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What does it mean when food is “Organic” or “Natural?”The word organic has multiple meanings. To a chemist, an organic compound contains

carbon and hydrogen atoms. Chemically, all food is therefore organic. To a farmer or

consumer, however, organic foods are produced according to a defined set of standards.

Organic Food: Crops grown by the farmer without applying pesticides (with few exceptions),

petroleum-based fertilizers, or sewage sludge. Organically raised cows, pigs, and chickens

Should not receive growth hormones or antibiotics, In addition, no food labeled “organic” may

be genetically engineered or treated with ionizing radiation.

Natural Food: A natural food may or may not be organic.

The term natural refers to the way in which foods are

processed, not how they are grown.

ANIMAL KINGDOM- AMPHIBIACharacteristics of AMPHIBIA

✓ They are amphibious in nature; found in

fresh water and moist places.

✓ Poikilothermic (Cold blooded animals)

✓ Skin is smooth or rough, rich in glands

which keep it moist ; skin with

pigmented cells, i.e., chromatophores.

✓ Body is without scales.

✓ Endoskeleton is mostly bony, notochord

does not persist in adults.


✓ Head and trunk are distinct ;

neck and tall may or may not be

present.

✓ Limbs tetrapods (four-limbed),

pentadactyl type (five-fingered).

✓ Respiration occurs by lungs, skin

or buccal lining, gills are present

at least during Larval stage for

respiration.


✓ Heart three chambered with two auricles and

a ventricle, red blood corpuscles are large,

biconvex, oval and nucleated.

✓ Brain is not much developed, cranial nerves

are 10 pairs.

✓ Sexes are separate, i.e., dioecious,

✓ Eggs with gelatinous covering, usually laid in

water.


✓ Fertilization is external.

✓ Development is indirect with a

tadpole larva which undergoes

metamorphosis to become adult.

✓ E.g. Salamanders,

Phylum – ChordataSubphylum- VertebrataClass – AmphibiaExamples: Salamandra, Hyla, Ichthyophis, Rana, Bufo, MNEMONIC: Super Hero Ironman Ran out of butter

Ichthyophis (Limblessamphibia)

Salamandra (Salamander)

Hyla (Tree frog) Rana (Frog) Bufo (Toad)

ANIMAL KINGDOM- REPTILIACharacteristics of Reptilia

✓ These are first truly terrestrial animals

living in warmer regions.

✓ Poikilothermic (Cold blooded animals)

✓ Body is divisible into head, neck and

trunk. tail is well developed in some,

while it is reduced in others.

✓ Two pairs of pentadactyl limbs are

present ; but in snakes limbs are

reduced or absent.


✓ Body is covered with epidermal horny scales.

✓ Skin is dry, impermeable and devoid of glands.

✓ Respiration takes place by lungs

only, gills are absent.

✓ Heart is incompletely four-

chambered, having two auricles

and incompletely divided ventricle.

✓ In crocodile, heart is completely

four chambered.


✓ The nervous system comprises

of 12 pairs of cranial nerves.

✓ The lateral line system is

absent in reptiles.

✓ Reptiles are ureotelic,

uricotelic, and ammonotelic.


✓ Sexes are separate.

✓ Fertilization is internal

(characteristics of land animals).

✓ The embryo always lies in a fluid

filled sac called amnion.

✓ They is no larval stage in

development.

✓ e.g. Testudo (tortoise),

Chelone(turtle) Draco (flying lizard),

Phylum – ChordataSubphylum- VertebrataClass – ReptiliaExamples: Bangarus, Chelone, Chameleon, Alligator, Testudo, Calotes, Crocodilus, Hemidactylus, Naja, Vipera MNEMONIC: The big heavy violent crocodile couldn’t climb a chair

Vipera (Viper) Crocodilus (Crocodile) Calotes (Garden lizard)

Chameleon (Tree lizard)

Testudo (Tortoise)

Chelone (Turtle) Alligator (Alligator) Hemidactylus (Wall lizard)

Naja (Cobra)

Bangarus (Krait)

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