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Poverty in IndiaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Percent of population living under thepoverty line, which is 356.35 rupees oraround $7 a month in rural areas.Poverty in India is widespread with thenation estimated to have a third of theworld's poor.According to the criterionused by the Planning Commission ofIndia 27.5% of the population was living

below thepoverty line in 20042005,down from 51.3% in 19771978, and

36% in 1993-1994[1] . According to the a 2005 World Bankestimate, 42% ofIndia'sfalls below the international poverty line of $1.25 a day (PPP, in nominal terms Rs. 21.6 aday in urban areas and Rs 14.3 in rural areas); having reduced from 60% in 1980.[2]Among the causes ascribed for the high level poverty in India are its history underBritishrule, large population, and low literacy. Also important is India's social structure,including the caste system in India, and the role of women in Indian society. Economicgrowth has in the past been dampened by a dependence upon agriculture, and theeconomic policies adopted after its independence.Since 1950s Indian government and non-governmental organizations have initiated

several programs to alleviate poverty, including subsidizing food and other necessities,increased access to loans, improving agricultural techniques and price supports, andpromoting education and family planning. These measures have helped eliminatefamines, cut absolute poverty levels by more than half, and reduced illiteracy andmalnutrition.[3] However, since the mid-1990s 30 million people have been added to theranks of the hungry and 46% of children are underweight. [4]

Contents[hide]1 Poverty estimates1.1 Historical trend2 Causes of poverty in India

2.1 Caste system2.2 British era2.3 India's economic policies2.4 Neo-liberal policies and their effects3 Efforts to alleviate poverty3.1 Outlook for poverty alleviation3.2 Controversy over extent of poverty reduction3.3 Persistence of malnutrition among children
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4 See also5 References6 Further reading7 External links

[edit] Poverty estimates

The World Bankestimates that 456 million Indians (42% of the total Indian population)now live under the global poverty line of $1.25 per day (PPP). This means that a third ofthe global poor now reside in India. However, this also represents a significant decline inpoverty from 60 percent in 1981 to 42 percent in 2005, although the rupee has decreasedin value since then, while the official standard of 538/356 rupees per month has remainedthe same.[5][6] Income inequalityin India (Gini coefficient: 32.5 in year 1999- 2000)[7]is increasing. On the other hand, the Planning Commission of India uses its own criteriaand has estimated that 27.5% of the population was living below thepoverty line in20042005, down from 51.3% in 19771978, and 36% in 1993-1994[1]. The source forthis was the 61st round of the National Sample Survey (NSS) and the criterion used wasmonthly per capita consumption expenditure below Rs. 356.35 for rural areas and

Rs. 538.60 for urban areas. 75% of the poor are in rural areas, most of them aredailywagers, self-employed householders and landless labourers.Although Indian economy has grown steadily over the last two decades, its growth hasbeen uneven when comparing different social groups, economic groups, geographicregions, and rural and urban areas.[3] Between 1999 and 2008, the annualized growthrates forGujarat (8.8%), Haryana(8.7%), orDelhi (7.4%) were much higher than forBihar(5.1%), Uttar Pradesh(4.4%), orMadhya Pradesh (3.5%).[8] Poverty rates in ruralOrissa (43%) and rural Bihar(41%) are among the world's most extreme.[9]

The India State Hunger Index 2008 by the International Food Policy Research Institute.Punjab has the best nutritional situation, whereas malnutrition inMadhya Pradesh isworse than in EthiopiaorSudan.
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India has a higher rate of malnutrition among children under the age of three (46% inyear 2007) than any other country in the world.[3][10]Despite significant economic progress, 1/4 of the nation's population earns less than thegovernment-specifiedpoverty threshold of 12 rupees per day (approximately USD$0.25). Official figures estimate that 27.5%[11] of Indians lived below the national

poverty line in 2004-2005.[12] A 2007 report by the state-run National Commission forEnterprises in the Unorganised Sector (NCEUS) found that 77% of Indians, or 836million people, lived on less than 20 rupees (approximately USD $0.50 nominal; $2 PPP)per day.[13]As per the 2001 census, 35.5% of Indian households availed of banking services, 35.1%owned a radio or transistor, 31.6% a television, 9.1% a phone, 43.7% a bicycle, 11.7% ascooter, motorcycle or a moped, and 2.5% a car, jeep or van; 34.5% of the householdshad none of these assets. [14]According to Department of Telecommunications of Indiathe phone density has reached 33.23% by Dec 2008 and has an annual growth of 40%.[15][edit] Historical trend

The proportion of India's population below the poverty line has fluctuated widely in thepast, but the overall trend has been downward. However, there have been roughly threeperiods of trends in income poverty.1950 to mid-1970s: Income poverty reduction shows no discernible trend. In 1951, 47%of India's rural population was below the poverty line. The proportion went up to 64% in1954-55; it came down to 45% in 1960-61 but in 1977-78, it went up again to 51%.Mid-1970s to 1990: Income poverty declined significantly between the mid-1970s andthe end of the 1980s. The decline was more pronounced between 1977-78 and 1986-87,with rural income poverty declining from 51% to 39%. It went down further to 34% by1989-90. Urban income poverty went down from 41% in 1977-78 to 34% in 1986-87,and further to 33% in 1989-90.After 1991: This post-economic reform period evidenced both setbacks and progress.Rural income poverty increased from 34% in 1989-90 to 43% in 1992 and then fell to37% in 1993-94. Urban income poverty went up from 33.4% in 1989-90 to 33.7% in1992 and declined to 32% in 1993-94 Also, NSS data for 1994-95 to 1998 show little orno poverty reduction, so that the evidence till 1999-2000 was that poverty, particularlyrural poverty, had increased post-reform. However, the official estimate of poverty for1999-2000 was 26.1%, a dramatic decline that led to much debate and analysis. This wasbecause for this year the NSS had adopted a new survey methodology that led to bothhigher estimated mean consumption and also an estimated distribution that was moreequal than in past NSS surveys. The latest NSS survey for 2004-05 is fully comparable tothe surveys before 1999-2000 and shows poverty at 28.3% in rural areas, 25.7% in urbanareas and 27.5% for the country as a whole, using Uniform Recall Period Consumption.The corresponding figures using the Mixed Recall Period Consumption method was21.8%, 21.7% and 21.8% respectively. Thus, poverty has declined after 1998, although itis still being debated whether there was any significant poverty reduction between 1989-90 and 1999-00. The latest NSS survey was so designed as to also give estimates roughly,but not fully, comparable to the 1999-2000 survey. These suggest that most of the declinein rural poverty over the period during 1993-94 to 2004-05 actually occurred after 1999-2000.
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In summary, the official poverty rates recorded by NSS are:

Year RoundUniform PovertyRate (%)

Mixed(%)

Poverty Reduction peryear(%)

Mixed Reduction(%)

1977-78

32 51.3

1983 38 44.5 1.3

1987-88

43 38.9 1.2

1993-94

50 36.0 0.5

1999-00

55 26.9

2004-05

61 27.5 21.8 0.8 1.0

[edit] Causes of poverty in India[edit] Caste systemFurther information:Caste system in IndiaA disproportionally large share of poor are lower caste Hindus.[16]According to S. M.Michael, Dalits constitute the bulk of poor and unemployed.[17]Many see the pan-Indian social construct of caste system as a system of exploitation ofpoor low-ranking groups by more prosperous high-ranking groups. In many parts ofIndia, land is largely held by high-ranking property owners of a particular dominant caste(Brahmanas, Kshatriya) that economically exploit low-ranking landless labourers andpoor artisans, all the while degrading them with ritual emphases on their so-called god-given inferior status. According to William A. Haviland, casteism is widespread in rural

areas, and continues to segregate Dalits[18]. Others, however, have noted the steady riseand empowerment of the Dalits through social reforms and the implementation ofreservations in employment and benefits.[19][20][edit] British eraThe reign of the Islamicdynasty of the Great Mughals had been an era of unprecedentedprosperity in India.[21] The Mughal era ended about 1800.Jawaharlal Nehru claimed "Asignificant fact which stands out is that those parts of India which have been longestunder British rule are the poorest today."[15] The Indian economy was purposely andseverely deindustrialized (especially in the areas of textiles and metal-working) throughcolonial privatizations, regulations, tariffs on manufactured or refined Indian goods,taxes, and direct seizures, as noted by linguist and commentatorNoam Chomsky.[22]

However, according to economist Angus Maddison, such explanation ignores the role ofchanges in demand and technology.[23]In 1830, India accounted for 17.6% of industrial production against Britain's 9.5%, but by1900 India's share was down to 1.7% against Britain's 18.5%. (The change in industrialproduction per capita is even more extreme due to Indianpopulation growth). This isbecause Europe - particularly Britain - industrialized before the rest of the world.This view claims that British policies in India exacerbated weather conditions to lead tomass famines which, when taken together, led to between 30 to 60 million deaths from
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starvationin the Indian colonies. Community grain banks were forcibly disabled[citationneeded], land was converted from food crops for local consumption tocotton,opium,tea,andgrain for export, largely for animal feed. [16]According to Angus Maddison, "They replaced the wasteful warlord aristocracy by abureaucratic-military establishment, carefully designed by utilitarian technocrats, which

was very efficient in maintaining law and order. [...] However, the pattern ofconsumption changed as the new upper class no longer kept harems and palaces, nor didthey wear fine muslins and damascened swords. This caused some painful readjustmentsin the traditional handicraft sector. It seems likely that there was some increase inproductive investment which must have been near zero in Moghul India: governmentitself carried out productive investment in railways and irrigation and as a result therewas a growth in both agricultural and industrial output." [23][edit] India's economic policies

A rural worker drying cow dung in Bihar, the poorest state in India.In 1947, the average annual income in India was $439, compared with $619 for China,$770 for South Korea, and $936 for Taiwan. By 1999, the numbers were $1,818; $3,259;$13,317; and $15,720.[24] (numbers are in 1990 international Maddison dollars) In other

words, the average income in India was not much different from South Korea in 1947,but South Korea became a developed country by 2000s. At the same time, India was leftas one of the world's poorer countries.Hindu rate of growth is an expression used to refer to the low annualgrowth rate of theeconomy of India, which stagnated around 3.5% from 1950s to 1980s, while per capitaincome averaged 1.3%.[25] At the same time, Pakistan grew by 8%, Indonesia by 9%,Thailand by 9%, South Korea by 10% and in Taiwan by 12%.[26] The term was coinedby IndianeconomistRaj Kumar Krishna.License Raj refers to the elaborate licenses, regulations and the accompanyingred tapethat were required to set up and run business in India between 1947 and 1990.[27]TheLicense Raj was a result of India's decision to have aplanned economy, where all aspects

of the economy are controlled by the state and licenses were given to a select few.Corruption flourished under this system.[28]The labyrinthine bureaucracy often led to absurd restrictions - up to 80 agencies had to besatisfied before a firm could be granted a licence to produce and the state would decidewhat was produced, how much, at what price and what sources of capital were used.BBC[29]India had started out in the 1950s with:[30]high growth rates
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openness to trade and investmenta promotional statesocial expenditure awarenessmacro stabilitybut ended the 1980s with:[30]

low growth rates (Hindu rate of growth)closure to trade and investmenta license-obsessed, restrictive state (License Raj)inability to sustain social expendituresmacro instability, indeed crisis.Poverty has decreased significantly since reforms were started in the 1980s.[31][32]Also:Over-reliance on agriculture. There is a surplus of labour in agriculture. Farmers are alarge vote bank and use their votes to resist reallocation of land for higher-incomeindustrial projects. While services and industry have grown at double digit figures,agriculture growth rate has dropped from 4.8% to 2%. About 60% of the population

depends on agriculture whereas the contribution of agriculture to the GDP is about 18%.[33]High population growth rate, although demographers generally agree that this is asymptom rather than cause of poverty.Despite this, India currently adds 40 million people to its middle class every year.[citation needed] Analysts such as the founder of "Forecasting International", Marvin J.Cetron writes that an estimated 300 million Indians now belong to the middle class; one-third of them have emerged from poverty in the last ten years. At the current rate ofgrowth, a majority of Indians will be middle-class by 2025. Literacy rates have risen from52 percent to 65 percent in the same period.[34][edit] Neo-liberal policies and their effectsOther points of view hold that the economic reforms initiated in the early 1990sresponsible for the collapse of rural economies and the agrarian crisis currentlyunderway. As journalist and the Rural Affairs editor forThe Hindu,P Sainath describesin his reports on the rural economy in India, the level ofinequality has risen toextraordinary levels, when at the same time, hunger in India has reached its highest levelin decades. He also points out that rural economies across India have collapsed, or on theverge of collapse due to the neo-liberalpolicies of the government of India since the1990s[35]. The human cost of the "liberalisation" has been very high. The huge wave offarm suicides in Indian rural population from 1997 to 2007 totaled close to 200,000,according to official statistics[36]. That number remains disputed, with some saying thetrue number is much higher. Commentators have faulted the policies pursued by thegovernment which, according to Sainath, resulted in a very high portion of ruralhouseholds getting into the debt cycle, resulting in a very high number of farm suicides.As professor Utsa Patnaik, Indias top economist on agriculture, has pointed out, theaverage poor family in 2007 has about 100 kg less food per year than it did in 1997[37].Government policies encouraging farmers to switch to cash crops, in place of traditionalfood crops, has resulted in an extraordinary increase in farm input costs, while marketforces determined the price of the cash crop[38]. Sainath points out that adisproportionately large number of affected farm suicides have occurred with cash crops,
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because with food crops such as rice, even if the price falls, there is food left to surviveon. He also points out that inequality has reached one of the highest rates India has everseen. In a report by Chetan Ahya, Executive Director at Morgan Stanley, it is pointed outthat there has been a wealth increase of close to 1 trillion $ in the time frame of 2003-2007 in the Indian stock market, while only 4-7% of the Indian population hold any

equity[39]. During the time when Public investment in agriculture shrank to 2% of theGDP, the nation suffered the worst agrarian crisis in decades, the same time as Indiabecame the nation of second highest number of dollar billionaires[40]. Sainath arguesthatFarm incomes have collapsed. Hunger has grown very fast. Public investment inagriculture shrank to nothing a long time ago. Employment has collapsed. Non-farmemployment has stagnated. (Only the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act hasbrought some limited relief in recent times.) Millions move towards towns and citieswhere, too, there are few jobs to be found.In one estimate, over 85 per cent of rural households are either landless, sub-marginal,marginal or small farmers. Nothing has happened in 15 years that has changed that

situation for the better. Much has happened to make it a lot worse.Those who have taken their lives were deep in debt peasant households in debt doubledin the first decade of the neoliberal economic reforms, from 26 per cent of farmhouseholds to 48.6 per cent. Meanwhile, all along, India kept reducing investment inagriculture (standard neoliberal procedure). Life was being made more and moreimpossible for small farmers.As of 2006, the government spends less than 0.2% of GDP on agriculture and less than3% of GDP on education[41]. However, some government schemes such as the mid-daymeal scheme, and the NREGA have been partially successful in providing a lifeline forthe rural economy and curbing the further rise of poverty.[edit] Efforts to alleviate povertySince the early 1950s, govt has initiated, sustained, and refined various planning schemesto help the poor attain self sufficiency in food production. Probably the very mostimportant initiative has been the supply of basic commodities, particularly food atcontrolled prices, available throughout the country as poor spend about 80 percent oftheir income on food.[edit] Outlook for poverty alleviationEradication of poverty in India is generally only considered to be a long-term goal.Poverty alleviation is expected to make better progress in the next 50 years than in thepast, as a trickle-down effect of the growing middle class. Increasing stress on education,reservation of seats in government jobs and the increasing empowerment of women andthe economically weaker sections of society, are also expected to contribute to thealleviation of poverty. It is incorrect to say that all poverty reduction programmes havefailed. The growth of the middle class (which was virtually non-existent when Indiabecame a free nation in August 1947) indicates that economic prosperity has indeed beenvery impressive in India, but the distribution of wealth is not at all even.After the liberalization process and moving away from the socialist model, India isadding 60 to 70 million people to its middle class every year. Analysts such as thefounder of "Forecasting International", Marvin J. Cetron writes that an estimated 390million Indians now belong to the middle class; one-third of them have emerged from
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poverty in the last ten years. At the current rate of growth, a majority of Indians will bemiddle-class by 2025. Literacy rates have risen from 52 percent to 65 percent during theinitial decade of liberalization (1991-2001).[citation needed][edit] Controversy over extent of poverty reductionThe definition of poverty in India has been called into question by the UNWorld Food

Programme. In its report on global hunger index, it questioned the government of India'sdefinition of poverty saying:The fact that calorie deprivation is increasing during a period when the proportion ofrural population below the poverty line is said to be declining rapidly, highlights theincreasing disconnect between official poverty estimates and calorie deprivation.[42]While total overall poverty in India has declined, the extent of poverty reduction is oftendebated. While there is a consensus that there has not been increase in poverty between1993-94 and 2004-05, the picture is not so clear if one considers other non-pecuniarydimensions (such as health, education, crime and access to infrastructure). With the rapideconomic growth that India is experiencing, it is likely that a significant fraction of therural population will continue to migrate toward cities, making the issue of urban poverty

more significant in the long run [43].Some, like journalist P Sainath, hold the view that while absolute poverty may not haveincreased, India remains at a abysmal rank in the UNHuman Development Index. Indiais positioned at 132ond place in the 2007-08 UN HDI index. It is the lowest rank for thecountry in over 10 years. In 1992, India was at 122ond place in the same index. It caneven be argued that the situation has become worse on critical indicators of overall well-being such as the number of people who are undernourished (India has the highestnumber of malnourished people, at 230 million, and is 94th of 119 in the world hungerindex), and the number of malnourished children (43% of India's children under 5 areunderweight (BMI


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poverty. Contrary to popular perceptions, rural India has benefited from this growth:extreme rural poverty has declined from 94% in 1985 to 61% in 2005, and they projectthat it will drop to 26% by 2025. Report concludes that India's economic reforms and theincreased growth that has resulted have been the most successful anti-povertyprogrammes in the country.[49][50][51]

[edit] Persistence of malnutrition among childrenAccording to theNew York Times, is estimated that about 42.5% of the children in Indiasuffer from malnutrition in India.[52] The World Bank, citing estimates made by theWorld Health Organization, states "that about 49 per cent of the world's underweightchildren, 34 per cent of the world's stunted children and 46 per cent of the world's wastedchildren, live in India." The World Bank also noted that "[w]hile poverty is often theunderlying cause of malnutrition in children, the superior economic growth experiencedby South Asian countries compared to those in Sub-Saharan Africa, has not translatedinto superior nutritional status for the South Asian child."[53]A special commission to the Indian Supreme court has noted that the child malnutritionrate in India is twice as great as sub-Saharan Africa [54]

[edit] See alsoEconomy of IndiaPoverty by countryDharavi (Slum)Pavement dwellersHousing in IndiaElectricity sector in IndiaWater supply and sanitation in IndiaSlumdog Millionaire[edit] References^ abPoverty estimates for 2004-05, Planning commission, Government of India, March2007. Accessed: August 25, 2007^ ."New Global Poverty Estimates What it means for India". World Bank.http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21880725~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00.html.^ abc""Inclusive Growth and Service delivery: Building on Indias Success"" (PDF).World Bank. 2006.http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/DPR_FullReport.pdf.Retrieved 2007-04-28.^http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/8309979.stm^[1]^[2]^"Fact Sheet: Gini Coefficient" (PDF). Source: The World Bank (2004) and Census andStatistics Department (2002). Legislative Council Secretariat Hong Kong.http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr04-05/english/sec/library/0405fs07e.pdf. Retrieved 2007-08-01. "Note: The Gini coefficient in this datasheet is calculated on a scale of 0 to 1 and not0 to 100. Hence, on a scale of 100 India's Gini coefficient (1999-2000) is 32.5 rather than3.25"
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Â special report on India: Ruled by Lakshmi Dec 11th 2008 From The Economist printedition^"Development Policy Review". World Bank.http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20980493~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html.

^ Page, Jeremy (February 22, 2007). ""Indian children suffer more malnutrition than inEthiopia"".The Times.http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1421393.ece. Retrieved 2007-04-28.^ This figure is extremely sensitive to the surveying methodology used. The UniformRecall Period (URP) gives 27.5%. The Mixed Recall Period (MRP) gives a figure of21.8%^Planning commission of India. Poverty estimates for 2004-2005^"Nearly 80 Percent of India Lives On Half Dollar A Day". Reuters. August 10, 2007.http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSDEL218894. Retrieved 2007-08-15.^"Households Availing Banking Services with Households in India". Town and Country

Planning Organisation, Ministry of Urban Affairs. 2001.http://urbandia.nic.in/moud/theministry/subordinateoff/tcpo/REPORTON_BANKINGSERVICES/CHAPTER-1.pdf. Retrieved 2009-07-31.^"Department of Telecom, memo Feb 2009". Department of Telecommunication ofIndia. 2009. http://www.dot.gov.in/network/2008/networkstatus_Dec2008.pdf.Â 'Broken People' in Booming India - The Washington Post, June 21, 2007^ Untouchable By S. M. Michael^ William A. Haviland, Anthropology: The Human Challenge, 10th edition, ThomsonWadsworth, 2005, ISBN 0534623611, p. 575.^ Mendelsohn, Oliver & Vicziany, Maria, "The Untouchables, Subordination, Povertyand the State in Modern India", Cambridge University Press, 1998^ Kevin Reilly, Stephen Kaufman, Angela Bodino, Racism: A Global Reader P21, M.E.Sharpe, 2003 ISBN 0765610604.^...Fall of an Empire^[3]^ abhttp://www.ggdc.net/maddison/articles/moghul_3.pdf^ MEGHNAD DESAI (2003). "INDIA and CHINA: AN ESSAY IN COMPARATIVEPOLITICAL ECONOMY". IMF.http://www.imf.org/external/np/apd/seminars/2003/newdelhi/desai.pdf.^Redefining The Hindu Rate Of Growth. The Financial Express^"Industry passing through phase of transition". The Tribune India.http://www.tribuneindia.com/50yrs/kapur.htm.^Street Hawking Promise Jobs in Future, The Times of India, 2001-11-25^The India Report. Astaire ResearchÎndia: the economy. Published in 1998 by BBC.^ ab"What Went Wrong: Derailing after the 1950s".http://epress.anu.edu.au/narayanan/mobile_devices/ch03s02.html.^ Datt, Ruddar & Sundharam, K.P.M.. "22". Indian Economy. pp. 367,369,370.^Sarkaritel.com : Corporate News & Features : Highlights of Economic Survey 2004-2005
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-lakshmi_7-0%23cite_ref-lakshmi_7-0http://www.economist.com/surveys/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12749719&fsrc=rsshttp://www.economist.com/surveys/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12749719&fsrc=rsshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-dpreview_8-0%23cite_ref-dpreview_8-0http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20980493~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.htmlhttp://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20980493~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.htmlhttp://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20980493~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-Malnutrition_9-0%23cite_ref-Malnutrition_9-0http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1421393.ecehttp://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1421393.ecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Timeshttp://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1421393.ecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-10%23cite_ref-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-PlanningComm_11-0%23cite_ref-PlanningComm_11-0http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/news/prmar07.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-Reuters-1_12-0%23cite_ref-Reuters-1_12-0http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSDEL218894http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reutershttp://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSDEL218894http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSDEL218894http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-13%23cite_ref-13http://urbandia.nic.in/moud/theministry/subordinateoff/tcpo/REPORTON_BANKINGSERVICES/CHAPTER-1.pdfhttp://urbandia.nic.in/moud/theministry/subordinateoff/tcpo/REPORTON_BANKINGSERVICES/CHAPTER-1.pdfhttp://urbandia.nic.in/moud/theministry/subordinateoff/tcpo/REPORTON_BANKINGSERVICES/CHAPTER-1.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-14%23cite_ref-14http://www.dot.gov.in/network/2008/networkstatus_Dec2008.pdfhttp://www.dot.gov.in/network/2008/networkstatus_Dec2008.pdfhttp://www.dot.gov.in/network/2008/networkstatus_Dec2008.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-15%23cite_ref-15http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/20/AR2007062002535.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-16%23cite_ref-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-17%23cite_ref-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0534623611http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-Mendelsohn_18-0%23cite_ref-Mendelsohn_18-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-Reilley_et_al._19-0%23cite_ref-Reilley_et_al._19-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0765610604http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-20%23cite_ref-20http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/taj_mahal/tlevel_1/t5_fall.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-21%23cite_ref-21http://web.archive.org/web/20080215011211/http:/www.zmag.org/Chomsky/year/year-c01-s05.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-maddison_22-0%23cite_ref-maddison_22-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-maddison_22-1%23cite_ref-maddison_22-1http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/articles/moghul_3.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-desai_23-0%23cite_ref-desai_23-0http://www.imf.org/external/np/apd/seminars/2003/newdelhi/desai.pdfhttp://www.imf.org/external/np/apd/seminars/2003/newdelhi/desai.pdfhttp://www.imf.org/external/np/apd/seminars/2003/newdelhi/desai.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-24%23cite_ref-24http://www.financialexpress.com/news/redefining-the-hindu-rate-of-growth/104268/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Financial_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Financial_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-25%23cite_ref-25http://www.tribuneindia.com/50yrs/kapur.htmhttp://www.tribuneindia.com/50yrs/kapur.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-26%23cite_ref-26http://www.swaminomics.org/articles/20011125_streethawking.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-astaire_27-0%23cite_ref-astaire_27-0http://www.ukibc.com/ukindia2/files/India60.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-28%23cite_ref-28http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/55427.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/55427.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-narayanan_29-0%23cite_ref-narayanan_29-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-narayanan_29-1%23cite_ref-narayanan_29-1http://epress.anu.edu.au/narayanan/mobile_devices/ch03s02.htmlhttp://epress.anu.edu.au/narayanan/mobile_devices/ch03s02.htmlhttp://epress.anu.edu.au/narayanan/mobile_devices/ch03s02.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-Datt-9_30-0%23cite_ref-Datt-9_30-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-survey_31-0%23cite_ref-survey_31-0http://www.sarkaritel.com/news_and_features/feb2005/25ecosurvey0405.htmhttp://www.sarkaritel.com/news_and_features/feb2005/25ecosurvey0405.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-lakshmi_7-0%23cite_ref-lakshmi_7-0http://www.economist.com/surveys/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12749719&fsrc=rsshttp://www.economist.com/surveys/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12749719&fsrc=rsshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-dpreview_8-0%23cite_ref-dpreview_8-0http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20980493~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.htmlhttp://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20980493~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.htmlhttp://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20980493~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-Malnutrition_9-0%23cite_ref-Malnutrition_9-0http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1421393.ecehttp://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1421393.ecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Timeshttp://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1421393.ecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-10%23cite_ref-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-PlanningComm_11-0%23cite_ref-PlanningComm_11-0http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/news/prmar07.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-Reuters-1_12-0%23cite_ref-Reuters-1_12-0http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSDEL218894http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reutershttp://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSDEL218894http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-13%23cite_ref-13http://urbandia.nic.in/moud/theministry/subordinateoff/tcpo/REPORTON_BANKINGSERVICES/CHAPTER-1.pdfhttp://urbandia.nic.in/moud/theministry/subordinateoff/tcpo/REPORTON_BANKINGSERVICES/CHAPTER-1.pdfhttp://urbandia.nic.in/moud/theministry/subordinateoff/tcpo/REPORTON_BANKINGSERVICES/CHAPTER-1.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-14%23cite_ref-14http://www.dot.gov.in/network/2008/networkstatus_Dec2008.pdfhttp://www.dot.gov.in/network/2008/networkstatus_Dec2008.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-15%23cite_ref-15http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/20/AR2007062002535.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-16%23cite_ref-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-17%23cite_ref-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0534623611http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-Mendelsohn_18-0%23cite_ref-Mendelsohn_18-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-Reilley_et_al._19-0%23cite_ref-Reilley_et_al._19-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0765610604http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-20%23cite_ref-20http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/taj_mahal/tlevel_1/t5_fall.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-21%23cite_ref-21http://web.archive.org/web/20080215011211/http:/www.zmag.org/Chomsky/year/year-c01-s05.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-maddison_22-0%23cite_ref-maddison_22-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-maddison_22-1%23cite_ref-maddison_22-1http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/articles/moghul_3.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-desai_23-0%23cite_ref-desai_23-0http://www.imf.org/external/np/apd/seminars/2003/newdelhi/desai.pdfhttp://www.imf.org/external/np/apd/seminars/2003/newdelhi/desai.pdfhttp://www.imf.org/external/np/apd/seminars/2003/newdelhi/desai.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-24%23cite_ref-24http://www.financialexpress.com/news/redefining-the-hindu-rate-of-growth/104268/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Financial_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-25%23cite_ref-25http://www.tribuneindia.com/50yrs/kapur.htmhttp://www.tribuneindia.com/50yrs/kapur.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-26%23cite_ref-26http://www.swaminomics.org/articles/20011125_streethawking.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-astaire_27-0%23cite_ref-astaire_27-0http://www.ukibc.com/ukindia2/files/India60.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-28%23cite_ref-28http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/55427.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-narayanan_29-0%23cite_ref-narayanan_29-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-narayanan_29-1%23cite_ref-narayanan_29-1http://epress.anu.edu.au/narayanan/mobile_devices/ch03s02.htmlhttp://epress.anu.edu.au/narayanan/mobile_devices/ch03s02.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-Datt-9_30-0%23cite_ref-Datt-9_30-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-survey_31-0%23cite_ref-survey_31-0http://www.sarkaritel.com/news_and_features/feb2005/25ecosurvey0405.htmhttp://www.sarkaritel.com/news_and_features/feb2005/25ecosurvey0405.htm


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^IndiaCIA World Fact Book. August 7, 2008. Retrieved August 20, 2008.^Dr. Marvin J, Cetron^[4]^[5]^[6]

^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^The Multidimensions of Urban Poverty in India,Centre de Sciences Humaines - NewDelhi^[12]^Lifting The Poverty Veil J. Ramesh, India Today^World BankICRIER^Nearly 80 pct of India lives on half dollar a day,Reuters, August 10, 2007. Accessed:

August 15, 2007^ "Report on Conditions of Work and Promotion of Livelihoods in the UnorganisedSector"[13] ], National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector,Government of India, August, 2007. Accessed: August 25, 2007.^[14]^India's middle class - Tracking the growth of Indias middle class - Economic Studies -Country Reports - The McKinsey Quarterly^The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Business^http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/13/world/asia/13malnutrition.html?_r=1^"'India has highest number of underweight children'". The Indian Express. 2009-04-14.http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-has-highest-number-of-underweight-children/446829/. Retrieved 2009-04-28.^http://www.medindia.net/news/Malnutrition-Among-Indian-Children-Worse-Than-in-Sub-Saharan-Africa-30955-1.htm[edit] Further readingPoverty in India, World Bank"Can India eradicate poverty? Will India's economic boom help the poor?""World Hunger - India"George, Abraham, Wharton Business School Publications - Why the Fight AgainstPoverty is Failing: A Contrarian ViewPoverty and riches in booming India[edit] External linksRural poverty in India(IFAD)Poverty in India 2

v de

IndiaTopics

Basic topics Alphabetical index of topics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-32%23cite_ref-32https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-33%23cite_ref-33http://www.wfs.org/confprcetron.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-34%23cite_ref-34http://www.thehindu.com/2009/04/03/stories/2009040355480800.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-35%23cite_ref-35http://www.counterpunch.org/sainath02122009.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-36%23cite_ref-36http://www.counterpunch.org/sainath02122009.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-37%23cite_ref-37http://www.thehindu.com/2007/08/09/stories/2007080950081000.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-38%23cite_ref-38http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshowarchive.cms?msid=2187428http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-39%23cite_ref-39http://www.thehindu.com/2009/03/18/stories/2009031855770800.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-40%23cite_ref-40http://www.rupe-india.org/39/shaping.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-41%23cite_ref-41http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-tops-world-hunger-chart/articleshow/4197047.cmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-42%23cite_ref-42http://www.csh-delhi.com/events/downloads/BackgroundNote67102006.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-43%23cite_ref-43http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-tops-world-hunger-chart/articleshow/4197047.cmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-44%23cite_ref-44http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20010319/jairam.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-45%23cite_ref-45http://www1.worldbank.org/economicpolicy/globalization/documents/ICRIER_4.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-46%23cite_ref-46http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSDEL218894http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reutershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reutershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reutershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-NCEUS_47-0%23cite_ref-NCEUS_47-0http://nceus.gov.in/Executive_Summary_08082007.pdfhttp://nceus.gov.in/Executive_Summary_08082007.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-48%23cite_ref-48http://sramanamitra.com/2007/10/28/mckinsey-study-on-the-growth-of-india%E2%80%99s-middle-class/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-49%23cite_ref-49http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/Economic_Studies/Tracking_the_growth_of_Indias_middle_class_2032_abstracthttp://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/Economic_Studies/Tracking_the_growth_of_Indias_middle_class_2032_abstracthttp://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/Economic_Studies/Tracking_the_growth_of_Indias_middle_class_2032_abstracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-50%23cite_ref-50http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070508/biz.htm#8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-51%23cite_ref-51http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/13/world/asia/13malnutrition.html?_r=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-52%23cite_ref-52http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-has-highest-number-of-underweight-children/446829/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Expresshttp://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-has-highest-number-of-underweight-children/446829/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-has-highest-number-of-underweight-children/446829/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-53%23cite_ref-53http://www.medindia.net/news/Malnutrition-Among-Indian-Children-Worse-Than-in-Sub-Saharan-Africa-30955-1.htmhttp://www.medindia.net/news/Malnutrition-Among-Indian-Children-Worse-Than-in-Sub-Saharan-Africa-30955-1.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_India&action=edit&section=14http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSAREGTOPPOVRED/0,,contentMDK:20574067~menuPK:493447~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:493441,00.htmlhttp://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSAREGTOPPOVRED/0,,contentMDK:20574067~menuPK:493447~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:493441,00.htmlhttp://newsforums.bbc.co.uk/nol/thread.jspa?messageID=2279464&start=1605&tstart=0&&edition=2&ttl=20070217165339http://www.wfp.org/country_brief/indexcountry.asp?country=356http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Georgehttp://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/india/article.cfm?articleid=4114&specialid=1&CFID=1824805&CFTOKEN=37907590http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/india/article.cfm?articleid=4114&specialid=1&CFID=1824805&CFTOKEN=37907590http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,499166,00.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_India&action=edit&section=15http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/english/regions/asia/ind/index.htmhttp://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/english/regions/asia/ind/index.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFADhttp://gamma.nic.fi/~otammile/povindia.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:India_topicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:India_topicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:India_topicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:India_topics&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:India_topics&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_India-related_articleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_India-related_articleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_basic_India_topicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_basic_India_topicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_India-related_articleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-32%23cite_ref-32https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-33%23cite_ref-33http://www.wfs.org/confprcetron.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-34%23cite_ref-34http://www.thehindu.com/2009/04/03/stories/2009040355480800.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-35%23cite_ref-35http://www.counterpunch.org/sainath02122009.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-36%23cite_ref-36http://www.counterpunch.org/sainath02122009.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-37%23cite_ref-37http://www.thehindu.com/2007/08/09/stories/2007080950081000.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-38%23cite_ref-38http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshowarchive.cms?msid=2187428http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-39%23cite_ref-39http://www.thehindu.com/2009/03/18/stories/2009031855770800.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-40%23cite_ref-40http://www.rupe-india.org/39/shaping.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-41%23cite_ref-41http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-tops-world-hunger-chart/articleshow/4197047.cmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-42%23cite_ref-42http://www.csh-delhi.com/events/downloads/BackgroundNote67102006.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-43%23cite_ref-43http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-tops-world-hunger-chart/articleshow/4197047.cmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-44%23cite_ref-44http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20010319/jairam.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-45%23cite_ref-45http://www1.worldbank.org/economicpolicy/globalization/documents/ICRIER_4.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-46%23cite_ref-46http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSDEL218894http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reutershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-NCEUS_47-0%23cite_ref-NCEUS_47-0http://nceus.gov.in/Executive_Summary_08082007.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-48%23cite_ref-48http://sramanamitra.com/2007/10/28/mckinsey-study-on-the-growth-of-india%E2%80%99s-middle-class/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-49%23cite_ref-49http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/Economic_Studies/Tracking_the_growth_of_Indias_middle_class_2032_abstracthttp://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/Economic_Studies/Tracking_the_growth_of_Indias_middle_class_2032_abstracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-50%23cite_ref-50http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070508/biz.htm#8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-51%23cite_ref-51http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/13/world/asia/13malnutrition.html?_r=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-52%23cite_ref-52http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-has-highest-number-of-underweight-children/446829/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Expresshttp://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-has-highest-number-of-underweight-children/446829/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-has-highest-number-of-underweight-children/446829/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_India#cite_ref-53%23cite_ref-53http://www.medindia.net/news/Malnutrition-Among-Indian-Children-Worse-Than-in-Sub-Saharan-Africa-30955-1.htmhttp://www.medindia.net/news/Malnutrition-Among-Indian-Children-Worse-Than-in-Sub-Saharan-Africa-30955-1.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_India&action=edit&section=14http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSAREGTOPPOVRED/0,,contentMDK:20574067~menuPK:493447~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:493441,00.htmlhttp://newsforums.bbc.co.uk/nol/thread.jspa?messageID=2279464&start=1605&tstart=0&&edition=2&ttl=20070217165339http://www.wfp.org/country_brief/indexcountry.asp?country=356http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Georgehttp://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/india/article.cfm?articleid=4114&specialid=1&CFID=1824805&CFTOKEN=37907590http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/india/article.cfm?articleid=4114&specialid=1&CFID=1824805&CFTOKEN=37907590http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,499166,00.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_India&action=edit&section=15http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/english/regions/asia/ind/index.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFADhttp://gamma.nic.fi/~otammile/povindia.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:India_topicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:India_topicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:India_topics&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_India-related_articleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_basic_India_topicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_India-related_articles


12/12

History

OverviewsTimeline Economics Linguistics Maritime Military Science and technology Mathematics Astronomy Metallurgy Postage

Pre-colonial

Stone Age Indus Valley Civilization Indo-Aryan migration Vedic period Mahajanapadas Magadha Middle kingdomsHoysala Cholas Kakatiya Islamic sultanates VijayanagaraMughals Marathas
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_maritime_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_maritime_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_maritime_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_ancient_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajanapadashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoysala_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakatiya_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_rulers_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_rulers_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_rulers_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_maritime_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_ancient_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajanapadashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoysala_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakatiya_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_rulers_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire

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