yebaw kyaw mya

7/21/2019 Yebaw Kyaw Mya

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&Jabmfausmfjr (&ckdi f) ESpf100(1915 - 2005)

uefawmhyef;uAsmrsm;/ pmwrf;rsm;


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&Jabmfausmfjr &mjynfhtxdrf;trSwfe@JuG,fvGefkjcif; 10 ESpfajrmuftxdrf;trSwf


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rmwdum

1? aus;Z l;wifv $m

2? & Jabm fausm fjr(&cki f) & J@ b0ae@p GrSw fwrf;

3? v Grf;o l@yef;acGo Dcsi f;

4? & Jabm fausm fjrb0wGif;r S"mwfyHt , fv fbef

5? & Jabm fausm fjr(&cki f). uk, fw kifa&; tawG@t}uHKr Sw fwrf;

6? &c kif jynfe, f& Sw u Gwjym;p Djzpfae=uaom jynfcsp f0g' D& Jabm fr sm;ok@-

&c kif& Jabm fa[mi f;wOD;x HrSyef=um;v$m

7? &c kifw kif;r Szu fqpfawm fv Sefa&; tawG@t}uHK

(zufqpfawm fv Sefa&; atmifyGt ESpf50 ajrmuft x drf;tr Sw f jynfo l@tm%m*sm

e, frS)

8? om;or D;rsm;xHay;pmrsm;

9? & Jabm fausm fjruG, fv Gefcs defw Gi fay;y d@vmaom o0%fv $mrsm;

10? uG, fv Gefo l& Jabm fausm fjrod@ uefawm hye f;uAsmrsm;

-&c kifk ;r&J@ armfu Gef; armi fv S0i f;(jrif;+cH)

-O D;n w f=uygawmh 0i f;wifx Gef;

-o Hr% d=u,feDo k@ r k;n Gef @

-awm fv Sefa&;tvHxu fu =u,feDwyGi f armi fpk;cs def

-& Jabm fausm fjr tvGr f;a jy z k;e D

11? awm fv Sefa&;orm;wOD;& J@ ZeD;o,f/ awm fv Sefa&; tdrfaxmi fwck&J @ rdci f/

& Jabm fausm fjr(&ckif) o k@ tv Grf;r Sw fwrf; & Jabm f(a':) O D;p def(=umO D;jzL)

12? aumi f;uifazaz jr&nfcs dK

13? ygyg hy H& dyfr sm; a0O D;jzL

14? ygyg haemufq H;&ufrsm; a0O D;jzL

15? &c di fk ;rrSm ESif ;q D&eH @awGo if;ys H@aeqJa r$;aeqJ & Jabm fai G

16? & Jabm fausm fjr & Jabm fapmukOD;

17? & Jabm f(OD; ) ausm fjr od@r[kw ftaemu fk;r. oauFw & Jabm fpk;csp f

18? Armjynftaemu fzsm;u vif;, kef }u D; & Jabm fzk;o Hacsmi f;

19? &c ki fk ;ray:u =u,feD }u D; v Sausm faZ m


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20? & Jabm fausm fjr b0wap hwapmi f; jyefajymif;owd&csuf p k; jrifjrwf

21? or kif;x Ju &c kifk ;ray:u =u,feD & Jabm fat;oe f;

22? &c kifk ;rukausm fv#i f z k;e D

23? u|e fawm fo dcJaom & Jabm fausm fjr & Jabm farmi farmi f

24? & Jabm fOD;ausm fjr trSw fw& & Jabm fatmi fcsp f

25? & Jabm fausm fjr (&ckif) o d@r[kw f&moufye fawm fv Sefa&;orm; }uD;

&Jabm fcsp fatmi f

26? jrefrm hEkifiHa&;orkif;pmrsufESmrsm;ay:u O Dausm fjr(&Jabm fausm fjr-&c kif)

b k% f; jrwfom

27? & Jabm fausm fjrok@ *k% fjy K tav;e D Aw k;& Sef(rH& Gm)

28? & Jabm fausm fjr (&ckif) eJ @ ywfou fw Jtaw G;prsm; &Jabm fatmi fv Gif

29? E kifiHwum o dcsi f;


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aus;Zl;wifv $m

2015 c kE Sp fonf & Jabmfausm fjr (O D ;ausm f jr-&c ki f ). oufwrf; 100

jyn f hE Sp fjzp fy gon f? & Jabm fausm f jruk d &c k di f aw mifwe f ;a'o (,ck

&ckifjynfe, f) yvu f0+rdK @e,fw Giftz O D;ausmfx Ge f;/ trda':pHo lw k@ rS1915

c k/ E k0i fbm 11 &ufae@u arG;z Gm;c J&m/ arG;csif; 10 a,mu fteu fww d,

ajrmufjzpf+y D; trmarG;csif;x Jr Swa,mufjzpfy gonf? T 2015 ckESpfon f

Armjynftrs dK ;om;acgi f;aqmif}u D; ocifatmi fqef;E Si fArmjynfpmay

tEkynm r dci f}u D;jzpfon f tar v lx ka':trmwk@onfvn f; & Jabm f

ausmfjrenf;w ltE Spf100 jynfarG;E Spfjzpfygonf? &Jabmfausmfjronf1936

c kE Sp f ausmif;om;oydw f/ 1300 jynf ta&;awmfyHw k@. o ydw fwyfom;

wO D ; jzp fy gonf? o l @acw f or k di f ;ay; wm0e fr sm ; jzp fonf h w d ki f ; jyn f

v Gw fvyfa&;/ 'Dr kua&p Da&;E Sif qk&S, fv pfa&;wd @uk xrf;aqmifc Jonf

oci frsdK ;qufrsm;ESif tw lay:aygufc Jon fArmjynf. yxr E ki fiHa&;rs dK;

qu fjzpfy gonf?

,c ktcg Arm jyn f. yxrrs d K ;quf E k d i fi Ha&;orm;r sm;vnf ;

rsm;rsm;pm;pm; r& Sawmhyg? &Jabmfausmfjronfyi fuG, fv GefcJon frSm 2015


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c kE Sp fw Gi f 10 E Sp f jynfygawmhrnf? & Jabmfausm f jrwk d @ r s d K ;qufrsm;.

w kif; jynfE Sifvlrs dK ; tay: azmfaqmifcJaom aumif;r _rsm;uk&Jabmfausmfjr

,ckv kE Sp f100 jynfar G;ae@rSm jyefvn fwo * k% fjyKonftaeE Si fTpm

t ky fi, fu kx kw fa0z k@ }u dK;pm;cJjcif; jzpfy gonf?

o k d @ aom fvn f ; & J abm f au sm f j rE S i f htw l v ky fu k d i f c J h aom

Armjyn fyxrrs dK ;quf Edi fi Ha&;orm;rsm;xJr S b,fo lr S yg0if a&;om;

E k di f jci f ;r& S dawmhbJ & Jabmfausm f jr a&;c J honf h uk d, fwk di fa&; tawG @

t}u H Kr Sw fwr f ; tusO f ;u k dom azm f jyE k d i fc J h y g onf? wcs de fwnf ;r Sm

& Jabm fausmfjrESiftw lv kyfu ki fcJaom O D;bpH(&ckif). &ckifwkif;&if;om;

rsm;ESif jrefrmEki fi H. v Gwfvyfa&; }ud K;yrf; r _ pmtkyfuk uk;um;+y D;

& Jabmfausmfjrwd@acwf&c kiftrs dK ;om;rsm;. v _y f& Sm;r_rsm;ukvn f;aumif;/

avxD;O D;t ke f;armif. E Sp faygi f; ig;q, f=umaomtcgpmtkyfu kum;+y D;

zu fqpf*syefawm fv Se fa&;eJ@ ywfou fI wpHw&m azm fx kw fa&;om;c Gif

&on ftw Gu fawm hr l0r f;om&ygonf?

wcs de fwn f;r Sm & Jabm fausm fjr. ESp f100 jynf tx dr f;trSw f

pmtky fr Sm yg0i fa&;om;c J =uonf & Jabmfausm f jrE Si f twl Armjynf

jynfo l@' Dr kua&p Da&;ukwku fy G0ifcJaom Armjynfu GefjrLepfygwD. ww d,

r s d K ;qu fr S & J abm f }u D ; r s m ; tm ;v H k ;u k dvn f ; au s ;Z l ;wi f a =umi f ;

azm fjytyfy gonf?

aemu fq H k ;taeE S i f h Tpmt ky fu k d p D pO f ay ;aom E S i f ;q D

v Gif jyifpmay ukvn f; aus;Zlwifa =umi f; r Sw fwrf; wifyg&ap?

tm;v H;u kav;pm;p Gmjzif

& Jabm fausm fjr. use f&p fo lr dom;p k

2015 c kE Spf / rwfv ?


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& Jabm fausm fjr(&ckif)& J@ b0ae@pGr Sw fwrf;

1? & Jabm fausm fjruk &cki fawmi fwef;a'o (,c k&cki fjynfe, f)

yvuf0+rdK @e,fw Giftz O D;ausmfx Ge f; / tr da':pHo lw k@ r S1915 ck/ E k0ifbm

11 &ufae@u arG;z Gm;c J? arG;csif; 10 a,mu fteu fww d,ajrmufjzpf+y D;

trmarG;csif;x JrSw a,mu fjzpfw, f?

2? 1933 ckE Sp fw Gif q, fwef;u k (u) tqifjzif atmi fjrifcJ +y D;

&e fu kefwu Uo kv frSm qufvufynmoif, lcJ? e*g;eDpmtkyfw ku fx kw fbH0g'/

zu fqpf0g' pwJpmtky faw Gzw f_av hvmc J? rmhu fp f0 g'ukaw G@& ScJw, f?

3? 1936 ckE Spf / {+yDvrSm &c kifv li, frsm; Ek; =um;a&; tpnf;

tH;uk tjcm; &c kifw k;wu fo lv li, frsm;eJ@twl zG@pnf;a&;rSm yg0ifcJ?

tpn f;t H;& J@ tr_aqmi fv l}u D;wOD;tjzpfyg0ifcJ? y duwfw ku fp k;tjzp f

r* ~Zi f;tzG@e J@ &mZ0ife J@ pma[mif; aya[mif;p kaqmi f;a&;vky fie f;w k@r Sm

yg0ifaqmif& Gu fcJ&w,f?

4? 1936 ckESp ft*Fv dyfu kv ke De, fcsJ@qef@usifa&;/ ' kw d, ausmi f;

om;oydw fw Gi f&c kifausmifom; tajrmuftjrm; enf;w l&Jabm fausm fjr

vn f; wufwu fuu yg0ifcJw, f?

5? 1936 c kE Sp f ausmi f ;om;oydwfumvtwGi f ;r Smy J oydw f

u dp Ptw Gu fppfaw Gu k&ckifausmif;om;acgi f;aqmifrsm; jzpf=uwJu kb pH/

u kn dKx Ge f;w d@e J@ tw ljyef+y D; ppfaw Gausmi f;om;acgi f;aqmifrsm;ukac:,l

oydw fw&m;a[m? pp faw Gausmif;om;rsm; or*~u kzG@pnf;ay;cJ? &cki f

awmi fwef;a'orSm ausmi f;om;oydw faw Gu kazm fx kw fcJ=uw,f?

6? 1938 (1300 jynfta&;awmfy H) umvrSmvn f; wufwu f

uuyg0ifv _y f& Sm;cJw, f?

7? 1940 c kE Sp fr Sm bDatpmar;y G Ju k d t*Fvdy fpm* k%fxl; jzi f h

atmif jri fc J? &cki fuk jyefvm+yD; ausmufjzLr Sm ausmi f ; q&mtjzpf 2

E Sp ftr_xr f;&if; ausmif;om;rsm;ukrs dK;cspfp dw fo Gif;ay;c Jw, f?

8? 1942 ckE Sp f/ *syefrsm; Armjynfo d@ 0ifvm? t* Fv dy ftpd;&u


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tr_xrf;awGu koH;vpm vpmxkw fay;um tEN,o d@ x Gu fajy;oGm;? tJ'D

tcs de fup+y D; ppfaw Gu kjyefvmum E difiHa&;v_y f& Sm;r_r Sm ajcpHypf0ifa&muf

cJw, f?

9? 1942 ckE Sp ftw Gi f;r Smy J Akv f&e fatmi f[m Arm hv Gw fvyfa& ;

wyfrawmfwy ftiftm;wcs dK@eJ@ &ckifu ka&mufvmcJ? &ckifta&;udp Prsm;uk

O D;omZvS/ O D;atmifx Gef;O D;/ OD;bpH/ O D;n dKx Ge f;/ OD;ausmfjr (&Jabm fausm fjr)

wk@eJ @ nE_if;wkifyif aqmif& Gufc J? A kvf&efatmi f& J @ wm0efay;csuft&

&Jabmfausmfjr[m b l;o D;awmifb% fu koGm;a&mufo drf;y ku fcJ? b Dt kifat

t kyfcsKyfa&;tzG@awGzG@pnf;E kifa&; &ckifawmifwef; ae&mtE S@ Akv f&efatmif

e J@twlv Sn fvn fw&m;a[mc J? t J'Duwn f;u *syefqef@usifa&;udp Pu k

pwi fa[m=um;c J=uw,f?

10? 1942 ckE SpfaE Smif;y kif;r Sm A kv f&e fatmife J@ twl&e fu kefvku fyg

oGm;+y D ; &cki fr Sm bD' Dat zG @pnf;a&; A kv fcs Ky f atmifqef;e J @ nE_i f ;c J?

wcs defwn f;r Sm OD;E k(oci fE k)/ ocifcspfw k@e J@ ppfaw Gc kift ky fcs Kyfa&;udp Pu k

O D;n dKx Ge f;/ OD;bpHw k@e J@ tw l& Jabm fausm fjr aqG;aEG;c Jw, f?

11? * sye facwfumvwGi f yvuf0 +r d K @u k d wm0e fay;c su ft&

odr f ;, l +y D ; jynfol @tky fc s Ky fa&;tzG J @ (PAC) wm0efc H +r d K @tky ftjzp f

wm0e fxrf;aqmifcJ&w,f?

12? 1943 ck/ Zefe0g& D 12 &ufae@rSm O D;bpH/ O D;ausmfjrwd@tzG@

+r dK @a[mif;+rdK@ok@ oGm;+yD; &ckifr sdK;cspfyk*~Kv frsm;ESifaw G@q Haq G;aEG;=u? &ckiftES@

taysm fxrf; umuG, fa&;wyfzG@pnf;cJ? OD;ausmfjr (&Jabmfausmfjr) ukyvuf

0 wm0e fc Htjzp fwm0e fay;c Jw, f?

13? +r d K @tky fwm0efxrf ;aqmifaepO f &e fu ke fa&mufaec d ku fr Sm

oci fpk;e J@ awG@+yD; *syefawm fv Sefa&;twGu f jyifqifa&; wm0efay;c Hc J&?

oci fo def;az(ode f;azjrif) e J@ ocifwifa& $w k@ t dE N,c& D;pOftw Gu f u ln D

ay;c J&? tvm;wlv li, ftcs dK @ukt dE N,yk@ay;a&;uku ln Daqmi f& Gu fay ;

&w,f?

14? 1945 c k/ Zefe0g& Dw&ufae@r Sm O D;ndKx Ge f;w k@e J@twl *syef


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awm fv Se fa&;ukacgif;aqmif+y D; wjynfv H;xufapmpGm w ku fcku fc Jw, f?

15? *sye fe J @ w k du fy G Jr sm;rsm; rwk du fvk du f&bJ atmify G J& +y D ; /

t*Fv dy fwyfjyef0if/ t*Fv dy fu o lw k@u k pdw frcsvd@ tEN, O D;o de f;azjrif

pce f;y k@xm;c H&? tJ' Duae Armjynfjye fa&mu f&i f zqyv z G@pnf;z k @uk

nef =um;cJ? jyefa&muf+y D ; +r d K @a[mif;r Sm wki f;vH;qk di f&m acgi f ;aqmif

aw Gyg0if+y D; zqyv z G@pnf;a&; tm;xkw fc Jw, f?

16? *syefawm fv Se fa&; +yD;w Jaemufppfaw G+r dK @e,fawmuH& GmrSm

v, for m ;n Dvmc H }u D; ( awmu Hn Dvmc H )u d k u G e fj r Lep fv d kvm ;w J h

v li, frsm;. }udK;yrf;r _jzif usif;yEdi fc J? n Dvmc Hr Sm & Jabm fausm fjru (1)

tcGe fawm fray;a&; (2) oD;pm;cray;a&; (3) v,fu dau;ESifro drf;a&;

(4) traw mfa =u; wd;ay;a&; pw Jtqdrsm;udwifo Gi f;c J&m n Dvmc Hwck

v H;u vufc Htwn fjyKcJw, f?

16? 1946 ckE Sp fwGi f ArmjynfuGef jrLepfygwDA[kwGi f ocifp k ;

acgi f;aqmif+y D; u Ge fjrLepfy gwD(tvHe D) tjzpfc Gx Gu f o Gm;c J? ocifp k;u k

raxmufcH/ oci foef;x Ge f;t ky fp ku kom axmu fcHcJ?

17? 1947 ckE Sp f{+yDvrSm +r dK @a[mif;+rdK @e,f tx kw fon f aus;

& Gmw Gif u Ge fjrLepfv dvm;w J v li, frsm;pkpn f;+yD; Armjynfu Ge fjrLepfy gwD

(pp faw Gc dif)u d zG@pnf;c J? pwi fx laxmi fo lrsm;wGif (1) O D;ausmfjr (2)

O D;armifw l(3) O D;p Hwif(Armtrs dK ;om;) (4) O D;omxGe f;O D; (5) O D;abmfv D

(6) a':rnGe f@ (7) OD;O D;ausmfZ H (8) O D;armifjzLoH (9) O D;p Habm fOD; (10)

OD;O D;p defausmf(11) OD;armifp de f(12) OD;iykacs (c) OD;oef;jrif(13) OD;zaxmfOD;

(c) O D;& Jx l; (14) O D;x Ge f;atmifjzL (c) OD;& Jx Ge f; w d@yg0ifw, f?

18? 1948/ rwfv 27 &u fae@uyiftpd;&u t=urf;zufvmv k@

c difaum frw Dtpnf;ta0;xdif+y D; vufeu fudifw du fy Gpwifz k@ q H; jzwfcJ?

&e fo lup+y D ; t=ur f ;zu fvm&i f t=ur f ;en f ; jzi f h w H k @ jye f&r,fq d kw J h

w&m;tay: tajcc H +y D ; qH k ; jzwf jci f ; jzp fc J hw,f?( jynfrr Sm vufeuf

u ki fw ku fy Gu krw fv 28 &u fr Smr Spwifc J)

19? 1950 ckE Sp fw Gifvky fie f;wm0efcGa0r_t& & Jabm fausm fjronf


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&ckif jynfe, f. jyn fe, fygwDaum frw Dtw Gif;a&;rSL;jzpfvmw, f?

19 ? 1955 c k E S p f / Arm j yn fu Ge f j r Lep f y gw D A[ k d aum f rw D

tpn f;ta0;u & Jabmfausm f jrtm; Armjynfu Gef jrLepfy gwD t&efA[k

aum frw Dtjzp fa& G;cs,fcJ? 1962 ckESp fr Sm A[kaum frw Djzpfvmc Jw, f?

20? 1975 c kE Sp farvwGif/ A[kaum frw DtzG@0ife J@ A[kaum frw D

E kifiHa&;O D;aqmiftzG@0ife J@ ppfaum fr& Si ftzG@0ifjzpfvmw, f?

21? 1979 ckE Sp faESmif;y ki f;r Sm ygwDA[ kXmecsKyfu ac:, lv ku fv k@

ygwDA[ kXmecsKyf&S&m yefqef;u krdom;pk0i ftm; vH;e J@twla&mufvmw,f?

A[ kpn f; H;a&;XmeeJ@ A[kwyfaygi f;p kXmeukwm0e fc Hy gw,f?

22? 1985 ckE Sp fr Sm Armjynfu Gef jrLepfy gwDw w d,t}u dr fjynf

v H;u|wfu Ge f*&ufr Sm A[kaum frw Dtjzp fjyefvn fta& G;c H&+y D; aemuf

A[ kaum frw DE kifiHa&;O D;aqmiftzG0iftjzp fe J@ ppfaum fr& Siftz G@0iftjzpf

vn f; jyefvn fa& G;cs,fjcif; c H&y gw,f?

23? wwd,t}udr f uGe f*&u f +yD;aemuf A[kwyfaygi f ;p kXme/

A[ k0g'jzef@cs Da&;XmeeJ@ A[kpn f;urfx de f;o dr f;a&; aumfr& Si f Ou Utjzp f

wm0e fxrf;aqmifcJ&jyefw, f?

24? Arm jyn f ta& S @a jrmufy k d i f ;e, fpy fv lr s d K ;p kaw G y ke fue f

r _jzpfvm+y D;aemufygwDA[ ku kajratmufygwDtjzp fajymif; v ku f&w Jtcg

usefacgif;aqmifaw Gen f;w lA[ kaumfrw Dem,u vl}u D;tjzpfuG, fv Gefw J

2005 {+yDvtx dwm0e f, lx rf;aqmifcJw, f?


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(ESpfawGvawG tcsde f =umanmif;vk d @ &moDtaygif;awG b,fvkdajymif;ygap usqHk;wJh &Jabmf taygif;awG toufaoG;awGvSLcJhoav a=omf rarhEkdifay wrf;wumae ajzrajy vGrf;ol@yef;acGvSrf;vifhumyJae ) 2

(ArmjynfESpf&Snfv&Snf c|wfcsHKusatmif ppftpkd;& zdESdyfcJhoav b,fb0 b,fcgwGif ra=u wa,mufeJ @w a,muf[m toufukdtyfum E$J&ygwJh awmfvSefa&;vrf;c&D;ay:rSmav usqHk;olawG rSef;ar#mfvkd@ae yef;acGqufvSrf;ae )2

(awmfvSefa&;vrf;c&D;uawmh r+yD;qHk;ao;wJh 'DcsdefcgrSmav wkd@&JabmfawG rSef;ar#mfcJhwJh atmifyef;ukdvnf; vSrf;umaeqJay vGrf;&pfwJh&Jabmftaygif;awG opPm"dmef +rJckdif=urav) 2

('Dae@ 'Dcsdefcgrav e,fcsJ@orm;eJ@ kyfao;kyfrsm;ukdawmh vufpm;awmfacsygrav pdwfrmefwif;ae qxuf+zdK;a0 wkdufzdk@ta&;awG

t"dmefjyKrav aoG;pnf;um &Jabmftaygif;awG owWd+zdK;a0 pcef;wav#mufrSmav &efoltaygif; acsr_ef;ypfr,fav ) 2

vGr fo lh ye fac G


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&Jabmfausmfjr b0wGi f;rS"mwfyHkt,fvfbef


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& Jabm fausm fjr (&cki f)

(1915-2005)


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OD;ausm fjr&J@ r dci f

D;ausm fjr&J@zcif

OD ;ausm fjr&J@ t}uD;q H;tp fr OD;ausm fjr&J@ 'kw d,tp fr


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OD;ausm fjr&J@wwd,tp fr

OD;ausm fjr&J@pwkw t pfr

OD;ausm fjr&J@ n DwO D;

O D;ausm fjr&J@ti,fq H;n D


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&ckifv li, fEk; =um;a&;pnf; H;a&;tzG@0iftcs dK@

q&mawm fOD;OwWru k}u dKq dzk @to Gm; pp faw Gv dyfq dyfw Gifku fwm;wJyH

aemufwef;rwfwyf&yfaeolrsm;(0JrS,m) q rajrmufv li, frSm

u kausm fjrjzpfw, f? 'D&ckifv li, fEk; =um;a&;tpnf;t H;u k

1936 c krw f29 &uf/ we*FaE Gae @u pwi fz G@pnf;c Jw, f?


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t dEN,Eki fiHb D[m;vm;vfb H& dyfoma&mufjrefrmavxD;& Jabm frsm;

aemufwef;-(0JrS,m)/ & Jabm fa& $om/ & Jabm faz}uD;/ Akv fomx Gef;atmi f/

Akv fcsp faumi f;/ &Jabm farmi fuav; / & Jabm fapmO D; / oci fjroGi f/ Akv fpk;armi f

oci fAdv f

tv, fwef;-(0JrS,m) oci fat;ausm f(u ka& $)/ O D;O D;apm/ O D;armi fO D;ausm f/

u kausm fjr/ O D;ynmoD[/ rjr& D/ armi foef;(&Jabm fuu fO)/ A kv fbo def; (twm)/

Akv fygav;/ &Jabm farmi f=unf/

a&S @wef;-(0JrS,m)/ O D;x Gef;atmi fausm f/ y garmuQOD;ausm f&if / A kv f=umvSatmi f/

u ko def;Z H(om,m0wDoci fo def;armi f) / oci fv Su Gef;/ Akv fpHomausm f


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jynfw Gi f;ppftapmy ki f;umv & Jabm fausm fjr


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& Jabm fausm fjr 1998 E k0i fbmar G;ae@



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75 A[kaum frw Drsm;eJ@twl& Jabm fausm fjr

85 A[kaum frw Drsm;eJ@twl& Jabm fausm fjr


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wwd,t}u drfu Ge f*&ufobmywdpi fxu frS& Jabm fausm fjr

obmywdpi fxu frSm (0 Jr S,m) & Jabm fausm fjr/ &Jabm frs dK; jrif/

& Jabm foci fazwi f/ oci fAo def;wif/ & Jabm fci farmi f}u D; / &Jabm fwif& D


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obmywdpi fxu frSpn f; H;a& G;aumufa&;pep frsm;&Sif ; jyaewJ& Jabm fausm fjr

&Jabm fausm fjr/ &Jabm frs dK; jrif


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&Jabm ftcs dK @eJ@twlr Ja&wGu faewJ& Jabm fausm fjr

a& S@wef;(0 JrS,m) & Jabm fpk;o drf; / &Jabm fx Gef;v Gi f/ & Jabm fausm fjr/ &Jabm fz&e f*e f'D ;

aemufwef; (0JrS,m) & Jabm fazaomi f; / &Jabm fjrrif;/ OD;aZm frki f;


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Ou Uoci fAo def;wifeJ @& Jabm fausm fjr

& Jabm fausm fjreJ@ & Jabm f& Jx Gef;


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(0 JrS,m)-O D;aZm frkif ;/ &Jabm fazaomi f; / &Jabm fausm fjr/ &Jabm fz&e f*e f'D ;/

& Jabm fpk;o de f;/

&Jabm fx Gef;v Gif

a& S@wef;(0 JrS,m)-O D;aZm frkif ; / &Jabm fausm fjr/ O D;p kif ;atmif0i f;

aemufwef;(0 Jr S,m)-& Jabm fausm faZm/ & Jabm f=uifarmi f/ &Jabm fp Ho l


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& Jabm fazaomi f; /&Jabm fausm fjr/ &Jabm fausm fjrif

& Jabm fw ku fatmi feJ @

& Jabm fausm fjr


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Jabm fausm fjrrdom;p k(1979 pufwifbm)

Jabm fausm fjrwk@ Ze D;armi fE S


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& Jabm fausm fjrtm; om;ausm fjroef;e J@tw l

& Jabm fausm fjrtm; orD; }uD;rjr&Dw k@ZeD;armi fESeJ @tw l


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&Jabm fausm fjrwk@ZeD;armi fEStm;ti,fq H;or D;wifwife J@twl

& Jabm fausm fjrwk@ZeD;armi fEStm; or D;vwfrjr=unfZeD;cifyGef ;/

orD;i,fwi fwifw k@e J@tw l


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& Jabm fausm fjruG, fv Gef +y D; &ufvn fq Grf;o Gw ftr#a0a&pufcsaepO f

& Jabm fausm fjr&J@ usef&p fo lrdom;p k0i fwcs dK@


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&Jabmfausmfjr (&cdif).

ud, fw difa&; taw G@t}uHKrSw fwrf;


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( aumufEkw fazm fjyonf)

i, f& G, fpO fumv

rdrd(&Jabmfausmfjr)udk&cdkifawmifwef;a'o(,ckpepfjynfe,f) yvuf0r@YtzOD;OD;ausmfxGef; trda':pHolwdk@rS1915 Edk0ifbm 11 wGifarG;zGm;ygonf?arG;csif; 10 a,mufteuf wwd,ajrmufjzpfum tjrmarG;csif;xJrSwa,mufjzpfonf? rdrdtxufwGif tpfrESpfa,muf&Sdonf? zcifrSmyvuf0r@ ta&;ydkifHk; pma&;jzpfonf? aemufydkif;wGif r@tkyfwm0efjzifh&aohawmifr@ xdkrSwzefausmufawmfr@odk@ ajymif;&onf?

rdrdi,fpOfu yvuf0r@rSmyif rlvwef;ynmoifcJhum av;wef;atmif+yD;aemufpaumvm;&SpfajzqdkatmifjrifcJhojzifh5 ESpfynmoifqk&SdcJhonf? ig;wef;rSq,fwef;txdppfawGtpdk;& txufwef;ausmif;wGifynmqufvufoif=um;cJhonf? 1933 wGifq,fwef;udk(u)tqifhjzifhatmifjrifI &efukefwuUodkvfodk@ qufwufonf?

rdbrsm;u om;jzpfoltm; tpdk;&tr_xrf; jzpfapcsif=uonf?t+rJvnf; wdkufwGef;wwf=uonf? rdrdonf txufwef;ausmif;om;b0rSmyif terrorist movementrSpmapmifpmwrf;rsm; e*g;eDpmtkyftoif;rSxkwfa0aom bHk0g' zufqpf0g'wdk@ESifhywfoufonfhpmtkyfrsm;udkzwf_avhvmcJhonf? odk@jzifhe,fcsJ@t*Fvdyfqef@usifa&; zufqpf*syefqef@usifa&; pdwf"mwfrsm; udef;atmif;vmcJhonf? touf16 ESpft&G,frSm wuUodkvfodk@ a&mufonf? wuUodkvfodk@ a&muf+yD;aemufrdrdpdwfudkv$wfay;xm;ovdkjzpfvmonfhtavsmufausmif;pmzwf_avhvmr_tm;enf;vmonf? ausmif;wufrrSefjzpfvmonf? xdk@a=umifhOypmwef;wGifESpfESpf/ 0dZm

wef; wGifwESpfpmar;yGJuscJhonf? xdkESpfwef;pvHk;udktvGwfajzqdkum 1940


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wGifbDat atmifcJhonf?

wuUodkvfausmif;om;b0 ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif wufupGm yg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJhonf? 1936 ausmif;om;oydwf/ 1938 ausmif;om;oydwfrsm; wGifwufwufuu yg0ifcJhonf? 1936 oydwfumvtwGif;ppfawGodk@ jyefvmum ausmif;om;or*~rsm; pnf;Hk;zGJ@pnf;um &cdkifjynfe,ftwGif; ausmif;om;oydwfwdkufyGJrsm; azmfxkwfcJhonf? xdkpOfuyifv,form;or*~rsm;udkvnf; xlaxmifay;cJhonf?

1940 bDatatmif+yD;aemuf&cdfkifodk@jyefvmum ausmufjzLr@wGiftwef;q&mtjzpfESpfESpftr_xrf;cJhonf? ausmif;q&mvkyfaepOfausmif;om;rsm;udke,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; pdwf"mwfudkwwfEdkifor# oGif;ay;EdkifcJhonf?1942 ckESpfwGif*syefrsm; Armjynfodk@ 0ifvmojzifht*Fvdyftpdk;&u tr_xrf;rsm;tm; oHk;vpm vpmxkwfay;um tENd,odk@ xGufajy;oGm;onf? ,if;tcsdefrSpI ppfawGodk@jyefvmum EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGifajcpHkypf0ifa&mufcJhonf?

u kvm;-&c dift"duk% f;

ppfjzpfonfESifhArmjynfbufrSukvm;trsdK;om;rsm; awmifukwfvrf;rSwqifhtdENd,bufodk@ jyef&ef0if=uonf? apmapmykdif;wGifukvm;trsdK;om;rsm;tm; vrf;wav#mufwGif&cdkifwdkk@u tpm;tpmrsm;jzifhulnDcJh=uonf?

odk@aomf&cdkifwGifvlrsdK;a&;pdwf"mwfjyif;xefolrsm;&Sdonf? ukvm;trsdK;om;rsm; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuyif&Gmrsm;wnfI vkyfudkifpm; aomufcJh=uonf? olwdk@a=umifh&cdkifrsm; pD;yGm;a&;t& epfemonf[laom rSm;,Gif;aomtawG;tac:rsm; &Sd=uonf?


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TtawG;tac:t& &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@ tqufqufacgif;aqmifrsm;u OD;aqmif+yD; ukvm;&Gmrsm;udk zcsoufjzwfr_rsm;vkyfcJh=uonf? ppfawGcdkifwGifukvm;&GmawGxGufajy;=uwm tpkvdkufowfjzwfcH&wmawG jzpfyGm;cJhonf? aemufydkif;wGif&cdkifuvnf; ukvm;udkowfukvm;uvnf; &cdkifudkowfjzpfvm+yD; ukvm;trsdK;om;rsm;&Sd&m&aohawmifbl;oD;awmif armif;awmwdk@wGif ukvm;wdk@u vufpm;acswdkufcdkufr_a=umifh&cdkiftrsdK;om; trsm;tjym; towfcHcJh=u&onf? rdrdtaeeJ@ vlrsdK;a&;ppfyGJudkqef@usifcJhonf? *syefESifhbDtdkifatwyfa&mufvmonfhtcgrSTppfyGJudk&yfpJatmifvkyfcJhonf?

xGef;a&$atmiftm; bDtdkifatu r@a[mif;r@ay:wGifvlxka&S@rSmwifvSHpGyfxdk;owfcJhonf? bl;oD;awmifarmif;awmbufodk@ ppf&yfpJa&;twGufAdkvf&efatmifu wyfwckapv$wfcJhonf? wyfrSL;wcsdK@ armif;awm&Sdukvm; acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhaqG;aEG;&eftoGm; towfcH&onf? Todk@jzifhbDtdkifat yg0ifvmawmhonf? *syefwyfu bDtdkifatwyfudk jyefky fodrf;vdkufonf?

ppfawGrSaiGwdkuf bl;oD;awmifwGif zGifhvSpfxm;onf? Adkvf&efatmifu rdrdESifhndKxGef;tm; bl;oD;awmifodk@ apv$wf+yD; aiGwdkuftm;odrf;&efwm0efay;onf? xdktcsdefwGifaiGwdkufrSaiGrsm;udktr_xrf;rsm;u 6 vpmxkwf,l ae=uonf? rdrdtm;vnf; xdkodk@xkwf,l&ef wdkufwGef;=uonf?tcGifhtm%mudktoHk;cs+yD; udk,fusdK;r&SmvdkI aiGrxkwfcJhyg? bl;oD;awmifaiGwdkufrSusefaiG24 odef;tm; odrf;,lcJh+yD; Adkvf&efatmiftm; tyfcJhonf?odef;azjrifh t*FvdyfESifh qufoG,f&ef tdENd,odk@oGm;&mwGif ukvm;wefacsmif;zsm;rSoGm;a&;vma&; udpPt00udkulnDvkyfaqmifay;cJhonf?

oifcef;pmrSm vlrsdK;a&;pdwf"mwfvlrsdK;a&;ppfyGJa=umifhvltrsm;

tjym; toufqHk;H_; cJh&onf? vlrsdK;a&;t& rkef;wD;pdwfydkrsm;aponf?


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aemufydkif;wGif &aohawmif bl;oD;awmif armif;awmwdk@wGifrl*sm[pftrnf,lum v_yf&Sm;r_w&yfay:vmonf? olwdk@u ukvm;wefjrpftaemufajrmufudkrlqvife,fajr[kowfrSwfxm;onf? rdrdwdk@u olwdk@ESifhawmifukwfwGif wdkufyGJrjzpfatmif aphpyfaqG;aEG;EdkifcJhonf? rl*sm[pftm;vHk;udkrlqvifbmoma&;q&mrsm;u axmufcHtm;ay;onf? rl*sm[pfacgif;aqmifrsm;uvnf; rlqvifqif;&Jom;rsm;tm; zdESdyf=uonf? aemufydkif;wGifrl*sm[pftzGJ@vnf; yuGJysufpD;oGm;onf?

pyg;&dwfodrf;csdefwGifrlqvifqif;&Jom; trsm;tjym; pyg;&dwfodrf;&eftpkvdkufppfawGcdkifodk@ vmavh&Sdonf? &cdkifv,form;rsm;uvnf;p&dwfpuay;um &dwfcdkif;=uonf? rdrdwdk@u xdkrlqvifqif;&Jom;rsm;.oGm;a&;vma&; tumtuG,fay;onfhtjyif&oifh&xdkufonfhtca=u;aiGudk&&Sdatmifvnf; tultnDay;=uojzifhrlqvifqif;&Jom;rsm;. pmemaxmufcHr_udk&&SdcJhonf?

*syeft ky fp d;pOfumv E Sif*syefawm fv Se fa& ;

*syefa&mufvmv#ift0wftpm;rsm; aps;aygaygESifh&rnf[kjynfolawGt=um; pdwful;,OfcJh=uonf? *syef0g'jzef@csda&;XmerSvnf; apmapmuyifa&'D,dkrSwqifhtoHv$ifhcJhonf? vufawG@rSm jynfolawGtwd'kuQa&muf=u&onf? *syefwdk@. zdESdyfr_trsdK;rsdK;udkcHpm;=u&onf? 0wfp&mt0wfr&SdI*HkeDtddwfudk0wf=u&onf? ,cifrdrdwdk@ &ufvkyfxm;onfhcsnfapmifrsm;udktuscsKyf0wf=u&onf? TtajctaeatmufrSm vlxktm; v#dK@0SufpGm *syefqef@usifa&;twGufv_H@aqmfpnf;Hk;EdkifcJhonf?

Adkvf&efatmifbDtdkifatwyfppfawGodk@a&mufvmpOfausufjzLudkodrf;&eftwGufAdkvfoufvGifqdkoltm; wm0efay;cJhonf? odk@aomfatmifjrif

r_r&Sd? odk@ESifhAdkvf&efatmifu rdrdESifhOD;pdEmtm; ausmufjzLodrf;a&; wm0ef


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ay;onf? rdrdESifhtwl wdkif;&if;om;pnf;Hk;a&;(tzGJ@)0if atmifxGef;jrwfqdkolvnf;ygonf? yxr ajryHkodk@a&muf&m atmifxGef;jrwfu &Sdor# vufeufrsm;udkodrf;,l&efpDpOfonf? rdrdu r@olr@lom;awGvHk+cHKa&;twGufvufeufwcsdK@ xm;cJhr,fhta=umif; awmif;qdk&m OD;pdEmuvnf; axmufcHojzifhvufeuftcsdK@ r@olr@om;rsm;xHay;xm;&pfcJhonf?

ajryHkrSwqifhausmufjzLodk@oGm;&m ausmufjzL&Sdykvdyfwdk@u owif;&+yD; vufeufawGvmtyf=uonf? ausmufjzLr@udktvG,fwulESifhodrf;ydkufEdkifcJhonf? ausmufjzLwGiftcsdeftenf;i,fae+yD; Adkvf&efatmifudkqufoG,f&efjyefvmcJh&m Adkvf&efatmifwyfjyefqkwf&ojzifhajryHkwGifawG@onf?,if;wyfESifhtwlrdrdvnf; &efukefodk@ vdkufygoGm;onf?

&cdkifwdkif;&if;om; acgif;aqmifwcsdK@rSm *syeftkyfpdk;r_atmufwGif&mxl;&a&;twGufom vHk;yef;ae=u+yD;/ OuU ODatmifxGef;OD;rSm ppfawGcdkif0eftjzpfwm0ef,laepOft*Fvdyfav,mOfrSAHk;}uJ&mwGifxdrSefusqHk;oGm;onf?

&efukefY tcsdefwcsdK@ae+yD; &cdkifodk@jyefvmcJh+yD;aemufyvuf0r@ odrf;a&;udkpDpOfonf? e,fcHawGrSm oli,fcsif;a[mif;awGjzpfI bmrSwdkufyGJrjzpfbJodrf;,lEdkifcJhonf? *syefrsm;tkyfpdk;aepOfrdrdtaeESifhyvuf0rSmaepOfjynfol@tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@ PAC wm0efcHtjzpf(r@tkyf)wm0ef,lcJhonf? ac|;wyfvkyfief;om jzpfonf?

jynfol@tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ@ PAC OuU taejzifh(*syefacwf) rdrdvufatmufwGiftzGJ@i,fwck&Sdonf? *syefwdk@zGJ@pnf;xm;aom =umvSatmifacgif;aqmifaom wyfzGJ@wckvnf;&Sdonf? ae@pOfaexdkifpm;aomufa&; txl;cufcJonf? aemufydkif;rSqeftcsdK@udkom ydk@ay;Edkifonf? [if;rSm rdk;wGif;r#pfudk

om t"duxm; pm;ae&onf?


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wdkif;vHk;qdkif&mtzGJ@ acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; wufvm=u+yD; yvuf0rSxGufaom ikwfoD; aq; ESrf; 0g*Grf; wdk@udkvuf0g;}uD;tkyf0,f,lum atmufydkif;wGifa&mif;pm;onfhvkyfief;jzifhcsrf;omukef=uonf?

t*FvdyfppfwyftaejzifhESpfpOfvdkvdk&cdkifudkjyefodrf;,la&;twGufukvm;wefjrpfzsm;rSwa=umif; armif;awmbl;oD;awmifrSwa=umif; 0ifwwfonf? odk@aomfratmifjrifbJjyefqkwf&onf? olwdk@qkwfonfhtcg usefonfh&duQmwcsdK@&I aumif;aumif;pm;&onf? odk@aomf igwdk@ursm;rsm;rpm;&txufazmfjyolawGu vlxkawGxHrSvuf0g;}uD;tkyf0,f,lum atmufrSmoGm;a&mif;=uonf? atmufukefqefawGudktxufodk@o,fum a&mif;=uonf/

Todk@wm0ef,laepOfODpdEmESifhtwl&efukefodk@ ukef;vrf;rSoGm;cJhonf? &efukefwGifndKxGef;tdrfY wnf;cdkonf? xdktcsdefocifpdk;ESifhqufrd+yD;*syefawmfvSefa&;twGufjyifqif&efwm0efay;vdkufonf? Todk@jzifh&efukefwGifae+yD;aemufndKxGef; ocifwifa&$ESifhol@ZeD;avmif; ndKxGef;.tdrfaxmifOD;omZHvS.tdrfaxmifwdk@ESifhjyefvmcJhonf? vrf;wGifndKxGef; ocifwifa&$wdk@u *GrSwqifhtdENd,odk@oGm;&efusefaecJhonf? ndKxGef;taejzifhtdENd,a&muf+yD;aemufav;r@acsmif;zsm;rS jyefqif;vmrnfjzpfI u&efrSmvdkufonf? &cdkifodk@jyefa&mufonfhtcg wdkif;vHk;qdkif&m acgif;aqmifwdk@tm; zufqpf*syeftm; jyefwdkuf&efem;cswD;acgufaqG;aEG;=unfh&m b,folrSvufrcH/ausmif;om; acgif;aqmifjzpfcJhonfh OD;b+idrf;vnf; vufrcHay? yvuf0jyefa&mufI xGef;0if;ESifharmifeDwdk@tm; ndKxGef;udkoGm;u&efajymaepOfndKxGef;wdk@tzGJ@ av;r@ acsmif;zsm;wGiftzrf;cH=u&onf? ndKxGef;wOD;omvGwfonf? 0g,mvufpufawGtjcm;ypPnf;awG qHk;onf? ndKxGef;tm;u,fxkwf+yD; ukvm;wefzsm;rSwqifhtdENd,odk@ jyefydk@cJhonf? tvm;wlvli,fwcsdK@udkvnf; *syefawmfvSefa&;twGuftdENd,odk@ydk@cJhonf?


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wjynfvHk;wGif*syefudkawmfvSef&ef1945 rwfv 27 udkowfrSwfa=umif; igwdk@rod/ igwdk@uawmhrdrdwdk@tpDtpOfjzifhjyifqif=uonf? t*Fvdyfppfwyfuvnf; jyef0ifvmae+yDjzpfI igwdk@ppfawGcdkifwGif*syefwdk@tm; vufeufudkifwdkufyGJudkArmjynfrxufapm+yD; 1945 Zefe0g&DvwGifpwifcJh&onf?wdkufyGJrsm;pGm rwdkufcJh&? ba&muf'g0g't& t*Fvdyfu xkwfay;aomvufeufrsm;udkjyeftyf&ojzifhrdrdwdk@taeESifhtawG;tac:rayguf=uay?t*FvdyfawGu igwdk@udkpdwfrcsI igwdk@awG(OD;ynmoD[/ OD;ausmfjr/ =umvSatmif/ armifOD;ausmf) tm; tdENd,odk@ av,mOfjzifhac:,loGm;um odef;azjrifh. a*[mwGifxm;onf? ,if;a*[mwGifArmjynfrSvli,frsm; udkvnf;awG@&onf?

zqyv z G@pnf;jcif; ppfaw Gc di fu Ge fjrLepfy gwDz G@pnf;jcif;

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