,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; nry;thf;f

KALAM - International Research Journal

Faculty of Arts and Culture,

South Eastern University of Sri Lanka.

12(2), 2019

KALAM, 12(2), 2019 24

,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; nry;thf;F

vk;.V.v];.vg;. ]hjpah rpNu~;l tpupTiuahsu;

nkhopj;Jiw ,yq;if njd;fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.

Correspondence: [email protected]

fl;Liur; RUf;fk;

,e;jpah> ,yq;if Nghd;w ehLfspy; thOk; mjpfkhd K];ypk;fspd; jha;nkhopahfj; jkpo;nkhop fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jkpo; nkhopapy; vOe;j ,yf;fpaq;fspdhy; ftug;gl;l K];ypk;fs; jkJ rkaf; Nfhl;ghLfis itj;J mt;thwhd ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd Kw;gl;ldu;. mt;thW gilf;fg;gl;l ,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; nry;thf;F mjpfkhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fis Mokhf Nehf;Fk;NghJ> mtw;wpy; mjpfkhdtw;iwg; gilj;j ,yf;fpathjpfs;> mtw;iwr; rka ,yf;fpak; vd;w tifapy; ,];yhkpa gz;ghLfNshL vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd fUjpajhfj; njupatpy;iy. jkJ ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F ,yf;fpa cyfpy; mq;fPfhuk; fpilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w mbg;gilapNyNa rpe;jpj;J ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gilj;Js;sdu;. mNjNtis> rka rpe;jidfSf;F toq;fpa Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijtpl ,uridf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij toq;fpAs;sdu;. mjdhy;jhd; ngUk;ghyhd ,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ghjhjp Nfr tu;zidfisr; nra;Js;sdu;. mNjNghy;> cyh ,yf;fpa kugpidAk; gpd;gw;wp mq;f tu;zidfis nra;Js;sdu;. mNjNtis> jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; jOtiyAk; gpw rkaq;fspd; nry;thf;fpidAk; gy ,lq;fspy; fhz KbAk;. ,t;tha;thdJ ,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; nry;thf;F ve;jsTf;Ff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjid Muha;tij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.K`papj;jPd; Guhzk;> fdfhgpN\fkhiy> rPwhg;Guhzk;> GJ}F\;\hk;> jpUkf;fhg; gs;S> jpUkzf; fhl;rp> ,uh[ehafk;> ,wTRy;$y; gilg;Nghu;> jpUf;fhuzg; Guhzk; Kjypa kuG tif ,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl ,t;tha;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. kuG tif ,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,t;tha;tpd; Kjyhk; epiyj; juthfTk; ,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; njhlu;ghf ,Jtiu ntspte;Js;s Ma;T E}y;fs; ,t;tha;tpd; ,uz;lhk; epiyj; juthfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;tha;tpy; r%ftpay;> tpsf;fKiw> xg;gPl;L Ma;TKiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

gpujhd nrhw;fs;: jkpo; ,yf;fpak;> ,];yhkpa jkpo; ,yf;fpak;> ,yf;fpa kuG

1. mwpKfk;:

,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpakhff; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s fhtpaq;fs;> rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs;> muG> ghurPf topte;j ,yf;fpaq;fs;> mwGj;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Kjypatw;wpy; egpkhu;fs;> mt;ypahf;fs;> kw;Wk; rpy ngupahu;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhWfs;> ,];yhkpa tuyhw;wpy; ,lk;ngw;w rpy Nghu;fs;> ,iwtd;> egpfshu;> ngupahu;fs; MfpNahupd;; Gfo;> khu;f;f rk;ge;jkhd rpy tplaq;fs;> #gpj;Jt rpe;jidfs; Kjypa tplaq;fs; Ngrg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;tpyf;fpaq;fisNa mwpQu;fs; gyUk; ,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; vdg; Nghw;Wfpd;wdu;. ,];yhkpa ,yf;fpak; vd;why; vd;d vd;w Nfhl;ghl;NlhL ,t;tpyf;fpaq;fisg; nghUj;jpg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ> ,tw;wpy; mjpfkhd FiwghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa fu;j;jhf;fsplk; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; nry;thf;F mjpfkhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjdhy; ,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; rka ,yf;fpak; vd;w tifapy; ,];yhkpa gz;ghLfNshL vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd ,yf;fpathjpfs; fUjpajhfj; njupatpy;iy. jkJ ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F ,yf;fpa cyfpy; mq;fPfhuk; fpilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w




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KALAM, 12(2), 2019 25

mbg;gilapNyNa rpe;jpj;J ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gilj;Js;sdu;. mjdhy;jhd; ngUk;ghyhd ,];yhkpa ,yf;fpaq;fspy; tpurkhd Kiwapy; ghjhjp Nfr tu;zidfisr; nra;Js;sdu;. mNjNghy;> cyh ,yf;fpa kugpidAk; gpd;gw;wp VOgUt kfspupd; fhjiy tu;zpj;jNjhL mq;f tu;zidfisAk; nra;Js;sdu;. jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; jOtiyAk; gy ,lq;fspy; fhzf; $bajhf cs;sJ. ,J gw;wp R.tpj;jpahde;jd; gpd;tUkhW $wpAs;shu;:

“vz;zpiwe;j ,];yhkpag; Gytu;fs; kpfr; rpwe;j jkpo; E}y;fs; gytw;iwr; nrd;w rpy E}w;whz;Lfshfj; jkpopy; ,aw;wpapUf;fpd;wdu;. E}y; mikg;G KiwapYk; eilapYk; Nghf;fpYk; ,e;E}y;fSf;Fk; Ngu; ngw;w jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fSf;Fk; mbg;gilahd NtWghL mjpfk; ,y;iy. ,e;E}y;fSf;Fj; jiytuhf mikNthu; NtW Ntwhf ,Ug;gpDk; jkpo; kuGf;F xj;jdthf ,it mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. fw;gid Mw;wypYk; nghUl; rpwg;gpYk; nrhy;yofpYk; ftp mikg;gpYk; ,];yhkpag; Gythpd; E}y;fSk;

mjpf rpwg;Gld; tpsq;Ffpd;wd.”1

R.tpj;jpahde;jdpd; $w;W ,jid cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

2. cyh ,yf;fpa kugpidg; gpd;gw;wy;:

cyh ,yf;fpaq;fspy; murd; cyhtUtJk; mjidf;fz;L VO gUt kfspUk; fhjy; nfhz;L milAk; Jd;gq;fSk; tu;zpf;fg;gLtJ tof;fk;. ,jid ,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspYk;

fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. fdfhgpN\f khiy „cirdhUf;F kzk;Ghp glyj;‟jpy; kz Cu;tyk; ,irf; fUtpfspd; Kof;fj;NjhL Re;ju KfKk; NjhSk; Jyq;fpl cirdhu; cyh te;jNghJ> mtiuf; fz;l khjhpd; kdepiyia Mrpupau; gythW ghbAs;shu;. Ngijau; Kjyhd VOgUt kfspUk;; cirdhiug; Nghw;wpf; fhjw; flypy; %o;fp> fiuNaw Kbahky; jtpj;j fhl;rpAk; fdfhgpN\f khiyapy; tphpthfg; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jidg; gpd;tUk; ghlypD}lhf Nehf;fyhk;:

“Ngijau; ngJk;ig khju; kq;ifau; ngUk le;ij Nfhija uhpit ey;Nyhu; njhpitau; Fohq;nfhz; lhUk; NghJW kzQ;nra; khiyg; GaUird; ek;ikg; Nghw;wpf;

fhjyq; flYl; lho;e;J fiungwh uhap dhNu.”2 cirdhhpd; mofpy; kaq;fpajhy; fhjy; trg;gl;l ngz;fs;;> Jd;gj;jhy; cly; nkypTw;W>

iffspy; mzpag;ngw;w tisay;fs; fod;WtpOe;jd> fz;fs; griy epwk; mile;jd vd;gij>

“me;ju kjpNa NkU tfj;jpdp YWjy; Nghyr; Re;ju KfKe; NjhSe; Jyq;fplf; fz;l khju; tpe;ijnad; WsK ile;J nts;tis nrhhpe;J epw;f

ke;ju TuT irdh upuh[kh kWfpw; Gf;fhu;”3 vd fdftpuhau; ghbAs;shu;. NkYk;> K`k;kJ egpapd; kUkfdhuhd myp (wop)

mtu;fs; tPjpapy; cyh tUtijf; fz;L VOgUt ngz;fSk; mthpd; kPJ fhjy; nfhz;L

kaq;Ftjhfg; rPwhg;Guhzj;jpd; „ghj;jpkh jpUkzg; glyj;‟jpy; ckWg;Gytu; $wpAs;shu;. mjhtJ> jpyfkpl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;j kfspu; mypapd; cyhit mwpe;jJk; jk; ifapypUe;j fz;zhbia tPrptpl;L ehzp xspe;J Nehf;Ftjhff; $wpAs;shu;. NkYk;> K`k;kJ egpapd; mofpy; kdk; gwpnfhLj;j xU eq;if jd; fpspia Nehf;fp> mtu;ghy; J}J tpLfpwhs;. ,J kzk;Ghp glyj;jpy; gpd;tUk; ghlY}lhf tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ:

1 wkP]; mg;Jy;yh> ,uFgud;.f.> (gjpg;ghrpupau;fs;)> (2017). K.F.E}> g. 76 2 fdftpuhau;> (1990). K.F.E}> cirdhUf;F kzk;Gup glyk; : 32> g. 112 3 fdftpuhau;> (1990). K.F.E}> cirdhUf;F kzk;Gup glyk; : 31> g. 112




12(2), 2019

KALAM, 12(2), 2019 26

“jpUj;jF gtdp Nehf;FQ; Nrapio nahUj;jp fhjy; tUj;jKw; wpUe;J gQ;rtdf;fpsp ifap Nye;jpf; fuj;jpidg; nghUe;jr; nra;j fhisgh Nyfp nad;w

Duj;jpidg; nghUj;jr; nrhy;nyd; NwhJk;th nahOfp yhNs.”4

rPwhg;Guhzj;jpy;> jpUkz Cu;tyk; ,lk;ngWtjhfTk; egpfshiu VO gUt kfspUk; fz;L fhjy; nfhs;tjhfTk; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ:

“nrOKfpw; ftpifaQ; nrk;ky; tPjptha; tOtW gtdpapd; tUfpd; whnud ntOtifg; NgijNg hpsk;ng zPwjha;f;

FOTld; wpirjpir epiwe;J $bdhu;.”5

,g;gFjpapy; jkpo; cyh ,yf;fpaq;fspd; jOtiyf; fhzKbAk;. VO gUt kfspUk; fhjy; nfhz;L mile;j Jd;gk;> gy ghly;fspy; rpj;jphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

“rr;irapd; Kfg;gpDQ; rhs uj;jpDk; tr;rpu kOj;jpa thapd; kPjpDq; fr;rzp Kiyr;rpau; fjpu;nfhz; khy;tiug;

gr;iraq; fpspnadg; gue;J Njhd;wpdhu;.”6

“Njndd tkpu;njdj; jpuz;l ghnfdj; J}eWq; fdpnadr; RlUq; nfhk;ngdg; G+eWq; fUk;ngdg; nghUtpd; khjuhu;

thdt ukpu;njd tise;J Rw;wpdhu;.”7

mjhtJ> Njidg; NghyTk; mkpu;jj;ijg; NghyTk; jpul;rpAw;w rf;fiuiag; NghyTk; ghpRj;jkhd goj;ijg; NghyTk; G+q;nfhk;igg; NghyTk; mofpa ewpa fUk;igg; NghyTk; ngz;fshdtu; Njthkpu;jj;ij xj;j egpfshiur; Rw;wp tisj;jhu;fs; vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. egpfshhpd; moifg; ghu;j;j ngz;fspd; khu;Gfspy; griy epwk; glu;e;jJ vd 1156MtJ ghlypy; Mrpupau; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

mNjNtis> mg;ngz;fs; fhjy; trg;gl;Lj; Jd;gkile;jjd; fhuzkhf mtu;fsJ iffspy; mzpe;jpUe;j tisay;fs; nefpo;e;jd vdTk; $wpAs;shu;. 1168MtJ ghlypy; Mrpupau; ,g;ngz;fis tpurkhf tu;zpj;Js;shu;. Fwpg;ghf> cyh ,yf;fpaq;fs; kPJ MrphpaUf;F ,Ue;j

ghpr;raj;ij „kzk;Ghp glyk;‟ fhl;b epw;fpd;wJ. rhjhuz ngz;fs; khj;jpukpd;wp `_u;yPd; ngz;fSk; egpfshhpd; jpUkz Cu;tyj;ij urpj;J thdpdpd;Wk; kyu;fisj; J}tpdhu;fs; vdf;

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thW $wg;gl;l tplaq;fs; kzk;Ghp glyj;jpy; 79 – 101MtJ ghly; tiu `{u;yPd; ngz;fs; egpfshiu urpj;j tpjk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

“Ve;J nfhq;if azpapog; ghu;rpyu; $e;jy; Nrhuf; Fioe;Jepw; ghu;rpyu; fhe;jp Nkdp fhpe;jpL thu;rpyu;

khe;jp ahir kaf;FW thu;rpyu;.”8

4 nra;Fj;jk;gpg; ghtyu;> Nf.gp.> (ciuahrpupau;)> (1999). K.F.E}> kzk;Ghp glyk; : 65> g. 446 5 nra;Fj;jk;gpg; ghtyu;> Nf.gp.> (ciuahrpupau;)> (1999). K.F.E}> kzk;Ghp glyk; : 51> g. 441 6 nra;Fj;jk;gpg; ghtyu;> Nf.gp.> (ciuahrpupau;)> (1999). K.F.E}> kzk;Ghp glyk; : 53> g. 442 7 nra;Fj;jk;gpg; ghtyu;> Nf.gp.> (ciuahrpupau;)> (1999). K.F.E}> kzk;Ghp glyk; : 56> g. 443 8 nra;Fj;jk;gpg; ghtyu;> Nf.gp.> (ciuahrpupau;)> (1999). K.F.E}> kzk;Ghp glyk;: 100> g. 457




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KALAM, 12(2), 2019 27

`_u;yPd; ngz;fs; egpfshhpd; mofpy; kaq;fp> Mirahfpa kaf;fj;jpy; Mo;e;jhu;fs; vdTk; mtw;iwj; jkf;Fs;Ns fijj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;fs; vd;Wk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. fw;gid vd;w ngahpy; egpfshhpd; jpUkzj;jpd;NghJ ,lk;ngwhj gy tplaq;fs; ,q;F $wg;gl;bUg;gij mtjhdpf;f KbAk;. Fwpg;ghf> ,];yhkpaj; jpUkz Kiwf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshfNt egpfshhpd; jpUkzq;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. Mdhy;> rPwhg;Guhzj;ijg; gbf;Fk; xUtu; ,];yhkpaj; jpUkz Kiw gw;wpa gpioahd Ghpjy;fisg; ngWtjw;F topNaw;gLk;.

3. tu;zidfs;:

rPwhg;Guhzj;jpd; gy ghly;fspy; ,yf;Fkpia xj;j fjP[h vd fjP[h ehafp Nghw;wg;gl;Ls;shu;. 613MtJ ghliy ,jw;F cjhuzkhff; $wyhk;. NkYk;> fjP[h ehafpapd; ew;Fzq;fis Mrphpau; $w Kw;gLk;NghJ>

“tzf;fK kwpTQ; Nru;e;j kdj;JWk; nghiwA ey;Nyh hpzf;fKk; twpNahu;f; fPA kpuf;fK epiwe;j fw;Gq; Fzf;fiy ty;Nyh uhYq; Fwpj;njLj; jtl;nfhg; ghfg;

gzf;fLg; ghe;jl; ghhpw; gfUjw; fhpa td;Nw.”9

mjhtJ> nja;t topghl;bYk; mwptpYk; nghWikapYk; ey;y kdpju;fspd; rpNefj;jpYk; ahJkw;w ViofSf;F cjTk; rpNefj;jpYk; G+uz fw;gpYk; fjP[hTf;F ctik $w tp\j;jpidAila MjpNrldhw; jhq;fg;gl;l ,e;jg; G+Nyhfj;jpy; rh];jpuq;fisf; fw;Wj;Nju;e;j ty;ytu;fshYk; KbahJ vd Mrphpau; $Wfpd;whu;. ,g;ghlypYk; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; jhf;fk; Mrphpahplk; fhzg;gLtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. rPwhg;Guhzj;jpy; mypahhpd; Fjpiuiag; gw;wpg; gpd;tUkhW ckWg;Gytu; $Wfpwhu;. mypahhpd; Fjpiu Xbdhy; ,g;Gtp fpLfpLf;Fk; mfpyj;ijj; jhq;fp epw;Fk; MjpNrld; vDk; ghk;gpd; jiy neWneWntd;W eRq;Fk;. flyiyfs; mywp Mu;g;ghpf;Fk;. ,kak; mr;rj;jpy; mire;J eLq;Fk;. thd KfL cilgLk;. #y; nfhz;L Njq;fp epw;Fk; kio Nkfk; rpjwp XLk;. giftu;fspd; gy Cu;fs; ,bgl;L mjdhy; Vw;gLk; GOjpg; Gay; #hpadpy; Ngha;g;gjpe;J xspia kiwf;Fk; vdf; $wpAs;shu;. MjpNrld; vDk; ghk;igg; gw;wpa tu;zidfs; ,tuJ gy ghly;fspYk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

,e;Jf;fsplk; MjpNrld; jd; jiyapy; cyif Rke;jpUg;gjhd ek;gpf;if cz;L. mjd; jhf;fk; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; gytw;wpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. MrphpaUf;Fj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; cs;s ghpr;rak; gy;NtW ehl;L efu tu;zidfspYk; kw;Wk; gy;NtW tplaq;fis vOJk;NghJk; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpapUg;gij mtjhdpf;f KbAk;. KUfidg; gw;wp ,lk;ngWk; tu;zidfspy; NtyhAjj;ijf; ifapy; Ve;jpatd; vd tUtij ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzyhk;. mNjNghy; ckWg;Gytu; egpfshiug; gw;wpf; $Wk; NghJ gy ,lq;fspy; NtyhAjj;ijj; tyf;fuj;jpy; Ve;jpatu; vd egpfshiu tu;zpf;fpwhu;.

“gzpg zpe;njdf; nfitgzp tpilnadg; gfu tzpa zpe;njdr; nrtpAwf; Nfl;ljp rapj;J kzpfp le;njhspu; Gatiu tpk;Kw kfpo;e;jhu;

jpzpR lh;f;fjpu; Nty;ty Nde;jpa jpwNyhu;.”10

vd tUk; gFjp ,t;tifapy; Nehf;fj;jf;fJ. NkYk;> xU ghlypy;>

“Nkdpapw; fjpu;tphp tpag;G nka;apdpd; khd;kjq; fko;jYk; tbe;j iffSe; J}epiw kjpnad KfKe; Njhs;fSq;

9 nra;Fj;jk;gpg; ghtyu;> Nf.gp.> (ciuahrpupau;)> (1999). K.F.E}> ghijNghe;j glyk;: 18> g. 244 10 nra;Fj;jk;gpg; ghtyu;> Nf.gp.> (ciuahrpupau;)> (1999). K.F.E}> ghe;js;trdpj;j glyk;: 15> g. 306




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KALAM, 12(2), 2019 28

fhzpye; Njha;juhf; fhu zPfKk;.”11

vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. mjhtJ> egpfshupd; fhy;fs; epyj;jpy; NjhahJ vd;gNj ,jd; mu;j;jkhFk;. egpfshUf;F mt;thwhdnjhU gz;G fhzg;gltpy;iy. jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Njtu;fspd; gz;Gfspy; xd;whfg; ghjq;fs; epyj;jpy; NjhahJ vd;W $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. esntz;ghtpy; jkae;jpapd; Rak;tuj;jpw;F te;j Njtu;fspd; ghjq;fs; epyj;jpy; NjhahjpUg;gjid itj;J jkae;jp esid Njtu;fsplkpUe;J gpupj;jwpe;J nfhz;lhs; vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. egpfshhpd; Gfio cau;j;jpf; $Wtjw;fhf ,t;thW Mrphpau; ghbapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

4. mjpraf; fijfs; $wy;:

,uhtzd; NkUkiyiaj; jdJ fuq;fshy; J}f;f Kw;gl;L> jkJ fuq;fis kiyapd; fPohy; GFj;jpaNghJ> mtdJ iffs; kiyf;F mbapy; eRq;Fz;L tUj;jg;gl;l tuyhW

fk;guhkhazj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Nj Nghd;wnjhU fijia ckWg;Gytu; „fuk;nghUj;j

glyk;‟ vDk; glyj;jpy; mikj;Js;shu;. kdjpy; td;kk; nfhz;l xU A+jd; egpfshhpd; kPJ xU fy;iyj; js;sptpl Kaw;rpj;jNghJ mf;fy; mtdJ iffspy; xl;bf; nfhz;ljhfTk; mjidf; fow;Wtjw;Fg; gyUk; Kaw;rpj;Jk; Kbahky; NghdjhfTk; gpd;du; mtdJ iffs; fod;W me;jf; fy;NyhL xl;bajhfTk; mjd;%yk; mtd; nrhy;y Kbahj Jd;gj;ij mile;jjhfTk; ,Wjpapy; egpfshhplk; te;J ,e;j tplaq;fisf; $w> mtu; mtdJ iffisg; nghUj;jp tpl;ljhfTk; mjd;gpd; mtd; egpfshhpd; ghjq;fisj; jkJ iffshy; njhl;Lg; gyKiw

tzq;fpdhd; vdTk; 940 – 965 tiuahd ghly;fspy; Mrphpau; rpj;jphpj;Js;shu;. ,t;thwhdnjhU tuyhW ,lk;ngw;wjw;Fk; ,];yhkpa tuyhw;wpy; Mjhuq;fs; ,y;iy. jkpo; ,yf;fpag; ghpr;raj;jpd; %yk; cUthd xU fw;gidf; fijNa ,J. mNjNghd;W rpj;ju;fs; epfo;j;jpf; fhl;bajhff; $wg;gLk; mjpraq;fs; rpj;ju; ghly;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. mjid xj;j ghly;fis K`papj;jPd; Guhzj;jpy; fhz KbAk;.

5. fdT fhzy;:

fhjy; nfhz;l ngz;fs; fdT fhz;gJk; jhk; fz;lJ fdT vd mwpe;J jk; kdMjq;fq;fis $WtJkhd tplaq;fis jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhz KbAk;. A+Rg; Riy`h fhtpak;> rPwhg;Guhzk; Kjypa ,];yhkpaf; fhg;gpaq;fspYk; ,g;gz;gpid fhzyhk;. jpUkzk; njhlu;ghd fhl;rpfisf; fjP[h ehafpatu;fs; fdtpy; fhz;gjhf ckUg;Gytu; fw;gid nra;Js;shu;. Mz;lhs; jpUkhs; kPJ fhjy; nfhz;L jpUkhiy kzg;gjw;fhff; fdT fz;lJNghy; fjP[h ehafp mtu;fSk; egpfshiug; gy;NtW tpjkhff; fdtpy; fhz;gjhf Mrphpau; fw;gid nra;Js;shu;. vz;zpf;ifaw;w thdtu;fs; Mfhaj;jpy; ,Ue;J G+Tyfpw;F te;J egpfshUf;Ff; Fq;Fkg; G+f;fshyhd kyu;khiyia mzptpj;J> gy;NtW Mguzq;fisAk; mzptpj;J> gy kzpfs; gjpj;j Xu; Mrdj;jpy; ,Uf;fr; nra;J ghpRj;jkhd Xu; xl;lifapy; Vw;wp> ehyh gf;fq;fspYk; thj;jpaq;fs; Koq;f> Fjpiu> ahidg; gilfs;> `{u;yPd; ngz;fs; Gil#o thdtu;fs; G+j;J}t egpfshu; cyhtu fjP[h ehafpatu;fs; egpfshhpd; jhkiu kyu; Nghd;w ghjq;fspy; jho;e;J tzq;fpdhu;fs; vd fdT fz;ljhf Mrphpau; tu;zpj;Js;shu;. ,jw;F gpd;tUk; ghlybfs; rhd;W gfu;fpd;wd:

“thdpope; jku nuz;zpyf; fpyNgu; Kfk;kjp dplj;jpy;te; Jiwe;J Njdpkpu; kutj; njhilaYe; jhpj;Jj;

jpfo;kzpf; fyd;gy tzpe;J……..

11 nra;Fj;jk;gpg; ghtyu;> Nf.gp.> (ciuahrpupau;)> (1999). K.F.E}> fuk;nghUj;J glyk; : 2> g. 348




12(2), 2019

KALAM, 12(2), 2019 29

ghpj;jpu nlhlu thdt hPz;bg; ghpksg; nghd;dyu; J}w;wj; njUj;jiy GFe;J gtdpap Dytpr; nrOk;Gfo; Kfk;kJ tuTq; fUj;Jld; fz;Zq; fspg;Gw Nehf;fpf; ftpd;kyu;g; gjk;gzpe; jpiwQ;rj; jpUj;jpio kzpapw; FUj;njDq; fjPrh

njhpjuf; fdTfz; nlOe;jhu;.”12

mNjNtis> fjP[h ehafp fdT fz;L vOe;jJk; jhd; fz;l fdtpid edT vd;W vz;zp kdk; kfpo;e;J thapiy mile;J tPjpia Nehf;f egpfshiuf; fhzhJ kdKile;J Nghdhu;fs;. mjdhy; fjP[h ehafpatu;fs; Mguzq;fis mzpatpy;iy; jkJ $e;jiy Kbatpy;iy; clypy; re;jdj;ijg; G+rtpy;iy; iffspy; tisay; mzpatpy;iy; G+f;fisr; #ltpy;iy; fz;fSf;F ikjPl;ltpy;iy; CQ;rypy; Mltpy;iy; jk; $e;jYf;F mfpw; Gif Cl;ltpy;iy; Nfhykpltpy;iy vdg; gythW Mrpupau; $wpAs;shu;. mNjNtis> jkJ gQ;R nkj;ijapd; Nky; cwq;ftpy;iy; fdpfSld; fye;j ghy; mKjj;ij cz;ztpy;iy; fpspfNshLk; nfhQ;rpg; Ngrtpy;iy; thrk; nghUe;jpa kyu;fs; epiwe;j jlhfj;jpy; Fspf;ftpy;iy; egpfshiu kdjpy; epWj;jpajhy; jk; NjhopaUlDk; Ngrtpy;iy vd Mrphpahpd; fw;gid ePz;L nry;fpd;wJ. NkYk;> ckWg;Gytu; mtu;fs;>

“kiyepfu; GaKfk; kJed; khkzj; Jytpa gtdpapd; fdnthd; Ww;wplf; fiykjp epfu;fjP rhjq; fhjyh

yiyJau;g; ngUf;fpdp yho;e;jpl; lhuNuh.”13

vDk; ghlypy; fjP[h ehafp nrhg;gdk; fz;L fhjypy; %o;fpj; Jd;gkile;jhu;fs; vdf; $wpAs;shu;. fhjy; trg;gl;l ngz;fs; fhk kpFjpahy; gLk; Jd;gq;fs;> cly; nkyptiljy;> jd; neQ;nrhL fpsj;jy; vdg; gy;NtW tplaq;fisAk; ckWg;Gytu; fjP[h ehafpia itj;Jf; fw;gid nra;Js;shu;.

“tpk;KW Nkq;Fnka; tUe;Jq; nta;Japu;j; jk;kNth ntDKsj; jlf;fp aho;fld; kk;kiuf; flg;gnjt; tifnfh Nyhntdr;

nrk;kyu; Kfq;fhpe; jpUe;J Njk;GNk.”14

vDk; ghlypYk; ,t;thwhd tplaq;fs; NkYk; tphpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mfj;jpiz ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhjy; trg;gl;l xU jiytp vtw;iwnay;yhk; nra;akhl;lhs; vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sNjh mit midj;ijAk; xUq;F Nru itj;J fjP[h ehafpia ckWg;Gytu; fw;gid nra;Js;shu;. fjP[h ehafp mtu;fs; jpUkzj;jpw;F Kd;> egpfshhpd; Kd;dpiyapy; ,t;thW myq;fhuj;NjhL ,Ue;jjhf tuyhW $wtpy;iy. egpfshiu xU Neu;ikahsuhf mtuJ tpahghu eltbf;iffspy; fz;L nfhz;ljhy; mtiuj; jpUkzk; nra;a FLk;gj;jpdUf;F mwptpj;J ,j;jpUkzk; eilngw;wJ. fjP[h ehafp egpfshiuj; jpUkzk; nra;Ak;NghJ mtu; xU tpjitg; ngz;zhf ,Ue;jNjhL ehw;gJ tajpid mile;jtuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. mf;fhy mNugpahplk; jpUkzk; Kbf;Fk;NghJ Fyk;> FLk;gk; ,tw;iwg; ghu;f;Fk; kuG fhzg;gl;lJ. fjP[h ehafp ngUk; tu;j;jfuhf ,Ue;jjhy; nry;te;juhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;.

12nra;Fj;jk;gpg; ghtyu;> Nf.gp.> (ciuahrpupau;)> (1999). K.F.E}> fjP[h fdTfz;l glyk; : 13> 14> 15>

gf;. 389 – 390 13nra;Fj;jk;gpg; ghtyu;> Nf.gp.> (ciuahrpupau;)> (1999). K.F.E}> fjP[h fdTfz;l glyk; : 21> g. 393 14nra;Fj;jk;gpg; ghtyu;> Nf.gp.> (ciuahrpupau;)> (1999). K.F.E}> fjP[h fdTfz;l glyk; : 27> g. 395




12(2), 2019

KALAM, 12(2), 2019 30

mNjNtis> ew;FzKk; ew;gz;GfSk; epiwe;jtuhfTk; fhzg;gl;lhu;. mjdhy;jhd; egpfshu; ,Ugj;ije;J taJilatuhf ,Ue;jhYk; fjP[h ehafpiaj; jpUkzk; Kbj;jhu;fs;. fjP[h ehafpapd; fztu; kuzpj;j gpd;G mtu; rpyiu epakpj;Jj; jkJ tu;j;jfj;ijr; nra;J te;jhu;. mt;Ntis egpfshiug; gw;wp mwpe;jJk; mthplk; jkJ tpahghuj;jpw;F cjTkhW Nfl;f mtu; mjw;Fr; rk;kjpj;Jg; ngUk; ,yhgj;ijAk; <l;bf; nfhLj;jhu;. egpfshupd; cz;ik> Neu;ik Kjypatw;iwg; ghu;j;jjhNyNa fjP[h ehafp egpfshiuj; jpUkzk; Kbf;f tpUk;gpdhu;. jtpu> ckWg;Gytu; $WtJNghy; fdTfz;L fhjypj;Jj; jpUkzk; Kbf;ftpy;iy.15

6. Kb#l;Ltpoh elhj;jy;:

muru;fshdj; njupTnra;ag;gLgtu;fSf;F Kb#l;L tpoh elhj;Jtij jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; rpj;jpupf;fpd;wd. ,g;gz;gpid ,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; fhzyhk;. egpfshUf;F mLj;j jiytuhfj; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l mG+gf;fu; (wop) mtu;fs; gjtp Vw;gjw;fhf Kb#l;L tpoh elhj;jg;gl;lnjd;Wk; Kb#l;lg;gLtjw;F Kd;du; mG+gf;fu; (wop) mtu;fs; jhkiu kyhpd; eWkzKk; Fspu;r;rpAk; nfhz;l J}a ePhpdhy; ePuhl;lg;gl;lhu;fs; vdTk; ,];yhkpa tuyhw;wpy; $wg;glhj xU nra;jpia GJf;F\;\hkpy; jkpo; ,yf;fpa kuGf;fika Gytu; $wpAs;shu;. ,jidg; gpd;tUk; ghlypy; Nehf;fyhk;:

“mq;fkP Njhq;fpa Gsf khu;tKk; nghq;fpa thw;wpdhw; Gfo;e;J ed;ikrh ypq;fpj tha;ikah nutU Nke;jiyg;

gq;fa eWk;Gdy; ghptp dhl;bdhu;.”16 xUtUf;F Kb#l;L tpoh elhj;jp Ml;rpg; nghWg;igf; nfhLg;gJ jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs;

gytw;wpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;ghf fk;guhkhazj;jpy; uhkDf;F Kb#l;lg;gl ,Ue;j fhl;rpia Mrpupau; ,q;F tu;zpf;fpwhu;. mG+gf;fu; (wop) mtu;fisg; nghWj;jtiu mtu;fs; egpfshupd; vspikahd tho;f;ifia Kw;wpYk; gpd;gw;wp tho;e;jtu;. egpfshupd; ,Wjpj; jUthapNy jiyik nghWg;ig egpfshu; mG+gf;fu; (wop)aplk; xg;gilj;jhu;. mjw;Nfw;g egpfshu; kuzpj;j clNdNa mtu;fis mlf;fk; nra;tjw;F Kd;> egpj;Njhou;fs; xd;W$b mG+gf;fu; (wop) mtu;fis jiytuhf Vw;W> rj;jpag;gpukhzk; nra;jdu;. egpfshupd; kuzj;ijapl;L egpj;Njhou;fs; fyf;fkile;j epiyapy; mG+gf;fUf;F vt;thW tpoh nfhz;lhLtJ. mtu; vjpYk; egpfshupd; topKiwia> vspikia tpUk;gpatu;. ,jidNa tuyhWfs; $Wfpd;wd.

Milahguz myq;fhuq;fisAk; Mlk;guq;fisAk; tpUk;ghj ngUkhdhUk; fyPghf;fSk; kzp kFlk; jhpf;ftpy;iyahapDk; ftpQu; jkJ ftpijapy; ,tu;fs; kzpKb jhpj;jhu;fs; vd;W $wpAs;shu;. mjhtJ Kj;jpiu Mop> ngUkhdhu; (]y;) mtu;fs; jq;fs; jpUf;fuj;jpy; mzpe;jpUe;j Nkhjpuk; vd;gtw;iwNa mur rpd;dkhf mG+gf;fu; (wop) mtu;fs; mzpe;jhu;fs; vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

“vopwU ey;Yil ALj;jp naz;bir topgL Kj;jpiu ahop tho;j;jpkh nkhopnahL etkzp KbAQ; #l;bdu;

nghopwpf Oynfyhk; Guf;F ehju;f;Nf.”17

15cku; ~uPg; ,g;D mg;J];]yhk;> (2014)> K.F.E}> g. 81 16cit];> vk;.vk;. (gjpg;ghrpupau;)> (1989)> GJF\;\hk; : rpj;jPf;fpa;ah fhz;lk; %yKk; tpsf;fTiuAk;: mG+gf;fu; muRhpikg; glyk;: 26> g. 10

17cit];> vk;.vk;. (gjpg;ghrpupau;)> (1989)> K.F.E}> mG+gf;fu; muRhpikg; glyk; : 27>g. 10




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KALAM, 12(2), 2019 31

jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; $wg;gl;lJ Nghy; Mil jupj;jjhfTk; kzpKb #bajhfTk; ,jpy; Mrpupau; $wpAs;shu;. jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; jOtNy ,J.

7. ghjhjpNfr tu;zid:

,];yhkpaj; jkpo;f; fhg;gpaq;fs; midj;jpYk; ghjhjpNfr tu;zid Kf;fpanjhU ,lj;jpid tfpj;jpUg;gij mtjhdpf;f KbAk;. k. K. cit]; jpUkzf;fhl;rp vDk; fhg;gpaj;jpw;F vOjpa mwpKfTiuapy; ghjhjp Nfr tu;zid ,];yhkpaj; jkpo;f; fhg;gpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngWtJ njhlu;ghf gpd;tUkhW $wpAs;shu;:

“,];yhkpa mbg;gilapy; Njhd;wpa jkpo;f; fhg;gpaq;fspy; ghl;Lilj; jiytUld; neUq;fpa njhlu;Gila ngz;fisf; Nfrhjp ghjkhfNth ghjhjp NfrkhfNth tu;zpg;gjijj; jtpu;f;fNt K];ypk; ftpQu;fs; tpUk;Gtu;. mj;jifa rpwg;gpay;gpid ,lk;ngwr; nra;tjw;fhf K];ypk; jkpo;g; Gytu;fs; ngz; ghj;jpuq;fisr; re;ju;g;gj;jpw;F

Vw;w Kiwapy; gilj;Jf; nfhs;tu;. rPwhg;Guhzj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s „jirf; fl;bia

ngz; cUthf;fpa glyk;‟ vDk; glyj;ij ,jw;fhd jFe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfr; Rl;lyhk;.”18

,uh[ehafj;jpYk; Riykhd; egpapd; jpUkz cyhf;fhl;rp fhl;lg;gl;L> VO gUt kfspUk; mtu;fisf; fz;L fhjy; nfhs;tjhfTk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. Ngij> ngJk;ig> kq;if> kle;ij> mupit> njupit> Ngupsk; ngz; Mfpa VO gUt kfspu; gw;wpa tu;zidfs; ,];yhkpa tuk;Gfis kPWk; tifapy; mike;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf>

kq;ifg; gUtj;ijr; Nru;e;j ngz;> gpd;tUkhW tUzpf;fg;gLfpd;whs;:

“gq;faq;fisg; Gdw;wlj; jpdpw;rpiwg; gLj;jp ntq;faq;fis tdj;jpdpw; Wuj;jptpk; kpjkhq; nfhq;if nrk;gR epwtl kiynadf; FYq;f

kq;if nad;nwhU gUtg;ngz; nza;jpds; kapy;Nghy;”

“ts;s yhtU gtdpia Nehf;fpkhy; ngUfp nas;s yhKiy griyah apdJfz; bJNghw; fs;s thd;tpop ahl;nfyh KsJfhz; Ftnkd;

Ws;s khjupd; Kiynayhe; jpwe;J ghu;j; Jod;whs;”19

rPwhg;Guhzj;jpy; „jirf; fl;bia ngz;; cUthf;fpa glyk;‟> kw;Wk; jpUkzf; fhl;rpapy;

„$Wy; P̀d;fs; rpwg;Gg;glyk;‟ Kjypa glyq;fs; cUthf;fg; gl;Ls;sd. „$Wy; `Pd;fs;

rpwg;Gg;lyj;‟jpy; 32 ghly;fspy; mtu;fs; Nfrhjpghjkhf tu;zpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. my;Fu;Mdpy; `_u;yPd;fs; gw;wp gpd;tUkhW $wg;gl;Ls;sJ:

“`_Wy; <d; (vd;Dk; fz;zofpfshfpa fd;dpfs;)fisAk; ehk; mtu;fSf;Fj; jpUkzk;

nra;J itg;Nghk;”20

“mzp mzpahfg; Nghlg;gl;l fl;by;f(spy; cs;s gQ;ridf)spd; kPJ rha;e;j tz;zkhf mtu;fs; ,Ug;ghu;fs;. ehk; mtu;fSf;F (`_Wy; <d; vd;Dk;) fz;zofp(fshfpa

fd;dpif)fisj; jpUkzk; nra;J itg;Nghk;”21

18Nfrhjp egpdhu;> (1990)> jpUkzf;fhl;rp> g. x 19tz;zf; fsQ;rpag; Gytu;> (1977)> K.F.E}> jpUkzg; glyk; : 119> 120> g. 286 20my;Fu;Md; : mj;Jfhd; : 54 21my;Fu;Md; : mj;J}u; : 20




12(2), 2019

KALAM, 12(2), 2019 32

fz;zofpfs; vd;Wk; neQ;R epkpu;e;jtu;fs; vd;Wk; kl;LNk my;Fu;Mdpy; Rtdj;Jg; ngz;fs; tu;zpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. Mdhy;> jpUkzf;fhl;rpapd; Mrpupau; ,g;ngz;fspd; Ejy;> GUtk;> fz;> %f;F> ,jo;> rpupg;G> Ngr;R> fhjpy; mzpAk; Fio> Kfk;> fOj;J> if> tpuy;> tha;> khu;G> njhilfs;> njhg;Go;> ,il> Jil> fhy;> Fjpfhy;> jhs;> ghjk;> fhy;tpuy;fs;> eil vd Rtdj;Jg; ngz;fspd; midj;J mq;fq;fisAk; tu;zpj;Js;shu;.

`gPg; murdpd; kfs; ngz;ZUtk; ngw;wJk; fypkh nkhope;jjhf Mrphpau; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. vdpDk;> ,g;ngz;iz Mrphpau; Nfrhjpghjkhf tu;zpj;Js;shu;:

“thpapio kapu;g;Ngh UitnaDq; fhpa ty;ypU spilnaO kjpNghy;

tphpflw; ngUeP Uz;L# Yise;j tpRk;gpil Ajpj;jkpd; Fyk;Ngh

yhpapd ewTz; lyk;GFq; Fkj;jh uzpGa Kfk;kjpd; fypkhj;

njhpjug; gts tpjo;jpwe; Njhjpr;

nrwpjU kitaplj; njOe;jhs;.”22

gtsk; Nghd;w thapidj; jpwe;J fypkhit nkhope;jtshf mitaplj;Jj; Njhd;wpdhs; vd ,g;ghlypy; mg;ngz; tu;zpf;fg;gl;Ls;shs;.

mjhtJ> G+kpapy; cs;s mofpa Mz;fspd; capu;fisf; Fbf;Fk; tz;zk; NjhLfis mzpe;j fhJfis cilats;. vs;spdJ kyiuAk; rz;gf kyiuAk; Nrhiyaplj;J kyu;e;jpUf;Fk; tz;zk; moifAila ehrpia cilats;. nts;spa gpufhrj;ijg; nghUe;jpa Kj;ijg; Nghd;w gw;fis thpirahfg; ngw;Wr; nre;epw gtsNkh ,yt kyNuh vd IAWk;gbahd thia cilats;. nrt;ty;ypg; G\;gNkh vd;W epidj;Jg; ghu;g;gtu;fSf;F ctikapy;yhJk; Mz;fspd; fz;fisf; ftuf;$baJk; ,dpa Njd; rpe;Jk; rpte;j mjuq;fis cilats; vdg; gy;NtW cWg;Gf;fis tu;zpj;Jr; nry;fpwhu;. NkYk;> mg;ngz;zpd; khu;gpid fhkr;Rit jJk;g gpd;tUkhW tu;zpj;Js;shu;:

“ghpksr; rpkpNoh Fypfr;nrg; gpdNkh gRkJf; fyrNkh tkpu;jk;

ngUfpa FlNkh fhkeP Uiwe;j Nghpsq; FUk;igNah fjphpd;

KUFnfhg; gpspf;Fk; tdrnkd; KifNah KOkzp gjpj;jnkd; KbNah

fiuapyh tofh nwhOfpa tiuNah

ftYjw; fhpnjDe; jdj;jhs;.”23

Nfrhjpghj tu;zidia jpUkzf;fhl;rp vDk; fhtpaj;jpYk; Nrfhjp eapdhu; Gytu; kupak; (miy)> Mrpah ehafp MfpNahiu tu;zpj;jy; $lhJ vdf; fUjp> `_u;yPd; ngz;fis tu;zpj;Js;shu;. mtu;fs; gw;wp my;Fu;Mdpy; mj;Jfhd; : 54> mj;J}u; : 20> mu;u`;khd; : 72> my;thfpM : 22 Kjypa trdq;fspy; tu;zidfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. Nrfhjp eapdhu; Gytu;

,UgJ nra;As;fspy; Nfrhjp ghjkhf mtu;fis tu;zpj;Js;shu;. „$Wy; <d;fs; rpwg;Gg;glyk;‟ vDk; glyj;jpy; ,J ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

22nra;Fj;jk;gpg; ghtyu;> Nf.gp.> (ciuahrpupau;)> (1999)> K.F.E}> jirf;fl;bia ngz;ZUtikj;j glyk; : 16> g. 729

23nra;Fj;jk;gpg; ghtyu;> Nf.gp.> (ciuahrpupau;)> (1999)> K.F.E}> jirf;fl;bia ngz;ZUtikj;j glyk; : 29> g. 736




12(2), 2019

KALAM, 12(2), 2019 33

jpUkf;fhg; gs;S E}ypy; Mrphpau;> %j;j gs;spapd; tUifiaf; $Wk; nghUl;L mts; mzpe;jpUe;jit njhlf;fk; mtsJ eil tiu tu;zpj;Js;shu;. mjhtJ> fd;dj;jpy; ,lg;gl;l kQ;rizg; nghl;LlDk; fOj;jpy; G+rg;gl;l re;jdj;JlDk; fizahop Nkhjpuj;JlDk; mofpa gl;LLj;jp; kapu; Nfhjpr; nrg;gkpl;L; thilg; nghbaize;J; rhilahd Ngr;Rkhf egpatu;fis tzq;fpatshf te;J Nru;e;jhs; vdf; $wpAs;shu;. ,jidg; gpd;tUk; ghlypy; Nehf;fyhk;:

“fd;dj;jpy; kQ;rizAk; fOj;jpy; re;jdk; G+rp fizahop NkhjpuK kpizAlNd td;dew; gl;LLj;jp kapu;Nfhjp nrg;gkpl;L thilg;nghb aize;J rhilg; Ngr;Rkha; md;deil ele;J Mjpegp apw#y; Mz;ltidj; jhd;njhOJ Ntz;bf; nfhz;LNk kd;du;fs; Nghw;Wk; jpUkf;f kjPde; jd;dpy; kapyg; gs;spAk;

te;J Njhd;wpdhNs.”24

mw;Gj epfo;r;rpfis ikakhff; nfhz;L gilf;fg;gl;l xU fhg;gpakhf eh$u; Mz;lif my;yJ nra;F mg;Jy; fhjpW rhFy; `kPj; mtu;fisg; ghl;Lilj; jiytuhff; nfhz;L jpUf;fhuzg; Guhzk; vDk; fhg;gpak; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;fhg;gpaj;ij NrFdhg; Gytu; ,aw;wpdhu;. ,f;fhg;gpaj;jpy; kzk;Gup glyj;jpy; 129 - 149 tiuahd ghly;fs; ngz;fs; gw;wpa tu;zidahf cs;sJ. mNjNtis 150 - 179 tiuahd ghly;fs; nra;F A+Rgpd; jpUkz Cu;tyj;ijf; fhz te;j VO gUt kfspu; gw;wpajhf mike;Js;sd. ,f;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ngz;zpd; 29 cWg;Gf;fs; Nfrhjpghjkhf tu;zpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Gytu;fs; K];ypk; my;yhj ngz;fis jkJ kNdh ,r;irg;gb tu;zpf;fyhk; vd ,];yhj;jpy; vq;FNk $wg;gltpy;iy. kw;wtu;fspd; czu;r;rpfisj; J}z;lf;$ba tifapy; ngz;fis tu;zid nra;tJ jz;lidf;Fupa Fw;wkhfNt ,];yhk; Nehf;Ffpd;wJ. ,];yhk; mjid Kw;whfj; jLj;Js;sJ. jkf;F mDkjpf;fg;glhj xU ngz;iz xU Kiw jw;nrayhfg; ghu;j;J tpl;L> kWKiw Vwpl;Lg; ghu;g;gjw;Fk; ,];yhk; mDkjp toq;ftpy;iy. ghu;itfis jho;j;Jk;gb ,];yhk; fl;lisapl;Ls;sJ. mt;thwpUf;Fk; NghJ mLj;jtupd; kNdh ,r;iriaj; J}z;Lk; gbahd tu;zidfs; nra;tjidAk; ,];yhk; td;ikahff; fz;bf;fpd;wJ. Mdhy;> Gytu;fs;> K];ypk; ngz;fis tu;zpf;ff; $lhJ me;epa ngz;fis ghjhjpNfr tu;zid nra;ayhk; vd;w gpioahd fUj;J epiyapy; jkJ ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,t;thwhd tu;zidfisr; nra;Js;sdu;. mNjNtis> mtu;fs; jkJ ,yf;fpaq;fSf;F r%f mq;fPfhuk; fpilf;f Ntz;Lnkd epidj;j msTf;F ,];yhkpa xOf;f tpOkpaq;fs; gw;wp rpe;jpf;ftpy;iy. mj;NjhL> ,];yhkpa ,yf;fpaq;fSf;nfd jdpj;Jtk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk; rpe;jpf;ftpy;iy. ghjhjpNfr tu;zid ,y;iynad;why; ngUq;ghg;gpak; ,y;iy vd;Nw rpe;jpj;Js;sdu; vd;gJ mtw;iwg; gbf;Fk;NghJ Gydhfpd;wJ. xU Flk; ghYf;F xU Jsp tp\k; vd;gjhfNt ,];yhkpaj; jkpo;f; fhg;gpaq;fspy; ghjhjpNfr tu;zid mike;Js;sJ vdyhk;.

24cit];> k.K.> m[;ky;fhd;> gP.K.> (1986)> K.F.E}> g. 570




12(2), 2019

KALAM, 12(2), 2019 34

8. rpj;ju; ghly; kugpidg; gpd;gw;wy;

rpj;ju; ghly; kugpidj; jOtp #gpf;ftpQu;fSk; ghly;fis ,aw;wpAs;sdu;. gPu;K`k;kJ ]hfpg; ghly;fs;> k];jhd; ]hfpg; ghly;fs; ,j;jifad. jhAkhdthpd; ghly;fisj; jOtpajhf Fzq;Fbahhpd; mjpfkhd ghly;fs; mike;Js;sd. flTspd; rh;t tpahgfk;> mtjhuf;Nfhl;ghL> ehafd; ehafp ghtk;> khah jj;Jtk;> tpidf; Nfhl;ghL> gQ;r Rj;jp> mj;Jtpjk;> Fz;lypdp rf;jp> ml;lkh rpj;jp> ml;lhq;fNahfk;> jtk;> Kj;jp> mDG+jp> cUt topghL> FUghuk;ghpak;> rpj;Jnewp> rd;khh;f;fk;> %h;j;jp> jy> jPh;j;j topghL vdg; gy mk;rq;fspy; ,UtuJ ghly;fSk; xUkpj;j fUj;jpid ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

,UtuJ ghly;fspYk; FUghuk;ghpak; Kf;fpaj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. FUtpd; rpwg;gpid Nghw;Wk; tifapy; ,UtuJ ghly;fspYk; FUtpid QhdFU> nksdFU> fhuzFU vd gy gbkq;fspy; itj;J Nehf;fpapUg;gij mtjhdpf;f KbAk;. NkYk;> ,tu;fs; jk;ik Ml;nfhz;l FUtpidj; jha;> je;ijf;F rkkhf itj;J Nehf;FtNjhL jkf;F caph;j;Jiz> FU vd;gjidg; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;. ,f;fUj;jpid jhAkhdth;>

“md;id mg;gd; Mtpj; JiznaDk; jd;id xg;gw;w rw;FU vd;gNjd; vd;idg; G+uz ,d;g ntspf;FNs

Jd;d itj;j Rlnudj; jf;fNj”25

“mg;gd; vd;Wk; md;idnad;Wk; Mhpad; vd;Wk; cidNa

nrg;GtJ Kd;dpiyapd; rPh;fhz; guhguNk”26

vdf; $w> Fzq;Fbahh; jd;id <d;w jhahfTk;> je;ijahfTk;> jd;Daph;j; JizahfTk;> jdf;F mUs;je;jtuhfTk; jkJ FUthd K`papj;jPd; mg;Jy; fhjpu; [Pyhdp mtu;fisg; Nghw;Wfpwhh;. ,f;fUj;jpid gpd;tUk; ghly; mbfs; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd:

“….je;ijjh ahfpaUs; je;jFU thfpnad; jd;Daph;f; FapU khfpj;

jhapw; rpwe;jte; Near; rpwg;gha;r;...”27

vdf; $WtjD}lhf mwpayhk;. jhAkhdtu;> rpj;ju;fspd; ty;yikfisg; gpd;tUkhW Gfo;e;J ghbAs;shu;.

“….. ifapy; cOe;J mkpOk; Mrdkha; XNuO fliyAk; gUf ty;yPu;

,e;j;uDyFk; mapuhtjKNk iff;nfspa

ge;jhnaLj;J tpisahl ty;yPu;.”28

,jidg; gpd;gw;wp Fzq;Fbahu;> jkJ FUthd K`papj;jPd; mg;Jy; fhjpu; [Pyhdp mtu;fis mfj;jPrd; rjfj;jpy; my;yh`;tpd; mu;i\ ge;jhLtjhfTk; kyf;Ffis mUfpy; mku;j;jp VO cyfpidAk; fuq;F MLtjhfTk;> my;yh`;thy; gilf;fg;gl;l ,t;Tyifnay;yhk;

25khzpf;fdhh;. m.> (1996)> jhAkhdtu; ghly;fs; : Kjy; njhFjp> g. 230 26khzpf;fdhh;. m.> (1996)> jhAkhdtu; ghly;fs; : ,uz;lhk; njhFjp> g. 171 27tbNty; Kjypahu;> k. (ciuahrpupau;)> (2004)> Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG ghly;fs;: KfpaPj;jPd; rjfk;: 37> g. 95

28khzpf;fdhh;. m.> (1996)> K.F.E}.> Kjy; njhFjp> g. -




12(2), 2019

KALAM, 12(2), 2019 35

fhyhy; cijj;J tpisahl ty;ytu;> mZitj; Jisj;J mjpy; Mfhaj;ijAk; G+kpiaAk; GFj;jp tpisahl ty;tyu; vdTk; gythW Gfo;e;J ghbAs;shu;. kdpjid msTf;F kpQ;rp GfOk; NghJ mJ> ,iw epuhfupg;gpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; vd;w Nfhl;ghl;ilAk; my;yh ;̀tpd; cjtpapd;wp mZTk; mirahJ vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bidAk; k];jhdpd; gpd;tUk; ghly; jfu;j;njwpfpd;wJ:

“mz;lNfh bfSNkhu; ge;njdf; iff;Fs; mlf;fp tpisahl ty;yPu; mfpyNkhu; VopidAk; MLk; fwq;FNghy; Ml;b tpisahl ty;yPu; kz;lyj;J mz;liu mioj;J mUfpUj;jpNa

itj;J tpisahl ty;yPu;……. ew;Fzq;Fb nfhz;l ghJ\hthd FU

ehjd; Kfpapj; jPNd”29

,UtuJ ghly;fspYk; ,iwtNdhL ,uz;;lwf; fyj;jy; vd;w mk;rk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. jhAkhdth; jkJ ghly;fspy; jhd; flTis fhjypg;gjhf mikAk; ehafd; ehafp ghtidia rpwg;ghff; ifahz;Ls;shh;. ,jidg; gpd;gw;wp> ,iwtid xU ngz;Zf;F rkkhf itj;J cUtfk; nra;J mg;ngz;iz jkJ fhjypahff; nfhz;L $LtijAk; CLtijAk; gythW ghbr; nry;fpwhh; Fzq;Fbahh;. ,jpy; ,];yhj;jpw;F Kw;wpYk; Kuz;gl;l tifapy; jk; fhjypahf nfhz;L ,iwtid tpurkhd Kiwapy; mq;f th;zizAk; nra;Js;shh;. ,iwtNdhL fyf;Fk; Nghpd;g epiy vd;w ngahpy; rpw;wpd;gk; rhh;e;j tplaq;fis jk; ghly;fspy; ifahz;bUg;gij epuhkaf;fz;zp> guhguf;fz;zp> u`;khd; fz;zp> kNdhz;kzpf;fz;zp Kjypa fz;zp tifg; ghly;fspy; gutyhff; fz;Lnfhs;s KbAk;. kNdhz;kzpf;fz;zpapy;> ,iwtid kNdhd;kzp vDk; ngz;zhf cUtfpj;J jk; tpufjhgq;fis vy;yhk; tpghpj;Jg; ghLfpwhh;.

jhAkhdtu; ghly;fspy; ,iwtid jiytdhfTk; jd;idj; jiytpahfTk; nfhz;L gpd;tUkhU ghbAs;shu;:

“$Wk; FzKk;,y;yh nfhs;ifapdhu; vd;ftiy

MWk; gbf;Fk; miztNuh igq;fpspNa”30

kw;nwhU ghlypy; jiytuhd mtiu ehd; jOtpl Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;Zk; NghJ mtu; vd;idj; jOtpf; nfhs;shky;; vq;Nf Ngha; xspe;jhNuh vdg; ghLfpwhu;. k];jhd; ]hfpg; my;yh`;it kNdhd;kzp vd ngz;zhfTk; jd;id jiytdhfTk; nfhz;L> nja;tPff; fhjiyg; ghba Mz;lhspd; ghliy xj;j ghly;fisg; ghbAs;shu;. ,iwtid mq;ftu;zid nra;J mq;fq;fSf;F Mguzq;fis ,l;L myq;fupj;J> Gzu;tjhfTk; jPg Muhj;jp vLj;J> tpjtpjkhd czTfis ,iwtDf;Fg; gilg;gjhfTk; gpd;tUkhW ghbAs;shu;:

“$e;jy; ,yq;ff; FUk;igj; jdk; FYq;f

Neu;e;J elk; Gupe;J epw;gha; kNdhd;kzpNa”31

“kyu;khiyfs; fple;J khu;gpy; gpd;dyhLk; cd;wd;

myu; KiyAk; ahd; vd;W mizNtd; kNdhd;kzpNa”32

“gpbahiug; NghYk; gpbg;Ngd; Kiyiaf; Fzq; 29tbNty; Kjypahu;> k. (ciuahrpupau;)> (2004)> K.F.E}> g. 69 30khzpf;fdhh;. m.> (1996)> K.F.E}> ,uz;lhk; njhFjp : igq;fpspf;fz;zp> ghly; : 1045> g. 206 31tbNty; Kjypahu;> k. (ciuahrpupau;)> (2004)> K.F.E}> kNdhd;kzpf;fz;zp : 15> g. 338 32tbNty; Kjypahu;> k. (ciuahrpupau;)> (2004)> K.F.E}> kNdhd;kzpf;fz;zp : 17> g. 338




12(2), 2019

KALAM, 12(2), 2019 36

Fbahiug; NghYk; Fbg;Ngd; kNdhd;kzpNa”33

vdg; ghbAs;shu;. Ngupd;gepiy vd;w ngaupy; rpw;wpd;gk; rhu;e;j nra;jpfis ruskhfg; ghbAs;shu; k];jhd; rhfpg;.

9. gpw rka fyhrhuq;fs;

,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gpw rka fyhrhuq;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. rPwhg;Guhzj;jpd;> kzk; nghUj;J glyk; 56MtJ ghlypy; mG+jhypg; mtu;fs; egpfshhpd; jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; nghpatu;fis mioj;J ehs;> K$u;j;jk; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wtjhf Mrpupau; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ehs;> Neuk; ghu;g;gJ ,];yhkpa topKiway;y. ckWg;Gytu; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; ,e;Jg; gz;ghl;bYk; cs;s ghpr;raj;ij ,t;tpyf;fpaj;jpYk; vOjpAs;shu; vd;Nw $wNtz;Lk;. mJkl;Lkd;wp> egpfshUf;Fk; fjP[h ehafp mtu;fSf;Fk; ,lk;ngwg; NghFk; jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; nghpNahu;fs; xd;W $b K$u;j;j ehs;> rPjdg; nghUs;fs; Kjypatw;iwj; jPu;khdpj;jjhfg; ghlg;gl;bUg;gijg; gpd;tUk; ghly; rpj;jphpf;fpd;wJ:

“,UtUQ;rk; kjpj;Jiuj;jh nudf;Fiwrpf; Fyj;jur hpjaq; $u;e;J kUkUG+q; Foyhl;F Kfk;kJf;F kzehis tFj;Jf; $wpj; njhpjUrP jdg;nghUS kpd;dnjd tiftifaha;j; njspar; rhw;wpg; nghUthpa nghw;gpsTk; nts;spiyAe;

jUfntdg; Gfo;e;jpl; lhuhy;.”34

mjd;gpd; Fitypj; mtu;fs; ntw;wpiy> ghf;F> fw;G+uk;> re;jdf; Fok;G Kjypatw;iwg; nghd;dhyhd xU jl;lj;jpy; itj;Jf; nfhLf;f mjid mG+jhypg; jk; ,U iffshYk; thq;fpdhu; vd kzk; nghUj;J glyk; 1095MtJ ghlypy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J ckWg;GytUf;Fj; jkpo; kf;fNshLk; jkpo;f; fyhrhuj;NjhLk; ,Ue;j ghpr;raj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. fhuzk; K];ypk;fsplk; ,e;j tof;fhWfs; ,y;iy. ntw;wpiy> ghf;F> fw;G+uk;> re;jdf; Fok;G Kjypa nghUl;fs; muG ehl;Lf;Fupa nghUl;fSky;y. ,t;thwhd fyhrhuq;fs; muG ehl;L kf;fsplk; fhzg;glTk; ,y;iy. mNjNtis> rPjdk; ,];yhj;jpy; jLf;fg;gl;l tplak;. mt;thwpUf;f> egpfshhpd; jpUkzj;jpy; ,t;thwhd gpiofs; ,lk;ngw;wjhff; $WtJ ntWk; fw;gid. ,t;thW eilngw;wjw;F vt;tpj MjhuKk; ,];yhkpa tuyhw;wpYk; ,y;iy.

NkYk;> jpUkzj;jpw;fhd ehs; Fwpj;jJk; midtUk; tUk;gbahf Kurwptpf;Fk;gb mG+jhypg; mtu;fs; $wpajhfTk; Kurwptpg;gtu; Kurwptpf;fTk; Mz;fs;> ngz;fs; midtUk;

jkJ ,y;yq;fisAk; kf;fkh efiuAk; jk;ikAk; myq;fhpj;Jf; nfhz;ljhfTk; „kzk;Ghp

glyj;‟jpy; ckWg;Gytu; $wpAs;shu;.

goq;fhyj;jpy;; muru;fs; jpUkzj;jpw;Fk; Rak;tuk; Kjypatw;iw elhj;Jtjw;Fk; Kb #l;Ltjw;Fk; Kurwptpf;Fk; tof;fk; fhzg;gl;lij ,yf;fpaq;fs; $Wfpd;wd. esntz;ghtpy; jkae;jpapd; Rak;tuj;jpw;fhf Kurwptpf;fg;gl;ljhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid ,t;thrphpaUk; gpd;gw;wp fjP[h ehafpf;Fk; K`k;kj; egpatu;fSf;Fk; jpUkzk; vd Kurwptpf;fg;gl;ljhff; $wpAs;shu;. ,];yhkpaj; jpUkz Kiwapy; ,t;thW tPL> efuk; Kjypatw;iw myq;fupj;J Mz;fs;> ngz;fs; midtiuAk; myq;fhpf;Fk;gb $Wk; tof;fk; ,y;iy. khwhfj;

33tbNty; Kjypahu;> k. (ciuahrpupau;)> (2004)> K.F.E}> kNdhd;kzpf;fz;zp : 20> g. 339 34nra;Fj;jk;gpg; ghtyu;> Nf.gp.> (1999)> (ciuahrpupau;)> (1999)> K.F.E}> kzk; nghUj;J glyk; : 61>

gf;. 422 – 423




12(2), 2019

KALAM, 12(2), 2019 37

jpUkzj;jpw;F tUk;gb miog;G tpLf;Fk; Kiw fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jid Mrphpau; ,q;F $wtpy;iy. khwhfj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa kuigg; gpd;gw;wp vOjpAs;shu;.

10. fw;gidfs;

jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngWtJ Nghd;w gy;NtW fw;gidf; fijfis ,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; Gytu;fs; ifahz;Ls;sdu;. Ngupyf;fpaq;fis efu;j;jpr; nry;tjw;F fpisf;fijfs; fw;gidahfg; Gidag;gLfpd;wd. ckWg;Gytu;> [Ptuhrpfs; kPjhd egpfshhpd;

fUiziaf; fhl;Lk; tifapy; „khDf;Fg; gpiz epd;w glyk;‟ vDk; xU glyj;ij mikj;Js;shu;. mjpy; khd;> egpfshUld; ciuahLtJ> fypkh nrhy;tJ midj;Jk; Mrphpahpd; fw;gidNa. mDkhDk; Rf;hPtDk; fhl;by; ,uhkidf; fz;lJk; mtu;fs; ,uhkdpd; fhypy; tPo;e;J tzq;fp epw;gJ Nghd;wnjhU fhl;rpia khDf;Fg; gpiz epd;w glyj;jpy; Mrpupau; mikj;Js;shu;. Ntldplk; khd; jpUk;gp te;jNghJ egpfshu;> Ntlid mioj;J> ekJ gpizia tpLj;J cdJ grpia ePf;fp> ngUikAila CUf;Fg; Ngha;r; Nru;thahf vd;W $wpdhu;fs;. clNd mtd;>

“khLiwe; jpitkhd; $w Kfk;kJ egpAk; tpw;if Ntlid tpspj;J ee;jk; gpizapid tpLj;J epd;wd; gPLilg; grpia khw;wpg; ngUk;gjpf; filf ntd;whu;

tPLngw; Wau;e;J tho;e;Nj nddkyu;g; gjj;jpd; tPo;e;jhd;.”35

vdf; $Wfpd;whd;. mjhtJ> ehd; Rtu;f;fNyhfj;ijg; ngw;W> Nkd;ikAw;W tho;e;Njd; vd;W $wp> egpfshhpd; jhkiu kyiu xj;j ghjq;fspy; tPo;e;J tzq;fpdhd; vd Mrphpau; $wpAs;shu;. mtu;jhd; my;yh`;tpd; J}ju; vd;gij mwpe;Nj mt;thW nra;jhd;. mNjNtis fypkhitAk; nrhy;ypj; jUk;gbAk; Nfl;lhd; vd Mrphpau; tpthpj;Js;shu;. egpfshhplk; te;J gyu; ,];yhj;ij Vw;w rk;gtq;fs; ,];yhkpa tuyhWfisf; $Wk; E}y;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. Mdhy;> ,t;thwhdnjhU rk;gtj;ij mtw;wpy; fhzKbatpy;iy. kpfg; gioa ,];yhkpa tuyhw;Wf; fijfisf; $Wk; E}y;fspy; egpfshiur; rpwg;gpf;Fk; tz;zk; gy;NtW fijfs; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. ,JTk; mtw;wpy; xd;whf ,Uf;fyhk;.

11. KbTiu

Nkw;$wg;gl;l tplaq;fis itj;J Nehf;Fk;NghJ ,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; nry;thf;F fhzg;gLtjid Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. mjhtJ> ,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpag; gilg;ghspfs;> ,];yhkpa ,yf;fpaq;fs; rka ,yf;fpak; vd;w tifapy; ,];yhkpa gz;ghLfNshL vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd fUjpajhfj; njupatpy;iy. jkJ ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F ,yf;fpa cyfpy; mq;fPfhuk; fpilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w mbg;gilapNyNa rpe;jpj;J ,yf;fpaq;fisg; gilj;Js;sdu;. mNjNtis> rka rpe;jidfSf;F toq;fpa Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijtpl ,uridf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij toq;fpAs;sdu;. mjdhy;jhd; ngUk;ghyhd ,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ghjhjp Nfr tu;zidfisr; nra;Js;sdu;. mNjNghy;> cyh ,yf;fpa kugpidAk; gpd;gw;wp mq;f tu;zidfis nra;Js;sdu;. mj;NjhL ,tu;fshy; gilf;fg;gl;l ,];yhkpa ,yf;fpaq;fspy; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; jOtiyAk; gpw rkaq;fspd; nry;thf;fpidAk; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

crhj;Jizfs;

,];khaPy;> K.K. (1984). ,dpf;Fk; ,uh[ ehafk;> ru;tNjr jkpo; fw;iffSf;fhd epWtdk;> kJiu.

35nra;Fj;jk;gpg; ghtyu;> Nf.gp.> (ciuahrpupau;)> (1999)> K.F.E}> khDf;Fg; gpiz epd;w glyk;: 65> g. 786




12(2), 2019

KALAM, 12(2), 2019 38

cku; ~uPg; ,g;D mg;J];]yhk;> (jkpohf;fk;)> (2014). mu;u`Pf; my;kf;J}k; jhUy; `{jh> nrd;id.

cit];> k.K.> (gjpg;ghrpupau;) (1991). GJ}F~;~hk; Kjyhq; fhz;lk; Kfkjpa;ah - %yKk; tpsf;fTiuAk;> kpy;yj; gg;sp]u;];> nrd;id.

cit];> k.K.> (gjpg;ghrpupau;)> (1989). GJ}F~;~hk; ,uz;lhq; fhz;lk; rpj;jPf;fpa;ah- %yKk; tpsf;fTiuAk;> kpy;yj; gg;sp]u;];> nrd;id.

cit];> k.K. (1990). ,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW njhFjp ,uz;L> fhkuh[u; gy;fiyf;fofk;> kJiu.

cit];> k.K.> m[;ky;fhd;> gP.K.,. (1990). ,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW njhFjp %d;W> fhkuh[u; gy;fiyf;fofk;> kJiu.

fdftpuhau;> (1990). fdfhgpN~f khiy> Ie;jhk; cyf ,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa khehL> fPof;fiu.

rhuz gh];fud;> (1961). A+Rg; Riyfh fhtpak;> Adptu;]y; gg;sp~u;]; nrd;id.

nra;Fj; jk;gpg; ghtyu;> Nf.gp.> (ciuahrpupau;) (1999). rPwhg;Guhzk; %yKk; nghopg;GiuAk; ,uz;lhk; ghfk;> KifajPd; Mz;lif FUgPlk;> jkpo;ehL.

nra;apj; K`k;kJ `]d;> (gjpg;ghrpupau;)> (1999). rpd;dr;rPwh vd;W toq;Fk; rPwhg;Guhzk;> nrd;id.

neapdhu;> (1990). jpUkzf; fhl;rp> kiuf;fhau; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id.

gPu;K`k;kJ xypAy;yh`;> (1977). Qhdg;Gfo;r;rp> mQ;Rtz;zk; gPu; Kfk;kjpa;ah K];ypk; mNrh]pNa\d;> jf;fiy.

gPu;Kfk;kJ rh`pg;> (2007). jpUnewp ePjk;> ,];yhkpa ,yf;fpaf; fofk;> nrd;id.

khzpf;fdhu;> m. (gjpg;ghsu;) (1996). jhAkhdtupd; jpUg;ghly;fs;: %yKk; ciuAk;. nrd;id: thu;jh gjpg;gfk;>.

tz;zf;fsQ;rpag; Gytu;> (1977). ,uh[ ehafk;. nrd;id: ftpQu; ehr;rpf;Fsj;jhu; gjpg;gfk;.

tbNty; Kjypahu;> k. (ciuahrpupau;)> (2004). Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG ghly;fs; ciuAld;. nrd;id: Ky;iy epiyak;.

`];]hd;> (1999). ,];yhj;ij kwe;j ,yf;fpaq;fs;. nrd;id: ,];yhkpa fy;tp ntspaPl;L epWtdk;.

,];yhkpaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; nry;thf;f

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