;. rq;fk; tof;Fj; njhlUk; jFjp

cilajhf ,Uf;Fk;. gpwh; mjd; kPJ toq;Fj;

njhuTk; KbAk;. Njrpa tPlikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd;gb

mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w rq;fk; Fwpj;j mq;fPfhu

Mtzj;jpd;gb vy;yh mjpfhuq;fisAk;>

flikfisAk;> nghWg;Gf;fisAk; epiwNtw;Wk;

jifik cilad.

tPlikg;Gf; FOkk;

egh;fs; tPlikg;Gf;fhf xd;W Nrh;e;J ,aq;Fk;

NghJ> tPlikg;Gf; FOkk; (housing bodies) vd

mth;fspd; $l;il gpufldk; nra;ayhk;. mt;thW

gpufldk; nra;Ak; NghJ tPlikg;Gf; FOkk;

gpd;tUk; mjpfhuq;fisAilajhf ,Uf;Fk;:

(i) mirAk; my;yJ mirahr; nrhj;ijf;

nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; (Fwpj;j

nrhj;ij tPlikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpy; nrhy;yp

apUf;Fk; tifapy; cgNahfpj;jy;).

(ii) tPlikg;G Nehf;fj;jpw;fhff; fld;fisg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.

(iii) fl;blq;fSf;F thlifia mwtpl;Lf;

nfhs;Sk; mjpfhuk;> Vida NritfSf;fhf

fl;lzq;fis mwtpLk; mjpfhuk;.

(iv) xg;ge;jq;fisr; nra;J nfhs;Sjy;>

Nkw;Fwpj;j Nehf;fq;fis va;Jtjw;fhd

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.

Ez;epjp epWtdq;fspw;F Njrpa tPlikg;Gr; rl;lk; nry;YgbahFk; jd;ik

Njrpa tPlikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; vy;iyf;Fs;

miktjw;F xU Ez;epjp epWtdk; mr;rl;lj;jpy;

$wg;gl;Ls;s tPlikg;Gr; rq;fk; my;yJ tPlikg;Gf;

FOkk; vd;w tiff;Fs; cs;slf;fg;glf;$baduha;

,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

1978Mk; Mz;bd; 04Mk; ,yf;f KjyPl;Lr;

rigr; rl;lk;

,yq;ifapy; Ez;epjp epWtdq;fis Muk;gpf;f

tpUk;GNthh; ,yq;if KjyPl;Lr; rigaplk;

(BOI) jkJ njhopy; Kaw;rp;f;fhd mDkjpiag;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. ,yq;ifapy; cs;qh;

KjyPLfisAk;> ntspehl;L KjyPLfisAk;

Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf ,yq;if murhq;fj;jhy; rl;ltop

mjpfhuk; nfhz;l mikg;ghf cUthf;fg;gl;l

epWtdkhf KjyPl;Lr; rig cs;sJ.

KjyPl;Lr; rigr; rl;lk; (1978Mk; Mz;bd; 04Mk;


rl;lk;> 1980Mk; Mz;bd; 21Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk;>

1992Mk; Mz;bd; 49Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk;> 2002Mk;

Mz;bd; 9Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk; vd;gdtw;why;

jpUj;jg;gl;lJ) (BOI) rl;lk; gpd;tUk; ,U

tif KjyPLfSf;F mq;fPfhuk; toq;f ,lk;

mspf;fpwJ.

1. BOI rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 17,d; gbahd

mq;fPfhuk;

tpNrl jFjp msTNfhy;fspd; mbg;gilapy;

fk;gdpfSf;F tpNrl rYiffis toq;Fk;

mjpfhuk; BOIf;F cs;sJ. ,r;rYiffs;

murhq;fj;jpd; nghUshjhu ,yf;Ffis

miltjw;fhd je;jpNuhghaj; jpl;lj;jpd;

ghfkhf mikgit. thp tpLtpg;G Kjypa

,r;rYiffs; Fwpg;gpl;l fk;gdpnahd;Wld;

BOI nra;J nfhs;Sk; cld;gbf;ifapd;gb

toq;fg;gLk;. BOI gpukhzq;fSf;F Vw;g>

ehl;bd; gpw rl;lq;fspy; cs;s Vw;ghLfis

khw;Wjy;> tpyf;fspj;jy;> fopj;J ePf;fptpLjy;

Nghd;w Kiwfspy; Fwpj;j fk;gdpfSf;Fr;

rYiffis toq;fyhk;. cs;ehl;L

,iwthpr; rl;lk;> Rq;fr; rl;lk;> me;epar;

nryhtzpr; rl;lk;> ,wf;Fkjpf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr;

rl;lk; Mfpad ,t;tpjk; BOI,dhy; tpyf;F mspf;fg;glf;$ba rl;lq;fspw;F cjhuzq;

fshFk;.

2. BOI rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 16,d; gbahd

mq;fPfhuk;>

,g;gphptpd;; gbahd mq;fPfhuk; ntspehl;L

KjyPl;ilr; nra;Ak; mikg;G ehl;bd;

rhjhuz rl;lq;fSf;F mikthfr;

nraw;gLtjw;F ,lkspf;fpwJ. ,j;jifa

fk;gdpfs; mikg;G f;fs; cs;ehl;L


,iwthpr; rl;lk; vd;gtw;Wf;F mikthfr;

nraw;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. gphpT 16,d; fPo;

mq;fPfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjhy; me;epa

KjyPl;lhsUf;F xNu xU ed;ik fpilf;

fpd;wJ. KjyPl;lhsh; ,yq;ifapy; tjptpl

mDkjpia ,jd; %yk; ,yFtpy; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;syhk; my;yJ jhk; jkJ gpujpepjpahf

mDg;gtpUf;Fk; ntspehl;ltUf;F tjptpl

mDkjpia ,yFtpy; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fyhk;.

tjptpl tprhtpw;fhd rpghh;rpid BOI Ml;fspd;

cs;tUif> ntspnry;iff;fhf fl;Lg;ghl;lh

sUf;F toq;Fk;. Mff;Fiwe;jJ 250>000

nlhyh;fspw;F (U.S nlhyh;) Nkyhf cs;Ns

nfhz;L tUk; KjyPl;lhsh;fSf;F BOI ,j;jifa tjptpl tprhtpw;fhd rpghh;Rfis

toq;Fk;.

Ez;epjp epWtdq;fspw;F BOI rl;lj;jpd;

nry;YgbahFk; jd;ik

Ez;epjp epWtdq;fspw;F BOI rl;lk; ,d;W cs;s

epiyg;gb XusTf;F kl;LNk nry;Ygbahff;

$bajha; cs;sJ. Vnddpy; BOI rl;lj;jpd;

17Mk; gphptpd;gb Ez;epjp toq;fy; KjyPl;L

eltbf;if vd;W fUJtjw;Fk;> BOI rl;lj;jpw;

Nkw;Fwpj;j gphpTg;gb KjyPl;Lr; rYiffis

toq;Ftjw;Fk; ,lk; ,y;iy. ,r;rYiffs; kuG

topay;yhj ifj;njhopy;fs;> Vw;Wkjp Nehf;fpa

Nritfs;> rpw;wsT cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs;>

gpuhe;jpa eph;thf eltbf;iff;fhd jiyik

mYtyfq;fs;> Muha;r;rpAk; mgptpUj;jpAk;>

NgusTj; jpl;lq;fs;> ifj;njhopy; Ngl;ilfs;

vd;gdtw;wpw;Nf fpilf;fpd;wd. ,Ue;j NghJk;>

tpNrl jpl;lq;fs; rpytw;wpw;F mq;fPfhuj;ijg; ngw

KbAk;. KjyPL njhlh;ghd mikr;ruit cg FO

tpNrl jpl;lk; xd;wpw;F ,r;rYifia ngw;Wf;

nfhLf;Fk; jPh;khdj;ij vLf;fyhk;. Ez;fld;

toq;fy; ,t;thwhd rYiff;Fhpa tpNrl jpl;lkhff;

fUjg;gLk; vd;gJ re;NjfNk. fld; nfhLj;jy;

eltbf;ifapy; Neubahf ntspehl;L KjyPL

,lk;ngWtjw;fhd jil ,Ug;gjhy; Ez;epjpj;

Jiwapy; me;epa KjyPl;bw;F ,g;NghJ jilAs;s

njd;gijf; ftdpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

03. rl;l me;j];J gw;wpa tpsf;fTiu ,g;gFjpapy; Ez;epjp eltbf;if fspy; <Lgl;Ls;s gy;NtW epWtdq;fspd; rl;l me;j];ij tpsf;fpAs;Nshk;. mj;NjhL ,e;j ntt;NtW epWtdq;fSld; njhlh;Gila rl;lq;fisAk;

RUf;fkhf vLj;Jf; $wpAs;Nshk;.

xU Ez;epjp; epWtdj;jpd; eltbf;iffs; njhlh;ghd

rl;l tiurl;lk; Fwpg;gpl;l me;j Ez;epjp epWtdk;

vj;jifa eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;Ls;sJ vd;gijg;

nghWj;jjhf ,Uf;Fk;. MfNt fPNo $wg;gl;Ls;sit

nghJthd rl;lq;fs; gw;wpa nghJg; ghh;itahf

mikfpwJ vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLjy; Ntz;Lk;. xU

Ez;epjp epWtdk; vg;gb epWtg;gl;lJ> mjw;fhd

cj;juTg;gj;jpuk; my;yJ gjpT ve;jr; rl;lg;gb

toq;fg;gl;lJ> mjw;F gpuNahfkhFk; rl;lq;fs;

vit vd;w KiwapNyNa ,e;j tpsf;fTiu

mikfpwJ.

vkf;Ff; fpilj;j jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy;>

ehk; gy;NtW epWtdq;fisAk; MW FOthfg;

gFj;Js;Nshk;. mit tUkhW:

i. fk;gdpr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; $l;bizf;fg;gl;l

epWtdq;fs;@

ii. rq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;tUk; epWtdq;fs;@

iii. $l;LwTr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;tUk; epWtdq;fs;@

iv. jd;dhh;t r%f Nrit epWtdq;fspd;

fPo;tUk; epWtdq;fs;@

v. ghuhSkd;wr; rl;lj;jpd; gb cUthf;fg;

gl;lit@

vi. jdpegh;fshy; nfhz;L ,af;fg;gLk; Ez;epjp

eltbf;iffs;.

fPNo jug;gl;l rl;l rk;ke;jkhd tplaq;fSk;>

Vida jfty;fSk; cq;fSf;F ,yFthfg;

Ghpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf RUf;fpf; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

jdpj;jdp rl;lq;fs; gw;wpa Nkyjpf tpguq;fs;

tpdh 2f;fhd vkJ tpilapy; jug;gl;Ls;sd. tpdh

7> 8 vd;gdtw;wpw;fhd tpilfspy; Nkw;ghh;it

ey;yhl;rp> nghWg;Gf; $Wjy; vd;w tplaq;fs;

vLj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

fk;gdpr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l fk;gdpfs;

1982Mk; Mz;bd; 17Mk; ,yf;f fk;gdpr; rl;lk;

2007Mk; Mz;bd; 7Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lj;jhy;

uj;J nra;ag;gl;lJ. uj;J nra;ag;gl;l Kd;ida

rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l midj;Jf;

fk;gdpfSk; Gjpa rl;lj;jpd; fPo; tUfpd;wd.

fk;gdpfs; rl;lk; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisj; jd;Ds;

nfhz;Ls;sJ.

fk;gdpfisf; $l;bizf;Fk; eilKiwfs;@

jdpg;gl;l fk;gdpfSf;Fk;> cj;juthjk;

%yk; kl;Lg;gLj;j fk;gdpfSf;Fk; gpuNahfk;

MFk; tpNrl Vw;ghLfs;@


gq;FfSk;> gpiz KwpfSk; (jfty;

njhFg;G mwpf;if> gq;Ffspd; xJf;fk;>

gq;Ffspd; tifAk;> ,ay;GfSk;> gq;Ffis

toq;FjYk;> gq;Ffisf; nfhs;tdT

nra;tjw;fhf epjpapid nfhLj;J cjTjy;>

gq;Ffs; gpiz Kwpfis khw;Wjy;

vd;gd)@

gq;Fjhuh;fSk;> mth;fspd; chpikfSk;

flikfSk;@

cUthf;fg;gl;l xg;gilfspd; (charges) gjpT> kpjf;Fk; xg;gilfis (floating charger) cUthf;Fjy;@

fk;gdpfis eph;tfpj;jYk;> Kfhik nra;jYk;

($l;lq;fspd; eilKiwfs; epjpf; $w;Wf;fs;>

mwpf;iffs;)@

gzpg;ghsh;fSf;F nry;YgbahFk;

tplaq;fs;@

KiwNfLfs;> jtwhd Kfhikj;Jtk;

vd;gtw;iwj; jLj;jy;@

xd;wpizj;jy; (amalgamation);

fly; fle;j fk;gdpfs;> gjpT nra;ag;gl;l

ntspehl;Lf; fk;gdpfs;@

fk;gdpfisf; Fiyj;jYk;> KbTWj;jYk;

(RakhfNt Fiyj;jy;> ePjpkd;wf; fl;lis

%yk; Fiyj;jy;> eph;thfpfs; Vw;Nghh;>

Kfhikahsh; MfpNahiu epakpj;jy;).

Ez;epjp toq;Fk; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;

epWtdk; fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT

nra;ag;gl;bUe;jhy; mJ fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd;

fPo; nraw;gLk; (kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l cj;jthjk;>

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhj cj;juthjk;> cj;juthjk; %yk;

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l vd;w vy;yh tifAk; mlq;fyhf).

,t;thW gjpT nra;J> $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdp>

rl;lj;jpd;gbahd vy;yh mjpfhuq;fisAk;

cilajhf ,Uf;Fk;. gjpT nra;ag;gl;l xU

fk;gdp gpd;tUk; mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;

vd;W fk;gdpfs; rl;lk; $WfpwJ.

- fk;gdpapd; mikg;G tpjpfSf;F cl;gl;ljhf

vy;yh tif tpahghuj;ijAk;> eltbf;if

fisAk; nra;tjw;Fk;> vt;tpj nfhLf;fy;

thq;fy;fisAk; nra;tjw;Fk; jpwd;

cilajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

- ,yq;ifapy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lq;fSf;F

mikthfTk;> NtW ve;j xU ehl;bd;

rl;lj;jpw;F mikthfTk; NkNy $wg;gl;l

tpahghu eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;>

mtw;Wf;fhd rYifffs;> chpikfs;

mjpfhuq;fis nfhz;bUj;jy;

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;ltw;wpy; ,Ue;J ,yq;ifapy;

gjpT nra;J> $l;bizf;fg;gl;l xU fk;gdp

jdJ mikg;G tpjpfSf;F mikthfTk;> ehl;bd;

rl;lq;fSf;F mikthfTk; vy;yhtpj tpahghu

eltbf;if fisAk; Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. jdJ

mikg;G tpjpfspy; fk;gdpapd; Nehf;fq;fis

vLj;Jf;$Wtij Njh;e;J nfhz;lhy;> mJ jd;

tpahghu eltbf;iffs; ,d;d tifapy; jhd;

,Uf;Fk; vd;w fl;Lg;ghl;ilj; jd; kPJ tpjpj;Jf;

nfhs;tjhf ,Uf;Fk;.

Ez;epjp epWtdq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;

eltbf;iffspd; jd;ikiag; nghWj;J ntt;NtW

rl;lq;fs; mtw;wpw;F gpuNahfkhFk;. gp;d;tUk;

rl;lq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;yg;gl Ntz;bait:

(m) 1988Mk; Mz;bd; 30Mk; ,yf;f tq;fpr; rl;lk;

xU Ez;epjp; epWtdk; cj;juTngw;w th;j;jf

tq;fpahf ‘tq;fp tpahghuj;jpy;’ <LgLtjw;F tpUk;gpdhy; my;yJ ehd;fhtJ ml;ltiz

apy; Fwpg;gpl;l LSBMf ,aq;Ftjw;F

tpUk;gpdhy; ,r;rl;lk; nry;YgbahFk;.

(M) 1988k; Mz;bd; 78Mk; ,yf;f epjpf;

fk;gdpfs; rl;lk; - ,r;rl;lj;jpy; tiuaiw

nra;Js;sgb ‘epjp th;j;jfj;jpy;’ <Lgl

tpUk;gpdhy; ,r;rl;lk; gpuNahfkhFk;.

(,) 2000Mk; Mz;bd; 56Mk; ,yf;f epjp

Fj;jiff; fk;gdpfs; rl;lk; - ,r;rl;lj;jpy;

tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;Ls;s ‘epjpf; Fj;jif tpahghuk;’ vd;w tplaj;jpy; <LgLk; Ez;epjp

epWtdj;jpw;F ,r;rl;lk; gpuNahfk; MFk;.

(<) gzk; fld; nfhLj;jy; rl;lk; - fld; nfhLf;Fk;

eltbf;ifapy; <LgLk; egUf;F ,r;rl;lk;

gpuNahfkhFk;. ntspehl;ltuhapd; (,aw;if

egh;fs;> rl;l egh;fs;) fld; nfhLj;jy;

eltbf;if njhlh;ghf fl;Lg;ghLfSf;F

cl;gl;Lr; nraw;glNtz;Lk;.

(c) me;epar; nryhtzpr; rl;lk; - ,J jq;fk;>

me;epa nryhtzp vd;gd %yk; ,yq;ifapy;

tjpahjth;fSf;Fr; nra;ag;gLk; nfhLg;

gdTfs; fld;fs;> ntspehLfspy; tq;fpf;

fzf;Ffis itj;jpUj;jy;> me;epar;

nryhtzpf; fl;Lg;ghL> ntspehl;Lr;

nrhj;Jf;fs; kPJ fl;Lg;ghL vd;gd

me;epar; nryhtzpr; rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa

mk;rq;fs;. ,it Ez;epjp epWtdq;fspw;F

gpuNahfkhFk;.


(v) 1990Mk; Mz;bd; 2Mk; ,yf;f fld;

mwtPl;Lr; rl;lk;. ,r;rl;lk; fld; nfhLf;Fk;

epWtdq;fspd; fld;fis mwtpLtjw;F

cjTfpwJ (cj;juTngw;w th;j;jf tq;fpfs;

LCBs epjpf; fk;gdpfs; vd;w ,uz;L tif).

(V) fhg;GWjp njhopiy xOq;FgLj;jy; rl;lk;

2000Mk; Mz;bd; 43Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk;

- ,r;rl;lk; ‘fhg;GWjp tpahghuk;’ vd;Dk;

tiuaiwf;F cl;gl;l eltbf;iffisr;

nra;Ak; Ez;epjp epWtdq;fspw;Fg; gpuNahf

khFk;.

(x) eif mlFgpbg;Nghh; rl;lk; - xU fk;gdp

eif mlFgpbj;jy; vd;Dk; njhopiyr;

nra;jhy; ,r;rl;lk; gpuNahfkhFk;.

(X) cs;ehl;L ,iwtupr; rl;lk; 2006k; Mz;bd;

10Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk; - ,r;rl;lj;jpy;

Fwpg;gpl;lgb Ez;epjp epWtdq;fs; tUkhd

thpapidr; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.

(xs) 1990Mk; Mz;bd; 18Mk; ,yf;f CRIB rl;lk; - fld; toq;Fk; epWtdq;fspy; ,Ue;J fld;

ngw;Nwhh; gw;wpa jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;F

,r;rl;lk; Vw;ghL nra;fpwJ. CRIB,d; gq;Fjhuh;fshf cs;Nshh; ,j;jfty;fisg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.

(f) <l;Lr; rl;lk; (mortgage) - mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l

fld; Kftu; epWtdq;fSf;F ,r;rl;lk;

gpuNahfkhFk;. ,J <Litj;Jf; fld;

ngw;wth;fsplkpUe;J fld;fis mwtpl

cjTfpwJ.

(fh) gpiz cWjpfs; nryhtzp Mizf;FOr;

rl;lk; 1987Mk; Mz;bd; 36Mk; ,yf;fk;

- ml;ltizg;gLj;jy;> ml;ltizapy;

,Ue;J ePf;fy;> fk;gdpiar; RtPfhpj;jy;>

,izj;jy; Mfpa re;jh;g;gq;fspy; ,r;rl;lk;

gpuNahfkhFk;.

VSSO rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT nra;ag;gl;lit

jd;dhh;t r%f Nrit epWtdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd;

fPo; (VSSO) gjpT nra;ag;gl;l Ez;epjp

epWtdq;fs; ,r;rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfspd; gb

Nkw;ghh;it nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. 2Mk;> 7Mk;>

8Mk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd vkJ tpilfspy; ,J

gw;wpa Nkyjpf jfty;fisj; je;Js;Nshk;.

$l;LwTr; rl;lj;jpd; gb jhgpf;fg;gl;lit

$l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; gbAk;>

khfhzq;fspd; $l;LwT epajpr; rl;lq;fspd;

gbAk; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l epWtdq;fs; $l;LwT

rq;fq;fshFk;. ,it $l;bizf;fg;gl;l

mikg;Gf;fs; MFk;. njhlh;r;rpahd

topAhpik cilait. nghJ Kj;jpiuia

cgNahfpj;jy;> nrhj;Jf;fis clikahf

itj;jpUj;jy;> xg;ge;jq;fisr; nra;jy;>

tof;F xd;iwj; njhLj;jy;> tof;F xd;wpy;

vjpuhspahf ,Ug;gjw;Fk;> thjhLtjw;Fk;

chpa jFjp> rq;fj;jpd; ahg;Gf;F cl;gl;l

vy;yh mjpfhuq;fisAk; cgNahfpj;jy;

vd;gd $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fspw;F chpa

rl;lhPjpahd chpikfSk;> jFjpfSkhFk;.

tpdhf;fs; 2> 7> 8 vd;gdtw;wpw;F ehk;

nfhLj;Js;s tpilfspYk; $l;LwT

epWtdq;fs; gw;wpa Nkyjpf tpguq;fisf;

fhzyhk;.

ghuhSkd;wr; rl;lj;jhy; jhgpf;fg;gl;l

epWtdq;fs;

ghuhSkd;wr; rl;lj;jhy; jhgpf;fg;gl;l

epWtdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; cUthf;fq;fNs.

mtw;wpd; mjpfhuq;fs;> flikfs;> chpikfs;>

rYiffs; Fwpj;j rl;lj;jpy; $wg;gl;l

tw;iwAk;> Vw;ghLfisAk; nghWj;jdthf

,Uf;Fk;.

jdpegh;fshy; nfhz;baf;fg;gLk; Ez;epjp

eltbf;iffs;

jdpegh;fshy; nfhz;L elj;jg;gLk; Ez;epjp

eltbf;iffs; vd;d jd;ikapd vd;gijg;

nghWj;J mtw;wpw;F gpuNahfkhFk; rl;lq;fs;

vit vd;gijf; fz;Lnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

nghJthf Ez;epjp njhlh;ghf gpuNahfkhFk;

rl;lq;fshf fld; nfhLj;jy; rl;lk;> mlF

gpbg;Nghh; rl;lk;> cs;ehl;L ,iwthpr;rl;lk;>

ngWkjp $l;ba thpr;rl;lk; vd;gd cs;sd.

4. fk;gdpfs; rl;lk;> $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; rl;lk;> jd;dhh;t r%f Nrit epWtdq;fs; rl;lk;> Kjypa rl;lq;fSk;> ,r;rl;lq;fspd; fPo; jhgpf;fg;gLk; Ez;epjp epWtdq;fs; mtw;wpd; RUf;f tpguk;

fk;gdpfs; rl;lk;

gpupT 2,y; Vw;fdNt $wpaJ Nghd;W 2007Mk;

Mz;bd; 7Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lk; ,yq;ifapy;

gjpT nra;ag;gLk; fk;gdpfs; gw;wpa rl;l

Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. fk;gdpr; rl;lj;jpd;


fPo; cUthf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfs; gpd;tUk; tiffspy;

xd;wpd; fPo; mikAk;.

- kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l cj;juthjKila

fk;gdp: ,t;thwhd fk;gdp gq;Ffspd;

gq;Fjhuh;fsha; cs;Nshupd; nghWg;Gf;fs;

vd;d> mth;fs; fk;gdpapd; nghWg;Gf;fid

<Lnra;tjw;F fk;gdpf;F nfhLf;f

Ntz;bait vd;d vd;gJ mf;fk;gdpapd;

mikg;G tpjpfspy; nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

- kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhj cj;juthjKila fk;gdp:

,t;tiff; fk;gdpapd; gq;Fjhuh;fs; kl;Lg;gLj;

jg;glhj cj;juthjj;ij nfhz;bUg;gh;.

fk;gdpapd; mikg;G tpjpfspd;gb mth;fspd;

cj;juthjk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhjjhFk;.

- cj;juthjj;jpdhy; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l fk;gdp:

,t;tiff; fk;gdpapy; gq;Ffs; ,Uf;fkhl;lh.

mq;fj;jth;fs; gq;Fjhuh;fs; vd;w Kiwapy;

Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy. fk;gdpiaf;

Fiyf;Fk; re;jh;g;gj;jpy; mikg;G tpjpfspy;

nrhy;yg;gl;l Fwpj;j njhifapid

nfhLg;gjhf nghWg;G cj;juthjk; nra;th;.

fk;gdpr; rl;lj;jpd;gb fk;gdpfs; gjpthsh;

ehafj;jpw;F tpz;zg;gk; nra;tjd; %yk; egh;fs;

fk;gdpiag; gjpT nra;Ak;gb Nfhhpf;if nra;ayhk;.

Muk;g gq;Fjhuh;fs; ahtUk; tpz;zg;gj;jpy;

ifnahg;gkpl;L> gpd;tUk; Mtzq;fisAk;

,izj;J mDg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;.

(i) fk;gdpapd; ngauhdJ jw;NghJ ,Ue;J tUk;

NtW xU fk;gdpapd; ngauhf ,y;iy>; jkJ

mwpTf;F vl;batiu mNj ngahpy; NtW xU

fk;gdp ,y;iy vd;gijg; gpufldg;gLj;Jk;

Mtzk;.

(ii) mikg;G tpjpfis ,izj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;

gphpTfs; VjhtJ rl;lj;jpd; gpd;dpizg;G

khjpupAld; NtWgLk; ,lq;fspy; Muk;g

gq;Fjhuh; xt;nthUtUk; ifnahg;gk; ,Ljy;

Ntz;Lk;.

(iii) Muk ; gg ; gzpg ; g hsh ; xt ;nthUtUk ;

gzpg;ghsuhfg; gzpahw;Wtjw;F rk;kjk;

njhptpf;Fk; fbjk;.

(iv) Muk;gr; nrayhsh; fk;gdpapd; nrayhsuhfr;

nraw;gLtjw;F rk;kjk; njhptpf;Fk; fbjk;.

,t;thwhd Mtzq;fSld; $ba tpz;zg;gj;ij

gjpthsh; ehaj;jpw;Fr; rkh;g;gpf;Fkplj;J mth;:

- gjpNtl;by; fk;gdp gw;wpa tpguq;fisg; gjpT

nra;thh;.

- fk;gdpf;F xU gpuj;jpNafkhd ,yf;fk;

xd;iwf; Fwpj;J toq;Fthh;.

- ,jw;nfd tpjpf;fg;gl;l xU gbtj;jpy;

gpd;tUk; tpguq;fisg; Fwpg;gpl;L> fk;gdp

$l;bizf;fg;gl;lnjdf; $Wk; rhd;wpjio

toq;Fthh;.

m) fk;gdpapd; ngaUk;> ,yf;fKk;@

M) fk;gdp $l;bizf;fg;gl;l jpfjp@

,) fk;gdp kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l fk;gdpah>

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhj my;yJ cj;ju

thjj;jpd; gb kl;Lg;gLj;jpajh

vd;gJ@

<) fk;gdp jdpg;gl;l fk;gdpahapd;

mt;thwhd Fwpg;G@

c) fk;gdp fly; fle;j fk;gdpahapd; (off - shore company) mJ gw;wpa Fwpg;G.

,t;thwhd rhd;wpjio gjpthsh; ehafk; toq;fpdhy;

me;j rhd;wpjohdJ fk;gdpr; rl;lj;jpd; epge;jid

fSf;F Vw;gjhf $l;bizf;fg;gl;l fk;gdp

vd;gjw;fhd Kbthd rhd;whf mikAk;. fk;gdp

$l;bizf;fg;gl;l jpfjpapy; ,Ue;J Kg;gJ Ntiy

ehl;fSf;Fs; fk;gdpapd; ngah;> fk;gdpapd; ,yf;fk;>

mjd; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l Kfthp vd;gdtw;iwf;

Fwpg;gpl;L> nghJ mwptpj;jy; xd;iw ntspapLjy;

Ntz;Lk;.

epjpf; fk;gdp rl;lj;jpd; gbahd epjpf; fk;gdp

Clhf Ez;epjp toq;fy;

xU Ez;epjp epWtdk; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lthwhf

xU fk;gdpahf gjpT nra;ag;gl;bUg;gpd; fk;gdpr;

rl;lj;jpy; tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;Ls;sgb ‘epjp tpahghuk;’ vd;w eltbf;ifapy; <Lgl tpUk;gpdhy; mJ epjpf; fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gl;lgb

gjpT nra;ag;gLjYk;> %yjdj; Njitfspid

g+h;j;jp nra;ag;gLjYk; Ntz;Lk;.

epjpf; fk;gdpahfg; gjpT nra;tjw;F tpjpf;fg;gl;l

gbtj;jpy; ehzar; rigf;F tpz;zg;gp;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

tpz;zg;gj;jpy; Nfl;fg;gl;l jfty;fisg; g+h;j;jp

nra;J jkJ mwpTf;Fk;> ek;gpf;iff;Fk; vl;ba

tiuapy; jhk; toq;fpa jfty;fs; cz;ikahdit

vd;w gpufldj;ij xg;gkpl;L toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.

,jd; gpd;dh; ehzar; rig ghpNrhjidf;fhf

fk;gdpapd; Gj;jfq;fs;> Mtzq;fs;> gjpNtLfs;

vd;gtw;iwr; rkh;g;gpf;Fk;gb Nfl;Fk;. mjd;

gpd;dh; ehzar; rig jpUg;jpAWk; NghJ epjpf;


fk;gdpahf mjidg; gjpT nra;Ak;. ehzar; rig

,U tplaq;fspy; jpUg;jpaila Ntz;Lk;. epjpf;

fk;gdpahfg; gjpT nra;tjw;Fhpa Njitg;ghLfs;

midj;Jk; g+h;j;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sdntd;Wk;>

Fwpj;j fk;gdpia epjpf; fk;gdpahfg; gjpT

nra;tjhy; mjpy; gzitg;Gf;fisr; nra;j

itg;ghsh;fspdJk;> mjw;F fld; nfhLj;jth;fshd

fldhspfspdJk; eyd;fs; ghjpf;fg;glkhl;lh

vd;Wk; jpUg;jpg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

cj;juT ngw;w th;j;jf tq;fpfs; (LCB)> cj;juT ngw;w tpNrl tq;fpfs; (LSB) Clhf

Ez;epjp toq;fy;;

Ez;epjp toq;Fk; epWtdk; xd;W fk;gdpahf

$l;bizf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; NghJ> mf; fk;gdp ‘tq;fp th;j;jfk;’ vd;Dk; eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;s

tpUk;gpdhy;> ehzar; rigaplk; ,Ue;J mjw;fhd

cj;juTg;gj;jpuj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

kj;jpa tq;fpapd; ehzar; rig epjpaikr;rhpd;

xg;GjYld; ,e;j cj;juTg;gj;jpuj;ij toq;Fk;.

,jw;fhd tpz;zg;gk; chpa gbtj;jpy; tq;fpr;

rl;lk;> mjd;gbahd gpukhzq;fs; vd;gdtw;wpw;F

mikthf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. tq;fp tpahghuj;ijr;

nra;tjw;F mDkjp NfhUk; tpz;zg;gk;

tpjpf;fg;gl;l gbtj;jpy; Mtzq;fs;> jfty;fs;

vd;gdtw;iwAk; Nrh;j;J mDg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;.

i) fk;gdpapd; mikg;G tpjpfs; my;yJ ahg;G

my;yJ mf;fk;gdpia cUthf;Ftjw;F

%ykhf ,Ue;j Mtzq;fis ,izg;gJld;>

,e;j Mtzq;fspy; nra;a cj;Njrpj;jpUf;Fk;

jpUj;jk; VNjDk; ,Ug;gpd; mJ gw;wpAk;

Fwpg;gpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

ii) fk;gdpapd; gzpg;ghsh;fspd; ngah;> Kfthp

njhopy;> jFjpfs; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;l

$w ;W xd ;iw ,izj;jy ; Ntz;Lk ; .

mj;NjhL epakpg;gjw;F MNyhrpj;Js;s NtW

ahuhtJ gzpg;ghsh;fs; ,Ug;gpd;> mth;fspd;

tpguj;ijAk;> fk;gdpapd; gpujk eph;thfpapd;

tpguq;fisAk; ,izj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

iii) fzf;fha;T nra;ag;gl;l Ie;njhif> ,yhg

el;lf;fzf;F vd;gdtw;iwAk; toq;fy;

Ntz;Lk;. fle;j %d;W tUlq;fSf;fhd

mwpf;iffshf ,it ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;

(,aq;fpf; nfyz;bUf;Fk; fk;gdpahapd;).

iv) tpz;zg;gk; xU ntspehl;Lf; fk;gdpahy;

nra;ag;gLtjhapd;

m) ,yq;ifapy; Fwpj;j fk;gdp my;yJ

mikg;G jdJ tpahghu eltbf;if

fis elj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitg;gLk;

epjpfis ,yq;iff;F mDg;Gk;gb

kj;jpat q;fp Nfl;Fkplj;J me;epjpfis

,yq;iff;F mDg;gpitg;gjhff; $Wk;

cWjpnkhop mlq;fpa $w;iw fk;gdp

apd; my;yJ mikg;gpd; gzpg;ghsh;

rig vOj;jpy; toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.

M) fk;gdp my;yJ mikg;G ve;j ehl;by;

$l;bizf;fg;gl;lNjh> me;j ehl;by;

mjd; xOq;fikg;G mjpfhuj;ijAila

epWtdk; toq;fpa mwpf;ifnahd;W

,izf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j

mwpf;ifapd; jfty;fs; ehzar;

rigahy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lthwhf

,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,t;thwhd tpz;zg;gk; xd;W chpa Mtzq;fs;>

jfty;fSld; fpilf;fg;ngw;wJk; kj;jpa tq;fpapd;

‘tq;fp Nkw;ghh;itg; gzpg;ghsh;’ Nkyjpf tpguq;fs; my;yJ Mtzq;fs; VNjDk; Njitg;gLfpd;wjh

vd;gij Muha;thh;. Fwpj;j fk;gdpf;F cj;juTg;

gj;jpuk; toq;Ftjh> ,y;iyah vd;gij jPh;khdpg;g

jw;F Njitahd Mtzq;fisAk;> jfty;fisAk;

mth; Nfl;Lg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;thh;.

Nkw;Fwpj;j Mtzq;fisg; ghprPypj;j gpd; ehzar;

rigahdJ jpUg;jpg;gLkplj;J> tpz;zg;gj;ij

nfhs;ifastpy; Vw;Wf;nfhz;L> jw;fhypf

mDkjpia toq;Fk;. jw;fhypf mDkjp

toq;fg;gl;lJk; tpz;zg;gjhhp mj; jw;fhypf

mDkjpapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s eltbf;iffs;

ahtw;iwAk; Nkw;nfhs;thh;. ehzar; rig jpUg;jp

nfhs;Skplj;J epjpaikr;rhpd; mDkjpAld;

cj;juTg;gj;jpuk; xd;iw toq;Fk;. tq;fp

tpahghuj;ij elj;Jjy; my;yJ itg;Gf;fis

Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy; vd;gjw;fhd mDkjpahfTk;

ehzar; rigapd; mwpTWj;jy;fs; epge;jidfSf;F

mikar; nraw;gLtjw;Fk; ,e;j cj;juTg;gj;jpuk;

cjTk;.

epjpf; Fj;jifr; rl;lj;jpd; gb epjpf; Fj;jiff;

fk;gdp Clhf Ez;epjp toq;fy;

fk;gdpahfg; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l Ez;epjp epWtdk;

epjpf; Fj;jif tpahghuj;ij nra;a tpUk;gpdhy;>

epjpf;Fj;jif rl;lj;jpd; gb epjpf; Fj;iff;

fk;gdpahf gjpT nra;J nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk; (tpdh

2f;fhd vkJ tpilapy; epjpf; Fj;jiff; fk;gdpfs;

vd;w gFjpiaAk; ghh;f;fTk;). kj;jpa tq;fpapd;

tq;fpay;yhj epjp epWtdq;fs; Nkw;ghh;itg;

gFjpapd; gzpg;ghsUf;F ,J gw;wp tpz;zg;gk;

mDg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;. tpz;zg;gj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;s

jfty;fs;> Mtzq;fs; nfhz;Lk;> Njitg;gbd;

tprhuiziar; nra;Jk; tpz;zg;gjhuu; epjpf;

Fj;jif tpahghuj;ijr; nra;tjw;F jFjpahdtuh

vd;gijj; jpUg;jp nra;j gpd;dh; Njrpa nghUshjhu


ed;ikiaj; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L tpz;zg;gjhhpf;F

mDkjp toq;fg;gLk;.

rq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jpd;gb gjpT nra;ag;gl;l

rq;fq;fs; ClhfEz;epjp toq;fy;

rq;fq;fs; rl;lg;gb rq;fk; xd;iwg; gjpT

nra;Ak; gb NfhUk; tpz;zg;gk; fk;gdpfspd;

gjpthsUf;F mDg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;. gjpT

tpz;zg;gj;jpy; VO cWg;gpdh;fSk;> nrayhsUk;

ifnahg;gk; ,l;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rq;fj;jpd;

tpjpfspd; mr;rplg;gl;l gpujpfs; ,uz;bid

,izj;J mDg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;. rq;fj;jpd; ngah;

gpw rq;fq;fspd; ngah;fspy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;L

jdpj;Jtk; cilajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

ngahpd; ,Wjpapy; “rq;fk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ” vd;w nrhw;fs; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rq;fq;fs;

fl;lisr;rl;lj;jpd; vy;yh epge;jidfSk; g+h;j;jp

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd vdg; gjpthsh; jpUg;jpg;gLkplj;J>

mth; rq;fj;jpidg; gjpT nra;thh;. gjpT gw;wp

rq;fj;jpw;Fk; mwptpg;ghh;. mt;thW gjpT ngw;w

rq;fk; $l;bizf;fg;gl;l mikg;ghfTk;> jdpj;j

rl;l MSik cilajhfTk;> kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l

nghWg;G cilajhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.

Njrpa tPlikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd;gbahd tPlikg;G rq;fq;fs; Clhf Ez;epjp

toq;fy;

Njrpa tPlikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd;gb tPlikg;Gr; rq;fk;

xd;iwg; gjpT nra;tjw;F tpjpf;fg;gl;l KiwapYk;>

tbtj;jpYk; $l;LwT mgptpUj;jp MizahsUf;F

tpz;zg;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk; (tpdh 2f;fhd vkJ

tpilapidAk; ftdpf;fTk;). mt;thW gjpTNfhUk;

Mtzk; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpajhf

,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;:

i. rq;fj;jpd ; ngah ; > ngahpd; ,Wjpapy ;

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ vd;W vOjg;gl;bUj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

ii. rq;fj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;.

iii. Nehf ;fq ;fis miltjw ;fhf rq ;fk ;

nfhz;bUf;Fk; mjpfhuq;fs;.

iv. mq;fj;jth;fspd; nghWg;G kl;Lg;gLj;jg;

gl;ljhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ.

v. nghWg;G kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk; msT .

vi. rq;fj;jpd; epjp vt;thW jpul;lg;gLk;> vd;d

epge;jidfspd;gb jpul;lg;gLk; vd;gJ.

vii. rq;fj;jpd; gpujhd mYtyfj;jpd; Kfthp.

Njrpa tPlikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk; vd;d

tplaq;fs; Fwpj;J mikg;G tpjpfspy; Vw;ghLfs;

nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wg;gl;Ls;sNjh

mtw;iwAk; rq;fj;jpd; mikg;G tpjpfspy; Nrh;j;Jf;

nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. tPlikg;Gr; rq;fk; xd;W

jd; Nehf;fq;fis va;Jtjw;F Vw;w Kiwapy;

mjpfhuq;fisg; gpuNahfpg;gjw;F NtW vd;d

tplaq;fs; Vw;wit vd Mizahsh; fUJfpd;whNuh

mtw;iwAk; mikg;G tpjpfspy; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;. mikg;G tpjpfs; gpd;dh; Mizahshplk;

gjpTf;fhfr; rkh;g;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gjpTf;fhd

fl;lzj;ij nrYj;jpa gpd; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l

rq;fkhff; $l;bizf;fg;gl;ljw;fhd gjpTr;

rhd;wpjo; Mizahsuhy; toq;fg;gLk;.

$l;LwTr; rl;lj;jpd; gb gjpag;gl;l $l;LwTr;

rq;fq;fs; Clhf %yk; Ez;epjp toq;fy;

$l;LwTr; rl;lj;jpy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l eilKiwfSf;F

mika> $l;LwTr; rq;fkhfg; gjpT nra;J

nfhs;tjw;fhd tpz;zg;gj;ij $l;LwTr;

rq;fq;fspd; gjpthsUf;F mDg;gyhk;. mj;jifa

tpz;zg;gj;Jld; rq;fj;jpd; cg tpjpfspd; ,U

gpujpfisAk; ,izj;J mDg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;.

tpz;zg;gj;ij mDg;GNthh; gjpthsh; NfhUk;

Vida jfty;fisAk; mtUf;Fr; rkh;g;gpj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. gjpthsh; jpUg;jpAWkplj;J $l;LwTr;

rq;fj;ijAk;> mjd; cg tpjpfisAk; gjpT nra;thh;.

mt;tpjk; gjpT nra;Ak; NghJ gjpthsh;:

- Fwpj;j rq;fk; $l;LwTr; rl;lj;jpd;

Vw;ghLfs; ahtw;wpw;Fk; mikthf cs;sjh

vd;gijAk;@

- Fwpj;j rq;fk; Nkw;nfhs;stpUf;Fk;

Kaw;rp nghUshjhuhPjpapy; rhj;jpakhdjh

vd;gijAk;@

- Fwpj;j rq;fj;jpd; cg tpjpfs; $l;LwTr;

rl;lj;jpw;Fk;> mjd; fPo; Mf;fg;gl;l

tpjp fSf;Fk; Kuz;ghL cilajy;y

vd;gijAk;@

jpUg;jp nra;J nfhs;thh;. gjpT nra;ag;gl;l rq;fk;

$l;bizf;fg;gl;l mikg;ghfTk;> xU ngaiu

cilajhfTk;> njhlh;r;rpahd topAhpikiaAk;>

nghJthd ,yr;rpidia cilajhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.

gjpT nra;ag;gl;l rq;fk; nrhj;Jf;fis clik

nfhs;s KbAk;. tof;F eltbf;iffisj;

njhlUjYk; KbAk;;. tof;Ffspy; rq;fk; vjpuhspahf

,Uj;jYk; KbAk;. rq;fj;jpd; ahg;gpd;gb cs;s

midj;J Nehf;fq;fspd; <Nlw;wj;jpw;fhf Ntz;ba

eltbf;iffisr; nra;jYk; ,aYk;.

NkNy $wpa gjpT eilKiwfs; Nky; khfhzk;>

rg;ufKt khfhzk;> kj;jpa khfhzk; Mfpa

khfhzq;fspw;Fk; nghUe;Jtd. rq;fj;jpid

gjpTNfhUk; tpz;zg;gk; me;je;j khfhz

rigfspd; $l;LwTr; rq;fg; gjpthsUf;Fk;

mDg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;.


jd;dhh;t r%f Nrit epWtdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd;gbahd jd;dhh;t r%f epWtdq;fs; Clhf Ez;epjp toq;fy;

jd;dhh;t r%f Nrit epWtdq;fs; VSSO rl;lj;jpd; fPo; jk;ik jd;dhh;t r%f Nrit epWtdq;fshfg;

gjpT nra;J nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. gjpT nra;tjw;fhd

tpz;zg;gq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l gbtj;jpy; mDg;gg;

gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. tpz;zg;gj;Jld; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l

Mtzq;fisAk; ,izj;J mDg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk;.

epWtdj;jpd nrayhsh; tpz;zg;gj;jpy; xg;gkpLjy;

Ntz;Lk;.

VSSO rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfSf;F mikthdjhf

epWtdk; cs;snjdj; jpUg;jpg;gLkplj;J gzpg;ghsh;

epWtdj;ij gjpT nra;tNjhL> gjpTr; rhd;wpjo;

xd;iwAk; toq;Fthh;.

Ez;epjp toq;fNyhL mlFgpbj;jy; njhopiyAk; nra;jy;

mlFgpbj;jy; njhopiyr; nra;Ak; xUth;> mlF

gpbj;jy; rl;lj;jpd; gb cj;juTg;gj;jpuj;ijg; gpuNjr

nrayhsuplk; ,Ue;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

mlFgpbj;jy; njhopiyr; nra;a tpUk;Gth; jhk;

ey;nyhOf;fk; cilath; vd;gij jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jk;

rhd;Wfisg; gpuNjr nrayhsUf;Fr; rkh;g;gpj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL tpjpf;fg;gLk; fhRg; gpiz

apidAk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. cj;juTg;gj;jpuk;

toq;fg;gl;l jpfjpapy; ,Ue;J mLj;JtUk;

a+iy khjk; 31Mk; jpfjp tiu tYTilajhf

,Uf;Fk;.

me;epar; nryhtzpr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; tpLf;fg;gl;l

gpukhzq;fspd;gb ,yq;ifia tjptplkhff;

nfhz;buhj xUth; mlFgpbj;jiyj; njhopyhff;

nfhz;l fk;gdp xd;wpd; gq;Ffspy; KjypLjy;

,ayhJ. mlFgpbg;Nghh; rl;lj;jpd;gb ntspehl;Lf;

fk;gdp my;yJ ntspehl;L epWtdk; ,yq;ifapy;

mlFgpbj;jy; njhopiyr; nra;jy; KbahJ.

rl;ltop mjpfhuk; ngw;w mikg;gpdhy; Ez;epjp toq;fy;

ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd top

mjpfhuk; ngw;w mikg;G Ez;epjp; toq;iyr; nra;jy;

KbAk;. Fwpj;j rl;lk; Ez;epjp; toq;fYf;fhd

mjpfhuj;ij mikg;Gf;F toq;fpapUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

mj;NjhL NtW VNjDk; rl;lk; xd;wpdhy; me;

eltbf;if jil nra;ag;gl;L ,Uj;jYk; MfhJ.

Fwpj;j mikg;G rl;lj;jpy; $wg;gl;l topfspy;

Ez;epjpfis toq;Fk;.

05. itg;Gf;fis Vw;wYk;> jpul;LjYk; ,g; gpur;rpid njhlh;ghf xt;nthU tif epWtdKk; vjph;Nehf;Fk; rl;l epiy gw;wp ,g;gFjpapy; tpghpf;fg;

gLfpwJ.

tq;fpr; rl;lj;jpd; 76A (1) gphptpd;gb itg;Gf;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;> mtw;iw KjyPL nra;jy; >

fld; nfhLj;jy; Mfpa tpahghu eltbf;iffs;

xU fk;gdpahy; kl;LNk nra;ag;glyhk;. mj;jifa

fk;gdp cupikKjiy nfhz;lJk;> ehzar;

rgigapdhy; tq;fpr; rl;lj;jpd; gFjp IXA gphptpd;gb toq;fg;gl;l cj;juTg;gj;jpuk; nfhz;lJkhf ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ xU fk;gdp cj;juTngw;w

tpNrl tq;fpahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Nkw;Fwpj;j tq;fpr; rl;lk; ‘xU fk;gdp’ vd;gijAk; tiuaiw nra;Js;sJ. mt;tiuaiwg;gb

gpd;tUtd xU fk;gdp vd;gjpy; mlq;Fk;:

- fk;gdp rl;lj;jpd; fPo; cUthj;fg;gl;lJk;

gjpT nra;ag; gl;lJkhdfkgdp.

- ,yq;iff;F ntspNa Kiwg;gb jhgpf;fg;gl;l

fk;gdp.

- me;epa ehnlhd;wpd; epajpr; rl;lj;jhy;

$l;bizg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;l mikg;G.

- ,uh[hq;fg;gl;laj;jhy; jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ.

- chpkf; fbjk; %yk; jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ.

- vOjg;gl;l rl;lj;jhy; jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,yq;iff;F ntspNa jhgpf;fg;l;l jdpg;gl;l fk;gdp

Nkw;Fwpj;j tiutpyf;fzj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl

tpy;iy.

‘cupik Kjy;’ vd;Dk; nrhy; gpd;tUkhW tiuaiw

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

m) ,yq;ifapy; $l;bizf;fg;gl;l cj;juT

ngw;w tpNrl tq;fpahapd; my;yJ VjhtJ

rl;lj;jpdhy; jhgpf;fg;gl;l mj;jifa

tq;fpahapd; nrYj;jg;gl;l mjd; %yjdk;

cupikKjy; vdf; fUjg;gLk;.

M) Fwpj;j cj;juTngw;w tpNrl tq;fpahdJ

,yq;iff;F ntspNa $l;bizf;fg;gl;ljhapd;

mt;tq;fpapd; jiyik mYtyfj;jhy;

mt; tq;fpf;F xJf;fg;gl;l njhif

cupik%yjdk; vdf; fUjg;gLk;.

Nkw;Fwpj;j tiuaiwfSf;F tpjptpyf;FfisAk;

tq;fpr; rl;lk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. gpd;tUk; tifg;gl;l


mikg;Gf;fs; Nkw;Fwpj;j tifapy; cj;juTg;

gj;jpuj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Njit ,y;iy.

m) 1988Mk; Mz;bd; 78Mk; ,yf;f epjpf;

fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l

epjpf; fk;gdp

M) 1972Mk; Mz;bd; 5Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lj;jpd;gb

gjpT nra;ag;gl;l $l;LwTr; rq;fk;

,) Njrpa tPlikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; $l;bizf;fg;

gl;l tPlikg;Gr; rq;fk;

<) tq;fpr; rl;lj;jpd;gb cj;juTngw;w th;j;jf

tq;fpahf cj;juTg;gj;jpuk; ngw;w fk;gdp

c) ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd;gb gjpT nra;ag;gl;l

mikg;G xd;W. mj;jifa mikg;G ,yhgk;

<l;Ljiy Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUj;jyhfhJ.

mJ jd; mq;fj;jth;fsplkpUe;J

itg;Gf;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. mt;thW

itg;Gf;ifg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sTk;> mtw;iw

KjypLtjw;Fk;> fld; nfhLg;gjw;Fk;

mDkjpia ehzar; rigaplkpUe;J ngw;Wf;

nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

MfNt> Ez;epjp toq;Fk; epWtdk; xd;W

itg;Gf;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l

tif epWtdq;fSs; xd;whf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,t;thW VjhtJ xU tiff;Fs; mlq;Fk; Ez;epjp;

epWtdk; itg;Gf;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. mt;

itg;Gf;fis Kjyplyhk;. fld;fis toq;fyhk;.

tpdh %d;Wf;F tpilaspf;Fk; NghJ>

,yq;ifapy; Ez;epjp toq;Fk; epWtdq;fisg;

gpd;tUk; tiffSf;Fs; mlf;fyhk; vd;W

$wpNdhk;. epWtdq;fs; ve;j tifr; rl;lj;jpd;

fPo; $l;bizf;fg;gl;lJ my;yJ gjpT

nra;ag;gl;lJ vd;gijg; nghWj;Nj ,t;tifg;ghL

mike;Js;sJ.

i) fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; $l;bizf;fg;gl;l epWtdq;fs;

ii) rq;fq;fs; fl;lisr;rl;lj;jpd; fPo;tUk; epWtdq;fs;

iii) $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;tUk; epWtdq;fs;

iv) jd;dhh;t r%f Nrit epWtdq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;tUk; epWtdq;fs;

v) ghuhSkd;w rl;lj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l epWtdq;fs;

vi) jdpegh;fshy; nfhz;L elj;jg;gLk; Ez;epjp;; eltbf;iffs;

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l xt;nthU tif epWtdq;fspd;

itg;Gf;fisj; jpul;Lk; Mw;wy;> jpwd; gw;wp mLj;J

tpghpg;Nghk;.fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; jhgpf;fg;gl;l

epWtdq;fs;

Kd;dh; tpsf;fpf; $wpaJ Nghd;W fk;gdpfs;

rl;lk; gpujhdkhf fk;gdpfs; ,yq;ifapy;

cUthf;fg;gLk; eilKiwfs; gw;wpf;

$WfpwJ (,yq;ifapy; tpahghu mYtyf

,lj;ij nfhz;ldTk;> ,yq;iff;F ntspNa

$l;bizf;fg;gl;ldTkhd fk;gdpfspd; gjpT

gw;wpAk; $WfpwJ). mj;NjhL fk;gdpfspd;

xOq;fikg;G gw;wpAk; ,r;rl;lk; vLj;Jf;

$WfpwJ.

fk;gdpfs; $l;bizf;fg;gLjy; my;yJ

gjpT nra;ag;gLjy; vd;w fhuzj;jpdhy;

kl;Lk; mit rl;lg;gb itg;Gf;fis Vw;Wf;

nfhs;Sk; jFjpiag; ngWtjpy;iy. tq;fpr;

rl;lj;jpy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s fl;Lg;ghLfspd;gb

$l;bizf;fg;gl;l/gjpT nra;ag;gl;l fk;gdp itg;Gf;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F fPNo

Fwpg;gpl;ltw;Ws; VjhtJ xU jFjpiaAk;

ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

- th;j;jf tq;fp my;yJ tpNrl tq;fp

my;yJ epjpf; fk;gdp vd;w VjhtJ

tifapy; kj;jpa tq;fpapd; cj;juTg;

gj;jpuk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;bUj;jy;.

- ,yhg Nehf;fkw;w mikg;ghf

,Ug;gNjhL gjpT nra;ag;gl;l

mq;fj;jth;fsplkpUe;J itg;Gf;fisg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F ehzar; rigapd;

tpNrl mDkjpiag; ngw;wpUj;jy;.

cj;juTngw;w th;j;jf tq;fp my;yJ cj;juT ngw;w tpNrl tq;fp itg;Gf;fisg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;Sjy;

cj;juTngw;w th;j;jf tq;fp LCB

cj;juTngw;w th;j;jf tq;fpahfr; nraw;gLtjw;F

mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ngw;w xU th;j;jf tq;fp tq;fpr;

rl;lj;jpy; tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;Ls;sgb ‘tq;fp th;j;jfj;jpy;’ <Lglyhk;. “nghJ kf;fsplkpUe;J

itg;Gf;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;. mt;tpjk; Vw;Wf;

nfhz;l itg;Gf;fis fhNrhiy> cz;bay; my;yJ

NtW topfspy; gFjpahfNth> KOikahfNth>

Kw;gzq;fshfNth> KjyPLfshfNth cgNahfpj;jy;

tq;fp th;j;jfkhFk;. ,J rl;lk;> tq;fp eltbf;if

toikfspd; gb nra;ag;gLk;.”

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;ltw;NwhL th;j;jf tq;fpahdJ tq;fpr;

rl;lj;jpd; ml;ltiz II,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l (,q;F gpd;dpizg;G ‘A’Mf ,izf;fg;gl;l) eltbf;if


fisAk; Nkw;nfhs;syhk;;. th;j;jf tq;fp ,t;tpjk;

Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tphpe;j eltbf;iffSs; ‘itg;Gf; fzf;F> Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;F Kjypa fzf;Ffis

Muk;gpj;jy;> eph;tfpj;jy; NgZjy;| vd;gJk;

mlq;Fk;.

NkNy $wpatw;wpy; ,Ue;J th;j;jf tq;fpfs; nghJ

kf;fsplkpUe;J itg;Gf;fisg; ngwyhk; vd;gJ

njspthfpwJ.

cj;juTngw;w th;j;jf tq;fpahfr; nraw;gLtjw;F

xU mikg;G rpy epge;jidfisg; g+h;j;jp nra;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j epge;jidfs; tq;fpr; rl;lj;jpy;

$wg;gl;Ls;sNjhL mr;rl;lj;jpd;gb ehzar; rig

apdhy; tpjpf;fg;gLtdthf ,Uf;Fk;. ehzar;

rigahy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; Kf;fpa Njitg;ghLfs;

gpd;tUkhW

m) %yjij;ij NgZjy;

tq;fpr; rl;lj;jpd;gb th;j;jf tq;fp Mff;

Fiwe;j mstpy; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;ba

cupik Kjy; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j

mstpid ehzar; rig fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk;

eph;zapf;Fk;. tq;fpr; rl;lj;jpy; ‘cupi

kKjy;’ vd;gJ gpd;tUkhW tiuaiw

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ:

i. ,yq;ifapy; $l;bizf;fg;gl;l my;yJ

jhgpf;fg;gl;l th;j;jf tq;fpapd;

nrYj;jg;gl;l Kjy;.

ii. ,yq;iff;F ntspNa $l;bizf;fg;gl;l

my;yJ jhgpf;fg;gl;l tq;fpahapd;

me;j tq;fpapd; jiyik mYtyfk;

me;j tq;fpf;F vd xJf;fpa Kjy;

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;ljd; gb th;j;jf

tq;fp xt;nthd;Wk; 2005 Vg;uy; 12Mk;

jpfjpa fl;lisapy; cs;sgb ,yq;if

&ghtpy; ,uz;lhapuj;J IE}W kpy;ypad;

&ghit (&gh 2>500>000>000) Kjyhf

itj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,q;Nf Fwpg;gpLk;

‘Kjy;’ vd;gij 1997Mk; Mz;L Mf];l;

22Mk; jpfjp kj;jpa tq;fp ntspapl;l

mwpTWj;jy;gb nghUs; nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;. mJ gbepiy 1 - mbg;gil

Kjy; vdg;gLk;. ,k;Kjy; epue;jug;

gq;Fjhuh;fspd; cupik %yjdj;ijAk;

(nrYj;jpa gq;FKjy;> nghJ ,Ug;G>

xJf;fpa Kjy;) gq;fplg;glhj Njf;fpa

,yhgk; %yk; cUthfpa xJf;fq;fs;>

tUtha;fs;> kPjq;fs; vd;gtw;iwAk;

cs;slf;Fk;.

2005 a+iy 29 Mk; jpfjpad;W

kj;jpa tq;fp tpLj;j mwpTWj;jypd;gb

ntspehLfspy; $l;bizf;fg;gl;l th;j;jf

tq;fpfs; jkJ %yjdj;ij ntspehl;Lr;

nryhtzpapy; itj;jpUf;f tpUk;Gkplj;J>

kj;jpa tq;fp mjid mDkjpf;Fk; vd;Wk;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mt;tq;fp ,yq;iff;Fg;

Gjpjhff; nfhz;L tUk; %yjdj;jpd;

Ik;gJ tPjk; (50%) ntspehl;Lr;

nryhtzpahf khw;wg;gl;L> Fwpj;j

tq;fpapd; fly; fle;j tq;fp myfpy;

(Off Shore Banking Unit) itj;jpUg;gNjhL> mjid ,yq;if KjyPl;Lr; rigapdhy;

mq;fPfhpf;fg;gLk; fk;gdpfSf;F fld;

nfhLg;gjw;fhf cgNahfpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpapy; itj;jpUf;Fk;

%yjdj;jpd; Ik;gJ tPjj;jpy; (50%) ,Ugj;J Ie;J tPjj;jpid (25%) tl;bapy;yhj itg;ghf mnkhpf;f nlhyh;>

gTz;]; ];nlh;ypq;> A+Nuh Mfpa xd;wpy;

itj;jpUg;gJld; (ve;rpa ,Ugj;J

[e;JtPjk;Fwpj;j tq;fpapd; flyfle;j

tq;fp myfpy; itj;jpUg;gnjhL mjid)

,yq;if KjyPl;Lr; rigapdhy;

mq;fPfhpf;fg;gLk; KjyPl;L Kaw;rpf;F

fld; toq;FjYf;fhf cgNahfpj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

M) xJf;F epjp

cj;juTngw;w th;j;jf tq;fp xJf;F epjp

xd;iwAk; NgZjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j epjpf;F

thpf;Fg; gpe;jpa epfu ,yhgj;jpy; ,Ue;J

Mz;LNjhWk; xJf;fk; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,t;thW xJf;fk; nra;jy;> gq;fpyhgk;

nfhLj;jy;> jiyik mYtyfj;jpw;F

khw;wk; nra;jy; my;yJ NtW tifapy;

,yhgj;ijg; gq;fpLjYf;F Kd;dh;

nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

Fwpj;j th;j;jf tq;fpapd; nrYj;jpa

%yjdk; my;yJ xJf;fpa %yjd j;jpd;

Ik;gJ tPj msit xJf;f epjp milAk;

tiu epfu ,yhgj;jpy; ,Ue;J Ie;J

tPjj;jpw;F (5%) Fiwahj njhifia

xJf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.

nrYj;jpa %yjdk; my;yJ xJf;fpa

%yjdj;jpd; Ik;gJ tPjk; (50%) msTf;F Nky; xJf;fepjp cah;e;j

gpd;dh; Mz;LNjhWk; ,uz;L tPjj;jpw;Ff;

Fiwahj njhif ,yhgj;ij (2%) xJf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.


,) jputr; nrhj;Jf;fis NgZjy;

kj;jpa tq;fpapdhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; msTfspy;

jputr; nrhj;Jf;fis xt;nthU th;j;jf

tq;fpAk; NgZjy; Ntz;Lk;. nkhj;j

nghWg;Gf;fspd; 20%f;Ff; FiwahkYk;>

30%f;F Nkw;glhkYk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd

kj;jpa tq;fp jputr; nrhj;Jf;fspd; msit

eph;zapj;Js;sJ. nkhj;jg; nghWg;Gf;fis

fzf;fpLk; nghOJ gpd;tUk; nghWg;Gf;fs;

fopf;fg;gLk;. kj;jpa tq;fpf;fhd nghWg;Gf;fs;>

jpiwNrhp cz;bay;fs; murhq;fg; gj;jpuq;fs;

kj;jpa tq;fpahy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk; Vida

nrhj;Jf;fs; vd;gd.

<) %yjd epiwTepiy tPjhrhuj;ij

NgZjy;

2004 [dthp 2Mk; jpfjpad;W ehzar; rig

nra;j jPh;khdj;jpd;gb xt;nthU cj;juT

ngw;w th;j;jf tq;fpAk; Fiwe;jJ gj;J

tPjk; (10%) mstpyhtJ %yjd epiwT

tPjhrhuj;ijg; NgZjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W

KbT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ

c) jdpahspd; fld; vy;iy

2007 ngg;ughp 20Mk; jpfjpa jPh;khdg;gb>

ehzar; rig jdpahs; ngwf;$ba fldpd;

vy;iyia tiuaWj;Js;sJ.

(1) Ke;jpa epjp tUlj;jpd; Kbtpy;

cj;juT ngw;w th;j;jf tq;fpnahd;wpd;

%yjd epjpfspd; Kg;gJ tPjj;jpw;F

(30%) Nkw;gl;l njhifia jdpnahU fk;gdpf;Nfh> nghJf; $l;Lj;jhgd

j;jpw;Nfh> epWtdj;jpw;Nfh> jdpegh;fspd;

FOtpw;Nfh> jdpegh; xUtUf;Nfh

fldhf toq;Fjy; MfhJ.

(2) gpd;tUk; tifapyhd fld;fs;

%yjdj;jpd; Kg;gj;jp %d;W tPjj;jpw;F

Nkw;gLjyhfhJ.

xU jdpegUf;Fk;> mtuJ

neUq;fpa cwtpdh;fSf;Fk;

my;yJ xU jdpegUf;Fk; mth;

ngUksT eyd;fisf; nfhz;bU

f;Fk;. xU fk;gdpf;Fk; toq;Fk;

fld;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif 33%f;F Nkw;glyhfhJ.

xU fk;gdpf;Fk; gpd;tUk; tif

mikg;Gf;fSf;Fk; toq;Fk;

xd;W Nrh;j;j njhif 33%f;F Nkw;gl yhfhJ.

i) mf;fk;gdpapd; Jiz

epWtdq;fs;.

ii) mjd; N`hy;bq; fk;gdp.

iii) mjd; ,izf; fk;gdp

(Associate Company).

iv) N`hy;bq; fk;gdp xd;wpd;

Jiz epWtdk;.

v) Fwpj;j fk;gdp

Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;yf;$ba

msT eyd;fisf;

nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,d;ndhU

fk;gdp> Fwpj;j fk;gdpapd;

Jiz epWtdk; my;yJ

N`hy;bq; fk;gdp my;yJ

N`hy;bq; fk;gdpapd;

Jiz epWtdk; vd;w

tifapdthAk;> Fwpj;j

fk;gdpapd; eyd; fisf;

nfhz;ldthAk; ,Uf;Fk;

epWtdq;fs;.

Nkw;Fwpj;j tifahd vy;iyfis kPwp

fld; toq;Ftjhapd;> ehzar; rigapd; Kd;

mDkjp ngwg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thwhd

mDkjp jdpj;jdpahd tplak; vd;w Kiwapy;

ghprPyid nra;J ehza rigahy; KbT

nra;ag;gLk;.

rpy tiff; fld;fSf;fhd vy;iyf;

fl;Lghl;bw;F tpjptpyf;Fs; cs;sd

(cjhuzk;: ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpw;F

toq;Fk; fld;fs;).

C) cj;juTngw;w th;j;jf tq;fp xd;wpd;

mDkjpf;fg;gl;l gq;F%yjdk;

2005Mk; Mz;bd; 5Mk; ,yf;f tq;fpr;

rl;lk; (jpUj;jr; rl;lk;) th;j;jf tq;fpfspd;

gq;F %yjdj;ijf; nfhs;tdT nra;tij

kl;Lg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. cj;juTngw;w th;j;jf

tq;fpnahd;wpy; gpd;tUk; tifg;gl;l

vtNuDk; ehzar; rigapd; vOj;J %ykhd

Kd; mq;fPfhukpd;wp ‘nghUz;kpa eyid’ (material interest) ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhfhJ vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ehzar; rigapd; vOj;J

%y mDkjp epjpaikr;rhpd; xg;GjYld;

toq;fg;gLk; vd;W $wg;gl;L;s;sJ.


1. jdpegh;

2. gq;Flik

3. $l;bizf;fg;gl;l mikg;G

vd;gd jdpj;Njh> xUkpj;Njh> NeubahfNth>

kiwKfkhfNth nghUz;kpa eyid

Nkw;Fwpj;jthwhd mDkjpapd;wpg; ngWjy;

KbahJ. ehzar; rig ,e;j mDkjpia

jhd; tpjpf;Fk; epge;jidfSf;F mika

toq;fyhk;. “nghUz;kpa eyd;’ vd;gjidr; rl;lk; gpd;tUkhW tiutpyf;fzk; nra;J

s;sJ:

“toq;fg;gl;l gq;FKjypd; gj;J tPjj;jpw;F

Nkw;gl;l gq;Ffisf; nfhs;tdT nra;J

thf;fspf;Fk; chpikiaf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.“

Nkw;Fwpj;jthwhd kl;Lg;ghL egh;fs;>

fk;gdpfs; xd;whff; $b nraw;gl;L

(acting in concert) th;j;jf tq;fp xd;wpd; fl;Lg;ghl;ilf; ifafg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

Kaw;rpiaj; jLg;gjw;F Mfr;

nra;ag;gl;l Vw;ghlhFk;.

2007 [dtup 19Mk; jpfjp tpLj;j xU

gzpg;Giuapd; %yk;> ehzar; rig

tplaj;Jf;F tpla mbg;gilapy;

gq;fhsu;fspy; Fwpj;Jiuj;j gpuptpdu;

fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l %yjdj;jpy;

15 tPjj;Jf;F mjpfkhfhkYk;>

LCB xd;wpy; fzf;F cupikiaf;

nfhz;lJkhd xU nghUshjhu

eyidj; Njbg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;

Vw;ghl;ilAk; toq;fpaJ.

%yjdg; gw;whf;Fiw> fldpWf;f

Kbahj epiy my;yJ th;j;jfj;

Njhy;tpiaj; jLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;

tifapy; kPs;fl;likg;ig nra;jy;

Mfpa re;jh;g;gq;fspy; ehzar; rig

xU jw;fhypf mbg;gilapy; vy;iy

(15%) 15 tPjj;Jf;F Nkyjpfkhff;

nry;tij mDkjpf;fyhk;.

jug;gl;l epuypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l

mikg;Gfs; LCB fpis vijAk;

cs;slf;ftpy;iy. Mjyhy; ehk;

,j;jifa epge;jidj; Njitfisf;

fye;Jiuahltpy;iy.

mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ngw;w tpNrl tq;fpfs;

(LSBs)

mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ngw;w tpNrl tq;fpj; njhopYf;fhd

mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; toq;fg;gl;lJk;> LSB xd;W

,q;F “gpd;dpizg;G B’ vd;W ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s

tq;fpj; njhopy; rl;lj;jpd; IVMk; ml;ltizapy;

epuw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghLfs; vijAk;

Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. LSB xd;W nra;af;$ba (,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gl;l IVMk; ml;ltizapy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;

gl;Ls;sthwhd) xU gue;j tPr;rpyhd eltbf;if

fis Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. Nrkpg;G itg;Gfis

Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;> Nrkpg;G> kw;Wk; eilKiw

fzf;Ffisj; jpwj;jy;> Ngzy;> kw;Wk;

Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy; vd;gtw;iwr; nra;ayhk;.

Mdhy;> ,J rl;lj;jpy; tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl;l

tq;fpj; njhopy; tpahghu eltbf;iffspy;

<LgLtij cs;slf;fkhl;lhJ. vt;thwhapDk;> Xu;

LSB vd;w tifapy; nraw;gLtjw;fhd jFjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy;> xU epWtdk; tq;fpj;

njhopy; rl;lj;jpy; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;s rpy

epge;jidj; NjitfisAk;> kj;jpa tq;fpapd; ehza

rigapd; gzpg;GiufisAk; eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

,e;j tifapy;> ehzar; rigapdhy; tpjpf;fg;gLk;

gpujhd epge;jidj; Njitfs; gpd;tUkhW:

m) %yjdj;ijg; NgZjy;

2005 Vg;uy; 12Mk; jpfjp tpLf;fg;gl;l

gzpg;Giuapd; gpufhuk;> LSB Mapuj;J IE}

W kpy;ypad; (&gh 1>500>000>000) &ghTf;F

Fiwahj gq;F %yjdj;ij (tupir 1

cs;ika %yjdk;) NgZjy; Ntz;Lk;.

M) xJf;F epjpak;

1997 etk;gu; 21Mk; jpfjp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

xU jPu;khdj;jpd; gpufhuk; ehza rig LSB xd;W xJf;F epjpankhd;iwg; Ngzp> xt;nthU

tUlKk; tupnrYj;Jiff;Fg; gpd;dUk;>

gq;fpyhgk; vJTk; mwptpf;fg;gLtjw;F

Kd;dUk; mj;jifa epjpaj;Jf;Fj; Njwpa

,yhgq;fspypUe;J gpd;tUk; khw;Wjy;fisr;

nra;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;gij njuptpj;Js;sJ.

xJf;F epjpaj;jpd; msT mj;jifa

LSB,d; gq;F %yjdj;jpd; Ik;gJ

tPjj;jpw;F (50%) rkkhFk; tiu> Njwpa ,yhgq;fspd; (5%) Ie;J tPjj;Jf;Ff; Fiwahj njhifia xJf;Fjy;

Ntz;Lk;.


xJf ;F e pj paj ;j pd ; msT 50% vy;iyiaj; jhz;ba gpd;dh; gq;F

%yjdj;Jf;Fr; rkkhFk; tiuapy;

,yhgq;fspd; ,uz;L tPjj;Jf;F (2%) Fiwahj njhifia xJf;Fjy;

Ntz;Lk;.

,) jputr; nrhj;Jfisg; NgZjy;

1997 etk;gu; 21Mk; jpfjp ehzar; rigapdhy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l xU jPu;khdj;jpy; xt;nthU

LSBAk; mjd; nkhj;j khjhe;j itg;Gg;

nghWg;Gfspd; ,UgJ tPjj;Jf;F (20%) Fiwahj njhifia jputr; nrhj;Jfshf

itj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

<) %yjd epiwT epiy tpfpjh rhuj;ijg;

NgZjy;

2001 brk;gu; 27Mk; jpfjp ehzar; rig

Nkw;nfhz;l xU jPu;khdk; rfy re;ju;g;gq;

fspYk; xt;nthU LSBAk;> 4.5 tPjj;Jf;Ff; Fiwahj (4.5%) cs;ika %yjdj;ijf;

nfhz;l ,lu; tuT epiw Nrfupf;fg;gl;l

nrhj;Jfs; rk;ge;jkhf Xu; mjpFiwahd

%yjd epiwT tpfpjhrhukhf xd;gJ

tPjj;ij (9%) NgZjy; Ntz;Lk;.

c) LSB xd;Wf;fhd jdpf; fld; vy;iy

ehzar; rig 2007 ngg;utup 20Mk; jpfjp

tpLj;j xU gzpg;Giuapy; jdpf; fld;

vy;iyfs; gpd;tUkhW tiuaiw nra;ag;

gl;Ls;sJ.

(1) Ke;jpa epjp tUlj;jpy; ,Wjpapy;

cs;sgb tq;fpapd; %yjd epjpaq;fspy;

Kg;gJ tPjj;Jf;F (30%) mjpfkhd

njhifia xU jdpf; fk;gdpf;F>

my;yJ nghJf; $l;Lj; jhgdj;Jf;F>

my;yJ mikg;Gf;F> my;yJ egu;fspd;

rq;fj;jpw;F my;yJ xU jdpegUf;F

toq;Fjy;> my;yJ

(2) mj;jifa tq;fpapd; %yjd epjpaq;

fspy; Kg;gj;J %d;W tPjj;Jf;F (33%) mjpfkhd njhifia kpd;tUNthepy;

xUtUf;F Nz;j;t toq;Ljt;

xU jdpegh;> mtUila tetpdh;

my;yJ mtUila fNgdp my;yJ

epWtdk;

x U x U f k ; g d p m j ; J l d ;

gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; xd;JRy;yJ gy

(i) mjd; cgepiy mikg;GfSf;F

(ii) mjd; e pu ;thfg ; gyKilf;

fk;gdpf;F

(iii) mjd; ,izf; fk;gdpf;F

(iv) mjd; epu;thfg; gyKilf; fk;gdp

apd; Xu; cg-epiy mikg;Gf; FO

my;yJ

(v) mj;jifa fk;gdp my;yJ mjd;

cg epiy mikg;G> my;yJ

mjd; e pu ;thfg ; gyKilf;

fk;gdp my;yJ mjd; cg epiy

mikg;G xU fzprkhd eyidf;

nfhz;Ls;s xU fk;gdp.

NkNy (2),y; epuyplg;gl;l thbf;ifahsu; tifg;

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jw;NghJs;s tq;fpfs; tplaj;jpy;> mtw;wpd;

tpahghuj; njhopypd; Ez;epjp mk;rk; jdpahf

kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLtij> gpukhzk; nra;ag;gLtij

Ntz;b epd;wJ rhj;jpakhfyhk;. cjhuzkhf> jdJ

nrhe;j tpjpKiwfs;> gpukhzq;fs;> epge;jidj;

Njitfisf; nfhz;l fly; fle;j tq;fpj; njhopy;

tplaj;jpy; ,J rhj;jpakhfyhk;.


II) rq;fq;fs; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPohd

epWtdq;fs;

,yq;if ehzar; rigapd; mDkjp ,d;wp>

rq;fnkhd;W gz itg;Gfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;tNjh>

KjyPL nra;tNjh> fld; toq;FtNjh MfhJ.

(jaT nra;J NkNy 5 (II)Ig; ghu;f;fTk;)

vt;thwhapDk;> fPNo 6 (IV),y; vLj;Jiuf;fg;

gl;Ls;sJ. xU VSSOf;Ff; fpl;lf;$ba tpUg;Gj; njupT> rq;fq;fSf;Fk; fpl;LtjhFk;.

vt;thwhapDk;> xU VSSO,d; tplaj;jpy; Nghyd;wp> rq;fq;fs; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT ngw;w

rpy rq;fq;fs; fPNo 6(iv),y; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l

tpUg;Gj; njupitg; gad;gLj;jp> jkJ mq;fj;jpdu;

fsplkpUe;J itg;Gfisg; ngw;W> mt;thW Vw;Wf;

nfhs;sg;gl;l gzq;fis KjyPL nra;Ak;> my;yJ

fld;toq;Fk; nraw;ghl;Lf;fhd ehzar; rigapd;

mDkjpiag; ngw;Ws;sd. MfNt> gjpT ngw;w

rq;fq;fs; ,e;j tpUg;Gj; njupitg; gad;gLj;jp>

itg;Gfis Vw;Wr; nraw;gLk; gpur;rpidia

ntw;wpfukhff; ifahsyhk;.

III) $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; fPohd

epWtdq;fs;

$l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; fPOk;> Nky;> kj;jpa

kw;Wk; rg;ufKth khfhzq;fspd; epajpr;rl;lq;fspd;

fPOk; itg;Gfis Vw;Wf; fUkg;gLtjw;fhd gjpT

ngw;w $l;LwTr; rq;fnkhd;wpd; ,aYik nghJthf

mjd; mq;fj;jtu;fspd; itg;GfSf;F khj;jpuk;

kl;Lg;gl;ljhFk;. mq;fj;jtuy;yhNjhuplkpUe;J

itg;Gfis Vw;gJ $l;LwTr; rq;fr; rl;lj;jpd;

,iaGs;s khfhz epajpr;rl;lq;fspd;

(tplaj;Jf;Fj; jFe;j khjpup)> kw;Wk; ,iaGs;s

$l;LwTr; rq;fq;fspd; Jizr; rl;lq;fspd; fPo;

tpLf;fg;gLk; tpjpKiwfSf;F cl;gl;ljhFk;. (jaT

nra;J NkNy 5(iii) ,d; fPohd fye;Jiuahliyg; ghu;f;fTk;)

,j;jifa kl;Lg;ghLfs; Ez; epjpaspg;GfSf;Fr;

rhjkfw;witahfj; Njhd;wf;$Lk; vd;w NghjpYk;>

$l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jpy; my;yJ (nghUj;jKs;s

tifapy;) $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; epajpr;rl;lj;jpy;

vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; Fwpf;Nfhisf; ftdj;jpw;

nfhs;Sk; NghJ> itg;Gfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;

rk;ge;jkhd kl;Lg;ghLfs; epahakhditahFk;>

- $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ

mit fUkg;gLk; fpuhkg;Gwq;fis

mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhFk;. MfNt>

gpuNjrj;jpd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf Fwpj;j

gFjpapd; kf;fsplkpUe;J itg;Gf;fisj;

jpul;lNtz;Lk; vd;w fl;Lg;ghl;il tpjpg;gJ

nghUj;j KilaJk;> mwpTG+h;tkhdJkhFk;.

- $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; cz;ikahd epjpapay;

Jiwj;Nju;r;rpiaf; nfhz;buhj rhjhuz

kf;fshy; Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;ag;gLtjhy;>

kjpaw;w tifapy; nra;ag;gLk; KjyPLfs;

,yFtpy ; ghj pg ; Gwf ;$ba f puhk pag ;

nghUshjhuq;fSf;F CWtpistpf;ff;

$Lnkd;gjhy;> itg;Gfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy;

fl;Lg;ghLfs; ,Uj;jy; epahakhdNj.

- VAT rl;lKk;> cs;ehl;L ,iwtupr; rl;lj;jpd;

rpy Vw;ghLfSk; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fSf;Fk;

nghUe;Jgitay;y. MfNt> $l;LwTr;

rq;fq;fs; ngUkstpyhd itg;Gfis

Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;> mtw;iw VjhtJ

Jiwapy; KjyPL nra;tjw;Fk; mDkjpf;fg;

gl;lhy;> mJ tupr;rl;lj;jpd; gpuNahfj;jpYk;

ghuJ}ukhd ghjpg;Gfis Vw;gLj;jf;$Lk;.

IV) jd;dhu;tr; r%f Nrit mikg;Gfs; tpla

vy;iyf;Fs; tUk; epWtdq;fs; 1980Mk;

Mz;bd; 31Mk; ,yf;f (gjpT kw;Wk;

Nkw;ghu;it) rl;lk; (“VSSO rl;lk;”).

NkNy 5Mk; tpdhTf;fhd vkJ gjpypy;

njuptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ Nghd;W> jw;NghJs;s epajpr;

rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> VSSO xd;W itg;Gfis Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;> mt;thW Vw;Wf;nfhz;l itg;Gfis

KjyPL nra;tjw;Fk;> fld; toq;Ftjw;Fk; ehza

rigapd; vOj;J %y mDkjpiag; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

VSSO xd;W mj;jifa mDkjpiag; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;tjhapd;> gpd;tUk; epge;jidj; Njitfis

epiwNtw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.

mJ VSSO rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Kiwahfg; gjpT

ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

mJ gpujhdkhf ,yhg Nehf;fj;ij nfhz;l

mikg;ghf ,Uj;jy; MfhJ.

mJ jdJ gjpT nra;ag;gl;l mq;fj;jtu;

fsplkpUe;J khj;jpuNk itg;Gfis Vw;Wf;

nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

,t;thwhf> Ez;epjp tpahghuj; njhopypy; <LgLk;

,e;j tpUg;Gj; njupT ,yhgNehf;fw;w mbg;gilapy;

my;yJ ,yhg Nehf;fw;w mbg;gilapy; Ezepjpr;


Nritfis toq;Fk;> itg;Gfisj; jpul;lf;$ba

tifapy; gjpT ngw;w mq;fj;jtu;fisf; nfhz;l

xU VSSO tplaj;jpy; khj;jpuNk epiyNgwhd

xd;whf mikAk;.

vt;thwhapDk;> Xu; mikg;G xU “jd;dhu;tr; r%f

Nrit mikg;ghf” fUjg;gl Ntz;Lnkdpy;> mJ

“nghJ kf;fs; gq;fspg;Gfs;> mwf;nfhilfs;>

kw;Wk; mjd; fUkg;ghLfis epiwNtw;Wtjpy;

murhq;ff; nfhilfspYk;> cs;ehl;L kw;Wk;

ntspehl;L ed;nfhilfspYk; jq;fp epw;Fk; Xu;

mikg;ghf” ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ VSSO rl;lj;jpy; “jd;dhu;t r%f Nrit mikg;Gfs;” tiutpyf;fzj;jpy; njuptpf;fg;gl;bUg;gijf;

ftdpf;fTk;.

MfNt> xU VSSO tpdhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;

,j;jifa itg;Gfs; mjd; fUkg;ghLfis

epiwNtw;Wtjw;F gad;gLj;jg;glf;$lhJ. mjw;Fg;

gjpyhf> tWikAw;w> Njitfisf; nfhz;l

kf;fspd; rhu;gpy; mtu;fspd; Nrkpg;Gfisg;

ghJfhg;gjd; %yk;> mtu;fSf;F toq;Fk;

Nritfspd; xU gFjpahf mj;jifa itg;Gfis

mJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.

ehzar; rig tplaj;Jf;F tplak; vd;w

mbg;gilapy;> xt;nthU tplaj;jpdJk; jFjpiag;

nghWj;Jk;> ,e;jg; gpur;rpidapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l

re;ju;g;gj;jpy; mjd; nfhs;ifiag; nghWj;Jk;

mDkjp toq;FtJ Fwpj;Jr; rpe;jpf;fyhk;.

,d;W cyifAk;> Fwpg;ghf ,yq;ifiaAk;

ghjpf;Fk; nghUshjhug; gpd;dzpapy; ghh;f;Fk; NghJ>

(itg;Gfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; epjpf; fk;gdpfs;

Nghd;w epWtdq;fspd; Njhy;tpAld;) ,yq;ifapy;

njhopw;gLk; VSSO rk;ge;jkhd fLikahd

gpukhzg;gLj;jy; mZFKiwNahL> jw;Nghija

epiyapy; kj;jpa tq;fp ,j;jifa xU tpz;zg;gk;

rk;ge;jkhf mD$ykhd xu; mZFKiwia

vLf;Fk; rhj;jpak; ,y;iy.

07. (jw;NghJ cs;sthwhd) gy;NtW Nkw;ghu;itf; fl;likg;Gfspd; xg;gPl;Lg; gFg;gha;Tk;> rl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; mtw;wpd;

rhu;Gepiy rl;l mjpfhuq;fSk;

$l;bizg;G> gjpT kw;Wk;> my;yJ mDkjpg;gj;jpuk;

ngw;w rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Nkw;ghu;itf;

fl;likg;Gfs; jdpajhu;j;j mikg;Gf;F mikg;G

NtWgLtdthFk;. xt;nthU rl;lKk;> mjd;

Nehf;fq;fSf;F mikthf jdJ nrhe;j

Nkw;ghu;itf; fl;likg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

mj;NjhL> xU jdpajhu;j;j mikg;G xd;Wf;F

Nkw;gl;l Nkw;ghu;itf; fl;likg;GfSf;Ff; fPOk;

tuyhk;. cjhuzkhf> fk;gdpnahd;W 2007Mk;

Mz;bd; 7Mk; ,yf;f fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT

nra;ag;gLfpwJ> mj;jifa fk;gdp epjpf;fk;gdpfs;>

rl;lj;jpd; mu;j;jj;jpy; epjp tpahghuj; njhopypy;

<Lgl tpUk;gpdhy;> epjpf; fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;Jf;Fk;>

mjd; gpukhzq;fSf;Fk; fPo;g;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

mj;NjhL fk;gdpr; rl;lj;jpd; MSiff;Fk; cl;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

jw;NghJs;s Nkw;ghu;itf; fl;likg;igg; gw;wpa

RUf;fkhd Fwpg;G fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU

epWtdj;jpidAk; MSk; rl;lthf;f Kiwfspd;

gpd;dzpapy; Nkw;ghu;it fl;likg;G cs;sJ.

Nkw;ghu;it mjpfhuKila epWtdq;fs; xd;Wf;F

Nkw;gl;l gy epWtdq;fs; kPJ mjpfhuk; cilad.

Fwpj;j epWtdk; xd;wpd; tpahghu eltbf;ifapd;

jd;ikiag; nghWj;J mjd; kPJ ve;nje;j

mikg;Gf;fspd; fl;Lg;ghL cs;sJ vd;gJ

eph;zakhFk;. ,J fzprkhd msTf;F mj;jifa

epwtdj;jpd; tpahghuj; njhopy; eltbf;iffisAk;

nghWj;jjhFk;.

1980Mk; Mz;bd; 31Mk; ,yf;f (gjpT kw;Wk; Nkw;ghu;it) jd;dhu;tr; r%f Nrit mikg;Gfs; rl;lj;jpd; (“VSSO rl;lk ;”) tpla vy;iyf;Fs; tUk; epWtdq;fs;

VSSO rl;lj;jpd; RUf;fkhd gFg;gha;T xd;Wf;fhf gpupT 2 rk;ge;jkhd vkJ gjpiyg; ghu;f;fTk;.

VSSO rl;lk; gpd;tUk; ,U Nkw;ghu;it mikg;Gfs;

rk;ge;jkhd Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ:

RVSO tpd; gzpg;Gfspd; fPo; nraw;gLk;

cjtp kw;Wk; gpujpg; gjpthsu;fs; cs;spl;l

tifapy;> jd;dhu;t r%f Nrit mikg;Gfspd;

gjpthsu;. (RVSO)

jd;dhu ;t r%f Nrit tplaj;Jf;Fg;

nghWg;ghd mikr;ru;. (“mikr;rh;”)

VSSO rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk; RVSO Tf;Fg; gpd;tUk; Nkw;ghuit mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd:

m) VSSO rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk; VSSO xd;Wf;Fg; gjpT toq;Fjy;> gjpT kWj;jy;.

M) VSSO rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT ngw;w xU

jd;dhu;t mikg;gpd; mYtyf tshfj;jpDs;

gpuNtrpj;J> Nrhjidaply;.

,) mj;jifa mikg;G <Lgl;l VjhtJ Nkhrb

my;yJ ifahly; rk;ge;jkhd jfty;fis


mikr;rupd; ftdj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;LtUjy;>

<) mj;jifa mikg;gpd; epiwNtw;Wf; FOtpd;

my;yJ ngUk;ghd;ikapduhd mq;fj;jtu;

fspd; vOj;J%y Ntz;LNfhspd; Ngupy;

mj;jifa mikg;gpd; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;

my;yJ mikr;rupd; rk;kjj;Jld; mj;jifa

mikg;gpd; VjhtJ epiwNtw;Wf; FOf;

$l;lj;jpy; my;yJ mj;jifa mikg;gpd;

mq;fj;jtu;fspd; nghJf;$l;lj;jpy;

gpurd;dkhftpUj;jy;. (mt;thW gpurd;dkhf

tpUf;Fk; gjpthsu; my;yJ cj;jpNahfj;ju;

mj;jifa $l;lj;jpy; thf;fspf;Fk; cupik

mw;wtuhthh;)

VSSO rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk; mikr;ru; gpd;tUk;

mjpfhuq ;fSs; vtw ;iwAk; g puNahfpf ;Fk ;

cupikiaf; nfhz;ltuhthu;:

m) rl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fs; njhlh;ghd

gpukhzq;fis Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

M) gjpT ngw;w VSSO xd;Wf;nfjpuhf ve;j

egupdhyhtJ Gupag;gl;l ve;j Nkhrb my;yJ

ifahly; rk;ge;jkhfTk; tprhuiz rigf;F

Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy; (tprhuiz rignahd;iw

epakpj;J> mjd; mq;fj;jtu;fisAk; ngau;

Fwpg;gpLtJ rk;ge;jkhd mjpfhuq;fs;

mikr;rUf;FupaitahFk;).

rhl;rpfSf;F miog;ghiz tpLj;J>

mtu;fspd; gpurd;dj;ij typAWj;jp

eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> Mtzq;fs;

rku;g;gzj;ij typAWj;jp eilKiwg;gLj;J

tjw;Fk;> ve;j egUf;fhtJ rj;jpag; gpukhzk;

nra;tpg;gjw;Fkhd mjpfhuq;fs; tprhuiz

rigf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,) VSSO rl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l epge;jidj;

NjitfSf;fikthf ,ilf;fhy

Kfhikj;Jtr; rignahd;iw epakpj;jy;>

Nkw;$wg;gl;lthW mikf;fg;gl;l tprhuiz

rig xU jd;dhu;t mikg;Gf;F vjpuhfg;

Gupag;gl;l Nkhrb my;yJ ifahly;

Fwpj;j Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;F Mjhuk; ,Ug;gjhf

mikr;rUf;F mwpf;ifapl;lJk;> mikr;ru;

mj;jifa Nkhrb my;yJ ifahly;

mikg;gpd; epjp Kfhikj;Jtj;ijg;

ghjpf;Fnkd;Wk;> mj;jifa mikg;G

jw;NghJs;s epiwNtw;Wf; FOtpd; fPo;

njhlu;e;Jk; ,Ug;gjhy; nghJkf;fs;

eyd; ghjpg;gilAnkd;Wk; jpUg;jpAw;why;>

,ilf;fhy Kfhikj;Jtr; rignahd;iw

epkpj;jy;.

<) tprhuiz rigapd; mwpf;ifia nghUj;jkhd

mjpfhurigf;F Mw;Wg;gLj;jp> rl;lg; gpufhuk;

eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.

2007Mk; Mz;bd; 7Mk; ,yf;ff; fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; tpla vy;iyapd; fPo;tUk; mikg;Gfs;:

2007Mk; Mz;bd; 7Mk; ,yf;ff; fk;gdpfs;

rl;lk; mjd; fPo; $l;bizg;G> gjpT ngw;w

fk;gdpfisf; ifahSk; Kjdpiyr; rl;lthf;fkhFk;.

fk;gdpfs; gjpthsu; ehafk; fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd;

fPo; $l;bizg;G> gjpTngw;w mikg;Gfspd;

nghJthd Nkw;ghu;it rk;ge;jkhd mjpfhuq;fisf;

nfhz;ltuhthu;.

fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk;> $l;bizg;Gg;

ngw;w mikg;Gfs; fk;gdpfs; rl;lk; mtw;iwf;

fl;lhakhf;Fk; NghJ> fk;gdp tptfhuq;fisg;

gjpT nra;J> fk;gdpfs; gjpthsu; ehafj;Jf;F

mj;jifa Mtzq;fisAk;> mwptpj;jy;fisAk;

rku;g;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW gjpT nra;Ak;

eltbf;if KiwfSk;> rl;l tpjpKiwfisg;

gpd;gw;WtJk; xU fk;gdp $l;bizg;G> gjpT ngw;w

fhyk; njhlf;fk;> mJ KbTWj;jg;gLk; fhyk;

tiu njhlUtjhFk;. fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk;>

mjpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sthwhd tpjpKifwSk;>

eltbf;if KiwfSk; gpd;gw;wg;glhtpby;>

fk;gdpAk;> fk;gdpapd; xt;nthU nghWg;Gs;s

cj;jpNahfj;jUk; jtnwhd;iwg; Ghpe;j Fw;wj;Jf;F

MshtNjhL> Fw;wj; jPu;g;G ngWk; NghJ fk;gdpr;

rl;lj;jpy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;s jz;lidf;Fk;

Mshth;.

fk;gdpg; gjpthsh; ehafk; fk;gdpr; rl;lj;jpd;

$l;bizg;Gg; ngw;w mikg;Gf;fs; njhlh;gpy;

gpd;tUk; ,U tifahd mjpfhuq;fisAk;

nfhz;ltuhtu;.

m. epu;thf kw;Wk; tprhuiz mjpfhuk; kw;Wk;

M. ePjpkUtpa mjpfhuk;

,t;thwhf> fk;gdpfs; gjpthsu; ehafk;

fk ; gd pfs ; gj pt hsh ; e hafj ;Jf ;F

rku;gpf;fg;gLk; my;yJ mDg;gpitf;fg;gLk;

rfy Mtzq;fisAk;> fk;gdpr; rl;lj;jpd;

epge;jidj; NjitfSf;Nfw;w tifapy;

NgZjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,J nghJkf;fs; my;yJ

mf;fiwAs;s jug;gpdu; vtuhtJ Fwpj;jpUe;j


fl;lzj;ijr; nrYj;jpa gpd;dh;> ,e;j

Mtzq;fis ghpNrhjpg;gjw;F topnra;Ak;.

fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; jdJ flikfisg;

Guptjw;F mtrpakhd jfty;fis toq;FkhW

my;yJ jahhpf;FkhW fk;gdpnahd;iw

Ntz;bf; nfhs;syhk;.

fk ;gd pfs ; rl ;lj ;j pd ; f Po ; flg ;ghL

jtWk; fk;gdpfSf;nfjpuhf mj;jifa

fk;gdpfs; GupAk; jtWfSf;F Fw;wj; jPh;g;G

toq;Fk; tifapy; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;Fj;

njhluyhk;.

vt u h tJ e g u ; f k ; g d p n a h d ; w p d ;

cj;jpNahfj;juhftpUf;Fk; fhyg;gFjpapy;

fk;gdpapd; tptfhuq;fis Kfhikj;Jtk;

nra;tJ njhlu;gpy; jtnwhd;iwg; Ghpe;Js;shh;

vd;gij ek;Gtjw;F epahaG+u;tkhd fhuzk;

,Uf;Fkplj;J> fk;gdpapd; my;yJ fk;gdpapd;

fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPOs;s VLfs;> Mtzq;fspy;

mj;jifa jtW Ghpag;gl;ljw;fhd rhd;Wfs;

,Uf;Fkplj;J> ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mDkjpAld;>

fk;gdpia my;yJ nghWg;Gs;s cj;jpNahf

j;jiu mj;jifa VLfs; my;yJ gjpNtLfisr;

rkh;gpf;FkhW fl;lisapL tjw;F eltbf;if

Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.

NkYk;> fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;

gl;lthwhd jtWfSf;fhd Fw;wj;jPh;;g;G xU ePjp

kd;wj;jpdhy; khj;jpuNk toq;fg;gl KbAnkd;w

NghjpYk;> mJ nghUj;jkhdnjd;gJ gjpthsh;

ehafk; fUJkplj;J> gjpthsh; ehafk; ePjpkd;wj;jpy;

tof;Fj; njhlUtjw;Fg; gjpyhf> my;yJ mj;jifa

tof;F Vw;fdNt njhlug;gl;bUg;gpDk;> mj;jifa

jtW njhlh;gpy; fk;gdpf;nfjpuhf my;yJ fk;gdpapd;

cj;jpNahfj;jh; xUtUf;nfjpuhf mj;jifa

tof;F eltbf;iffisj; njhlUtjw;Fg; gjpyhf

fk;gdpaplkpUe;J my;yJ cj;jpNahfj;jhplkpUe;J

jtW rk;ge;jkhf Kiwahdnjd;W fUJk; njhifg;

gzj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;.

tiuTs;s nghJf; fk;gdpfs;

tiuTs;s nghJf; fk;gdpahfTs;s xt;nthU

fk;gdpAk; fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; $l;bizf;fg;

gl;lJ my;yJ gjpT ngw;wjhFk;. fk;gdpfs;

rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk;> xU tiuTs;s nghWg;Gf;fs;

cs;s fk;gdpahFk;. fk;gdpnahd;W nfhOk;G

gq;Fg; ghpth;j;jid mikg;gpd; epuw;gLj;jy;

tpjpKiw fSf;fikthf (“CSE”) gq;Ffis

toq;fpaJk;> rl;lj;jpd; ghh;itapy; mj;jifa

fk;gdp xU tiuTs;s nghJf; fk;gdpahFk;. mjd;

gpd;dh;> mj;jifa fk;gdp> fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd;

epge;jidj; NjitfSf;F ,zq;fpnahOFtjw;F

Nkyjpfkhf> CSE mikg;gpd; tpjpKiwfspy; fPohd

epge;jidj; NjitfSf;Fk; ,zq;fpnahOFjy;

Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thwhd> Ezepjp epWtdk; xd;W nghJ

kf;fSf;Fg; gq;Ffis toq;FtjD}lhf gzk;

jpul;l tpUk;gpdhy;> epuw;gLj;Jjy; tpjpKiwahFk;.

mjd; fPohf Nkw;ghh;itf; fl;likg;igAk; tpsf;fpf;

nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;.

CSE 1987Mk; Mz;bd; 36Mk; ,yf;f ,yq;ifg;

gpizfs; kw;Wk; ghpth;j;jid Mizf;FOf;

rl;lj;jpd; fPo; (“SEC rl;lk;”) mDkjpg;gj;jpuk;

toq;fg;gl;l gq;Fg; ghpth;j;jid mikg;ghFk;.

(SEC rl;lj;jpd; xU RUf;fkhd gFg;gha;Tf;fhf 2Mk; tpdhTf;fhd gjpiyg; ghh;f;fTk;) jw;NghJ>

,JNt ,yq;ifapYs;s xNunahU mDkjpg;gj;jpuk;

toq;fg;gl;l gq;Fg; ghpth;j;jid mikg;ghFk;.

,t;thwhf xU fk;gdpapd; gq;Ffs; gpurpj;jkhf

toq;fg;gLtJ CSE,D}lhf khj;jpuNk epiwNtw;wg;

glf;$bajhFk;. CSE, SEC rl;lj;jpd; fPo; epWtg; gl;Ls;s ,yq;if gpizaq;fs; kw;Wk; ghpth;j;jid

Mizf;FOtpd; mDkjpAld; (“SEC”) epuw;gLj;jy; tpjpKiwfisg; gpufldk; nra;Js;sJ. ,t;thwhf>

SEC,dhy; CSEf;F toq;fg;gl;l mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo;

CSENa ,yq;ifapYs;s rfy tiuTs;s nghJf;

fk;gdpfspYk; gpujhd Nkw;ghh;it mikg;G/fz;fhzpg;G topKiwaikg;G MFk;.

Kw;gfh;tpd;/mwpKf Mtzj;jpy; cs;slf;fk;

cs;sPl;lq;fspy; gq;Ffspd; gpurpj;j toq;fy;

rk;ge;jkhf tpjpKiwfs;> gpizfs; Nkyjpf

toq;fy;> mikg;gpd; mftpjpfs;> cs;slf;fk;> ahf;f

Ml;rpaikg;G (,J tplak; Fwpj;j tpguq;fSf;F

8Mk; tpdhTf;fhd vkJ gjpiyg; ghh;f;fTk;)>

njhlUk; epuw;gLj;jy; epge;jidj; jfty; kw;Wk;

ahf;f ntspg;gLj;jy; Nghd;w rfy tplaq;fspYk;

tiuTs;s nghJf; fk;gdpfisg; gpukhzg;gLj;JtJ

epuw;gLj;jy; tpjpKiwfNsahFk;. mKy;gLj;jy;

topKiwaikg;nghd;Wk; epuw;gLj;jy; tpjpKiw

fSs; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. epakpf;fg;gl;l

tpjpKiwfspy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l epge;jidj;

Njitfisf; filg;gpbg;gij cWjp nra;fpd;wJ.

SEC tpjpKiwfspy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l rpy

tplaq;fs; Fwpj;j Neub mjpfhuq;fisAk;

gpuNahfpf;fpd;wJ.

1988Mk; Mz;bd; 30Mk; ,yf;f tq;fpj; njhopy; rl;lj;jpd; tpla vy;iyAs; tUk; mikg;Gfs;

tq;fpj; njhopy; rl;lk; ,yq;ifapy; LCBf;fisAk;> LSBf;fisAk; Ml;rp nra;J> fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ


tq;fpfs; Fwpj;j gpukhzg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk;

Nkw;ghh;itf; fUkg;ghLfs; kj;jpa tq;fpapd;

tq;fpfs; Nkw;ghh;itg; gphptpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;

gLfpd;wd. tq;fpfspd; Nkw;ghh;it tq;fpj;njhopy;

Nkw;ghh;itfis ghnry; FOtpdhy; tFj;j rh;tNjr

hPjpapyhd tq;fp Nkw;ghh;itj; ju epakq;fspd;

mbg;gilapy; ,lk;ngWtjhFk;.

J}uj;J Ez;fzpg;G Kiwikapd; fPo;> LCB/LSB xd;wpd; epjpapay; epiyik jkJ nraw;ghLfs;

rk;ge;jkhf tq;fpfs; toq;Fk; fhyhe;juj;

jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy; fzpg;gPL nra;ag;gL

fpd;wJ. fhyhe;juj; juTfs;> itg;Gfs; kw;Wk;

Kw;gzq;fs; kPjhd thuhe;j tl;b tPjq;fs;> njhpT

ngw;w epjpapay; jfty; rk;ge;jkhd khjhe;j

jpul;Lf;fs;> nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fs;>

tuT – nryT rk;ge;jkhd fhyhz;Lj; jpul;Lf;fs;>

%yjd epiwT epiy> ,yhgkw;w fld;fs;>

Kw;gzq;fs;> Nkhrkhd kw;Wk; re;Njfj;jpw;F

chpa Kw;gzq;fs; rk;ge;jkhd fhg;G Vw;ghLfs;>

gq;Ffspy; KjyPLfs;> kw;Wk; tq;fpg; gzpg;ghsh;

fzprkhd eyd;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s mikg;Gf;fspd;

fld; trjpfs;> tl;b guty;fs;> tq;fpfspd;

gq;Fr; nrhj;Jhpik rk;ge;jkhd miuahz;Lj;

jpul;Lf;fs; kw;Wk; fhyhz;L epjpf; $w;Wf;fs;

kw;Wk; fzf;fha;T nra;ag;gl;l tUlhe;j epjpf;

$w;Wf;fs; vd;gdtw;iw cs;slf;FgitahFk;.

tq;fpj; njhopy; rl;lk; kw;Wk; ehza tpjpr; rl;lk;

vd;gdtw;wpd; Vw;ghLfspd; gpufhuk; LCB /LSB xd;W ,uz;L tUlq;fSf;nfhU jlit epajpr;

rl;lg; ghPl;irfSf;F cl;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

tq;fpj; njhopy; ,lu;gug;Gfis ,dq;fhZjy;>

mtw;wpd; Kfhikj;Jtk;> rpytw;iwr; rkhspf;Fk;

tifapyhd %ytsq;fs; epiwT epiyf;

fzpg;gPL vd;gtw;wpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jk; ,lh; tuT

mbg;gilapyhd ghPl;ir nray;Kiw cs;spl;l

tifapy; mt;tplj;jpy; epfOk; Nkw;ghh;it

rh;tNjrhPjpapy; mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w CAMEL khjphpapdhy; (%yjd epiwT epiy> nrhj;Jf;fs;

juk;> Kfhikj;Jtk;> rk;ghj;jpaq;fs; kw;Wk;

jputepiy) Fiw epug;gg;gLfpd;wJ.

NkYk;> epajpr;rl;l epge;jidj; Njitfs;>

nghUj;jKila rl;lq;fs;> gpukhzq;fs;>

cs;epiyf; fl;Lg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; ahf;f Ml;rpapd;

ju epakq;fNshL ,af;fpnahOFk; tq;fpapd;

,aYikAk; fzpg;gPL nra;ag;gLk;.

epjp rk;ge;jkhd epge;jidj; NjitfSld;

,zq;fpnahOFk; Fwpj;j tplaq;fspYk;> epjp

epiyik Fwpj;j gytPdq;fSk;> FiwghLfSk;>

tq;fpf; fl;Lg;ghLfSk;> KiwikfSk; mtrpakhd

jpUj;j eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtij cWjp

nra;Ak; tifapy; kj;jpa tq;fpahy; gzpg;ghsh;

rigapd; ftdj;Jf;F nfhz;L tug;gLk;.

LCB/LSB xd;W xt;nthU fhyg;gFjpAk; Kbtile;j

,uz;L khj fhyj;jpDs;> nra;jpg; gj;jphpiffspy;>

rpq;fsk;> jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; Mfpa Kk;nkhopfspYk;

Kf;fpa nray; epiwNtw;wf; fhl;bfs; cs;spl;l

tifapy; mtw;wpd; fzf;fha;T nra;ag;gl;l

fhyhz;L kw;Wk; tUlhe;j epjpf; $w;Wf;fis

ntspapLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

m) tq;fp Nkw;ghh;itg; gzpg;ghshpd;

mjpfhuq;fs ;

tq;fpj; njhopy; rl;lj;jpd; 45Mk; gphptpd; gpufhuk;>

,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; tq;fp Nkw;ghh;itg;

gphptpd; jiyth; (“tq;fp Nkw;ghh;itg; gzpg;ghsh;”) Xh; LCB / LSB

jdJ tpahghuj; njhopiyf; nfhz;L

elj;Jtjpy; ghJfhg;gw;w my;yJ crpjkw;w

eilKiwfspy; <LgLtjhfTk;> mJ

mjd; itg;ghsh;fSf;fhd flg;ghLfSf;F

CWtpistpf;Fnkd;W my;yJ mjd;

fhuzkhf mj;jifa tq;fp jdJ

flg;ghLfis epiwNtw;w Kbahj epiyf;F

,l;Lf; nry;yf;$Lnkd;Wk; mgpg;gpuhag;gbd;;

my;yJ

tq;fpr; rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfis kPwpAs;sjhf

my;yJ mtw;Wld; ,af;fpnahOfj;

jtwpAs;sjhf> my;yJ mr;rl;lj;jpd; fPohd

VjhtJ gpukhzj;ij> gzpg;Giuf; fl;lisia

my;yJ NtW VjhtJ epge;jidfis

kPwpajhf my;yJ mtw;Wld; ,zq;fpnahOfj;

jtwpajhf> tq;fp Nkw;ghh;itg; gzpg;ghshpd;

mgpg;gpuhaj;jpy; tq;fpj; njhopYld; my;yJ

epjpAld; rk;ge;jKw;wpUg;gjid NtW VjhtJ

vOj;J%y rl;lj;ij kPwpajhf my;yJ

mj;Jld; ,af;ftpjpnahOfy; jtwpajhf

cs;snjd;W mgpg;gpuhag;gbd;>

mj;jifa LCB/LSBIg; gpd;tUkhW gzpf;Fk;

fl;lisnahd;iw mth; tpLf;fyhk;:

fl;lisapy; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gLk; fhyg;

gFjpapDs;>

(i) mj ;jifa VjhtJ eilKiw k Pwy ;

my;yJ jtiw epWj;JkhW my;yJ mjpy;

<LglhjpUf;FkhW@ my;yJ

(ii) tq;fpj; njhopy; rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfNshL

,zq;fpnahOFkhW my;yJ tq;fpj;njhopy;


rl;lj;jpd; fPo; nra;ag;gLk; gpukhzk;>

gzpg;Giu> fl;lis my;yJ Vida epge;jidj;

NjitAld; ,zq;fp xOFkhW@ my;yJ.

(ii) mj;jifa eilKiw> kPwyhf my;yJ

jtWfspypUe;J vof;$ba epyikfisj;

jpUj;Jtjw;F mtrpakhd eltbf;iffis

vLf;FkhW Nfl;Lf nfhs;Sjy;@

M) ehza rigapd; gzpg;Giufs;

tq;fpj; njhopy; Kiwikapd; gaDWjpia cWjp

nra;Ak; tifapy; kj;jpa tq;fpapd; ehzar; rig

fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; tq;fpapd; Kfhikj;Jtk;>

kw;Wk; %yjdk; Ngzy;> xJf;F epjpaq;fs;>

fhrhf;fj;jF nrhj;Jf;fs;> %yjd epiwT

tpfpjhrhuk;> mjpfstpy; VjhtJ tq;fpapdhy;

toq;fg;gl Kbahj VjhtJ Kw;gz tifapdq;fs;>

nghWg;Gld;$ba Kw;gzq;fs; rk;ge;jkhfg;

Ngzg;gl Ntz;ba vy;iyfs;> fld; ngWk; xU

jdp egUf;F fk;gdpfs; FOTf;F toq;fg;glf;$ba

mjp$Ljyhd Kw;gzj; njhif> xU tq;fpapy;

itj;jpUf;ff;$ba mjp$Ljyhd gq;Ffs; Nghd;w

gpur;rpidfs; ifahSk; Vida epjp epWtd

rk;ge;jkhd gzpg;Giufis tpLtpf;ff;$Lk;.

ehza rig LCBfspYk;> LSBf;fSk; mwtpl

KbahjdTk;> re;Njfj;Jf;fplkhditAkhd

fld;fs; rk;ge;jkhd rpwg;G tpjpKiwfisf;

filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W Nfl;Lf;nfhs;Sk;

mjpfhuj;ijAk; nfhz;;Ls;sJ.

1988Mk; Mz;bd; 78Mk; ,yf;f epjpf;

fk;gdpapd; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;tUk; epWtdq;fs;

,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; ehzar; rig epjpf;

fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfspd; fPo; epjpf;

fk;gdpfisg; gjpT nra;J Fwpg;gpl;l rl;lj;jpd; fPo;

gzpg;Giufis toq;Fk; mjpAah; rigahFk;

,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; tq;fpay;yhj epWtdq;

fspd; Nkw;ghh;itg; gphptpd; gzpg;ghsh;> mDkjpg;gj;jpuk;

ngw;w epjpf; fk;gdpfs; nraw;ghLfs; rk;ge;jkhd

Nkw;ghh;itf; fUkg;ghl;il epiwNtw;Wfpd;whh;.

m) tq;fpay;yhj epj p e pWtdq;fspd; N k w ; g h h ; itg ; gz p g ; g h s h p d ;

mjpfhuq;fs;

gzpg;ghsh; ve;j NtisapYk; ve;j epjpf; fk;gdpapdJk;

VLfisAk;> fzf;FfisAk; ghPl;rpj;J> ,yq;if

kj;jpa tq;fpapd; MSeUf;F mj;jifa ghPl;ir

Fwpj;j mwpf;ifiar; rkh;gpf;fyhk;.

gz p g ; g hs h ; /vt u htJ mj p f h u k ; n g w ; w

cj;jpNahfj;jh;

- xU epjpf; fk;gdpapd; gzpg;ghsh;> Kfhik

ahsh;> nrayhsh; Copah; my;yJ fzf;fha;

thshhpd; rj;jpag;gpukhzj;ij cWjpAiug;ig

elj;jp itf;fyhk;.

- epjpf; fk;gdpapd; tptfhuq;fs; Fwpj;j

jfty;fis toq;FkhW mj;jifa eghpd;

ifapy; my;yJ fl;Lf;fhtypy; ,Uf;Fk;

fk;gdpapd; tptfhuq;fs; rk;ge;jkhd VLfs;>

gjpNtLfs; kw;Wk; Mtzq;fis ghPl;irf;Fr;

rkh;g;gpf;FkhW mj;jifa egiuf; Nfl;Lf;

nfhs;syhk;.

- xU epjpf; fk;gdpapy; Nkhrkhd Kfhikj;Jtk;

,lk;ngWk; rhd;Wfs; ,Uf;ifapy;. gzpg;ghsh;

mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l fzf;fha;thsh; xUtuplk;

epjpf; fk;gdpapd; fzf;Ffisr; rkh;g;gpf;FkhW

mj;jifa egiuf; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;syhk;.

NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tplaq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf>

xU epjpf;fk;gdpapd; cz;ikahd epyikfis

mwpe;Jnfhs;tJ mtrpankd;W gzpg;ghsh;

fUJkplj;J>

- mj ;jifa fk ; gd pa pd ; jfty ;fis

itj;jpUf;Fk; vtuhtJ egh;> mj;jifa

jftiy toq;FkhW> my;yJ ghPl;irfspy;

Nehpy; gpurd;dkhFkhW Nfl;Lf;nfhs;syhk;.

- Xh; ,ay;Gs;s fhyg;gFjpapy; xU eph;thfg;

gyKilf; fk;gdpahf epjpf; fk;gdpapd; cg

epiyf; fk;gdpahf my;yJ epjpf; fk;gdpapd;

eph;thf gyKilf; fk;gdpapd; cg epiyf;

fk;gdpahf> my;yJ epjpf; fk;gdpapd; ,izf;

fk;gdpahf ,Uf;Fk; xU fk;gdpapd; tpahghuj;

njhopiyg; ghPl;rpj;jy;.

M) ehza rigapd; gzpg;Giu

epjpf; fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> mj;jifa epjpf;

fk;gdpfspd; tpahghuj; njhopypy; gpd;tUtd

Nghd;w VjhtJ mk;rk; ve;j Kiwapy; elj;jg;gl

Ntz;Lk; vd;W mwpe;J mf; fk;gdpfSf;F ,yq;if

kj;jpa tq;fpapd; ehzar; rig gzpg;Giufis

toq;fyhk;.

(i) ,j ;jifa fk ;gd pfs ; itg ;Gf ;fis

Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ rk;ge;jkhd epajpfSk;>

epge;jidfSk;> mj;jifa itg;Gf;fSf;F

toq;ff;$ba mjp$Ljyhd tl;b tpfpjq;fs;>

itg ; Gfs ; Vw ;Wf ;nfhs ;sg ; glf ;$ba

mjp$Ljyhd fhyg; gFjpfs;> xd;W my;yJ

xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l fzf;Ffspy; xU eghpd;


ngahpy; xU fk;gdpapy; itg;Gr; nra;af;$ba

mjp$Ljyhd njhif.

(ii) ,j;jifa fk;gdpahy; toq;fg;glf;$ba

fld;> ehzaf; fld; trjp> my;yJ ve;j

tif apYkhd cjtpfs; toq;fg;glf;$ba

epajpfs; kw;Wk; epge;jidfs;> mjpfstpy;

fld;fis mwtplg;glf;$ba mjp$Ljyhd

tl;b tpfpjq;fs; kw;Wk; mj;jifa fld;fs;

toq;fg;glf;$ba mjp$Ljyhd fhyg;

gFjp;.

(ii) ,j;jifa fk;gdpfspy; juFg; gzq;fs;>

fopTfs;> fl;lzq;fs;> my;yJ Vida

ngWiffs; my;yJ nfhLg;gdTfs;;.

(iv) VjhtJ Fj;jiff; nfhs;Kjy; cld;gbf;if

fspy;> rhj;jpa Fj;jif ngWgth; nra;a

Ntz;ba mjpFiwthd Muk;g nfhLg;gdT.

(v) epjpf; fk;gdpfs; KjyPLfisr; nra;af;$ba

epajpfSk;> epge;jidfSk;.

,) ehza rigapd; Vida mjpfhuq;fs;

NkNy $wg;gl;ltw;Wf;F Nkyjpfkhf ehzar; rig

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisAk; nra;ayhk;:

- rl;lj;jpd; fPo; tpjpfs; tFj;jikf;fg;gl

Ntz;Lnkd;W mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l ve;j

tplak; rk;ge;jkhfTk; my;yJ epjpf ;

fk;gdpfspd; gjpT> tUlhe;j mDkjpg;gj;jpuf;

fl;lzq;fs;> rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gad;gLj;jg;gl

Ntz;ba ,iaGs;s gbtq;fs; kw;Wk;

xU epjpf; fk;gdpapd; tpsk;guq;fs; Fwpj;j

tplaq;fs; rk;ge;jkhf Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl

Ntz;Lnkd;W vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l epge;jid

fisAk;> Njitahf;fg;gl;l tpjpKiwfisAk;

tFj;jikj;jy;.

- Kfhikj;JtKk;> eph;thfKk; gzpg;ghsh;

rignahd;wpdhy; nghWg;Ngw;fg;gl;l xU epjpf;

fk;gdpAld; itg;ghsh; xUth; nra;Jnfhz;l

VjhtJ cld;gbf ;ifia kPs ;ghh ;it

nra;tJk;> cld;gbf;ifapd; epajpfspy;

khw;wq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;tJk;;.

- itg;ghsh;fspd; my;yJ fld;jUdh;fspd;

eyd;fs; Fwpj;J rhpahd ftdpg;gpd;wp

fk;gdpahy; NtW vtuhtJ egh;fSld; nra;J

nfhs;sg;gl;l VjhtJ cld;gbf;ifia

kPs;ghh;itapl;L> mij khw;wpaikj;jy;.

2000Mk; Mz;bd; 56Mk; ,yf;f epjpf; Fj;jifr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; tUk; epWtdq;fs;.

gjpT ngw;w xt;nthU epjpf; Fj;jif epWtdKk;

,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; tq;fpay;yhj epjp

epWtdq;fspd; Nkw;ghh;itg; gphptpd; gzpg;ghshpd;

Nkw;ghh;itapd; fPo; nraw;gLfpd;wJ.

tq;fpay;yhj epjp epWtd Nkw;ghh;itg;

gzpg;ghshpd; mjpfhuq;fs;

tq;fpay;yhj epjp epWtdq;fs; Nkw;ghh;itg; gphptpd;

gzpg;ghsh; gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fspd; epkpj;jk; gjpT

ngw;w VjhtJ epjpf; Fj;jif epWtdj;jpd; gjpit

,ilepWj;j my;yJ ,uj;J nra;Ak; mjpfhuj;ijf;

nfhz;Ls;shh;:

i) gjpT ngw;w 12 khjq;fSs; tpahghuj;

njhopiy Muk;gpf;fj; jtWjy;.

ii) epjpf; Fj;jif tpahghuj; njhopy; elj;Jtij

epWj;Jjy;.

iii) fld ;jUeh ;fSld ; Nrh ; e ;j pzq ;Fjy ; >

Fiyj;jy;> my;yJ tpahghuj; njhopy;

KbTWj;jg;gly;.

iv) epjpf; Fj;jif ngWNthhpw;F CWtpis

tpf;Fk; Kiwapy; tpahghuj; njhopiy

elj;Jjy;.

v) epj pf ; Fj ;jif ngWNthUf ;F> fld;

jUeh;fSf;F my;yJ toq;Fdh;fSf;F

flg;ghl;il epiwNtw;Wtjpy; ,ayhik.

vi) rl;lj;jpd; VjhtJ Vw;ghL/mjd; fPohd

VjhtJ gpukhzk; my;yJ gzpg;Giuia kPWk;

tifapy; nraw;gLjy;.

gzpg;ghsh; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis gzpg;Giufs;

cs;spl;l tifapy;> gjpT ngw;w epjpf; Fj;jif

epWtdq;fs; jkJ flikfis epiwNtw;Wtjpy;

tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f juepakq;fisg; NgZtij

cWjp nra;Ak; tpjj;jpy; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; nghJthf

gzpg;Giufis tpLf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijAk;

nfhz;Ls;shh;.

i) gjpT ngw;w epjpf; Fj;jif epWtdq;fs;

mwtplf;$ba mjp$Ljyhd nfhLg;gdT

tpfpjq;fs;.

ii) nfhLg;gdTfisr; Nrfhpf;Fk; topKiw

rk;ge;jkhd tplaq;fs;;.

iii) fzf;NfLfs; my;yJ Vida gjpNtLfs;

my;yJ Mtzq;fs; Ngzg;gl Ntz;ba

tbtKk;> KiwAk;;.


iv) epjpf; Fj;jiffspd; epajpfSk;> epge;jid

fSk;;.

v) xU gjpTngw;w epjpf; Fj;jif epWtdk;>

itj ;j pUf ;f Ntz;ba mjpFiwthd

nrYj;jg;gl;l %yjdKk;> xJf;FfSk;;.

vi) gjpT ngw;w epWtdnkhd;wpd; nrYj;jg;gl;l

%yjdk; kw;Wk; xJf;FfSf;F ftdk;

nrYj;Jk; tifapy;> Fwpj;j gzpg;ghsuhy;

Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gLk; tifapy; vtuhtJ xU

egh;> egh;fspd; FO my;yJ tifg;gphpT

my;yJ egh;fSf;F toq;fg;glf;$ba epjpf;

Fj;jiffspd; mjp$Ljyhd ngWkjp.

vii) gjpT ngw;w epjpf; Fj;jif epWtdq;fspd;

%yjdKk;> xJf;FfSk;;.

viii) Fj ;jif ngWk ; xUtuhy ; VjhtJ

cgfuzj;Jf;F my;yJ NtWgLk; tifg;

gphpTfis cgfuzq;fSf;F mjpFiwthd

G+h;thq;ff; nfhLg;gdit cgfuzj;jpd;

ngWkjpapy; xU tpfpjhrukhf vLj;Jiuj;jy;;

my;yJ

ix) Nkhrkhd kw;Wk; re ;Njfj;Jf;fplkhd

fld;fSf;fhd Vw;ghLfs;.

M) mikr;rhpd; mjpfhuq;fs;.

rl;lk; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;W Nfhhp epw;Fk;

ve;j tplak; rk;ge;jkhfTk; my;yJ gpukhzq;fs;

tFjpaikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;W rl;;lj;jpdhy;

Nfhug;gLk; ve;j tplak; rk;ge;jkhfTk; gpukhzq;fis

Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fr; rl;lk; mikr;rUf;F mjpfhuk;

toq;Ffpd;wJ.

rq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; tUk; epWtdq;fs;

m) fk;gdpfs; gjpthsh; ehafj;jpd;

mjpfhuq;fs; ;

gjpT ngw;w rq;fq;fspd; Nkw;ghh;itf; fl;likg;G

fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT ngw;w fk;gdpfspd;

Nkw;ghh;itf; fl;likg;ig xj;jjhFk;. rq;fq;fs;

fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf> fk;gdpfs;

gjpthsh; ehafNk gjpthsh; Mthh;. fk;gdpfs;

rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT ngw;w fk;gdpfs; tplaj;jpy;

NghyNt> gpd;tUk; ,U tplaq;fspYk; fk;gdpfs;

gjpthsh; ehafj;Jf;F mjpfhuq;fs; cs;sd.

i) rq;fq;fs;; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; $l;bizg;G

ngw;w mikg;Gfspd; eph;thf kw;Wk; tprhuiz

mjpfhuk; kw;Wk;

ii) ePjp kUtpa mjpfhuq;fs;.

- xU Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhd

mq;fj;jth;fspd; Ntz;LNfhspd; gpufhuk;>

rq;fj;jpd; tptfhuq;fis ghPl;rpj;J mJ

rk;ge;jkhf mwpf;ifapLjy;

- rq;fj;jpd; xU tpNrl $l;lj;ijf; $l;b>

mj;jifa $l;lj;jpy; Fwpj;j tplaq;fs;

fye;Jiuahl Ntz;Lnkd;w gzpg;Giu

toq;Fjy;.

fk;gdpfs; gzpg;ghsh; ehafk; xU rq;fj;jpd;

Ntz;LNfhspd; Nghpy; mth; nghUj;jkhdnjd;W

epidj;jhy; my;yJ tplaj;Jf;Fg; nghWg;ghd

mikr;rhpd; mq;fPfhuj;Jld; xU rq;fj;jpd; gjpit

,uj;J nra;jy;> gjpT mq;fPfhuk; Nkhrbahd

Kiwapy;> jtWjyhfg; ngwg;gl;lJ> rq;fk; ,Ug;gJ

xU rl;l tpNuhj Nehf;fj;Jf;fhf my;yJ rq;fk;

gjpthsh;fs; mwptpj;jYf;Fg; gpd;dUk; fl;lisr;

rl;lj;jpd; vjhtJ Vw;ghl;il kPwpaJ my;yJ

,Ug;ig ,oe;Jtpl;lJ Nghd;w tplaq;fs; mthpd;

jpUg;jpf;F Vw;w tifapy; fhz;gpf;fg;gl;lhy;>

mikr;rhpd; mq;fPfhuj;Jld; gjpitj; jw;fhypfkhf

epWj;jpitj;jy; Nghd;w Nkyjpf mjpfhuq;fisAk;

nfhz;Ls;shh;.

fk;gdpfs; gjpthsh; ehafk; Xh; mq;fj;jtUf;Fk;

/mq;fj;jt&lhf chpik NfhUk; xU egUf;Fk;>

rq;fj;Jf;Fkpilapyhd VjhtJ gpzf;if

tprhhpj;Jj; jPh;g;G toq;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijAk;

nfhz;Ls;shh;.

M) mikr;rhpd; mjpfhuq;fs;

mikr;rh;> Vida tplaq;fNshL> rq;fq;fs;

fl;lisr;rl;lj;jpw; fPo; gjpT nra;jy; kw;Wk;

eltbf;if Kiw rk;ge;jkhf> gad;gLj;jg;gl

Ntz;ba gbtq;fs; rk;ge;jkhfTk;> fk;gdpfs;

gjpthsh; ehafj;jpd; flikfs;> fUkg;ghLfs;

rk;ge;jkhfTk;> fk;gdp gjpthsh; ehafj;jplKs;s

Mtzq;fisg; ghpNrhjpj;jy; rk;ge;jkhfTk;>

nghJthf rq;fq;fs; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpw;Fg;

gaDWjp toq;Fk; tifapyhd gpukhzq;fis

Mf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;shh;.

$l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; fPohd

epWtdq;fs;

1972Mk; Mz;bd; 5Mk; ,yf;f $l;LwTr;

rq;fq;fs; rl;lk; (jpUj;jg;gl;lJ) jdJ ngahpy;

ve;j ,lj;jpyhtJ $l;LwT vd;Dk; nrhy;iyf;

nfhz;l ve;jr; rq;fKk; mjd; fPo; gjpT ngw

Ntz;Lnkd;W Nfhhp epw;gNjhL> mit gjpT

ngw;wJk; kpfTk; fLikahd> midj;Jklq;Fk;

Nkw;ghh;itf; fl;likg;Gf;fs; Vw;ghl;ilAk;


nfhz;Ls;sJ. gpd;tUtd mjd; Nkw;ghh;itf;

fl;likg;gpd; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fshFk;.

$l;LwTf; rq;fq;fspd; rl;lk; ,uz;L Nkw;ghh;it

mikg;GfSf;fhd Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

i) $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; tplaj;Jf;Fg; nghWg;ghd

mikr;rh; (“mikr;rh;”)

ii) mikr;rhpdhy; epakpf;fg;gl;L> mjpfhukspf;fg;

gLk; vtuhtJ gpujpg; gjpthsh;> rpNu\;l

cjtpg; gjpthsh; my;yJ cjtpg; gjpthsh;

fs; cs;spl;l tifapyhd $l;LwTr;

rq;fq;fspd; gjpthsh;.

$l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Nkw;ghh;it

mjpfhuq;fis “eph;thf kw;Wk; xOq;FgLj;jy;” mjpfhuq;fs; vdTk;> “ePjpkUtpa mjpfhuq;fs;” vd;Wk; gphpf;fyhk;.

epUthfKk;> xOq;FgLj;jYk;

$l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jpdpy; mj;jpahak; VIII kw;Wk; IX vd;git $l;LwT rq;fq;fs; gjpthshpd; eph;thf khw;wk; gpukhzg;gLj;jy; flikfs;

kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ,it

gpd;tUtd:

- gjpT ngw;w $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd; Kfhikj;Jtf;

FOTf;F egh ;fis epakpj ;jy; mjd;

jiytiuAk; kw;Wk/my;yJ cg jiytiuAk;

epakpj;jy;.

- xt ; nt hU gj pT ngw ; w $l ; L wTr ;

rq;fj;jplkpUe;Jk; fzf;Ffs; rk;ge;jkhd

tUlhe;j $w;Wf;fisAk;> mth;fspd; tUlhe;j

tuT-nryTj;jpl;lj;jpd; gpujpnahd;iwAk;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;.

- gjpT ngw;w xt;nthU $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpdJk;

tUlhe;j fzf;Ffisf; fzf;fha;T nra;jy;

(my;yJ nra;tpj;jy;) (,J rq;fnkhd;wpd;

nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; my;yJ mjd;

tptfhuq;fspd; Kfhikj;Jtk; rk;ge;jkhd

tplaj; jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;

tifapy; vtuhtJ fle;j fhy my;yJ

epfo;fhy cj;jpNahfj;jiu> Kfth; my;yJ

mq;fj;jth;fs; Nghd;wth;fis miof;Fk;

mjpfhuk;> mth;fsplkpUe;J rq;fj;jpd;

tptfhuq;fs; rk;ge;jkhd VjhtJ VL my;yJ

mG+h;tkhd my;yJ mj;jifathpd; fl;Lf;

fhtypy; my;yJ mth; trKs;s VjhtJ

fhir my;yJ gpizia my;yJ rq;fj;jpd;

Vida nrhj;ijr; rkh;g;gpf;FkhW NfhUk;

mjpfhuk; vd;gdtw;iw cs;slf;FtjhFk;).

- rfy rq;fq;fspYk; gjpT ngw;w $l;LwTr;

rq;fj;jpd; rfy VLfs;> Mtzq;fs;>

fzf;Ffs;> gj;jpuq;fs;> gpizfs; kw;Wk;

ifapYs;s fhR vd;gdtw;iwg; ngw;W

ghpNrhjid nra;Ak; cupik.

- fzf;fha;T ,lk;ngWk;NghJ (my;yJ mjd;

Kbtpy;) $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fspd; rl;lk;> my;yJ

$l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; rk;ge;jkhf NtW VjhtJ

rl;lk; tpjpKiwapy; my;yJ gpukhzq;fspw;F

tpNuhjkhf VjhtJ nfhLg;gdT my;yJ

gjpT ngw;w $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd; epjpfis

cgNahfpj;jy; ,lk;ngw;why;> mtw;iwj;

jLj;J epWj;Jjy;. egh;fspd; jtwhd elj;ij

fhuzkhf gjpT ngw;w $l;LwTr; rq;fj;Jf;F

Vw;gLk; FiwghL my;yJ ,og;ig mj;jifa

eghplkpUe;J mwtpLjy; Fwpj;j mjpfhuk;.

- jdJ jw;Jzptpd;gb> my;yJ gjpT ngw;w

$l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd; mq;fj;jth;fspy;

%d;wpnyhU gq;Ff;F Fiwahj vz;zpf;if

ahNdhhpd; tpz;zg;gj;jpd; Nghpy;> Fwpg;gpl;l>

gjpTngw;w $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd; mikg;G>

nrayhw;wy;> epjp epiyik my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l

gjpT ngw;w $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd; VLfisg;

ghpNrhjid nra;jy; Fwpj;j mjpfhuk;.

- (Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthwhd tprhuizf;Fg; gpd;dh;

gjpthsh; mtrpankd;W fUjpdhy;) gjpT ngw;w

$l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd; FOtpd; mq;fj;jth;fis

ePf;FkhW gjpT ngw;w $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd;

nghJr; rigiaf; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;Sk;

mjpfhuk;> my;yJ FOitf; fiyj;Jtpl;L>

Gjpa FO mq;fj;jth;fisj; njhpT nra;jy;

my;yJ gjpT ngw;w $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd;

cg tpjpfspd; gb xU Gjpa FOitj; njhpT

nra;jy; Fwpj;j mjpfhuk;;

- (Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthwhd tprhuizf;Fg; gpd;dh;

gjpthsh; mtrpankd;W fUjpdhy;) xU

gjpit ,uj;J nra;Jtpl;L> mijf; fiyj;J

tpLjy;.

- gjpT ngw;w $l;LwTr; rq;fnkhd;wpd; gjpit

,uj;Jr; nra;j gpd;dh;> jPh;j;Jf; fl;Lgth;

my;yJ jPh;j;Jf; fl;LNthuhf xUtiu

my;yJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l egh ;fis

epakpj;jy;. ,t;thW xopj;Jf; fl;LNthh;

gjpthshpd; Neubf; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPOk;

Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; fPOk; nraw;gLth;.


ePjp kUtpa mjpfhuq;fs;

- epiwNtw;Wf; FO mq;fj;jth;fis ePf;Fjy;>

xU FOitj; fiyj;jy; my;yJ gjpT ngw;w

$l;LwTr; rq;fj;ijf; fiyj;jy; rk;ge;jkhf

vLf;fg;gl;l jPh;khdq;fs; Fwpj;J tprhuiz

elj;Jjy;

- ($l;LwTf; rq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jpy; vLj;Jiu

f;fg;gl;lthW) gjpT ngw;w $l;LwTr; rq;fk;

rk;ge;jkhf VjhtJ gpzf;Ffis eLj; jPh;g;Gf;F

tpLjy; my;yJ gpzf;Ffis jhNd tprhhpj;J

jPh;g;G toq;Fjy; eLj;jPh;g;G KbT rk;ge;jkhd

VjhtJ Nkd;KiwaPL nra;ag;gl;lhy; mJ

gw;wpa mthpd; KbNt ,WjpahdjhFk;.

($l;LwT rq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; gb rptpy;

ePjpkd;wq;fSf;Fr; nry;y KbahJ)

- xU gjpT ngw;w $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd; cg

tpjpfspd;; tpahf;fpahdk; rk;ge;jkhf vOk;

VjhtJ gpzf;Ff;F jPh;g;G toq;Ftjd; %yk;

Fwpj;j gpzf;if jPh;j;J toq;Fjy;.

mikr;rhpd; mjpfhuq;fs;

$l;LwTr; rq;fr; rl;lk; mikr;rUf;Fg; gpd;tUk;

tplaq;fisr; nra;tjw;fhd mjpfhuq;fis

toq;fpAs;sJ:

- $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fspd; rl;lj;ij eilKiwg;

gLj ;Jtjw ;F my;yJ my;yJ mjd;

Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; Vw;ghLfSf;Fg; gaDjtp

toq;Ftjw;F mtrpag;glf;$ba mj;jifa

tpjpfis Mf;Fjy;.

- gjpT rk;ge;jkhd $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jpd;

VjhtJ epge;jidj; Njit fspypUe;J

VjhtJ rq;fj;Jf;F tpjptpyf;fspj;jy;

- $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; VjhtJ

Vw;ghLfspypUe;J> xU nghJthd my;yJ

tpNrl cj;jutpD}lhf VjhtJ gjpT ngw;w

rq;fj;Jf;F my;yJ rq;fq;fspd; tFg;Gf;F

tpjptpyf;fspj;jy; my;yJ mj;jifa

Vw;ghLfspy; gpuNahfj;ij my;yJ gpuNahfj;

jpfjpia khw;wpaikj;jy;.

NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l Nkw;ghh;itf; fl;likg;Gk;>

mjpfhuq;fSk;> Nky;> rg;ufKt kw;Wk; kj;jpa

khfhzq;fspd; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; epajpr;

rl;lq;fspy; ,Nj tpjkhd Vw;ghLfspd; %yk;

,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. mikr;rh; vd;gJ $l;LwTf;F

nghWg;ghd khfhzj;jpd; mikr;riuAk;> gjpthsh;

vd;gJ khfhzj;jpd; gjpthsiuAk; Fwpf;Fk;.

08. (epjp epWtdq;fspy;) Ml;rp kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$wy; gpur;rpidfs; Fwpj;j jw ;Nghija rl ;lq ;fs pd ; k Ps ; ghh;itAk;> Ez;epjp epWtdq;fspd; Kf hikj ;Jtj ; j p y ; mtw ; w pd ; gpuNahfKk;.

xU Fwpg;gpl;l mikg;G rk;ge;jkhf xU Fwpg;gpl;l

rl;lj;jpd; fPo; vOk; Ml;rp kw;Wk; nghWg;G $wy;

Fwpj;j gpur;rpidfspd; gpuNahfk; mj;jifa jdp

ajhh;j;j mikg;G mj;jifa rl;lj;jpd; tpla

vy;iyapd; fPo; tUtijg; nghWj;jjhFk;.

cjhuzkhf> nfhOk;G gq;F ghpth;j;jidapd;

epuw;gLj;jy; tpjpKiwfspy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ahf;f

Ml;rp rk;ge;jkhf tpjpKiwapd; fPo; ahf;f kw;Wk;

tifg; nghWg;Gg; gpur;rpidfs; tiuTs;s nghJf;

fk;gdpfSf;F khj;jpuNk nghUe;JtdthFk;. mit

epjpf; fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; mh;j;jj;jpd;gbahd xU

epjpf; fk;gdpf;F nghUe;Jkh vd;gJ mj;jifa

fk;gdp nfhOk;Gg; gq;Fg; ghpth;j;jid epuw;gLj;jy;

tpjpKiwapd; gpufhuk; epuw;gLj;jg;gl;l jdpajhh;j;j

mikg;gh vd;gijg; nghWj;j tplakhFk;.

1980Mk; Mz;bd; 31Mk; ,yf;f jd;dhh;t r%f Nrit mikg;Gfs; (gjpT kw;Wk; Nkw;ghh;it) rl;lj;jpd; (“VSSO rl;lk;”) tpla vy;iyf;Fs; tUk; epWtdq;fs;

jaT nra;J 7Mk; gFjp rk;ge;jkhd fye;Jiu

ahliyg; ghh;f;fTk;

2007 Mk; Mz;bd; 07Mk; ,yf;f fk;gdpapd; rl;lj;jpd; tpla vy;iyf;Fs;

tUk; epWtdq;fs;.

fk;gdpfs; rl;lk; ahf;f mikg;Gfspd; Kfhikj;J

tj;jpy; ey;yhl;rp kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf; $Wjiy

cWjpg;gLj;Jtij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l gy

Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. rpy Kf;fpakhd

mk;rq;fs; fPNo jug;gLfpd;wd:

xU fk;gdpapd; gzpg;ghsh; rig fk;gdpia

Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;Ak; mjpfhuj;ijf;

nfhz;ljhFk;. fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpdhy; my;yJ

NtW tiffspy; Rkj;jg;gLk; mj;jifa

flikfs; fk;gdpapd; eyDf;fhf ey;nyz;z

mbg;gilapy; gzpg ;ghsh ; rigapdhy;

Ghpag;glTk;> nra;ag;glTk; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;>

fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; VjhtJ Vw;ghLfis

my;yJ fk;gdpapd; mikg;G mftpjpfis

kPWk; tifapy; fk;gdp nraw;gLtjw;Fg;

gzpg;ghsh; nrayhw;wNth> rk;kjpf;fNth


KbahJ. jdJ flikfisg; GhpAk; xU

gzpg ;ghsh ; mrl;ilahd KiwapNyh>

mg;gl;lkhd cjhrPd KiwapNyh ele;J

nfhs;sf;$lhJ. mth; mtupd; mwpT kw;Wk;

mDgtj;ijf; nfhz;l xU eghplkpUe;J

epahakhf vjph;ghh;f;fg;glf;$ba kl;lj;jpyhd

jpwikiaAk;> ftdj;ijAk; gpuNahfpj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

fk;gdpahy; nra;J nfhs;sg;glTs;s my;yJ

Vw;fdNt nra;Jnfhs;sg;gl;l xg;ge;jq;fspy;

jkJ eyd;fisAk;> fk;gdpahy; toq;fg;gl;l

gq;Ffspyhd jkJ eyd;fisAk; ntspapLtJ

gzpg;ghsh;fspd; flg;ghlhFk;.

gzpg;ghsh; xUth; rl;lj;jpd; epge;jidj;

NjitfSf;fikthf gzpg;ghsh; rigapdhy;

my;yJ mikg;gpd; mftpjpfshy; mjpfhu

kspf;fg;gl;lhy; fk;gdpapd; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf

td;wp> xU gzpg;ghsh; fk;gdp Copandd;w

tifapy; jd;trKs;s jftiy vtuhtJ

egUf;F ntspaplNth> gad;gLj;jNth>

jftiyg; gad;gLj;jpr ; nraw;glNth

$lhJ.

fk;gdpapd; gzpg;ghsh; rig fk;gdpapd; fld;

fis nrYj;jf;$ba jfikia (mjhtJ

fk;gdpapd; nrhj;Jf;fs; nghWg;Gf;fis

tplTk;> fk;gdpapd; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l

%yjdj;ij tplTk; mjpfkhf tpUj;jy;)

vg;NghJk; Ngzg;gLtij cWjp nra;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

fk;gdpapd; Ie;njhifj; jpfjpapypUe;J MW

khj fhyj;jpDs; fk;gdpapd; gzpg;ghsh; rig

mjd; gq;Ffis itj;jpUg;Nghhpd; tUlhe;jg;

nghJf;$l;lnkhd;iwf; $l;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.

fk;gdpapd; tptfhuq;fs; rk;ge;jkhf tUlhe;j

mwpf;ifapd; gpujpapid tUlhe;jg; nghJf;

$l;lj;jpw;F 15 Ntiy ehl;fSf;NfDk;

Kd;duhf gq;F itj;jpUg;NghUf;F toq;Fjy;

Ntz;Lk;.

$l;bizg;Gf;F Kd;duhff; fk;gdpahy; nra;J

nfhs;sg;gl;l xg;ge;jq;fs; mjd; $l;biz

g;Gf;Fg; gpd;dUk; mKy;gLj;jg;glf;$bait

ahFk;.

t pNrl j P h ; k hdnkhd ;w pD}lhf gq ;F

itj;jpUg;Nghhpd; mDkjpapd;wp> fk;gdpapd;

nrhj;Jf;fisf; fzprkhd mstpy; ghjpf;Fk;

tifapy; fk;gdp ghhpa nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;

fspy; <Lglf;$lhJ.

(jdpahh; fk;gdpfs; jtph;e;j) fk;gdpfs;

jkJ epjpf; $w;Wf;fis fk;gdpfs; gjpthsh;

ehafj;jplk; rkh;g;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;

fk;gdpapd; xg;ge;jq;fs; kw;Wk; gq;Ffspy;

gzpg;ghsh;fspd; eyd;fs; gjpT nra;ag;glf;

$ba “eyd;fs; ,lhg;G” xd;iw fk;gdpfs; NgZjy; Ntz;Lk;.

jdpahh; fk;gdpfs; tplaj;jpy; NkNy vLj;Jiuf;fg;

gl;l rpy flikfSk;> flg;ghLfSk; fk;gdpapd;

gq;Ffis itj;jpUg;Nghhpd; Vfkdjhd rk;kjj;jpd;

Nghpy; iftplg;glyhk;.

tiuTs;s nghJf; fk;gdpfs;

Nkw;$wg;gl;litf;F NkyjpfkhfTk; 07Mk;

tpdhtpd; fPo; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;l 20Mk;> Vida

tplaq; fNshL> ahf;f Ml;rp rk;ge;jkhd epuyply;

tpjp Kiwfspd; Vw;ghLfNshL ,aq;fpnahOFkhW

nghJ epuw;gLj;jg;gl;l fk;gdpfis CSE Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpd;wJ. ,e;j tpjpKiwfs; gpujhdkhf>

gzpg;ghsh; rig mq;fj;jth;fs;> RahjPdkhf

gzpg;ghsh;fis epakdk; nra;jy;> fzf;fha;Tf;

FOf;fs;> kw;Wk; Cjpaf; FOf;fis epakdk;

nra;jy; Mfpa tplaq;fisg; gw;wpadthFk;.

1988Mk; Mz;bd; 30Mk; ,yf;f tq;fpj; njhopy; rl;lj;jpd; tpla vy;iyapd; fPo;tUk;

epWtdq;fs;

,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; ehzar; rig 1988Mk;

Mz;bd; 30Mk; ,yf;f tq;fpj; njhopy; rl;lj;jpd;

46(1) kw;Wk; 76 J(1) Mfpa gphpTfspd; fPo; ,yq;ifapy;

LCB/LSBfSf;F ahf;f Ml;rp rk;ge;jkhf fl;lha

epge;jidj; Njitfis tpjpf;Fk; tifapyhd

gzpg;Giufis toq;fpAs;sJ. ,jd; xU mq;fkhd

gFg;gha;T gpd;tUkhW:

mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ngw;w th;j;jf tq;fpfSf;fhd

ahf;f Ml;rp rk;ge;jkhd 2007Mk; Mz;bd; 11Mk;

,yf;f tq;fpj; njhopy; rl;lg; gzpg;Giu> kw;Wk;

2008Mk; Mz;bd; 01Mk; ,yf;f tq;fpj; njhopy;

rl;lg; gzpg;Giu kw;Wk; mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ngw;w

tpNrl tq;fpfSf;fhd ahf;f Ml;rp rk;ge;jkhd

2007Mk; Mz;bd; 12Mk; ,yf;f tq;fpj; njhopy;

rl;lg; gzpg;Giu kw;Wk; 2008Mk; Mz;bd; 2Mk;

,yf;f tq;fpj; njhopy; rl;lg; gzpg;Giu.

Nkw;$wpa gzpg;Giufs; tq;fpj; njhopy; Kiwikapd;

xspT kiwtw;w jd;ik> tq;fpg; nghWg;G kw;Wk;

nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jk; tifapy; LCB/LSBf;fspd; gpd;tUk; Ml;rp mk;rq;fs;; rk;ge;jkhd

tpjpKiwfis tpjpf;fpd;wd:


gzpg;ghsh; rigapd; nghWg;Gfs;

rigapd; mq;fj;jth;fs;

gzpg;ghsh;fspd; jFjp kw;Wk; nghUj;jj;ijf;

fzpg;gpLk; msTNehf;fy;

rigapduhy; ifaspf;fg;gLk; Kfhikj;Jtf;

fUkg;ghLfs;

jtprhsUk;> gpujk epiwNtw;W cj;jp

Nahfj;jUk;

fzf;fha;Tf; FO kw;Wk; Cjpaf; FO Nghd;w

rigapduhy; epakdk; nra;ag;gLk; FOf;fs;

njhlh;Gs;s jug;Gf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs;

ntspg;gLj;jy;fs;

epjpf; fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; tUk;

epWtdq;fs;


rl;lj;jpd; 9Mk; gphptpd; fPo; ,yq;if kj;jpa

tq;fpapd; ehzar; rig gzpg;Giufis tpLj;Js;sJ.

,it ,yq;ifapd; epjpf; fk;gdpfSf;fhd ahf;f

Ml;rp rk;ge;jkhd fl;lha epge;jidfisj;

Njitfis tpjpg;gitahFk;.


(ahf;f Ml;rp) gzpg;Giu

epjpf; fk;gdpfSf;F tpjpKiwfs; tpjpf;fg;gLk;

Ml;rp mk;rq;fs; NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l LCB / LSB f;fSf;F tpjpf;fg;gl;l ahf;f Ml;rp rk;ge;jkhf

tpjpKiwfis xj;jitahFk;.

rq;fq;fs; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; tpla

vy;iyapd; fPo;tUk; epWtdq;fs;

gpd;tUtd jtph;e;j tifapy;> mjd; fPo; gjpT

ngw;w rq;fq;fs; kPjhd rq;fq;fs; fl;lisr;

rl;lj;jpd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Ml;rp my;yJ nghWg;G

$wy; epge;jidj; Njitfs; vJTkpy;iy.

,iaGs;s Vw;ghLfs; gpd;tUkhW:

- gjpT ngww; rq;fq;fs; tUlj;Jf;nfhU

jlit rq;fq;fs; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd;

gpufhuk ; Vw ;gLj;jg ;gLk; xU gpurpj ;j

fzf;fha;thsUf;Fj; jkJ fzf;Ffisf;

fzf;fha;Tf;Fr; rkh;g;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

- xU rq;fk; gjpthsUf;F ngWiffs; kw;Wk;

nrytpdq;fs; rq;fj;jpd; gy Fwp;f;Nfhs;fs;

rk;ge;jkhf nryTfisj; jdpj;jdpahff;

fhl;Lk; fzf;fha;T nra;ag;gl;l rq;fj;jpd;

epjpfs; kw;Wk; clikfs; rk;ge;jkhd xU

nghJthd $w;iw (“xU jpul;L”) mDg;gp

itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

- rq;fj;jpd; epjpfspy; mf;fiwAs;s vtuhtJ

mq;fj;jth;fs; egh; (xU tpNrl jPh;khdj;jpD}

lhf mq;fPfhuk; my;yJ mq;fj;jth;fspd;

rk;kjj;ij mtrpag;gLj;Jk; mq;fj;jth;fspd;

fld; my;yJ itg;Gf; fzf;Fj; jtph;e;j)

VLfs; kw;Wk; rq;f mq;fj;jth;fspd; ngah;fs;

vd;gdtw;iwg; ghpNrhjpf;fyhk;.

- xU rq;fk; jdJ mq;fj;jth;fspd; xU

nghJf;$l;lj;ij tUlnkhU jlit elj;Jjy;

Ntz;Lk;.

- fl;lisr; rl;lk; rq;fj;jpd; mq;fj;jth;fs;

kj;jpapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l epjp tUlj;jpy;

tpepNahfpf;fg;glf;$ba mD$yq;fspd; kPwg;gl

Kbahj cr;r tuk;ig vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

NkYk;> rq;fj;jpd; tpjpKiwfs; rq;fq;fs; fl;lisr;

rl;lj;jpd; ml;ltizapy; vLj;Jiuf;fg; gl;Ls;s

tplaq;fs; rk;ge;jkhf Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;bUf;f

Ntz;Lk;. ,it Vida tplaq;fSld; rq;fj;jpd;

Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;> epjpfs;> gpuNahfkhff; $ba

Nehf;fq;fs;> Kfhikj;Jtf; FOit epakpg;gJk;

mij ePf;FtJk;> xU kj;jpa mikg;gpd; cs;slf;fk;>

ngWiffs; kw;Wk; nryTfs; rk;ke;jkhfg;

gjpthsUf;Fr; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gLk; tUlhe;jj; jpul;L>

rq;fj;jpd; epjpfs; kw;Wk; clikfs;> epjpfs;>

KjyPL fzf;Ffis itj;jpUj;jy;> kw;Wk; mtw;wpd;

fzf;fha;T Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;FtdthFk;.

$l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; tpla

vy;iyf;Fs; tUk; epWtdq;fs;

,yq;ifapy; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fis Ml;rp nra;Ak;

nghJr;rl;lk; vd;w tifapy; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs;

rl;lKk;> mtw;wpd; fPo; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l tpjpKiwfSk;

gjpT ngw;w $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;

Ml;rp kw;Wk;; nghWg;G epge;jidj; Njitfs;

rk;ge;jkhd Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.

gpd;tUgit ,r;rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd mk;rq;fspw;

rpythFk;:

- $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; rfy

Njitg;ghLfs; mjd; fPohd tpjpKiwfs;>

rq;fj;jpd; epiyr;rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; rq;fj;jpd;

tptfhuq;fs; rk;ge ;jkhf gjpthsuhy;

tpLf;fg;gLk; mjhtJ nghJthd gzpg;Giufs;

vd;gtw;Wld; ,zq;fp nahOFjy; cs;spl;l


tifapy;> xt;nthU gjpTngw;w $l;LwTr;

rq;fKk; mjd; eltbf;iffis Kfhikj;Jtk;

nra;Ak; tifapy; xU Kfhiikj;Jtf;

FOitf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rl;lj;jpd;

fPo; mj;jifa FO gjpthshpd; (my;yJ

mj;jifa mjpfhuq;fisg; gpuNahfpg;gjw;F

chpj ;Js;s vtuhtJ eghpd;) VjhtJ

mjpfhuq;fSf;Ff; fPo;g;gl;ljhFk;.

- xt;nthU $l;LwTr; rq;fKk; cg tpjpfisf;

nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,j;jifa cg tpjpfs;

rq;fj;ijAk;> mjd; mq;fj;jth;fisAk;

fl;Lg;gLj;Jtd MFk;.

- FO rq;fj ;jpd ; tuT kw;Wk; nryT>

nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; mjd;

Vida rfy nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;Fk;

Kiwahd fzf;Ffisg; NgZjy; Ntz;Lk;.

mJ fzf;Ffs; rk;ge;jkhd tUlhe;jf;

$w;Wf;fisAk;> tUlhe;j tuT-nryTj;

jpl;lj;ijAk; jahhpg;gNjhL> mj;jifa

fzf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tuT -nryTj;jpl;lj;jpd;

gpujpfisg; gjpthsUf;F toq;FjYk;

Ntz;Lk;.

- eph ;thff; FO mq;fj;jth;fspd; ,lhg;

nghd;iwg; NgZjy; Ntz;Lk;

- gjpthsh; xt;nthU $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpdJk;

fzf;Ffis tUlhe;jk; fzf;fha;T nra;jy;

Ntz;Lk; my;yJ fzf;fha;T nra;tpj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

- xU $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd; jtprhsUk;>

FOtpd; xt;nthU mq;fj;jtUk; (jkJ

cldbf; FLk;g mq;fj;jth;fspd; nrhj;J

tpguq;fs; cs;spl;l tifapy;) jkJ nrhj;J

tpguq;fis Fwpj;Jiuj;j gbtj;jpy; tUlhe;jk;

ntspapLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

- gjpthsh;> my;yJ gjpthsuhy; mjpfhukspf;fg;

gl;l vtuhtJ egh; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; rl;l

tpjpfs; Vw;ghl;Lf;F mikthf> xU $l;LwTr;

rq;fj;jpd; eltbf;iffs; rk;ge ;jkhf

tprhuizfs;> Nrhjidfs; kw;wk; Ma;Tfis

Nkw;nfhs;syhk; vd;gNjhL> mjpy; Vw;ghL

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sthwhd mj;jifa eltbf;

ifia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; mjpfhukspf;fg;

gl;ltuhth; ,J FO mq;fj;jth;fis

ePf;Fjy;> epjpf; ifalq;fYf;fhfj; jz;l

tpjpg;Gfs;> kw;Wk; $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd;

fiyg;G vd;gdtw;iw cs;slf;FtjhFk;.

(Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;F NkNy $l;LwTr;

rq;fq;fs; rk;ge;jkhd 7Mk; tpdhTf;fhd

gjpiyg; ghh;f;fTk;)

ey;yhl;rp kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$wy; rk;ge;jkhd ,Nj

tpjkhd Vw;ghLfs; Nky;> rg;ufKth kw;Wk; kj;jpa

khfhzq;fspy; $l;LwTr; rq;f epajpr; rl;lq;fspy;

,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

09. ngWkjp Nrh;j;jy; tupapd; Vw;ghLfs; Ez; epjp epWtdq;fSf;Fk; (MFI) nghUe;Jk; tif rk;ge;jkhd

kPs;ghh;it.

;ghhit.

2002Mk; Mz;bd; 14Mk; ,yf;f ngWkjp Nrh;j;jy;

thp (2003Mk; Mz;bd; 07Mk; ,yf;f> 2004Mk;

Mz;bd; 13Mk; ,yf;f> 2005 Mk; Mz;bd; 06 Mk;

,yf;f> 2006Mk; Mz;bd; 8Mk; ,yf;f> 2007Mk;

Mz;bd; 14Mk; ,yf;f kw;Wk; 2008Mk; Mz;bd;

15Mk; ,yf;fr; rl;lq;fshy; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ) (“VAT rl;lk;”) MFIfshy; toq;fg;gLk; epjp NritfSf;Fg;

nghUe;Jk; tif.

MFIfspd; tpahghuj; njhopy;fs; rk;ge;jkhd

ngWkjp Nrh;j;jy; thpapd; (“VAT”) kPs;ghh;it

xd;Wf;F gphpT 10 (I)Ig; ghh;f;fTk;.

“epjpapay; Nritfis toq;Fk; tpahghuj;

njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s epWtdk; my;yJ egh;” Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nkhj;jg; ngWkjp Nrh;g;gpd; kPJ epjp

VAT Rkj;jg;gLfpwJ. MfNt> MFIfs; mj;jifa>

epjpapay; Nritfis toq;Fk; tpahghuj; njhopypy;

<Lgl;Ls;sdth vd;gij Kjypy; ftdj;jpy;

nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

rl;lj;jpy; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;ldthd epjpr; Nritfs;

toq;fy; mtw;wpd; tpahghu eltbf;iffspy;

xd;whf ,Uf;Fk; mNj Ntisapy;> MFI Nghd;w xU tpahghuj; njhopy; jdpajhh;j;j mikg;G gy

tpahghuj; njhopy; eltbf;iffspy; <Lglf;$Lk;.

mj;jifa> MFI xd;W Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l epjpr; Nritfis XU rpwpa mstpy; toq;FtJ>

mjd; msT vJthf ,Ug;gpDk; > VAT,d;

Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf epjpj; Njitfis toq;Fk; xU

epahakhd njhopyhf fUjg;gl KbAkh?

thptpjpg ;g pd ; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf “tpahghuj; njhopy;” vd;Dk; nrhw;gjk; nghJthf xU

gue;j mh;j;jj;ijf; nfhz;bUg;gjhfTk;> mJ

xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l Kiwapy; “tpahghuj;njhopy;” vd;Dk; Nehf;fq;fisAk; njhlh;r;rpahf elj;jg;gLk;

ve;j eltbf;iffisAk; cs;slf;FtjhfTk;

tpahf;fpahdk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.


MfNt> MFI xd;W ve;j mstpy; epjpr; Nritfis

toq;fpa NghjpYk;> Vida Nritfis toq;Fk;

tpahghuj; njhopypd; NghJ MFI xd;W jdJ

eltbf;iffspd; xU gFjpahf> Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l

epjpr; NritfisAk; toq;Fkhapd;> mj;jifa MFI epjpapay; VAT,d; fPo; tuNtz;Lnkd;gNj vkJ

fUj;jhFk;.

MFIfSk;> ,yhgq;fSk;

rpy MFIfs; ,yhgNehf;fw;wit vd;W ntWkNd njhptpg;gJ> ve;j MFIAk; VAT nghWg;gpypUe;J tpyfpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; Nghjpa fhuzkhfkhl;lhJ.

epjpapay; VAT fzpg;Gf;F ,yhgNkh> el;lNkh Xh;

msTNfhyhf khl;lhJ. VAT rl;lj;jpd; 25C gphpT gpd;tUkhW vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ:

(vtuhtJ egh; cs;spl;l tifapy; vd;Dk;

typAWj;jYld;) “,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpd; fPo;tUk;

xt;nthU gjpT ngw;w> Fwpj;Jiug;ghd epWtdKk;>

tplaj;ijg; nghWj;J> Njwpa ,yhgq;fis my;yJ

el;lj;ij cs;slf;Fk; tpjj;jpy;> xt;nthU thpf;

fhyg;gFjpf;Fk;> mj;jifa epWtdj;jpd; nkhj;jg;

ngWkjp Nrh;g;G rk;ge;jkhf thpiar; nrYj;Jjy;

Ntz;Lk;”

MfNt> epjpr; Nritfis toq;Fjy; tpahghuj;

njhopypy; <LgLtjd; %yk; vtuhtJ egh; VjhtJ

ngWkjp Nrh;g;gpy; rk;ge;jKw;why; mj;jifa egh;

VAT apd; fPo; tUjy; Ntz;Lk;.

e pj pa pay ; VAT,y pUe ;J e paj p r ; rl ; l

tpjptpyf;Ffs;

rl;lj;jpd; 25A (iii),d; gpufhuk;> rl;lj;jpd; mj;jpahak;

III A,d; gpuNahfj;jpypUe;J tpjptpyf;F ngWk; xNunahU mikg;G $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jp;d;

fPo; gjpT ngw;w xU $l;LwTr; rq;fk; khj;jpuNkahFk;.

MfNt> Ez; epjp toq;fy; Nritfs; xU $l;LwTr;

rq;fj;jpD}lhf ,lk; ngw;why;> $l;LwTr; rq;f

kl;lj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; nkhj;jg; ngWkjp Nrh;g;G

VAT,y; ,Ue;J tpjp tpyf;Fg; ngWk;.

khfhz epajpr; rl;lq;fspd; fPo; gjpT ngw;w $l;LwTr;

rq;fq;fSf;F ,e;j tpjptpyf;F nghUe;JtJ

rk;ge;jkhf fPNo 10 Mk; gphpTfspy; vkJ gjpiyg;

ghh;f;fTk;.

mjpy; njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhuzq;fspd; epkpj;jk;>

epjpapay; VAT,ypUe;J Nkw;$wpa tpjptpyf;F

mj;jifa $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fSf;Fk; fpl;l

Ntz;Lnkd;gJ vkJ fUj;jhFk;.

10. Ez; epjp epWtdq;fs; rk;ge;jkhd thp kw;Wk; ,iwthp Vw;ghLfspd;

kPs;ghh;it

ngWkjp Nrh;j;jy; thp (“VAT”)

VAT tpjpg;ig Ml;rp nra;tJ ngWkjp Nrh;j;jy;

thpr; rl;lkhFk;.

VATf;fis 2003Mk; Mz;bd; 07Mk; ,yf;fj;

jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpD}lhf ,e;j epjpapay; Nritfis

toq;Fk; tpahghuj; njhopy; xU thp tpjpf;fg;glf;

$ba nraw;ghlhf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd;gpufhuk;>

“epjpapay; Nritfs;” vd;git gpd;tUk; Kiwapy;

tiutpyf;fzk; nra;ag;gl;ld:

m) VjhtJ eilKiw> itg;G my;yJ Nrkpg;Gf;

fzf;fpd; nraw;ghL;.

M) ehza ghpth;j;jid.

,) Fwpg;G> nfhLg;gdTf; fl;lis> fhNrhiy

my;yJ ehzag; gj;jpuj;jpd; nrhj;Jhpikia

toq;Fjy;> nfhLg;gdT nra;jy;> Nrfhpj;jy;

my;yJ khw;Wjy;;.

c) VjhtJ toq;fy;> gphpj;njhJf;fy;> nrhj;Jhpik

khw;wk;> fhNrhiy tiujy;> VjhtJ fld;>

gpiz vd;gdtw;wpd; mq;fPfhuk;> vtuhtJ

eghplkpUe;J tuNtz;bajhd tUkjp VjhtJ

<LghL my;yJ nfhLg;gdit ngw;Wf;

nfhs;Sk; chpik;.

C) VjhtJ toq;fy;> gphpj;njhJf;fy;> VjhtJ

gq;F %yjdg; gpiz my;yJ gq;Nfw;Gg;

gpizapd; nrhj;Jhpik khw;wk;;.

v) VjhtJ gq;F %yjdg; gpizapd;> fld;

gpizia my;yJ gq;Nfw;Gg; gpizapd;

toq;fiyf; fhg;GWjp nra;jy;> my;yJ cg

epiyf; fhg;gWjp nra;jy;

V) VjhtJ fld;> Kw;gzk; my;yJ ehzaf;

fld; toq;Fjy;

2004Mk; Mz;L tiu> thptpjpf;fg;glf;$ba egh;

vd;gJ ,yq;ifapy; epjpr; Nritfs; toq;fy;

tpahghuj; njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s mDkjpg;gj;jpuk;

ngw;w th;j;jf tq;fpfs; kw;Wk; gjpT ngw;w epjpf;

fk;gdpfs; Nghd;w “Fwpj;Jiug;ghd epWtdq;fSf;F

khj;jpuNk kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. vt;thwhapDk;>

2004Mk; Mz;bd; 13Mk; ,yf;fj; jpUj;jj;jpd;

%yk; mJ ,yq;ifapy; epjpr; Nritfis toq;Fk;

tpahghuj; njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s “ve;j egUf;Fk;”


nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; tp];jhpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1901

Mk; Mz;bd; 21Mk; ,yf;f tpahf;fpahdf;

fl;lisf; rl;lj;jpy; “egh;” xd;W “$l;bizf;fg;gl;l

my;yJ $l;bizf;fg;glhj egh;fspd; VjhtJ

mikg;ig” cs;slf;Fk; tifapy; tiutpyf;fzk;

nra;ag;gl;lJ.

MFIf;fs; twpath ;fSf;Fk; > [dr%fj;jpd ;

rYifaw;w Jiwf;Fk; epjpr; Nritfis toq;Fk;

jkJ tpahghuj; njhopypd; NghJ> fld;fs;> ehzaf;

fld;fis toq;Fjy;> itg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Nrkpg;G

fzf;FfisAk; nraw;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;w gy;NtW

epjpapay; Nritfis toq;Ftjhf vLj;Jiuf;fg;

gl;Ls;sJ.

MfNt> NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lthwhd epjpapay; Nrit

fis toq;Fk; tpahghuj; njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s

mj;jifa MFIfs; ngWkjp Nrh;g;G thpf;F cl;gl

Ntz;Lnkd;W vkJ fUj;jhFk;.

“ve;j egUf;Fk;” nghUe;jf;$ba tifapy; rl;;lj;jpd; gpuNahfk; tp];jhpf;fg;gl;lJk;> Fwpj;Jiug;ghd

epWtdq;fSf;Fk;> Vida egh;fSf;Fkpilapy;

epjpapay; VAT gpuNahfj;jpyhd NtWghL ,y;yhky; Ngha;tpl;lJ. rl;lj;jpd; 25 G gphptpd; gpufhuk;

“vtuhtJ egh; epjpapay; Nritfis toq;Fk;

tpahghuj; njhopypy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; NghJ ,e;j

mj;jpahaj;jpy; Kd;dh; Fwpg;gpl;l Vw;ghLfs;

(mj;jpahak; III A) mj;jifa egh; mj;jifa

Nritfis 2003 [{iy 1Mk; jpfjp my;yJ mjw;F

gpd;dh; toq;Ftjw;Fk; nghUj;jkhdjhFk;.”

,t;thwhd Fwpj;Jiuj;j epWtdq;fs; rk;ge;jkhd rfy

Vw;ghLfSk; MFIfSf;Fk; nghUe;JtdthFk;.

epjpapay; Nritfis toq;Fk; tpahghuj; njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xU eghpd; ngWkjp

Nrh;j;jiyf; fzpg;gpLjy;

,yq;ifapy; epjpapay; Nritfis toq;Fk;

tpahghuj; njhopnyhd;W Nkw;nfhz;l ngWkjp

Nrh;j;jiyf; fzpg;gpLtjw;F rl;lk; ,uz;L topfis

toq;fpAs;sJ. mit gpd;tUkhW:

m) epjpapay; Nritfis toq;Fk; tpahghuj;

njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s Fwpj;Jiug;ghd

epWtdk;/jdpahh; rk;ge;jkhd nkhj;jg;

ngWkjp Nrh;j;jy; (thpf;fld; Kiw)

M) epjpapay; Nritfis toq;Fk; tpahghuj;

njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s vtuhtJ egUf;F

Vw;Wf; Fwpg;gplf;$ba ngWkjp Nrh;g;G (Vw;Wf;

Fwpg;gply; Kiw)

Fwpj;jpuhj epWtdq;fs; cs;spl;l tifapy; epjpapay;

Nritfis toq;Fk; tpahghuj; njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s

rfy egh;fSk; mth;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

ngWkjp Nrh;g;ig fzpg;gpLtjw;Fk; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l

khw;W topfs; ,uz;by; vijahtJ xd;iwj; njhpT

nra;Ak; chpik cs;sJ. ,jd; gpufhuk;> me;j

egh; my;yJ Fwpj;Jiug;ghd epWtdk; 2003 [{iy

01Mk; jpfjp my;yJ mjw;Fg; gpd;dh; Muk;gpj;j

VjhtJ khjk; rk;ge;jkhf thpf; fld; Kiw

my;yJ Fwpg;gply; Kiwapy; ngWkjp Nrh;g;ig

fzpg;gpLk; jdJ Nehf;fk; rk;ge;jkhf vOj;J%yk;

cs;ehl;L ,iwthp MizahsUf;F mwptpf;fyhk;.

topKiwiaj; njhpT nra;tJ mj;jifa eguhy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l epjpapay; Nritfis toq;Fk;

tpahghuj; njhopypd; msitg; nghWj;jjhf

mikaf;$Lk;. vt;thwhapDk;> tpUg;Gj; njhpT

xU Kiw gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;lJk;> kPz;Lk; khw;w

KbahjjhFk;. NkYk;> ,uz;L khw;W topfspYk;

fzpg;gPL nra;ag;gLk; ngWkjp Nrh;g;G epjpapay;

Nritfis toq;Fk; tpahghuj; njhopypy;

<Lgl;Ls;s egh; Nkw;nfhz;l nkhj;jg; ngWkjp

Nrh;g;G rk;ge;jkhdnjd;gijf; ftdpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

(Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;F 09MtJ tplaj;ijg;

ghh;f;fTk;).

gjpT

,yq;ifapy; mjhtJ epjpapay; Nritapy;

toq;Fk; tpahghuj; njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xt;nthU

Fwpj;Jiuj;j epWtdKk; my;yJ egUk; %d;W khj

fhyj;Jf;fhd mj;jifa toq;fypd; ngWkjp Ie;J

,yl;rk; &ghTf;F mjpfkhapd;> my;yJ 12 khj

fhyg;gFjpf;F mJ gjpndl;L ,yl;rk; &ghthapd;

mJ rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.

vt;thwhapDk; rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfspd; gpufhuk;

fzpg;gplg;gLk; ngWkjp Nrh;g;G VjhtJ fyz;lh; khjk;

rk;ge;jkhf vOgj;ijahapuk; &ghTf;F mjpfkhf

,y;yhJ ,Ug;gpd;> thp nrYj;j Ntz;ba me;j

eghplkpUe;J ve;j thpAk; mwtplg;glkhl;lhJ.

thp tpjpf;fg;glf;$ba fhyg;gFjp

,yq;ifapy; epjpapay; Nritfis toq;Fk;

tpahghuj; njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xU eghpd; thp

tpjpf;fg;glf;$ba fhyg;gFjp xU khjkhFk;.

VjhtJ thp tpjpf;fg;glf;$ba fhyg;gFjpf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd thp tpfpjk; 2006 [dthp 01Mk; jpfjp

my;yJ mjw;Fg; gpd;dh; Muk;gpg;gjhFk;.


(2007Mk; Mz;bd; 10Mk; ,yf;f> 2008Mk; Mz;bd; 09Mk; ,yf;f kw;Wk; 2009Mk; Mz;bd; 19Mk; ,yf;f rl;lq;fshy; jpUj;jg;gl;lthwhd) 2006Mk; Mz;bd;

10Mk; ,yf;f cs;ehl;L ,iw thpr;rl;lk;.

tl;bapypUe;J fpilf;Fk; tUkhdk;

MFI xd;wpd; Kjdpiy tUkhdk; gzk; fldhff;

nfhLf;Fk; tpahghuj; njhopypy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk;

tl;b tUkhdkhFk;. mjw;F; Nkyjpfkhf> MFI xd;W Nkw;nfhs;Sk; rpy KjyPLfspypUe;J

tl;b tUkhdk; fpilf;fyhk;. ,uz;L tifahd

tl;b tUkhdKk; cs;ehl;L ,iwthpr; rl;lj;jpd;

fPo; tl;bapypUe;J fpilf;Fk; tUkhdkhff;

fzpg;gplf;$baitahFk;.

thpiaf; fzpg;gpLjy;

cs;ehl;L ,iwthpr; rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk;> tl;b

apypUe;J fpilf;Fk; tUkhdk;> ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhYk;>

ngwg;glhtpl;lhYk;> ntspr;nry;Yk; my;yJ

nryTf;fhf vJtpj fopTfSkpd;wp tuNtz;ba

tl;bapd; KOj; njhifahFk;. MfNt> fzpg;gPL

rk;ge;jkhd xU Fwpg;gpl;l tUlj;Jf;fhd

tl;bapypUe;J fpilf;Fk; tUkhdj;Jf;Fr;

nrYj;j Ntz;ba thp mf; fzpg;gPl;L tUlj;jpd;

NghJ ngwg;gl;lhYk;> ngwg;glhtpl;lhYk;

VjhtJ MFI xd;Wf;F te;JNrUk; tl;bapd;

KOj;njhifahFk;.

vt;thwhapDk;> Nrh;;e;J ngUFjy; mbg;gilapy;

tl;bapypUe;J fpilf;Fk; tUkhdk; rk;ge;jkhd

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l fzpg;gPL gpd;tUk; #o;epiyfspd;

fPo; rPuhf;fg;gl mDkjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ:

i) VjhtJ tl;b nrYj;jg;gLtjpy;iy vd;gij

my;yJ mwtplg;gl Kbahnjd;gijf;

fzpg;gpl;L; mwpe;Jnfhs;Sk; NghJ> fzpg;gPL

,WjpahdJk ; > KbthdJkhf ,Ue ;j

NghjpYk;> mj;jifa tl;bia cs;slf;Fk;

VjhtJ fzpg;gPL mwtplg;gl Kbahjnjd;W

fhl;lg;gLk; tl;bapidf; Fiwg;gjw;F my;yJ

mj;jifa tl;b njhlh;gpy; tUkhd thp

nrYj;jg;gl;bUg;gpd;; mJ fzpg;gPL Mz;bd;

Kbtpy; %d;W tUlq;fSf;Fs; vOj;J%yk;

nra;ag;gLk; chpik Nfhuy; ,lk;ngWk; NghJ

mJ kPsspf;fg;gLtjw;F ,lKs;sJ.

ii) xU fld; njhlh;gpy; VjhtJ fzpg;gPL

tUlnkhd;wpy; tuNtz;ba tl;b ngw;Wf;

nfhs;sg;glhtpby;> mJ mwtplg;gl Kbahj

epiyik ,Ug ;g pd ; > mj;jifa tl;b

nrd;wila Ntz;ba eghpd; ,yhgq;fspypUe;J

mj;jifatw;iw ntspafw;wp> mf; fzpg;gPl;L

tUlj;Jf;F tUkhd thp tpjpf;fg;glf;$ba

tUkhdj;jpypUe;Jk; GwnkhJf;fyhk;

iii) NkNy (b) ge;jpapd; fPo; VjhtJ fzpg;gPl;b

ypUe;J GwnkhJf;fg;gl;l tl;b gpd;dh; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;sg;gl;lnjd;W fzpg;gPl;lhsUf;Fj;

Njhd;wpdhy;> mj;jifa tl;b rk;ge;jkhf

tUkhd thp nrYj;jg;gltpy;iy> mth;

xU fzpg ;g Pl ;il my;yJ vj ;jifa

tl;bfshy; cs;slf;Fk; tifapy; Nkyjpf

fzpg;gPnlhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;thh;.

“tuNtz;ba tl;b” vd;Dk; nrhw;nwhlhpd; fUj;J

xU Fwpg;gpl;l fzpg;gPl;L tUlj;jpd; NghJ Nrh;e;J

ngUFk; tl;b vd;gjhFk;.

gjpT ngw;w $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fSf;F tUkhd

thpapypUe;J tpyf;fspj;jy;

cs;ehl;L ,iwthpr; rl;lk; (jdpegh;fs; jtph;e;j)

rpy tifahd egh;fSf;F mth;fspd; ,yhgq;fs;

my;yJ tUkhdq;fs; rk;ge;jkhf KOikahd>

my;yJ xU gFjp tpjptpyf;if toq;Ffpd;wJ.

,it> Vida tplaq;fSld; (jpUj;jg;gl;l)

1972Mk; Mz;bd; 05Mk; ,yf;f $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs;

rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT ngw;w $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fis

cs;slf;FtjhFk;. ,iaGs;s tpjptpyf;fpd;

gpufhuk;> gq;fpyhgq;fs; kw;Wk; tl;bfspypUe;J

fpl;Lk; ,yhgq;fs; kw;Wk; tUkhdk; jtph;e;j

tifapy;> 2008 khh;r; 3Mk; jpfjp my;yJ mjw;F

Kd;duhd VjhtJ fzpg;gPl;L tUlk; tiuapy;>

mj;NjhL 2013 Vg;uy; 01Mk; jpfjp my;yJ mjw;Fg;

gpd;duhd VjhtJ fzpg;gPl;L tUlj;Jf;Fk;> 2008

Vg;uy; 01Mk; jpfjpapypUe;J 2013 khh;r; 31Mk;;

jpfjp tiuapyhd 05 tUl fhyj;jpDs; xt;nthU

fzpg;gPl;L tUlj;Jf;Fk; xU $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpd;

,yhgq;fs; kw;Wk; tUkhdj;Jf;fhd thpapypUe;J

tpyf;fspf;fg; gLk;.

NkNy $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; rk;ge;jkhd 2Mk;

tpdhTf;fhd vkJ gjpypy; Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghd;W>

murpayikg;G 13MtJ jpUj;jk; rpy Fwpj;Jiug;ghd

tplaq;fspyhd rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;ij khfhz

rigfSf;F toq;fpAs;sJ. ,it> Vida

tplaq;fSld;> $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fspd; gjpT kw;Wk;

Nkw;ghh;it rk;ge;jkhd khfhz epajpr; rl;lq;fis

Mf;Fk; mwpf;iffisAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wd.

RUf;fkhff; $Wtjhapd;> xU khfhz rig me;j

khfhzj;jpYs;s $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fspd; gjpT

kw;Wk; Nkw;ghh;it rk;ge;jkhd epajpr;rl;lnkhd;iw

cUthf;fpapUe;jhy;> $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; mjd; fPo;

gjpT ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. mit Ml;rp nra;ag;gLtJ

mj;jifa epajpr; rl;lj;jpy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l

Vw;ghLfspd; rPNoNa md;wp> 1972Mk; Mz;by; 05Mk;

,yf;f $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfspd;

fPoy;y. ,d;W tiu gy khfhzq;fs; $l;LwTr;


rq;fq;fs; rk;ge;jkhd epajpr; rl;lq;fisAk;

gpufldk; nra;Js;sd.

cs;ehl;L ,iwthpr; rl;lj;jpd; NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l

thwhd tpjptpyf;F $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jpd;

f Po ; gjpTngw ;w $l;LwTr ; rq ;fq ;fSf;Nf

nghUe;JtdthFk;. me;j tpjptpyf;fpy; gy;NtW

khfhzq;fspd; ,iaGs;s $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs;

epajpr;rl;lq;fspd; fPo; gjpT ngw;w $l;LwTr;

rq;fq;fs; Fwpj;j vJTNk njhptpf;fg;gltpy;iy.

MfNt> mj;jifa tpjptpyf;F mtw;Wf;Fk;

nghUe;Jkh vd;gJ rk;ge;jkhd tpdh vOfpd;wJ.

13MtJ jpUj;jj;jpd; fPo; tUkhd thp tplak; xh;

mjpfhug; gfph;T nra;ag;gl;l tplaky;y vd;gij

itj;J Nehf;Fk; NghJ> khfhz epajpr; rl;lq;fs;

tUkhd thp rk;ge;jkhd tplaq;fSf;fhd ve;j

Vw;ghl;ilAk; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.

MfNt> cs;ehl;L ,iwthpr; rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfs;

khfhz epajpr;rl;lq;fspd; fPo; gjpT ngw;w

$l;LwTr; rq;fq;fSf;Fk; nghUe;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

“gjpT ngw;w” $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fSf;F tUkhd

thpapypUe;J tpjptpyf;fspg;gNj ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;

Nehf;fk; vd;W Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. MfNt> gy;NtW

khfhz epajpr; rl;lq;fspd; fPo; gjpTngw;w

$l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l tpjptpyf;Fj; jhKk;

chpj;Js;sit vd;W thjplyhk;.

11. Ez; epjp epWtdq;fSf;F tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;Jk; tifapy; gq;F Kjy;fs; rk;ge ;jkhd rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gpukhzq;fs; Fwpj;j tpgukhd gFg;gha;Tk;> eilKiwfs; njhlh;ghd

MNyhridfSk;.

gq;Ffspy; KjyPL nra;tjpyhd

kl;Lg;ghLfs;

,yq;ifapy; trpf;Fk; egh;fs; MFIfs; cs;spl;l

tifapy; gq;F KjyPLfs; nra;tjpy; ve;jtpjkhd

nghJthd kl;Lg;ghLfSk; ,y;iy.

vt;thwhapDk;> ghpth;j;jidf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr;

rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,yq;iff;F ntspapy; trpf;Fk;

ve;j egUk; ghpth;j;jidf; fl;Lg;ghl;lhshpd;

mDkjpapd;wp> cs;qh; fk;gdpnahd;wpy; gq;Ffis

thq;f KbahJ. (tplaj;Jf;F tpla mbg;gilapy;)

,e;j mDkjp toq;fg;gLk;.

ghpth;j;jidf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rl;lj;jpy; gpufldk;

nra;ag;gl;l xU gpukhzj;jpD}lhf> ghpth;j;jidf;

fl;Lg;ghl;lhsh; mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w Njr epjpfs;>

gpuhe;jpa epjpfs;> ,yq;iff;F ntspNa

$l;bizg;Gg; ngw;w ahf;f mikg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk;

,yq;iff;F ntspapy; thOk; jdpegh;fs; mjpy;

vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l rpy jtph;g;Gfs;> kl;Lg;ghLfs;

kw;Wk; epge;jidfSf;F mikthf cs;qh;

fk;gdpfspy; gq;Ffis thq;Ftjw;fhd nghJthd

mDkjpia toq;fpAs;shh;.

jtph;g;Gfs;

,yq;iff;F ntspapy; trpf;Fk; (jdpegh; my;yJ

fk;gdp) egnuhUth; ,yq;ifapy; $l;bizf;fg;

gl;lJk;> gpd;tUk; tpahghuj; njhopy;fspy;

<Lgl;Ls;sitAk;> my;yJ <Lgl;Ls;sitahfj;

njhptpg;gitAkhd fk;gdpapypUe;J gq;Ffis

thq;FtJ jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

i) gzk; fld; nfhLj;jy;

ii) mlFj; njhopy;

iii) xU kpy;ypad; U.S nlhyh;fSf;F Fiwthd

%yjdj ;Jld ; ,lk ;ngWk ; r py ;yiw

tpahghuk;

iv) fiuNahu kPd; gpbj;njhopy;

tiuaWj;jy;

gpd;tUk; tpahghuj; njhopy;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;sjhf

my;yJ <LglTs;sjhfj; njhptpf;Fk; fk;gdpfspd;

gq;Ffspy; ntspehl;lth; nrhj;Jhpik mj;jifa

fk;gdpapd; toq;fg;gl;l %yjdj;jpd; 40% j;Jf;F Nkw;glyhfhJ my;yJ ,yq;if KjyPl;Lr; rig

VjhtJ fk;gdpapy; NkYk; mjpfhpj;j tpfpjhrhukhd

ntspehl;L KjyPl;Lf;F mq;fPfhuKk; toq;fp

apUe;jhy; mj;jifa cah;thd tpfpjhrhukhf

tpUf;fyhk;.

i) ,yq;ifapd; Vw;Wkjpfs; rh;tNjrhPjpapy;

jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk; Nfhl;lh kl;Lg;ghLfspd;

fPo;tUk; nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jp.

ii) Njapiy> ,wg;gh;> njq;F> nfhf;Nfh> mhprp>

rPdp kw;Wg; thridg; nghUl;fs; vd;gtw;iwg;

gaphpLjYk;> Kjdpiyg; gjdplYk;.

iii) GJg;gpf;fg;gl Kbahj Njrpa %ytsq;fs;

mfo;jYk;> Kjdpiyg; gjdplYk;.

iv) cs;ehl;L ntl;L kuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk;

ntl;Lku mbg;gilapyhd ifj;njhopy;fs;.

v) kPd;gpb (Mo;fly; kPd;gpbj;njhopy;).

vi) ntF[dj; njhlh;ghly;fs;.

vii) fy;tp.


viii) fg;gw;nghUs; vLj;Jr; nry;yy;.

ix) gpuahz Kfth; epiyaq;fs;.

x) fg;gw; Nghf;Ftuj;J Kfth; epiyaq;fs;.

gpd;tUk; tpahghuj; njhopy;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;s

my;yJ <LglTs;sjhfj; njhptpf;Fk; fk;gdpfspd;

gq;Ffspy; KjyPL nry;tjw;F ,yq;if

murhq;fj;jpd; mDkjp my;yJ ,j;jifa

tpahghuj; njhopy;fs; ntspehl;L KjyPl;Lf;F

mq;fPfhuk; toq;Ftjw;nfd Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s

VjhtJ rl;lhPjpahd eph;thf mjpfhu rigapd;

mDkjp mtrpakhFk;.

i) thd; Nghf;Ftuj;J

ii) fiuNahuf; fg;gy; Nghf;Ftuj;J

iii) 1990Mk; Mz;bd; 46Mk; ,yf;f ifj;njhopy;

fis Kd;Ndw;Wjy; rl;lj;jpd; ,uz;lhk;

ml;ltizfspy; gpd;tUk; ifj;njhopy;

Kaw;rpfs;> MAjq;fs;> ntbkUe;Jfs;>

ntb nghUl;fs;> ,uhZt thfdq;fs;

kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fs;> thD}h;jpfs; kw;Wk;

Vida ,uhZt fdufg ; nghUl ;fs ;

vd;gdtw;iwg; ngUe;njhifapy; cw;gj;jp

nra;Ak; VjhtJ ifj;njhopy; eQ;Rfs;>

Nghijt];Jfs;> kJghdq;fs;> mghafukhd

kUe;Jfs; kw;Wk; er;R> Mgj;J tpistpf;Fk;

my;yJ Neha; tpistpf;Fk; nghUl;fisg;

ngUe;njhifapy; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; VjhtJ

ifj;njhopy;;> gzj;jhs;> ehzaq;fs; my;yJ

gpizKwp Mtzq;fisj; jahhpf;Fk; VjhtJ

ifj;njhopy;.

iv) ,uj;jpdf;fw;fisg; ngUkstpy; nghwp

Kiwapy; mfo;jy;.

v) nyhj;jh;.

epge;jidfs;

NkNy toq;fg;gl;l mDkjp gpd;tUk;

epge;jidfSf;F mikthdjhFk;.

gq;if tpw;Fk; gbtj;jpy; my;yJ nghUj;j

khd gq;F tpz;zg;gg; gbtj;jpy; gq;F Fwpj;j

nfhLf;fy; thq;fnyhd;wpd; jug;ghd xUtUk;>

,yq;iff;F ntspapy; trpg;gtUkhd xUth;>

jhd; ,yq;iff;F ntspapy; trpg;gjhfg;

gpufldnkhd;iwr; nra;jy;.

VjhtJ gq;F toq;fy;> tpw;wy; rk;ge;jkhd

gq;FfSf;fhd nfhLg;gdT ghpth;j;jidf;

fl;Lg;ghl;lhsh; th;j;jf tq;fpfSf;Ff;

nfhLf;Fk; mwpTWj;jy;fspd; gpufhuk;>

,yq;ifapy; th;j;jf tq;fpnahd;wpy;

jpwf;fg;gl;l gq;F KjyPl;L ntspaf &gha;

fzf;fpDs; my;yJ mjpypUe;J toq;fg;

gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

Nkw;$wg;gl;lit jtpu> gzk; fld; toq;fy;

Nritfs; kw;Wk; mlFr; Nritfs; jtph;e;j

tifapy; epjpapay; Nritfs; toq;Fk; tpahghuj;

njhopy;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;s cs;qh; fk;gdpfspd;

gq;Ffspy; ntspehl;lth; nrhj;Jhpik rk;ge;jkhd

ve;jtpj kl;Lg;ghLfSk; ,y;iy.

gzk; fld; toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; mlFr; Nrit

tpahghuj; njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s fk;gdpfspy;

ntspehl;L KjyPLfSf;fhd jil kj;jpa

tq;fpapd; mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;Jld; tq;fpj; njhopypy;

<Lgl;Ls;s fk;gdpfSf;Fk;> epjpf;fk;gdpfs;

rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT ngw;w epjpf;fk;gdpfSf;Fk;>

epjpf;Fj;jifr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT ngw;w epjpf;

Fj;jiff; fk;gdpfSf;Fk; nghUe;jkhl;lhJ.

,j;jifa fk;gdpfspy; ntspehl;L KjyPl;Lf;F

ve;jtpjkhd kl;Lg;ghLfSkpy;iy.

gzk; fld; toq;Fk; tpahghuj; njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s

fk;gdpfspy; ntspehl;L Neub KjyPl;ilj; jil

nra;jpUg;gjhy;> ntspehl;Lj; jdpaikg;nghd;W

,yq;ifapy; Ez;epjpaspg;G tpahghuj; njhopypy;

<Lgl;Ls;s fk;gdpapy; KjyPL nra;tJ>

cs;Sh;f;fk;gdp xU tq;fpj;njhopy; mDkjpg;gj;jpuk;

my;yJ epjpf;fk;gdp mDkjpg;gj;jpuj;jpd; fPo;

nraw;glhj tiuapy;> rhj;jpakw;wjhFk;. cs;ehl;L

Ez;epjp epWtdnkhd;wpy; KjyPL nra;Ak; Xh;

cs;ehl;L; fk;gdpapd; gq;Ffspy; ntspehl;L

KjyPL kl;Lg; gLj;jg;glhj mNj Ntisapy;>

,yq;ifapd; gpukhzg;gLj;jy; mjpfhurigfs;

rkPgj;jpy; ,j;jifa Vw;ghLfisj; jtph;g;gjw;F

Kaw;rp naLj;Js;sd. ,jw;fhd fhuzk; Ez;epjpj;

Jiwapy; ,j;jifa kiwKfkhd ntspehl;L

KjyPL ghpth;j;jidf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; gpukhzq;fspd;

Nehf;fj;ijj; jl;bf; fopf;fpd;wJ vd;gjhFk;.

Ez;epjpapd;; tpNrl jd;ikiaAk;> ,yq;if

Nghd;w xU nghUshjhuj;jpy; mij mgptpUj;jp

nra;aNtz;ba NjitiaAk; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L>

,e;j tplag;gug;gpy; ntspehl;L KjyPl;ilj;

jtph;g;gjw;fhd vt;tpj epaha tpsf;fj;ijAk;

ehk; fhztpy;iy. ,t;thW nra;tJ ,j;Jiwia

mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;F mtrpakhd epjpfisAk;>

Jiwj; Njh;r;rpiaAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ntspehL

fspdJk;> mikg;GfspdJk; %ytsq;fis vkJ

ehL ngw;Wf; nfhs;tijj; jLg;gjhfNt mikAk;.

,ij <l;bf;nfhs;tjhapd;> Ez;epjp toq;fypy;

<Lgl;Ls;s fk;gdpfspy; KjyPL nra;Ak; tplaj;jpy;


jw;NghJs;s ghpth;j;jidg; gpukhzq;fspd; fPo;

nghJthfg; gzk; fld; toq;Ftjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd

jilapypUe;J xU tpyf;fspg;igg; ngw;Wnfhs;Sjy;

Ntz;Lk;. vt;thwhapDk;> ,yq;ifapy; Ez;epjpj;

Jiwf;nfd;W xU rl;l kw;Wk; gpukhzg;gLj;jy;

rl;lfnkhd;W cUthFk; tiuapy; ,j;jifa

tpjptpyf;nfhd;W toq;fg;gLtJ rhj;jpakpy;iy.

12. ntspehl;L %yq;fspypUe;J flndhd;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;t jw;fhd rl;lq;fspd; gFg;gha;T tiuaiwfs; vit? mtw;Wf;fhd

jPh;Tfs; vit?

ntspehl;L %yq;fspypUe;J fld;ngWk;

nraw;ghLfs; mj;jifa nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs;

ntspehl;L ehzak; rk;ge;jg;gl;buhj tiuapy;

my;yJ ,yq;iff;F ntspapypUf;Fk; egh;

xUtUf;F my;yJ mthpd; tuTf;F xU nfhLg;gdT

,lk; ngwhj tiuapy; ve;jtpj kl;Lg;ghLfSkpd;wp

,lk;ngwf;$baitahFk;.

1953Mk; Mz;bd; (jpUj;jg;gl;l) 24Mk; ,yf;fg;

ghpth;j;jidf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rl;lk; (“ghpth;jidf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rl;lk;”) gpd;tUk; Vw;ghLfisf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ:

gphpT 5

kj;jpa tq;fpapd; mDkjpapd;wp (mjpfhuk;

ngw;w tpahghhp my;yhj) ,yq;ifapypUf;Fk;

xUth; my;yJ ,yq;ifapy; tjpT ngw;w xUth;

(mjpfhuk; ngw;w tpahghhp my;yhjth;) ,yq;iff;F

ntspapy; mq;fPfhukspf;fg;gl;l tpahghhpay;yhj

xUthplkpUe;J jq;fj;ijNah my;yJ

ntspehl;L ehzaj;ijNah thq;f> fld; ngw

my;yJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sNth> mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l

tpahghhpay;yhj xU egUf;F jq;fj;ijNah>

my;yJ ntspehl;L ehzaj;ijNah tpw;fNth

my;yJ fld; toq;fNth KbahJ.

“mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l tpahghhp’ vd;Dk; gjk;

,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapdhy; jq;fk; kw;Wk;

ntspehl;L ehzaj;jpy; tpahghhpfnsd;W epakdk;

nra;ag;gl;l> mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; toq;fg;gl;l th;j;jf

tq;fpfisf; Fwpg;gjhFk;.

gphpT 6m

kj;jpa tq;fpapd; mDkjpapd;wp ve;j egUNk

ntspehl;L ehzaj;ij itj;jpUj;jy; MfhJ.

gphpT 7

,yq;ifapy; ve;j egUNk kj;jpa tq;fpapd;

mDkjpapd;wp>

m) ,yq;iff;F ntspapy; trpf;Fk; xUtUf;F

my;yJ mthpd; tuTf;F ve;j tpjkhd

nfhLg;gditAk; nra;aKbahJ.

M) ntspehl;by; thOk; xU eghpd; fl;lisf;

fpzq;f my;yJ mthpd; rhh;gpy; ,yq;ifapy;

trpf ;Fk ; xUtUf;F my;yJ mthpd ;

tuTf;F ve;jtpjkhd nfhLg;gditAk;

nra;aKbahJ.

,) ,yq;iff;F ntspapy; trpf;Fk; ve;j eghpdJk;

tuTf;F ve;jj; njhifiaAk; itg;Gr; nra;a

KbahJ.

gphpT 8

kj;;jpa tq;fpapd; mDkjpapd;wp ,yq;ifapy;

trpf;Fk; vtUk; ,yq;iff;F ntspapy; trpf;Fk;

xUtUf;F my;yJ mthpd; tuTf;F ,yq;iff;F

ntspapy; ve;jf; nfhLg;gditAk; nra;a KbahJ.

ghpth;j;jidf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rl;lq;fspd; Nehf;fj;

Jf;fhf> ,yq;iff;F ntspapy; $l;bizg;Gr;

nra;ag;gl;l xU fk;gdp (,yq;ifapy; fpis

,y;yhj xd;W) ,yq;iff;F ntspapy; trpf;Fk;

xU egh; MFk;.

,t;thwhf> ,yq;ifapYs;s xU egUf;F gpd;tUk;

tplaq;fspy; ghpth;j;jidf; fl;Lg;ghl;lhshpd;

mq;fPfhuk; mtrpakhFk;.

- (mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ngw;w th;j;jf tq;fpay;yhj)

vtuhtJ eghplkpUe;J ntspehl;L ehzaj;jpy;

VjhtJ njhifiaf; fld; ngWjy;.

jd;dplj;jpy; ntspehl;L ehzaj;ij

itj;jpUj;jy;.

tjptw;w xUtUf;F my;yJ mthpd;

tuTf;F VjhtJ nfhLg;gditr;

nra;jy;.

- (mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ngw;w th;j;jftq;fp

ay;yhj) ve;j egUk;> ,yq;ifapYs;s ve;j

egUf;Fk; ntspehl;L ehzaj;ijf; fldhf

toq;Fjy;.

LCBf;fs; kj;jpa tq;fpapd; “mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l

tpahghhpfshf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd mjpfhukspf;fg;

gl;l tpahghhpfs;” vd;w tifapy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;l

itahf LCBf;fs; tpsq;Fk; mNj Ntisapy;> mit

,yq;if KjyPl;Lr; rigAld; nra;J nfhs;sg;gl;l


Xh; cld;gbf;if fhuzkhf ghpth;j;jidf;

fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rl;lj;jpypUe;J tpyf;fspf;fg;gl;l xU

fk;gdpf;Ff; fld; toq;FtJ Nghd;w Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;

gl;l re;jh;g;gq;fspy; khj;jpuk; ntspehl;L ehzaj;jpy;

fld; toq;Ftjw;F> my;yJ nfhLg;gdT nra;tjw;F

chpj;Js;sitahFk;.

(%yjdf; nfhLf;fy;> thq;fy;fSf;F vjphpilahf)

“eilKiwf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fshfpa” nraw;ghLfSf;F ntspehl;L ehzaj;jpy;

nfhLg;gdTfs; nra;tjw;Fg; nghJthd mDkjp

toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gijf; ftdpg;gJ ,iaGs;s

xU tplakhFk;. eilKiwf; nfhLf;fy;

thq;fy;fs; vd;git “gz;lq;fs;> Nritfspy;

tpahghuk; rk;ge;jkhd nfhLg;gdTfs;> my;yJ

ngWiffs;” rk;ge;jkhd nraw;ghLfnsd;Wk;>

“%yjdf;nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs;” vd;git

“cz;ikahd my;yJ epjpapay; nrhj;Jf;fisf;

nfhs;Kjy; my;yJ tpw;gid %yk; chpik khw;wk;

nra;Ak; nraw;ghLfs; rk;ge;jkhd nfhLg;gdTfs;

my;yJ ngWiffs;” vd;Wk; tpghpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. xU fld; rk;ge;jkhd Kjy; njhifiaAk;> tl;biaAk;

nrYj;JtJ> ghpth;j;jidf; fl;Lg;ghl;lhshpd;

tpNrl mDkjpia mtrpag;gLj;Jk; xU %yjdf;

nfhLf;fy; thq;fyhff; fUjg;glyhk;.

,yq;if KjyPl;L rigr; rl;lj;jpd; 17Mk; gphptpd;

fPo; mr;rigAld; xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhz;lVjhtJ

mikg;G tplaj;jpy; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l ghpth;j;jidf;

fl;Lg;ghL nghUj;jkhfhJ vd;gijf; ftdpf;fTk;.

,j;jifa xg;ge;jk; ,j;jifa mikg;gpd;

tpahghuj; njhopy; rk;ge;jkhf ghpth;j;jidf;

fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfspypUe;J

tpjptpyf;fspf;fpd;wJ.

NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;lthwhd KjyPl;Lr; rig

mq;fPfhuj;jpD}lhff; fpl;Lk; ghpth;j;jidf; fl;Lg;

ghl;Lf;Fk; ghpth;j;jidf; fl;Lg;ghl;L tpjptpyf;F

,y;yhj re;jh;g;gq;fspy; Ez; epjpaspg;G mikg;G

f;fs; tplaj;jpy; ntspehl;L %yq;fspypUe;J>

fld;ngWtJ rk;ge;jkhd ghpth;j;jidf; fl;Lg;ghl;L

kl;Lg;ghLfs; nghUe;JtdthFk;.

tjptw;wth;fSf;Fg; nghUe;jf;$ba> ntspehl;L

ehzaj;jpy; fld;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;>

jpUg;gpr; nrYj;Jtjw;Fk; cs;s ghpth;j;jidf;

fl;Lg;ghl;L kl;Lg;ghLfis cs;ehl;L fk;gdp

toq;Fk; tpUg;Gg; gq;Ffspy; KjyPL nra;tjd;

%yKk;> jpUg;gpr; nrYj;Jjy;> ,j;jifa

gq;Ffis kPz;Lk; ifaspg;gjd; %yKk; jtph;j;Jf;

nfhs;syhk;. MapDk;> ,j;jif jpl;lj;Jf;F

,uz;L Ml;Nrgidfs; nghUe;JtdthFk;.

(1) Ez; epjpaspg;Gj; jdpajhh;j;j mikg;Gf;fs;

fld; toq;fypy; ntspehl;L Neub

KjyPLfspyhd ghpth;j;jidf; fl;Lg;ghl;L

kl;Lg;ghLfs; fhuzkhf ,j;jifa Vw;ghL

rhj;jpakw;wjhFk;. ,it MFI toq;Fk; tpUg;Gf;fspyhd gq;L KjyPl;Lf;F nghUe;Jk;.

ghpth;j;jidf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; gpukhzq;fs;

rhjhuz gq;FfSf;Fk;> tpUg;Gg; gq;F

fSf;Fkpilapy; NtWghL fhl;lhikahYk;>

gq;Ffs; rk;ge;jkhd fk;gdpfs; rl;ltpjpfs;

tiutpyf;fzk; toq;Fk; NghJ tpUg;G

chpikfisf; nfhz;Ls;s gq;Ffis

cs;slf;FtjhYk; ,j;jifa Vw;ghL

rhj;jpakw;wjhFk;.

(2) (fld; toq;fYf;F vjphpilahf) tpUg;Gg;

gq;Ffspy; KjyPL nra;tJ KjyPl;lhsUf;F

rpy gpujp$yq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

KjyPl;bypUe;J fpl;Lk; kPs; tUkhdk;

tpUg;Grhh; gq;fpyhgkhff; fk;gdpapd;

,yhgj;jpUe;J nfhLg;gdT nra;ag;gLtJ

khj;jpuNkahFk;. ,J fldpWj;jy; epiy

rk;ge;jkhd jpUg;jpfukhd ghPl;irf;Fg; gpd;dh;

fpl;lf;$bajhFk;. jPh;j;jy; re;jh;g;gj;jpy;

KjyPl;lhshpd; epiy> nghWg;Gf; fld;

nfhLg;gth;> kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfs; ,y;yhj

epiyapy; fld; nfhLg;gth; vy;NyhUf;Fk;

gpd;duhf tUtjhFk;.

13. fld; mwtply; rl;lq;fs; Ez;epjp epWtdq;fSf;F nry;YgbahFk;

jd;ik

1840Mk; Mz;bd; 7Mk; ,yf;f Nkhrbfs; jLg;Gf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; (jpUj;jg;gl;lJ)

1840Mk; Mz;bd; 7Mk; ,yf;f Nkhrbfs; jLg;Gf;

fl;lzq;fisr; rl;lj;jpd; (“Nkhrbfs; jLg;Gf;

fl;lisr; rl;lk;”) gpd;tUk; Vw;ghLfs; xU

fld; mwtplYf;Fk;> Xh; <L my;yJ nghWg;ig

kPl;lYf;Fk;> eltbf;iff;Fk; nghUe;JtjhFk;.

Nkhrbfs; jLg;Gf; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk;>

gpd;tUk; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhd thf;FWjp> xg;ge;jk;>

Nguk; Ngry; my;yJ cld;gbf;if vJTk;

rl;lj;jpy; nry;Ygbaw;wjhFk;.

- xUthpd; fld;> jtiz jtWjy; my;yJ

nray; jtWjYf;fhf NtnwhU eghplkpUe;J

mwtpLk; Nehf;fk;> my;yJ

- vtUf;Fg; nghWg;ghf mspf;fg;gLfpd;w

njd;W rhh;j;Jjy; nra;ag;gLfpd;wNjh me;j

egUf;F cz;ikapy; ifaspf;fg;gl;lyd;wp>

mirAk; Mjdnkhd;iwg; nghWg;gspf;Fk;

Nehf;fk;.


thf;FWjp> xg;ge;jk; Nguk;Ngry; my;yJ

cld;gbf;if vOj;jpy; ,Ug;gNjhL> ,ijr;

nra;Ak; jug;G my;yJ mthpd; rl;lhPjpahd

mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l xU egh; ifnaOj;jpl;bUg;gpd;

mJ rl;lj;jpy; nry;YgbahdjhFk;.

mirahj Mjdk; rk;ge;jkhd nghWg;G ngw;Wf;

nfhs;sg;gLk; re;jh;g;gj;jpy;> Nkhrbfs; jLg;Gf;

fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; 2Mk; gphpT nghUe;JtjhFk;.

2Mk; gphpT fhzp my;yJ NtW VjhtJ mirahj

Mjdk; rk;ge;jkhd ve;j tpw;gid> nfhs;tdT>

chpik khw;wk;> Fwpj;Jf; ifaspj;jy; my;yJ

<Lk;> fhzp my;yJ NtW mirahj Mjdj;ijg;

ghjpf;Fk; tifapyhd ve;j thf;FWjp> Nguk;Ngry;>

xg;ge;jk; my;yJ cld;gbf;ifAk; my;yJ

VjhtJ nghWg;G> my;yJ eyid Vw;gLj;Jk;> ve;j

eltbf;ifAk;> mJ vOj;jpy; ,y;yhj epiyapYk;>

mijr; nra;Ak; egh; my;yJ rl;lhPjpahf

mthpdhy; mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l xU egh;> mDkjpg;

gj;jpukspf;fg;gl;l gpurpj;j nehj;jhhpR> kw;Wk; NtW

,uz;L my;yJ ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l rhl;rpfs;

Kd;dpiyapYk; xNu Neuj;jpy; ifnaOj;jplhj

epiyapYk;> vOj;J> cWjp my;yJ Mtzj;jpd;

epiwNtw;wk; Fwpj;j nehj;jhhpR kw;Wk; rhl;rpfshy;

Kiwahf cWjpg;gLj;jg;glhj epiyapYk; rl;lj;jpy;

nry;Ygbaw;wjhFk; vd;W njhptpf;fpd;wJ.

gaDWjpiag; nghWj;j tiuapy;> 2Mk; gphpT

mirahj Mjdj;ij my;yJ mirahj Mjdj;jpd;

xU eyidg; ghjpf;Fk; tifapyhd nfhLf;fy;

thq;fYk;> mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; ngw;w gpurpj;j

nehj;jhhpR kw;Wk; ,U rhl;rpfs; Kd;dpiyapy;

mth;fspd; cWjpg;gLj;jNyhL> ,iaGs;s

jug;gpdhy; mtuJ rl;lhPjpahf mjpfhukspf;fg;gl;l

gpujpepjpahy; ifnaOj;jplg;gl;l> vOj;J%ykhd

Mjd nkhd;wpdhy; nra;ag;glhjtiuapy; rl;lj;jpy;

nry;Ygbaw;wjhFnkd;W njhptpf;fpd;wJ.

gzk; fld; toq;Fk; fl;lisr; rl;lk;

gzk; fld; toq;Fk; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd;

xU RUf;fkhd gFg;gha;T rk;ge;jkhf 2Mk;

tpdhTf;fhd vkJ gjpiyg; ghh;f;fTk;.

MFI xd;wpd; fld; mwtply; nray; Kiwapy; fld;

toq;fy; fl;lisr; rl;lk; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

mJ fld;ngWgtUf;F xU Fwpg;gpl;l mstpyhd

ghJfhg;ig toq;Fk; Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;bUg;gJ

,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;. mtw;Ws; rpy gpd;tUkhW:

toq;fg;gl;l flid mwtpLjy;> VjhtJ

cld;gbf;if my;yJ nghWg;ig eilKiwg;

gLj;Jjy; rk;ge;jkhf xU ePjpkd;wj;jpy;

,lk;ngWk; tprhuizfspd; NghJ ePjpkd;wk;

jdJ jw;Jzptpd;Nghpy;> nfhLf;fy;

thq;fy;fis kPz;Lk; Muk;gpj;J> fld;

toq;fpath; kw;Wk; tof;Fj; njhlug;gl;lth;

fspd; thjq;fisr; nrtpkLj;J ,jw;F Kd;dh;

,lk;ngw;w VjhtJ nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis

KbTWj;jpg; Gjpa flg;ghl;ilj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;

$w;W> my;yJ fzf;Fj; jPh;T my;yJ

VjhtJ cld;gbf;if ,Ug;gpDk;> ,jw;F

gpd;dh; mth;fspilNa ,lk;ngw;w VjhtJ

fzf;Ftof;Ffis kPz;Lk; Muk;gpj;J>

,lh;tuTfs; kw;Wk; rfy #o;epiyfisAk;

fUj;jpw; nfhz;L> ePjpkd;wk; epahag+h;tkhf

chpanjdj; jPh;khdpf;Fk; Kjy;> tl;b

kw;Wk; tpjpg;gzq;fs; Nkyjpfkhf vt;tpj

njhifiaAk; nrYj;Jk; flg;ghl;bypUe;J

tof;Fj; njhlug;gl;ltiu tpLtpf;Fk;.

gpd;tUk; epiyikfs; rk;ge;jkhf ePjp

kd;wj;ij jpUg;jp nra;Ak; rhd;Wfs; ,Uf;Fk;

NghJ> ePjpkd;wk; ,j;jw;Jzpitg; gpuNahfpf;

fyhk;.

- fld; nfhLj;jth; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;

kPs;tUkhdk; nfhLf;fg;gl;ljw;F

NkyjpfkhfkhdJk;> mjp$baJk;>

nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; f^ukhdJk;>

kdr;rhl;rpf;F tpNuhjkhdJk;>

jug;gpdhpilNa fzprkhd msTf;F

mepahakhdJk; Mf ,Uj;jy;

my;yJ

- Kiwaw;w nry;thf;fpdhy; nfhLf;fy;

thq;fy; ,lk;ngw;wJ my;yJ khRw;Wf;

fhzg;gl;lJ

- fld;nfhLj;jthpd; mwpTld; xU

fw;gidahd my;yJ Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;

glhj njhiff;F thf;Fg; gj;jpuj;jpD}

lhf nfhLf;fy; thq;fw; nghWg;G

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

(gzk; fld; toq;Fk; fl;lisr;rl;lj;jpd; gphpT 2)

ve;j tplaj;jpYk; fld;nfhLj;jth; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;Sk; kPs;tUkhdk; kpfTk; mjpfkhdjh

vd;gijj; jPh;khdpg;gjpy; (Vida tplaq;

fNshL) ePjpkd;wk; tpjpf;f Ntz;ba tl;b

tPjj;jpd; epahag+h;tj;jd;ikiaf; ftdj;jpw;

nfhs;Sk;. cjhuzkhf> fld; ngWkjp 2500/- &ghTf;F Nkw;gl;ljhapd; (,uz;lhapuj;J


IE}W &gh) fld;nfhLj;jth; rfy #o;epiy

fspy; tpjpf;fg;gLk; tl;b tPjk; epahakhd

njd;W ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F ep&gpj;jhyd;wp>

tUlhe;jk; 15%f;F mjpfkhd tl;b tPjk;

epahakw;wjhff; fUjg;gLk;.

ve;j Neuj;jpy; mwtplg;gl Ntz;ba

tl;b> tuNtz;ba Kjy; njhifia tpl

mjpfkhftpUj;jy; MfhJ.

kPs;tUkhdk; msTf;F kPwpajhapd;> ePjpkd;wk;

jPh;g;gspf;Fk; ephaakhd njhifiar;

nrYj;JkhW ePjpkd;wk; cj;jutplyhk;.

vt;thwhapDk;> gzk; fld;toq;fy; fl;lisr;

rl;lj;jpd; 2Mk; gphpT Vw;ghLfs; gpd;tUNthuhy;

rhjhuz tpahghu eltbf;iffspd; NghJ ,lk;ngWk;

nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fspd; NghJ nghUe;jhjjhFk;.

m) rq;fq;fs; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT

ngw;w VjhtJ gu];gu Nrkey my;yJ

tpNrl mjpfhuk; ngw;w rq;fk;;

M) Njrpa tPlikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; $l;bizg;Gr;

nra;ag;gl;l VjhtJ rq;fk;;;

,) $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpTngw;w

VjhtJ rq;fk;

<) gzk; fld;toq;Ftjw;fhd xU tpNrl

rl;lthf;fj;jpdhy; $l;bizf;fg;gl;L>

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l VjhtJ mikg;G>

mj;jifa tpNrl rl;lthf;fj;jpd; fPo; gzk;

fld; toq;Fk; re;jh;g;gk;

c) chpa tifapy; $l;bizf;fg;gl;l my;yJ

gjpTngw;w VjhtJ tq;fp my;yJ tq;fpf;

fk;gdp

C) fhg;GWjp tpahghuj; njhopypy; cz;ikahf

<Lgl;Ls;s egh; my;yJ fk;gdp kw;Wk;

v) mlFgpbg;Nghh; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;

mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ngw;w mlFgpbg;gth;

,t;thwhf (NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l) gzk; fld;

toq;fy; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; 2Mk; gphptpdhy; fld;

ngWgtUf;F toq;fg;gLk; ghJfhg;G> rq;fq;fs;>

tq;fpfs; kw;Wk; epjpf; fk;gdpfs; Nghd;w Ez;

epjpaspg;Gr; Nrit toq;FeUf;Fg; nghUe;j

khl;lhJ.

Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;ltw;wpd; gpufhuk;> gzk; fld;

toq;fy; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; gpujhd Vw;ghLfspd;

gpuNahfk;> gzk; fld;toq;fy; fl;lisr;rl;lj;jpd;

epajpfspd; gpufhuk; tpjptpyf;fspf;fg;gl;l

epWtdq;fSf;F fPo;tuhj> gzk; fld; toq;fy;

tpahghuj; njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s ,aw;ifahd

jdpegh;fs;> ,yq;ifaUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd> gzk;

fld; toq;fy; tpahghuj; njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s

$l;bizg;Gg; ngw;w mikg;Gf;fs; Nghd;w

Kiwrhuh Jiwg; gzk; fld; toq;FNthUf;F

khj;jpuk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lnjd;W Njhd;wf;$Lk;.

Ez; epjpaspg;Gr; Nritfspy; <Lgl;Ls;s ,j;jifa

,aw;ifahd kw;Wk; rl;l egh;fs; tuNtz;ba

fld;fis mwtpLtjpy; rpy f\;lq;fis vjph;

Nehf;ff;$Lk;. cjhuzkhf MFI,dhy; mwtplg;gLk;

tl;b tq;fpfshy; mwtplg;gLk; tl;bia tpl

cah;thf tpsq;Fifapy; ,e;epiy Vw;gLk;.

1990Mk; Mz;bd; 02Mk; ,yf;ff; fld;

mwtply; (tpNrl Vw;ghLfs;) rl;lk;

NkNy 2Mk; tpdhTf;fhd vkJ gjpypy; Fwpg;gplg;

gl;lthW> 1990Mk; Mz;bd; 2Mk; ,yf;ff; fld;

mwtply; (tpNrl Vw;ghLfs;) rl;lk; Fwpj;j rl;l

epajpfsp;d; gpufhuk; fld; mwtply; Jhpjg;gL

jYf;fhd Vw;ghLfis toq;Ffpd;wJ.

fld; mwtply; (tpNrl Vw;ghLfs;) rl;lj;jpd;

gpuNahfk; Fwpj;j rl;lj;jpy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;L

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gjhy;> mNdfkhd MFI fSf;F kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijNa

nfhz;Ls;sJ. “fld; toq;Fk; epWtdk;” vd;Dk;

gjk; gpd;tUkhW tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

m) 1988Mk; Mz;bd; 30Mk; ,yf;f tq;fpr;

rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk; mDkjpg;gj;jpukspf;fg;gl;l

th;j;jf tq;fp

M) 1975Mk; Mz;bd; 13Mk; ,yf;f mur

<l;L kw;Wk; KjyPl;L tq;fpr; rl;lj;jpdhy;

epWtg;gl;l mur <l;L kw;Wk; KjyPl;L

tq;fp

,) 1979Mk; Mz;bd; 2Mk; ,yf;f ,yq;ifj;

Njrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fpr; rl;lj;jpdhy;

epWtg;gl;l Njrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp

<) 1971Mk; Mz;bd; 30Mk; ,yf;f Njrpa

Nrkpg;G tq;fpr; rl;lj;jpdhy; epWtg;gl;l

Njrpa Nrkpg;G tq;fp

c) ,yq;if mgptpUj;jp epjpf; $l;Lj;jhgdr;

rl;lj;jpdhy; (mj;jpahak; 165) epWtg;gl;l

,yq;if mgptpUj;jp epjpf; $l;Lj;jhgdk;

(,g;nghOJ DFCC tq;fp) kw;Wk;

C) 1988Mk; Mz;bd; 78Mk; ,yf;f epjpf;

fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpTnra;ag;gl;l

epjp tpahghuj; njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xU

fk;gdp ;

,J xU jPh;j;Jf; fl;Lgtiu> my;yJ NkNy


Fwpg;gplg;gl;l VjhtJ tq;fp> $l;Lj;jhgdk; my;yJ

fk;gdpapd; tpahghuj; njhopiy elj;Jtjw;F

my;yJ KbTWj;Jtjw;F Kiwahf epakpf;fg;gl;l

vtuhtJ mjpfhhpia cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.

1990Mk; Mz;bd; 4Mk; ,yf;f tq;fpfs; fld;fis mwtpLjy; rl ;lk ; (tpNrl Vw;ghLfs;) 1995Mk; Mz;bd; 24Mk;

,yf;fr; rl;lj;jpdhy; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ.

tq;fpfs; fld;fis mwtpLjy; (tpNrl Vw;ghLfs;)

rl;lj;jpd; %yk;> Mjdj;ij <L itj;J xU

tq;fp %yk; toq;fg;gl;l flid mwtpLtjw;fhd

Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;lJ. (fld; vd;Wk; gjk;

“gzk; rk;ge;jkhd fld; vd;Wk; ,J Nkyjpf

gw;W> Kw;gzk; my;yJ NtW ve;jg; ngahpNyh>

nghUl; ngahpNyh nra;ag;gl;l Nkyjpfg;gw;W gz

Kw;gzk; vd;w trjpia” cs;slf;Ftnjd;Wk;

,yf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ) ,J mirAk;

my;yJ mirahj Mjdj;ij <lhf itj;J

“xU tq;fpapdhy;” toq;fg;gl;lJ. <Lgpbj;jth;

nghUj;jkhd ePjpkd;wpy; tof;F eltbf;if

jhf;fk; nra;ahky; <l;il mKy;gLj;j KbAk;.

tq;fpnahd;wpd; ,e;j tpNrl> epajpr; rl;l chpik (Parate execution) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ;

,r;rl;lj;jpd; ‘tq;fp’ vd;Dk; gjk; tq;fpr; rl;lj;jpd;

fUj;jpDs; tUk;> ,yq;if tq;fpf; fl;lisr;

rl;lj;jpd; fPo; epWtg;gl;l ,yq;if tq;fp jtph;e;j>

kf;fs; tq;fpr; rl;lj;jpdhy; epWtg;gl;l kf;fs; tq;fp

jtph;e;j> kw;Wk; 1985Mk; Mz;bd; 15Mk; ,yf;fg;

gpuhe;jpa fpuhk mgptpUj;jp tq;fpr; rl;lj;jpy;

Vw;ghLfspd; fPo; epWtg;gl;l VjhtJ tq;fp

jtph;e;j> Xh; mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; toq;fg;gl;l th;j;jf

tq;fpnad;W tiutpyf;fzk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

“tq;fp” vd;Dk; gjk; KiwNa mtw;wpd; epajpr;

rl;lq;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l DFCC tq;fp kw;Wk; HDFC tq;fp vd;gtw;iwAk; cs;slf;FtjhFk;

vd;w Vw;ghLk; mjpYs;sJ.

(KiwNa mtw;wpd; epajpr;rl;lq;fspd; gpufhuk;>

,yq;if tq;fpAk;> kf;fs; tq;fpAk; kw;Wk; mur

<l;L> KjyPl;L tq;fpAk; nghWg;gspf;fg;gl;l

Mjdq;fis tpw;W eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;

chpikfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.)

tq;fpfs; fld;fis mwtpLk; (tpNrl Vw;ghLfs;)

rl;lk; fld; toq;Fk; epWtdq;fs; <L itj;j

Mjdj;ij tpw;Fk; epajpr; rl;l chpikiag;

gpuNahfpf;Fk; NghJ gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba eilKiwia

vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. (mjhtJ gzpg;ghsh; rigj;

jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;Wjy;> chpa gpuRuq;fs;>

tpw;gid> gw;Wjy;> gfpuq;f Vytpw;id vd;git

Fwpj;j gpuRuq;fs; Nghd;wit)

tq;fpfs; fld;fis mwtpLjy; (tpNrl

Vw;ghLfs; rl;lk;) rl;;lj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gLk;

chpikfs; MFIfSf;Ff; fpl;LtJ mj;jifa

MFIfs; mq;F tpghpf;fg;gl;l “tq;fp” vd;Dk;

tiutpyf;fzj;jpDs; te;jhy; my;yJ mtw;iw

epWTk; rl;lthf;fj;jhy; mj;jifa chpikfs;

toq;fg;gl;lhy; khj;jpuNkahFk;.

1941 Mz;bd; 39Mk; ,yf;ff; fld;

,zf;fr; rl;lk;

Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l fl;lisr;rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk;>

fldhspfSf;Fk;> fld; toq;fpNahUf;Fkpilapyhd

fld;fisj; jPh;g;gjw;F mDruiz toq;Fk;

Nehf;fj;Jld; fld; ,zf;frignahd;W

epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ.

gpd;tUNthuhy; fld; ,zf;frigf;F xU

tpz;zg;gk; nra;ag;glyhk;.

i) jdJ nghWg ;ig toq ;fg ;gl ;l fld;

jUdh;fSf;F my;yJ mth;fSs; vtuhtJ

xUth; my;yJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;ltUf;Fj; jhd;

,Wf;f Ntz;ba flidj; jPh;f;Fk; tifapy;

fld; ,zf;f rigf;F xU tpz;zg;gj;ijr;

nra;Ak; fldhsp

ii) vtuhtJ fldhspapd; vtuhtJ nghWg;gspf;

fg;gl;l fld; jUeh; mf;fldhspahy; jdf;Fr;

nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba flidj; jPH;f;Fk;

tifapy;

fld; ,zf;ff; fl;lisr; rl;lk; “fldhsp” vd;gij gpd;tUk; tifapyhd xU egh; vd;W

tiutpyf;fzk; nra;fpd;wJ.

i) VjhtJ mirahj Mjdk; my;yJ mjd; xU

gFjp rk;ge;jkhf Xh; <l;il my;yJ tpjpg;ig

cUthf;Fgth;. me;j Mjdk; rk;ge;jkhd

mtuJ fld;fs; Fwpj;Jiuj;j njhifia

tpl mjpfkhfpAs;sd my;yJ

ii) epge;jidAld; $ba chpik khw;wnkhd;wpy;>

kPl;Fk; chpikia chpik khw;wk; nra;gth;

,J mthpd; thhpRfs;> epiwNtw;Weh;fs; kw;Wk;

chpikj; jj;Jtfhuh;fs; vd;Nghiu cs;slf;F

tjhFk;.

fld; ,zf;ff; fl;lisr; rl;lk; “fld; jUeh;” vd;Wk; gjj;ij fld; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba

xU egnud;W tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,J

me;j eghpd; thhpRfs;> epiwNtw;Weh;fs; kw;Wk;

jj;Jtfhuh;fis cs;slf;Fk;. fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd;


mh;j;jj;jpy; <L vd;W fUjg;glf;$ba mirahj

Mjdnkhd;wpd; chpik khw;wj;jpdhy; my;yJ

epge;jidAld;$ba chpik khw;wj;jpdhy; ngWkjp

aspf;fg;gl;l fld; tplaj;jpy;> me;j Mjdj;jpy;

chpik khw;wk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l egh;> mtuJ

thhpRfs;> epiwNtw;Weh;fs; kw;Wk; jj;Jtfhuh;fs;

vd;W nghUs;gLk;. MapDk;> ,J muirNah> 61

(2)Mk; gphptpd; fPo; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l vtuhtJ

egh; my;yJ mikg;ig cs;slf;fkhl;lhJ.

fld; ,zf;ff; fl;lisr;rl;lj;jpd; fPohd fld;

jPh;T eltbf;if Kiwfs; flDf;Fg; nghWg;G

toq;fg;gl;l re;jh;g;gq;fspy; khj;jpuNk Muk;gpf;fg;gl

KbAk; vdj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa eltbf;if

fspd; NghJ nghWg;G toq;fg;glhj fld;jUeh;;fspd;

fld;fs; tplaj;jpYk; xU jPh;T vl;lg;glf;$Lk;.

MfNt> MFI xd;W fld; ,zf;f rigapy; fld;

,zf;f eltbf;ifnahd;iw Muk;gpf;f fl;lisr;

rl;lj;jpd; mh;j;jj;jpy; xU nghWg;G toq;fg;gl;l

fld; toq;Fduhf tpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

NkNy $wg;gl;l fld; mwtply; (tpNrl Vw;ghLfs;)

rl;lk; fld; mwtply; fl;lisr; rl;lk; kw;Wk;

fld; toq;fy; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpYs;s vJTNk

fld; mwtply; (tpNrl Vw;ghLfs;) rl;lj;jpd;

mh;j;jj;jpy; “xU fld; toq;Fk; epWtdj;Jf;F” mjd; njhlh;gpy; nghUe;jkhl;lhnjd;W njhptpf;fg;

gl;bUg;gijf; ftdpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thwhf>

Ez; epjpaspg;G mikg;G fld; mwtply; (tpNrl

Vw;ghLfs;) rl;lj;jpd; mh;j;jj;jpy; xU “fld; toq;Fk; epWtdk;” Mapd;> mJ fld; ,zf;ff;

fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfSf;Ff; fPo;g; glNth

mjpypUe;J gad;ngwNth KbahJ.

1949Mk; Mz;bd; 6Mk; ,yf;f <l;Lr;

rl;lk;

jaT nra;J fPNo 14Mk; ,yf;f tpdhTf;fhd

gjpiyg; ghh;f;fTk;.

14. <l;Lr; rl;lk; Ez;epjp epWtdq;

fSf;F nry;YgbahFk;jd;ik

,yq;ifapy; <l;Lr;rl;lk; nghJr;rl;lj;jpd; fPOk;

(mjhtJ Nuhk lr;Rr; rl;lk;) 1949Mk; Mz;bd;

6Mk; ,yf;f <l;Lr; rl;lj;jpd; fPOk; (1949Mk;





vd;gtw;whYk; jpUj;jg;gl;lJ)

<l;Lr; rl;lk; nghJthf <Lfis Vw;gLj;JtJ

kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ rk;ge;jkhf

eltbf;ifKiw mk;rq;fisf; ifahStjhFk;.

mJ gpd;tUtd Nghd;w tplaq;fSf;fhd

Vw;ghLfis toq;Ffpd;wJ.

<Lrhh; tof;F eltbf;if rk;ge;jkhd

mwptpg;ig toq;Fjy;> mj;jifa mwptpg;ig

toq;Fk; Kiw> Xh; <Lrhh; tof;F

eltbf;ifapy; vjphpfshf ,izj;Jf;

nfhs;sg;gl;l MfNt mwptpg;Gf;F chpj;Js;s

egh;fs; kPJ mwptpg;G toq;Fk; nray;Kiw.

eltbf;iff;F xU jug;ghf ,izj;Jf;

nfhs;sg;glTs;s> eltbf;if Fwpj;j

mwptpj;jy; toq;fg;gLk; egh;fspd;

chpikfs;.

mwptpj;jy; toq;fg;gLk;> my;yJ Nrh;j;Jf;

nfhs;sg;gLk; egh;fs; kPJ <Lrhh; tof;F

eltbf;ifapd; jPh;itapd; tpisT.

mwptpj;jYf;F chpj;jpy;yhNjhUk;> mf;fiw

nfhz;lth;fSkhd egh;fspd; ,ilaPLk;>

mth;fspd; chpikfSk;.

gpd;dPL> njhlh; <L Fwpj;j jPh;itia

eilKiwg;gLj;Jifapy; tpw;gidapd;

jhf;fk;.

<Litj;jthpd; kuzk;> fldpzf;Fk;

Mw;wypd;ik my;yJ jifikaPdk;

rk;ge;jkhdhy; nghUj;jkhd Vw;ghLfs;

my;yJ <Lrhh;tof;F eltbf;if rk;ge;jkhd

mwptpj;jYf;F chpj;jhsUf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd

Vw;ghLfs;

<Litj;jtUf;Ff; vjpuhd chpik

Nfhhpf;ifahsh;fNshL ,izAk; tof;fhsp

apd; mjpfhuk; my;yJ xU tpw;gid

,lk;ngWk; NghJ fhzpia itj;jpUg;gJ

Fwpj;j gpufldj;ijr; nra;AkhW tpz;zg;

gpf;Fk; ,aYik.

<L itj;j fhzp rk;ge;jkhd ngWdh;

xUtiu epakpj;jy;.

jPh;itia epiwNtw;Wifapy; tpw;fg;glf;$ba

Mjdk; cs;spl;l tifapy; <Lrhh; tof;fpd;

jPh;itapd; fPohd tpw;gid> 46 Mk; gphptpd;

fPohd chpikfisj; Jwe;JtpLjy;.

mirahj Mjdk; Fwpj;j tpw;gid

epiwNtw;wy; tYg;ngWk; NghJ mwtpL

tjw;fhd tpNrl Vw;ghLfs;.

chpj;J cWjpfs;> itg;Gld; $ba tpNrl

fhzp <L.


<l;Lr; rl;lk; nghJthf MFIfSf;F nghUe;Jk;

mNj Ntisapy;> <l;Lr; rl;lj;jpd; rpy gphpTfs;

<L ngw;Wf;nfhs;gth; vd;w tifapy; “mq;fPfhuk;

ngw;w fld; Kfth; epiyaq;fSf;Fk;” gpuj;jpNaf khfg; nghUj;jkhd rpy mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;bU

g;gijf; ftdpg;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w fld; Kfth; epiyaq;fspd;

tiutpyf;fzk;

rl;lk; “mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w fld; Kfth; epiya

nkhd;iw” gpd;tUkhW tiutpyf;fg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

m) ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf>

th;j;jkhdpapy; gpuRhpf;fg;gLk; mwptpj;j

ypD}lhf> mq;fPfhukspf;fg;gl;l fld; Kfth;

epiyankhd;W th;j;jfg; gzpg;ghsuhy;

gpufldk; nra;ag;gLtJk;> fk;gdpf; fl;lisr;

rl;llj;jpd; 333Mk; gphptpy; tiutpyf;fzk;

nra;ag;gl;lJkhd VjhtJ tq;fpf; fk;gdp.

M) mur <l;L kw;Wk; KjyPl;L tq;fp> tptrha

kw;Wk; ifj;njhopy; fld; $l;Lj;jhgdk;>

fld; rig> Njrpa Nrkpg;G tq;fp> kw;Wk;

cs;qh; fld;fs; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp

Mizahsh;fs;.

,) ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf>

th;j;jkhdp mwptpj;jypD}lhf> th;j;jfg;

gzpg;ghsuhy; gpufldk; nra;ag;gLk; NtW

VjhtJ fk;gdp> mikg;G> epWtdk; my;yJ

jdpegh;.

mq;fPfhukspf;fg;gl;l fld; Kfth;fSf;Fg;

nghUe;jf;$ba <l;Lr; rl;lj;jpd; tpNrl Vw;ghL

fspypUe;J mD$yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F> MFI xd;W NkNy (m) my;yJ (M),Ds; tuhj

xU mikg;ghfTs;s tiuapy; mJ th;j;jfg;

gzpg;ghsuhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l fld; Kfth;

epiyakhfg; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

“tq;fpj;njhopy; fk;gdpfs;” rk;ge;jkhd fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfs; ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gl;Ls;sd

vd;gijAk;> “tq;fpj; njhopy; fk;gdpfs;” rk;ge;jkhd rl;lk; tq;fpr; rl;lj;jpy; cs;snjd;gijAk;

ftdpf;fTk;. tq;fpr; rl;lk; tq;fpr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;

mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; toq;fg;gLk; xU th;j;jf tq;fp>

<l;Lr; rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf Xh; mq;fPfhuk;

ngw;w fld; Kfth; epiyakhf ftdpf;fg;gLnkd;W

Vw;ghl;ilf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

<l;Lr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w fld; Kfth; epiyaq;fSf;Fg; nghUe;Jk;

,iaGs;s mk;rq;fs;

<l;Lr; rl;lj;jpd; mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w fld; Kfth;

epyyankd;Dk; tiutpyf;fzj;jpd; fPo; tUk;

MFI xd;wpd; gpujhd mD$yk;> <L gpbg;gth; vd;w

tifapy; Xh; mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w fld; Kfth; epiyak;

Vida <Lgpbg;NghUf;Ff; fpl;lhj rpy eltbf;if

Kiw mD$yq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;

vd;gjhFk;. ,J gpujhdkhf jdJ md;whl

tpahghuj; njhopypy; Xh; mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w fld;

Kfth; epiyak; jdJ thbf;ifahsh;fSf;F

toq;Fk; epjp cjtpfSf;Fg; nghWg;ghf <Lfisg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy; fhuzkhf Vw;gLtjhFk;.

cjhuzkhf> <Lgpbg;gtnud;w tifapy; Xh;

mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w fld; Kfth; epiyak; Xh; <l;il

cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Njitf;Ffe;j eltbf;if

Kiwfis <l;Lr; rl;lk; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. rhpahd

eltbf;ifKiw gpd;gw;wg;gLifapy;> Xh; <l;bd;

fPo; mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w xU fld; Kfth; epiyak;

NkYk; rpwe;j Kiwapy; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ

vd;gJ xU Nkyjpf mD$ykhFk;.

1) fhzpfspd; <Lfs;

<l;Lr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;L

s;sthwhd xU rhjdj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjd;

%yKk;> chpj;J cWjpfs; mq;fPfhuk;

mw;w fld; Kfth; epiyaj;jpy; itg;Gr;

nra;tjd; %yKk; fhzpr; nrhe;jf;fhuh;

xUth; <Lgpbg;gtUf;Fr; rhjfkhd Xh; <l;il

cUthf;fyhk;.

(Nkhrbfs; jLg;Gf; fl;lis rl;lj;jpy; 2Mk;

gphpT ,j;jifa rhjdq;fSf;Fg; nghUe;jhJ

vd;gjhy;) ,j;jifa xU rhjdk; nehj;jhhpR

xUtuhy; cWjp nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba

epge;jidj; Njit ,y;yhj mNj Ntisapy;>

mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w fld; Kfth; epiyak; ,r;

rhjdj;jpd; gpujpnahd;iwj; jdJ tpahghuj;

njhopy; ,lk;ngWk; khtl;lj;jpd; fhzpg;

gjpthsUf;Fk;> ,r;rhjdj;jpdhy; <Lgpbf;fg;

gLk; fhzp mike;Js;s khtl;lj;jpd;

fhzpfs; gjpthsUf;Fk; mDg;gp itj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

<l;Lg; nghUs; tpw;gid epiwNtw;wk; fpl;LtJ

rk;ge;jkhf> tq;fpfs; fld; mwtply; (tpNrl

Vw;ghLfs;) rl;lj;jpd; fPo; <l;Lg; nghUs;

tpw;gid epiwNtw;wk; rk;ge;jkhd epajpr;

rl;l chpikiag; gpuNahfpf;Fk; chpj;ijf;

nfhz;l mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w fld; Kfth;


epiyaj;jpw;Fr; rl;lhPjpahd jil vJT

kpy;iy. mNj Ntisapy; ,J nra;ag;gl

KbAkh vd;gJ tpthjj;Jf;FhpajhFk;.

,j;jifa <nlhd;iw mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F

ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;Fj; njhlu Ntz;Lnkd;W

<l;Lr; rl;lk; fUJtJ Nghyj; Njhd;WtNj

,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.

2. mirAk; nghUl;fs; rk ;ge ;jkhd

<Lfs;

<l;Lr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> gq;Ffspd; nrhj;Jhpik

ahsh; xUth; <l;Lr; rl;lj;jpy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;

gl;l rhjdnkhd;iw epiwNtw;Wtjd;

%yKk; ,iaGs;s gq;Fr; rhd;wpjo;fisAk;>

epiwNtw;wg;gl;l ‘ntw;W’ gq;Fhpik khw;wg; gbtq;fisAk; itg;Gr; nra;tjd; %yKk;>

mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w fld; Kfth; epiya

nkhd;Wf;Fr; rhjfkhd Kiwapy; mirAk;

Mjdq;fspd; <nlhd;iw cUthf;fyhk;.

mj;jifa xU tplaj;jpy;> <Litg;gth;

flg;ghL jtWk;NghJ mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w

fld; Kfth; epiyak; flid mwtpLk;

tifapy; gq;Ffis tpw;Fk; chpikiaf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. <l;Lr; rl;lj;jpd; ,g;gphptpd;

Nehf;fj;Jf;fhf> “tpw;wy;” vd;gJ mq;fPfhuk;

ngw;w fld; Kfth; epiyak; jw;Nghija

re;ijg; ngWkjpapy; gq;Ffisf; nfhs;Kjy;

nra;Ak; chpikiaAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.

<l;Lr; rl;lk;> MAs; fhg;GWjpg; gj;jpunkhd;wpd;

nrhe;jf;fhuh; xUth; mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w fld;

Kfth; epiyankhd;Wf;Fr; rhjfkhd

Kiwapy; ,Nj tpjkhd xU rhjdj;ij

epiwNtw;Wtjd; %yKk;> fhg;GWjpg;

gj;jpuj;ij mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w fld; Kfth;

epiyaj;Jf;Ff; Fwpj;njhJf;fp> itg;Gr;

nra;tjd; %yKk; <L xd;iw cUthf;F

tjw;fhd Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

<Litg;gth; flidj; jpUg;gpr; nrYj;Jk;

flg;ghL jtWifapy;> <l;Lr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;

mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w fld; Kfth; epiyak;

<l;Lr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,j;jifa fhg;GWjpg;

gj;jpuj;ijf; fhg;GWjpf; fk;gdpf;Ff;

ifaspj;J> g+uzkhf xg;gilj;jthpd;

flid mwtpLk; chpikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

gUg;nghUshd (corporeal) VjhtJ mirAk;

Mjdnkhd;W mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w fld; Kfth;

epiyankhd;Wf;Fr; rhjfkhd Kiwapy;;

<L tifg;gLk; tplaj;jpy;> ,j;jifa

gUg; nghUshd mirAk; Mjdj;ij

tpw;Fk; chpikAk; mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w fld;

Kfth; epiyaj;Jf;F toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

<L itj;jth; flidj; jpUg;gpr; nrYj;Jk;

flg;ghL jtWifapy;> flid mwtpLk;

tifapy; mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w fld; Kfth;

epiyak; ,e;j chpikiag; gpuNahfpf;fyhk;.

vt;thwhapDk;> ,J <l;il cUthf;Fk;

rhjdj;jpy; <l;Lr; rl;lj;jpd; ,iaGs;s

gphpitj; jug;gpdh;fs; vLj;Jiug;gjpy;

jq;fpAs;sJ. NtW tplaq;fNshL> NtW

xU epge;jidj; Njit ,j;jifa tpw;gid

gfpuq;f Vyj;jpd; %yk; ,lk;ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;

vd;gjhFk;.

(<l;Lr; rl;lj;jpy; tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl;l

thW) “<L itg;gthpd; rhjhuz tpahghuj;

njhopy; epfo;tpd; NghJ mtuJ VLfspy;

fhz;gpf;fg;gLk;” <l;Lf; fld; rk;ge;jkhfTk; <L xd;W cUthf;fg;glyhk;. ,j;jifa xU

re;jh;g;gj;jpy;> <L itg;gth; <l;Lf; flg;ghL

jtWifapy;> mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w fld;

Kfth; epiyak; <Litj;jthpd; flid

mwtpLk; tifapy; mj;jifa %d;whk;

jug;gpdhplkpUe;J nfhLg;gditf; NfhUk;

chpikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. vt;thwhapDk;>

,j;jifa Xh; <L Mtzq;fs; gjpTf;

fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; chpa Kiwapy;

gjpT nra;ag;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

15. fopj;J vOJjy; Ez;epjp epWtdq; fSf;F vt;thW nghUe;Jk; vd;gJ Fwpj;j kPsha;T. thbf;ifahsh;fs; flg;ghL jtWifapy;> mth;fsJ tuT kPjpfisf; fld; kPjpfSf;nfjpuhf fopj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; chpik Ez;epjp epWtdq;fSf;F

cs;sjh vd;Dk; tplak;.

nghJr; rl;lk;

,yq;ifapd; rl;lq;fspd; fPo;> gjptopg;G chpik

tq;fpfSf;F khj;jpuNk chpajhFk;. ,yq;ifapd;

tq;fpr; rl;lk; tq;fpr; rl;lk; rk;ge;jkhd Mq;fpNyar;

rl;lj;jpypUe;J tUtjhFk;. tq;fpj; njhopy;

rk;ge;jkhd Mq;fpNya rl;lj;jpd; fPo;> vjpuhd

ntspg;gilahd my;yJ cl;fpilahd cld;ghL

,y;yhjtplj;J> mtUf;F tuNtz;ba gzk;

epr;rakhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ khj;jpuk;> tq;fpahsh;

fopj;njOJk; chpikiag; gpuNahfpf;fyhk;.

vt;thwhapDk;> Mq;fpyr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,e;j

chpik tq;fpahsh;fSf;F khj;jpuNk fpl;LtjhFk;.

NtW epjpapay; Nritfis toq;Fk; ve;j

epWtd j;Jf;Fk; mJ nghUe;jhJ. MfNt> MFI ,yq;if tq;fpr; rl;lj;jpd; mh;j;jj;jpd; fPo; xU

tq;fpahf ,Ue;jhyd;wp> mj;jifa MFI xd;Wf;F fopj;njOJk; chpik> mJ ntspg;gilahf

cl;fpilahf Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;bUe;jhyd;wp>

fpilg;gJ rhj;jpakpy;iy.


$l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs;

$l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuKk;> Nky;>

kj;jpa kw;Wk; rg;ufKth khfhzq;fSf;fhd

$l;LwTr; rq;f epajpr; rl;lq;fspd; gpufhuKk;

xU gjpT nra;ag;gl;l rq;fk; Xh; mq;fj;jthpd;>

fle;jfhy mq;fj;jthpd; my;yJ caphpoe;j

mq;fj;jthpd; itg;GfspypUe;J> rq;fj;Jf;F

tuNtz;ba VjhtJ flidf; fopj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;

chpik cilaJ.

16. ,yq;iff; rl;lj;jpd;fPo; Ez;epjp epWtdk; xd;W vd;d topfspy; mlF kw;Wk; Fj;jif eltbf;if fspy; <Lglyhk; vd;gJ Fwpj;j kPsha;T. Ez;epjp epWtdk; ,ijg; nra;a tpUk;gpdhy;> mJ Fwpj;j Vw;ghLfs; vit? topfhl;ly;fs;

vit?

mlF tpahghuj; njhopy;

mlFgpbg;Nghh; fl;lisr; rl;lk; mlF gpbg;gth;

xUtiu “mlFg; nghUl;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;

tpahghuj; njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xt;nthU egUk;” vd;W tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

mlFgpbg;Nghh; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpy; KOikahd

tiutpyf;fzk; toq;fg;glh tpbDk;> tq;fpr;

rl;lj;jpd; fPo; kj;jpa tq;fpapd; ehzar;rig

toq;fpAs;s xU gzpg;Giuapd; gpufhuk;

mq;F vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;s #o;epiyfspy;

Nehf;fq;fSf;fikthf ”jq;fj;jpdhy; nra;ag;gl;l> jdpg;gl;Nlhhpd; nghUl;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L

gzk; fld; toq;Fjy; vd;Wk;> Xh; Muk;g epiyf;

fhyg;gFjpahfg; gd;dpuz;L khjq;fSf;F Nkw;glhj

fhyg;gFjpf;Fs; nghWg;ghf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLtJ” vd;Wk; njhptpf;fpd;wJ.

mlFj; njhopy; jq;fj;jpdhy; nra;ag;gl;l

nghUl;fisg; nghWg;gspg;gJ kl;Lkd;wp>

ngWkjpAs;s ve;jg; nghUisAk; cs;slf;Ftjhy;>

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tiutpyf;fzk; kl;Lg;ghL nfhz;lJ

vd;gijf; ftdpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

mlFgpbg;Nghh; fl;lisr; rl;lk; gpuNjr nrayhsh;

xUthpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; mDkjpg; gj;jpukd;wp

vtUk; mlF tpahghuj; njhopypy; <Lglf;$lhnjd;W

Fwpj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

,f;fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; 2A gphpT gpd;tUk;

egh;fSf;Fk;> mikg;GfSf;Fk; mlF tpahghuj;

njhopypy; <LgLtjw;fhd mDkjpg; gj;jpunkhd;W

toq;fg;gl khl;lhnjd;W njhptpf;fpd;wJ.

m) ,yq;ifg; gpui[ay;yhj xU jdpegh;.

M) xU ntspehl;Lf;fk;gdp - rl;lj;jpy;

“fk;gdpfs; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; XIMk;

gFjp nghUe;jpaiktjhd xU fk;gdp” vd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

(,f;fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; ,lj;ij ,g;nghOJ

2007Mk; Mz;bd; 07Mk; ,yf;ff; fk;gdpfs;

rl;lk; vLj;Js;sNjhL> ,iaGs;s gFjp

XVIII MFk;. ,J ntspehl;Lf; fk;gdpfs;

gjpT Fwpj;jjhFk;).

,) “fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpy; ,uz;L gq;fhsh;fspy;

xUth; ,yq;ifg; gpui[ahf ,y;yhj epiy>

my;yJ ,UtUNk ,yq;ifg; gpui[ahf

,y;yhj epiy my;yJ ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l

gq;fshh;fSs; xUtNuDk; ,yq;ifg;

gpui[ahf ,y;yhj epiy” vd;W ntspehl;L mikg;nghd;W rl;lj;jpy; tiutpyf;fzg;

gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Kd;Ng $wg;gl;lJ Nghd;W> murpayikg;gpd;

13MtJ jpUj;jk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJk;> mlFgpbj;jy;

,g;nghOJ mjpfhug; gfph;T ngw;w tplakhf

tpUg;gjhy;> ,e;j tplak; rk;ge;jkhf khfhzq;fs;

jkJ nrhe;jr; rl;lq;fis Mf;fpf;nfhs;Sk;

mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vt;thwhapDk;> Nky;

khfhz rig khj;jpuNk. ,j;jifa xU epajpr;

rl;lj;ij Mf;fpAs;sJ. Nky; khfhzj;jpDs;

mlFj; njhopy; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; vtUk; ,t;

tplaj;jpy; Nky; khfhz rig epajpr;rl;lj;Jf;F

,zq;fp xOFk; flg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;ltuhthh;

(NkNy 2Mk; gphpTf;F vkJ gjpypy; ,e;j mk;rk;

rk;ge;jkhd vkJ fUj;ijg; ghh;f;fTk;).

Nkw;$wpa tplaq;fspypUe;J ntspehl;by;

$l;bizf;fg;gl;l my;yJ epWtg;gl;l xU fk;gdp

mj;jifa xU Nehf;fj;Jf;fhf ,yq;ifapy; xU

tpahghuj; njhopy; epiyaj;ijj; jhgpj;J mlF

tpahghuj; njhopypy; <LgLtjw;F mDkjpf;fg;gl

khl;lhJ vd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ.

ghpth;j;jidf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;

,lk;ngWk; gpukhzq;fs; ,yq;iff;F ntspapy;

trpf;Fk; jdpegh;fSf;Fk;> kw;Wk; ntspehLfspy;

$l;bizg;Gg; ngw;w jdpajhh;j;j mikg;GfSf;F

mlF tpahghuj; njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s xU fk;gdpapd;

gq;Ffspy; KjyPL nra;Ak; chpj;;J fpilf;fhJ.

tq;fpj; njhopy; rl;lj;jpd; 83A mlFgpbg;Nghh;

rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfspy; mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ngw;w

th;j;jf tq;fpahapd; nghUe;jkhl;lhJ. ,j;jifa

tq;fp ehzar; rigapdhy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLk;

epge;jidfSf;F mikthf mlF tpahghuj;

njhopypy; <Lglyhk; vd;W njhptpj;jpUg;gjhy;>


mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ngw;w th;j;jf tq;fpfs; mlFj;

njhopy; rl;lj;jpd; gpuNahfj;jpypUe;J tpjptpyf;Fg;

ngw;Ws;sd.

,t;thwhd xU ntspehl;bd; jdpajhh;j;j mikg;G

,yq;ifapy; xU fpis mYtyfj;jpD}lhf>

my;yJ cs;qhpy; xU fk;gdpiaf; $l;bizg;Gr;

nra;tjD}lhf mlFj; njhopypy; <Lgl Kbahj

mNjNtisapy; mJ tq;fpj; njhopy; rl;lj;jpd; fPo;;

mDkjpg; gj;jpuk; ngw;w xU th;j;jf tq;fpahfr;

nraw;gLk; Xh; mDkjpg;gj;jpuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;

nfhz;lhy;> mjd; tq;fpj;njhopy; Nritfspd; xU

gFjpahf mlFr; NritfisAk; toq;fyhk;.

NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfisr;

rhuhk;rg;gLj;Jtjhapd;> mlF tpahghuj; njhopypy;

mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ngw;w mlFgpbg;NghUk;> mDkjpg;

gj;jpuk; ngw;w th;j;jf tq;fpfSk; khj;jpuNk

<Lglyhk;.

mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ngw;w mlFgpbg;NghUf;F nghUe;jf;

$ba kl;Lg;ghLfisg; nghWj;j tiuapy;> Vida

tplaq;fNshL mlF gpbg;Nghh; fl;lisr; rl;lk;

gpd;tUk; Vw;ghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ:

mlF gpbg;gth; vtUk; Vytpw;gidahsh;fshf

tpahghuj; njhopypy; <Lgl KbahJ>

kw;Wk;

Fwpj;Jiuj;j tpfpjq;fis kPWk; tifapy;

mjpfkhd tl;bia mlFgpbg;Nghh; mwtpl

KbahJ.

mlFgpbg;Nghh; $l;LwTr; rl;lj;jpd; Vida

mk;rq;fs; rk;ge;jkhf> jaT nra;J 2Mk;

tpdhtpw;F vkJ gjpiyg; ghh;f;fTk;.

epjpf; Fj;jif tpahghuj;njhopy;

,j;jifa tpahghuj;jpy; njhopy; ,lk;ngWtJ

2000Mk; Mz;by; 56Mk; ,yf;f epjpf;Fj;jiff;

fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPohFk;. (“epjpf;Fj;jifr; rl;lk;”) rl;lk; rk;ge;jkhd RUf;fkhd xU

gFg;gha;Tf;fhf jaTnra;J gphpT 2Ig; ghh;f;fTk;.

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rl;lj;jpd; Vw;ghLfspd; fPo;> ,yq;if kj;jpa

tq;fpapd; tq;fpay;yhj epjp epWtdq;fspd;

Nkw;ghh;itj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; gzpg;ghsuhy;

toq;fg;gLk; gjpTr; rhd;wpjopd; mjpfhukspg;gpd;

fPo; ,lk;ngwhj tiuapy; vtUNk epjpf; Fj;jif

tpahghuj; njhopypy; <Lgl KbahJ. ,j;jifa

Xh; fk;gdp xU “gjpT ngw;w epjpf; Fj;jifj;

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mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ngw;w tpNrl tq;fp.

M) epjpf; fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; me;j];jpDs;

xU epjpf; fk;gdp.

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$l;bizf;fg;gl;l xU nghJf;fk;gdp 2001Mk;

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&gh 75 kpy;ypadhf tpUj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;W

njhptpj;Js;shh;.

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nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. tpz;zg;gj;Jld; gpd;tUk;

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Ntz;Lk;:

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mDkjpg;gj;jpuj;jpd; rhd;Wg;gLj;jg;gl;l

gpujp.

M) epjpf; fk;gdpnahd;wpd; tplaj;jpy;> tpz;zg;gj;

jpfjpapy; eilKiwapypUf;Fk; ehza

rig apdhy; epjpf; fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd;

fPo; toq;fg;gl mDkjpg;gj;jpuj;jpd;

rhd;Wg;gLj;jg; gl;l gpujp.

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rhd;Wg;gLj;jg;gl;l gpujp


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ife;E}ypd; rhd;Wg;gLj;jg;gl;l gpujp

(i) xU epjpf; Fj;jif ePbf;Fk;

fhyg;gFjp.

(ii) epjpf; Fj;jifapy; te;J Nru Ntz;ba

nfhLg;gdTfis mwtpLk; topKiw.

(iii) epjpf; Fj;jifapd; fPo; toq;fg;gl;l

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fSf;F vjpuhf Fj;jiff;F tpLgth;>

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nra;Ak; Vw;ghL;> kw;Wk;

(v) Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gLk; Vida ,j;jifa

tpguq;fs;.

c) Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gLk; tpz;zg;gf; fl;lzk;

C) Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gLk; mj;jifa Vida

Mtzq;fspd; cWjpg;gLj;jpa gpujpfs;.

2001Mk; Mz;bd; Mf];l; 10Mk; jpfjpa> 1196/27Mk;

,yf;fkplg;gl;l tpNrl th;j;jkhdp mwptpj;jypd;

gpufhuk;> mDkjpg;gj;jpukspf;fg;gl;l th;j;jf

tq;fpnahd;W> my;yJ mDkjpg;gj;jpukspf;fg;gl;l

tpNrl tq;fpnahd;W my;yJ epjpf; fk;gdpnahd;W

rk;ge;jkhd gjpT Fwpj;j tpz;zg;gf; fl;lzk; &gh

1000/- MFk;. NtW VjhtJ nghJf;fk;gdp ahapd;

gjpT tpz;zg;gf;fl;lzk; &gh 5000/- MFk;.

tq;fpay;yhj epjp epWtdq;fspd; Nkw;ghh;itj;

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jFjpAk;> Njh;r;rpAk; cs;stnud;W jpUg;jpAWk;

gl;rj;jpy;> Njrpa nghUshjhuj;jpd; eyd;fisf;

fUj;jpy; nfhz;L>

m) tpz;zg;gjhhpiag; gjpT nra;ayhk;;>

mj;Jld;

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ngw;w jhgdKk; epjpf; Fj;jifj; jhgdj;jpd;

gpujhd tpahghuj; njhopy; ,lj;jpy; gpuj;jpal;rkhfg;

ghh;f;ff;$ba ,lj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;l gjpTr;

rhd;wpjiof; fhl;rpf;F itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

nraw;ghLfs; Fwpj;j kl;Lg;ghLfs;

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gj;jpunkhd;iw itj;jpUg;gJ gjpT ngw;w mikg;G

epjpf; Fj;jifnahd;wpd; fPo; cgfuznkhd;iw

toq;Fk; tpahghuj; njhopypy; gzj;ij KjyPL

nra;jy; vd;W tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gl;l epjpf;

Fj;jif tpahghuj; njhopypy; <LgLtjw;F

cjTfpd;wJ.

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mftpjpfSf;fikthf> NtW VjhtJ tifahd

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,iaGs;s mDkjpg;gj;jpuj;ijg; ngw;w gpd;dh;;

khj;jpuk; <Lglf;$ba tq;fpj;njhopy;> epjp

tpahghuj;njhopy;> fhg;GWjp kw;Wk; mlFj;njhopy;

Nghd;w kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l eltbf;ifahf ,Uj;jy;

MfhJ.

NkNy> 12Mk; tpdhtpd; fPo; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l

ghpth;j;jidf; fl;Lg;ghl;L kl;Lg;ghL mikg;G

mftpjp kl;Lg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; epjpf; Fj;jif

tpahghuj; njhopy; mDkjpg;gj;jpu kl;Lg;ghLfDf;F

mikthf fk;gdp gzj;ijf; fld; toq;fyhk;

(cjhuzkhf ntspehl;L ehzaf; fld;

toq;fy;)

gjpT ngw;w epjpf; Fj;jif epWtdnkhd;W

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ntspehl;Lj; jdpajhh;j;j mikg;G ,yq;ifapy; xU

fpis mYtyfj;ijj; jpwg;gjd; %yk;> my;yJ

tpahghuj; njhopy; epiyaj;ij jpwg;gjd; %yk;

epjpf;Fj;jif tpahghuj; njhopypy; <LglKbahJ.

mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ngw;;w th;j;jf tq;fp my;yJ

mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ngw;w tpNrl tq;fp my;yhj>

mDkjpg;gj;jpuj;Jf;fhd xU tpz;zg;gjhhp

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xU nghJf;fk;gdpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj

,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.


17. Ez; fhg;GWjp rk;ge;jkhd kPsha;T - ngUk; vz;zpf;ifahd Ez;epjp epWtdq;fs; ,r; Nritia toq;Ffpd;wd. ,jd; rl;lepiy vj;jifaJ? fld; toq;Fk; Ez;epjp epWtdq;fs; fhg;GWjp Nritfis toq;fKbAkh? topfhl;ly;fs;

vit?

fhg;GWjp Nritfis toq;Fk; MFIfspd;

rl;l epiyj; juT

,yq;ifapy; fhg;GWjpf; ifj;njhopiyg;

gpukhzg;gLj;Jk; rl;lk; 2000Mk; Mz;bd; 43Mk;

,yf;ff; fhg;GWjpf; ifj;njhopy; gpukhzr; rl;lk;

(“fhg;GWjpf; ifj;njhopy; gpukhzr;rl;lk;”) MFk;.

fhg;GWjpf; ifj;njhopy; gpukhzr; rl;lj;jpd;

RUf;fkhd gFg;gha;T xd;Wf;fhf> gphpT 2 f;fhd

vkJ gjpiyg; ghh;f;fyhk;.

fhg;GWjpj; ifj;njhopy; rl;lg;gpukhzk;

,yq;ifapy; xU egh; jw;Nghijf;F> mj;jifa

tpahghuj; njhopiy elj;Jtjw;fhf ,r;rl;lj;jpd;

fPo; gjpT ngw;wpUe;jhyd;wp> my;yJ gjpT

ngw;wjhff; fUjg;gl;lhyd;wp> mj;jifa egh;

fhg;GWjp> tpahghuj; njhopypy; <Lglf;$lhJ vd;W

Fwpj;Jiug;ghfj; njhptpf;fpd;wJ.

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rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk;> xU egh; ,yq;ifapy;

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gjpT ngw;wtuhfTk;> jw;NghJ Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gLk;

njhifahfpa nrYj;jg;gl;l gq;F %yjdkhf mth;

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E}W kpy;ypaidf; nfhz;ltuhfTk; (&gh 100> 000>000/-) ,Ue;jhyd;wp ,yq;ifapy; fhg;GWjp tpahghuj;

njhopypy; <LgLk; tifapy; gjpT nra;ag;glkhl;lhh;.

fhg;GWjp nra;ag;gl;l nghJkf;fspd; eyd;fisg;

ghJfhg;gjw;Fk;> fhg;GWjpf; ifj;njhopypd;

mgptpUj;jpia cWjp nra;tjw;Fk;> fhg;GWjpahsh;

fspd; Kiwahd elj;ijia cWjp nra;tjw;Fk;

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mj;jifa Vida epge;jidj; NjitfisAk;

me;j egh; g+h;j;jp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

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nfhz;Ls;sd. cjhuzk;: tptrha kw;Wk; fkeyf;

fhg;GWjp rigia cUthf;fpa 1999Mk; Mz;bd;

20Mk; ,yf;f tptrha kw;Wk; fkeyf; fhg;GWjpr;

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Vw;gLj;jpa 1990Mk; Mz;bd; 17 Mk; ,yf;f

r%fg; ghJfhg;Gr; rigr; rl;lk;.

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fhg;GWjpahsh; xUthplk; fhg;GWjp tpahghuj;njhopy;

vijAk; xg;gilg;gJ nry;Ygbahfhnjd;Wk;

njhptpf;fpd;wJ.

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fhg;GWjpf; ifj;njhopy; gpukhzg;gLj;jy;

rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk;> mjd; fPo; gjpT ngw;w

xU egh; fhg;GWjp tpahghuj; njhopy; jtph;e;j

NtW ve;j tbtj;jpYkhd tpahghuj; njhopypy;

<LgLjy; MfhJ. vt;thwhapDk;> rigapd;

Kd;$l;ba vOj;J%y mq;fPfhuj;Jld;> fhg;GWjpf;

ifj;njhopy; gpukhzg;gLj;jy; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gjpT

ngw;w fhg;GWjp tpahghuf; ifj;njhopYf;Fj;

Jizepiyahd my;yJ mj;Jld; ,ize;j

VjhtJ epjpr; Nritfs; tpahghuj; njhopypy;

<Lglyhk;.

MfNt> MFI xd;W fhg;GWjp Nritia toq;F tjw;F Nkyjpfkhf> epjpr; Nritfis toq;f

tpUk;gpdhy;> mj;jifa Xh; MFI Kjypy;

fhg;GWjp tpahghuj; njhopiy Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd

mDkjpg; gj;jpunkhd;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;

Ntz;Lk;. mjd; gpd;dh;> mj;jifa MFI mj;jifa

epjpapay; Nrit fhg;GWjp tpahghuj; njhopYf;Fj;

Jizepiyahf my;yJ mj;Jld; ,ize;jjhf

,Ue;jhy; khj;jpuk;> Vida epjpr; Nritfspy;

<LgLtjw;fhd mDkjpia Ntz;b fhg;GWjp

rigf;F tpz;zg;gpf;fyhk;.


18. Njrpa mgptpUj;jp ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;G epjpaj;jpd; rl;lepiy me;j];J

Fwpj;j Ma;T

rl;lepiy me;j];J

Njrpa mgptpUj;jp ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;G epjpaj;jpd; (“NDTF”) rl;lepiy me;j];J gy tUl fhykhfg;

ghpzkpj;J te;j xd;whFk;. mjd; mgptpUj;jpapy;

%d;W gbepiyfis ,dq;fhzyhk;. ,it mjd;

jw;Nghija rl;lepiy me;j];jpy; fzprkhd

jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaitahFk;.

KjyhtJ gbepiy

Kd;dh; [drtpa ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;G epjpankd;W

miof;fg;gl;l NDTF 1991 [{d; khjk; 07Mk;

jpfjpa 665/31Mk; ,yf;f tpNrl th;j;jkhdpapy;

mikr;rhpdhy; rl;lj;Jf;F mikthfg; gpuRhpf;fg;

gl;lJk;> ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;Gf; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd;

114Mk; gphptpd; fPo; $l;bizf;fg;gl;lJk;> 1991Mk;

Mz;bd; ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;G cWjp ,yf;fk;

365,dhy; epWtg;gl;lJkhFk;.

,e;j ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;G ,yq;if murhq;fk;>

cyf tq;fp kw;Wk; n[h;kd; rk\;bf; FbauR

vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd xU Kj;jug;Gf; fld;

cld;gbf;ifapd; tpisthFk;. ,e;jf; fld;

cld;gbf;ifapd; fPo; ,yq;ifapy; tWik xopg;G

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf

kpfTk; cah;thd rYif tpfpjq;fspy; ,yq;iff;F

,yq;if &gh 52.8 kpy;ypad; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

[drtpa ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;G epjpaj;jpD}lhf

xU tWik xopg;Gf; fUj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;

gLj;jpaJ. ,e;jf; fUj;jpl;lk; tWikapd; njhpT

nra;ag;gl;l mk;rq;fSf;Fj; jPh;T fhZk; tifapy;

ehd;F cg fUj;jpl;lq;fisf; nfhz;ljhFk;.

mit gpd;tUkhW.

m) $yp ciog;ig mjpfhpf;Fk; tifapyhd

xU fpuhkpa Nritfs; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk;.

M) rpW njhopy; Kaw;rpfspy; Mh;tq;fhl;Lk;

FOf;fis ,yf;F itf;Fk; fld; kw;Wk; rpW

ifj;njhopy; Kaw;rpfs; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;.

,) ngz;fspdJk;> rpWth;fspdJk; Cl;lepiyapy;

,ilaPL nra;J Nkk;gLj;Jk; tifapyhd

Ngh\hf;F epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;;> kw;Wk;

<) twpa FOf;fspd; gapw;rp kw;Wk; fy;tpj;

Njitfis epiwNtw;Wk; tifapyhd kdpj

tsq;fs; mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;.

,uz;lhk; gbepiy

nfhilahsh;fs; me;j epiy tiu jhd; epjp

toq;f cld;gl;bUe;jjhy; 1997,y; fUj;jpl;lk;

epiwT nra;ag;gl;lJ. vt;thwhapDk;> ,yq;if

murhq;fk; fUj;jpl;lj;ij fld; kw;Wk; rpW njhopy;

Kaw;rpfs; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;Jf;F kl;Lg;gLj;jp mij

ePbf;fj; jPh;khdpj;jJ. ,J Vida tplaq;fNshL>

fld; gphpj;J toq;fy;fs;> fld; mwtPL> kw;Wk;

jpiwNrhpf;F kPs;nfhLg;gdT vd;gdtw;iw

cs;slf;FtjhFk;. ,e;j eltbf;iffs; njhlu

Ntz;Lnkd;W Kj;jug;G cld;gbf;ifapd;;

epge;jidj; NjitahfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ,tw;iw

Nkw;ghh;it nra;Ak; tifapy; ek;gpf;ifg;

nghWg;ghsh; rigapd; fUkq;fs; njhlh;e;jd.

%d;whk; gbepiy

,jd; gpd;dh;> fld; kw;Wk; rpW njhopy; Kaw;rp

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ijj; njhlUtjw;F ,yq;if

murhq;fj;Jf;F epjpfs; mtrpag;gl;likahy;> ,e;j

Nehf;fj;Jf;fhf fk;gdpnahd;W $l;bizf;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidapd; Nghpy; Mrpa

mgptpUj;jp tq;fp (ADB) fUj;jpl;lj;Jf;F

epjpaspf;f cld;gl;lJ. ,jd; gpufhuk; 2003

etk;gh; 10 Mk;jpfjp 1982 Mz;bd; 17Mk;; ,yf;f

fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; (,J gpd;dh; 2007Mk;

Mz;bd; 7Mk; ,yf;ff; fk;gdpfs; rl;lj;jpdhy;

ePf;fg;gl;lJ) “Njrpa mgptpUj;jp ek;gpf;if epjpak;” vd;Dk; ngahpy; cj;juthjf; fk;gdpnahd;iw

cUthf;fpaJ (,jd; fk;gdp ,yf;fk; GA 130

MFk;).

jw;NghJ> ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;ghsh;fspd; gzp>

mbg;gilapy; ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;G epjpaj;jpd;

fPo; toq;fg;gl;l fld;fis mwtpLtjhFk;. ADB cjtpAld; fk;gdp fld; kw;Wk; rpW njhopy;

Kaw;rp epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;ijj; njhlUfpd;wJ.

fk;gdpapd; eltbf;iffSk;> mjpypUe;J

fld; ngWNthUk;

epjp kw;Wk; jpl;lkply; mikr;rpd; fPo; nraw;gLk;>

,yhgkPl;lhj jdpajhh;j;j mikg;G vd;w tifapy;

fk;gdp gq;fhsh; mikg;Gfspd; tiyaikg;gpD}

lhf fld; trjpfis toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd>

fk;gdp jdpegh;fSf;F Neubahff; fld;trjpfis

toq;Ftjpy;iy. khwhf> ,dq;fhzg;gl;l gq;fhsh;

mikg;GfNs mtw;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sfpd;wd.

gq;fhsh; mikg;Gf;fs; jkJ gq;fPL> [dr%fj;jpy;

ViofSf;Fk;> rYif Fiwe;NjhUf;Fk; fld;

trjpfis toq;Ffpd;wd.


gq ;fhsh ; mikg ;Gfs pd ; rl ;le piy

me;j];J

Njrpa mgptpUj;jp ek;gpf;if epjpaj;jpd; gq;fhsh;

mikg;Gf;fs; gpd;tUk; tifg; gphpTfSs; mlq;F

fpd;wd.

m. th;j;jf tq;fpfs; (mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ngw;w

th;j;jf tq;fpfs;)

M. mgptpUj;jp tq;fpfs; (mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ngw;w

tpNrl tq;fpfs;)

,. [dr%f mbg;gilapyhd mikg;Gf;fs;

(rq;fq;fs; my;yJ jd;dhh;t r%f Nrit

mikg;Gf;fs;)

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rq;fq;fs; ($l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs;)

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tpdhf;fSf;fhd vkJ gjpy;fspy; mDkjpg;gj;jpuk;

ngw;w th;j;jf tq;fpfs;> mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ngw;w

tpNrl tq;fpfs;> rq;fq;fs;> jd;dhh;tr; r%f

Nrit mikg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fspd;

rl;lepiy me;j];Jf; Fwpj;J ehk; fye;Jiu

ahbAs;sijf; ftdpf;fTk;)

19. Ez;epjp eilKiwahsh;fs; vt;thW ntspehl;L ehzaf; fld;fs; kw;Wk; ntspehl;Lg; gq;F %yjdk; vd;gtw;wpd; %jyPL fspw;fhd jilfis ntw;wp nfhs;syhk; vd;gJ rk;ge;jkhd xU njhluhd tpje;Jiug;Gf;fs; (11 kw;Wk; 12Mk;

tplaq;fisg; ghh;f;fTk;)

Ez; epjpaspg;Gj; Jiwapy; ntspehl;L

KjyPLfSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk; kl;Lg;ghLfis Nehf;Fk;

NghJ> (mjhtJ> gzk; fld; toq;Fk; fk;gdpfspd;

gq;Ffspy; Neub ntspehl;L KjyPl;Lf;fhd jil

kw;Wk; ntspehl;L ehzaj;jpy; fld; ngwy; kw;Wk;

tjpNthUf;F %yjdf; nfhLg;gdTfspy; nghJthd

ghpth;j;jidf; fl;Lg;ghL kl;Lg;ghLfs;) vkJ

mgpg;gpuhaj;jpy;> ,yq;ifapYs;s MFI Jiwf;Fs;s kpfr; rpwg;ghd nraw;ghl;L top MFI rk;ge;jkhd xU jdpahd rl;lj;ijf; nfhz;L tUtjhFk;.

,jw;F MjuTg; gpurhuk;; Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

,j;Jiwia mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd tpNrl

Njh;r;rpiaAk;> Jiwapd; tpNrl NjitfisAk;

ftdj;jpw; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

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MFIfspd; epjpaspg;Gj; Njitfis mtrpag;gLk;

mgptpUj;jpg; gzp kl;lj;ij <l;bf;nfhs;tjw;F

MFIfSf;F (fbdkhf epge;jidfs; tpjpf;fg;glf;

$ba) nfhilfs; (cah; tl;b tpfpjq;fspy;

toq;fg;glf; $ba) tq;fpf; fld;fs; vd;git

jtph;e;j Vida epjp %yq;fs; mtrpak; vd;gij

,dq;fhZk; rhpahd Kiwapy; jPh;j;J itf;f

cjTk;. ,j;jifa ghuk;ghpa %ytsq;fspy;

kl;Lg;ghLfs; MFI fs; epWtg;gl;l Nehf;fj;ijf;

Njhw;fbf;ff;$Lk;.

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eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; tiuapy; MFI Jiwapy; KjyPLfs; kl;Lg;gLj;Jk; rl;lq;fSf;F jpUj;jq;

fis Mjhpj;Jg; gpurhuk; Nkw;nfhs;tJ

rhj;jpakhff; $Lk;. kpfTk; cah;e;j mstpy;

gpukhzg;gLj;jg;gLk; tq;fpfs; Nghd;w jdpajhh;j;j

mikg;Gf;fs; tplaj;jpy;$l> tjpty;yhNjhhplkpUe;J

gzk; fld;ngWjypyhd kl;Lg;ghLfs; tplaj;jpy;

nghJthd tpjptpyf;Ffs; vJTk; fpilahnjd;gjhy;>

MFI fs; rk;ge;jkhf vjph;fhyj;jpy; tpiutpy;

mj;jifa kl;Lg;ghLfs; jsh;j;jg;gLk; rhj;jpaf;

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fk;gdpfspd; gq;Ffspy; ntspehl;L KjyPl;il

kl;Lg;gLj;Jk; ghpth;j;jidf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rl;lj;jpd;

fPo; tpLf;fg;gLk; gpukhzq;fspd; jpUj;jj;Jf;fhff;

Nfhhpf;iftpLtJ rhj;jpakhff;$Lk;. vt;thwhapDk;>

mj;jifa xU tplaj;jpy; fld;toq;Fjy;

fl;lisr; rl;lj;Jf;Fk; Njitahd jpUj;jq;fis

Nkw;nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;.

20. rl;lr; #oiy kPsha;T nra;tJ> Ez;epjpaspg;Gf;F Mjuthd murhq;ff; nfhs;if kw;Wk; rl;l thf;fj;Jf;fhd MjuTg; gpurhu j;Jf;nfd LMFPAf;Fr; rpghh;Rfis

toq;Fjy;

vkJ mgpg;gpuhaj;jpy;> Kiwahd rl;lr; rl;lf

nkhd;W ,y;yhikNa ,yq;ifapy; MFI Jiwapd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd ngUe; jilahFk;. Ez; epjp

epWtdq;fis mq;fPfhpj;J> xU kj;jpa mjpfhu

rigapy; mtw;wpd; gjpT/mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; toq;fy;

rl;lnkhd;iw tFj;jikg;gjd; %yk; Ez;epjp

vd;gij ehl;bd; epjpr; Nritfs; Jiwapy; xU

tpjpKiwahd Jiwahf khw;wyhk;.

mj;jifa xU rl;lk; gpd;tUk; Vw;ghLfisf;

nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

m) ,yq;ifapy; “Ez;epjp tpahghuj; njhopiy” gpukhzg;gLj;Jtjw;F Xh; mikg;ig

cUthf;Fjy;> my;yJ jw;NghJs;s Xh;


mikg;gpy; my;yJ ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp

Nghd;w Xh; mikg;gpd; cj;jpNahfj;jh; xUtiu

epakpj;J mthplk; ,j;jifa tpahghuj;

njhopiy gpukhzg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuj;ij

xg;gilj;jy; (,iaGs;s mjpfhhp vd ,jd;

gpd;dh; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;)

M) “Ez;epjp tpahghuj; njhopy;” vd;gjd;

midj;Jklq;Fk; tiutpyf;fzk;

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fhg;GWjp> mlFj;njhopy;> epjpf;Fj;jif>

itg;Gf;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; Nghd;w

gy;NtW tiffspdhd epjpr;NritfisAk;

cs;slf;fyhk;)

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<) mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ngWjy;/gjpitg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;Sjy; gw;wpa epge;jidj;Njitfs;.

(Ez;epjpaspg;ig tiuTs;s nghWg;Gf;

fk;gdpfs;> cj;juthjj;jhy; tiuTgLj;jg;gLk;

fk;gdpfs;> rkh[q;fs;> $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs;>

kw;Wk; jd;dhh;t r%f Nrit mikg;Gf;fs;

Nghd;w gy;NtW jdpajhh;j;j mikg;Gfs;

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fLikahd Ez;zha;it Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.

c) MFIfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJk;> Nkw;ghh;it

nra;jYk;

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toq;Fjy;

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ghprPyid nra;tjw;fhd Vw;ghLfs;

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C. MFI tpahghuj; njhopiy elj;Jk; Kiw

v. MFI xd;iw KbTWj;jy;/tpahghuj; njhopiy %btpLjy;

V. MFI fSf;F gzpg;Giu tpLf;Fk; mjpfhuk;

I. gpuNahfkhFk; rl;lq;fspypUe;J

tpjptpyf;Ffs;

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gzk; fld; toq;fYf;F Nkyjpfkhf> mlFj;

njhopy;> fhg;GWjp> itg;Gf;fis Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;>

kw;Wk; epjpf; Fj;jif Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;Fk;

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toq;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

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tpjptpyf;Fg; ngWtijf; Nfhuyhk;. murhq;ff;

nfhs;ifiag; nghWj;J> Ez;epjp rl;lthf;f

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rhj;jpakhFk;.

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rl;lj;jpd; fPo; (Ez;epjp rl;lj;jpNyNa mj;jifa

Vw;ghLfisr; nra;ahky;) gpukhzg;gLj;jy;

tbtj;jpy; Jizepiyr; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; ,j;jifa

tpjptpyf;ifr; nra;tjw;F murhq;fk; tpUk;gf;$Lk;.

Vnddpy; ghuhSkd;wr; rl;lj;ij. ,yFtpy;


jpUj;j KbahJ Mdhy; mikr;rhpdhy; Mf;fg;gLk;

Jizepiyr; rl;lj;ij (gpukhzq;fis) mikr;rH

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ntspehl;L ehzaj;jpy; fld; ngWjy; kw;Wk;

tjptw;w xUtUf;F %yjdf; nfhLg;gdTfs;

nra;jy; Nghd;w tplaq;fspy; mDkjpg;gj;jpuk;

ngw;w MFIfSf;Fk; ,j;jifa kl;Lg;ghLfspypUe;J

xU nghJthd tpjptpyf;F g+uzkhd Kiwapy;

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