You will need glue and 4 colored pencils for today

Imperialism in Southeast Asia

European Powers Invaded the “Pacific Rim”

Imperial Nation

Territories Controlled

Great Britain Malaysia, Burma, and Singapore

The Netherlands

Indonesia (“Dutch East Indies”)

France Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)

United States Philippines and Hawaii

Britain and France allowed Siam (present day Thailand) to stay independent as a buffer between their possessions in S.E. Asia

Imperialism in Southeast Asia

Why Southeast Asia? Land (mainly islands) perfect for

establishing trading and military posts Excellent for plantation agriculture

Rubber TeaTimber PineapplesSpices SugarCoffee Tin

Imperialism in Southeast Asia

Colonial Economies Colonial powers did not want their

colonists to develop their own industries so they focused on the exports of raw materials

Natives worked at poverty level wages on plantations owned by foreign investors. Conditions were horrible and unhealthy

Imperialism in Southeast Asia

Resistance to Colonial Rule at 1st – came from ruling classes

(leaders) Peasant revolts that were quickly put

down Early 1900s, resistance came from a

new urban middle class that had been educated in Western schools, spoke western languages

In the 1930s, these resistance movements began to demand national independence.

Glue the map to the bottom of page 37

22.1 China Resists Outside Influence

In 1793, the Qing Emperor (Qianlong, above left) received an ambassador (Lord George McCartney, right) from Great Britain, but rejects the importation of goods from the British saying they were not interested in the

“strange objects” offered from the West.

China rejected offers of trade from the West because it was largely self-sufficient in the ways:◦ Agriculture

Quick-growing strain of rice since the 11th century Maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts since 17th/18th

centuries◦ Natural Resources

Salt, tin, silver, and iron◦ Manufacturing

Silks, high-quality cottons, fine porcelain

China and the West

video

Video – Opium War

Foreigners were only allowed to trade at 1 port, Guangzhou.

Trade balance was in China’s favor (China exported more than it imported)

European merchants decide to sell the habit-forming drug opium (a narcotic derived from the opium poppy plant) in China to obtain a favorable trade balance.

By 1835, as many as 12million Chinese were addicted

The Tea-Opium Connection

The Qing emperor was angry about the drug trade coming from the British.

In 1839 the Emperor’s advisor writes a letter to Queen Victoria demanding the drug trade stop. It doesn’t.

The Opium War breaks out between Britain and China in 1839, but is fought mainly at sea.

The Chinese are no match for Britain’s steam-powered gun boats.

The Treaty of Nanjing is signed in 1842 Opened up 5 ports in China to Westerners Britain got control of Hong Kong Marked the beginning of Western influence in

China

War Breaks Out

Extraterritorial Rights The British enjoyed extraterritorial

rights, which meant that British citizens were not subject to Chinese laws, but, if accused of a crime in Chinese trading ports, but would only be tried by British courts.

Basically allowed the drug trade to continue.

Population grew to 430 million by 1850, a 30% increase in 60 years.

Food production did not keep up with this increase -> lots of people starved.

Discouragement increased opium addiction Chinese began to rebel against the Qing

Dynasty

Growing Internal Problems

Hong Xiuquan began recruiting followers to help him build a “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace.”

Hong referred to himself as the “younger brother of Jesus Christ”

His movement was called the Taiping Rebellion. 2 goals:

◦ Get the poor people land◦ Get women equal rights

Taiping Rebellion

By 1850s, Hong organized a massive peasant army and took control over large areas of southeastern China.

1853 Hong captured Nanjing and made it his capital.

Qing imperial troops and British and French forces all launched attacks against the Taiping government.

By 1864 the rebellion was put down, but at least 20 million people died in the rebellion.

Taiping Rebellion

Chinese government has both internal and external pressures.◦ Internal

Taiping Rebellion and other rebellions among the peasants

Growing food shortages◦ External

Pressure from foreign imperial powers was increasing

Foreign Influence Grows

Debates emerged in the Qing court◦ Some leaders wanted to reform and modernize

according to Western ways.◦ Some clung to traditional Chinese ways

Begin policy of “self-strengthening”◦ China should adopt western technology but still

keep it’s Confucian values

Efforts @ Reform

Foreign nations attack China and through treaties gain more control over China’s economy.

Many of Europe’s major powers and Japan gain spheres of influence—areas in which the foreign nation controlled trade and investment.

Other Nations Step In

The U.S., having no sphere of influence, declared its Open Door Policy demanding free trade for all nations in China.

Written by John Hay, from America

Britain and other European nations agree to this demand.

Open Door Policy

1898, Emperor Guangxu introduced measures to modernize China’s educational system, economy, military, and government.

Qing officials saw these innovations as a threat and called on his aunt Empress Dowager CiXi to act.

She has Guangxu arrested and reverses his reforms.

An Upsurge in Chinese Nationalism

Emperor Guangxu (center)

Resentful of the privileges of foreigners, a secret organization called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists is formed.

They are called the “Boxers” for short and carry out a campaign against foreigners known as the Boxer Rebellion.

1900—the Boxers descend on Beijing and surround the European section of the city.

The Boxers murder Europeans, missionary, and diplomats, as well as many Chinese Christians, both Protestant and Catholic.

The Boxer Rebellion

August 1900—a multinational force of 19,000 troops marches on Beijing and defeats the Boxers.

Though the Boxer Rebellion failed to expel foreign influence, the Chinese have a renewed sense of nationalism and realization they must resist foreign influence.

Results of the Boxer Rebellion

A Boxer during the revolt.

video

1905 Dowager Empress sends out a delegation to study the operation of different governments.

1906 officials recommend China’s government be restructured.

A constitutional monarchy was suggested. A national assembly was convened within a year,

but change was slow. In 1908 the court promised a constitutional

government by 1917. China would continue to have unrest for the next

four decades.

Beginnings of Reform

Led by Sun Yat-sen◦ He proposes a 3 step reform process for China

By 1905, he had united all radical groups in China into what became known as the Chinese Nationalist Party

Revive China Society

Step 1: Military Takeover

Step 2: Transitional Phase

Step 3: Constitutional Democracy

In 1908, Empress Ci Xi died the day before Guang Xu died.

“Last Emperor of China” : Henry Pu Yi

In 1911, followers of Sun Yat-sen launched an uprising that collapsed the Qing dynasty◦ Produced no new political or social order so the military took

over the government, led by General Yuan Shigai, the president of the new “Republic of China”

Introduced modern transportation and communication in China

Created an export market (oil, copper, tea, salt, porcelain)

Brought Chinese market into the 19th century economy

Influence of Westerners in China