year 12 classical studies mythology
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YEAR 12 CLASSICAL STUDIES mythology. schoolhistory.co.nz. What is a myth?. Muthos means ‘utterance’ or something which is told. Often includes legends – which are based in fact Edges often blurred Many myths contain elements of folk tales. Some myths are strongly religious - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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YEAR 12 CLASSICAL STUDIES
mythology
schoolhistory.co.nz
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What is a myth?
•Muthos means ‘utterance’ or something which is told.•Often includes legends – which are based in fact•Edges often blurred•Many myths contain elements of folk tales
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• Some myths are strongly religious• Passed on through the generations• Explain the origins of the world• Explain natural phenomena - day/night,
seasons, storms etc• May explain or support existing customs or
rituals: birth, marriage, status of women, crop fertility etc
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• Reflect human dreams and wishes e.g do tales of heroes reflect men’s desire to be
superhuman?
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Where do myths come from?
• Usually found in most cultures• From a time before writing generally used• A time of genuine belief in the gods• A time lacking in scientific explanation• A time when people believed all events had a
divine origin• Verbal communication allowed myths to
change
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Greek Myths
• Earliest reference from Homer and Hesiod in the eighth century BC
• Originated between 2000-1000BC
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Ancient Greece
Asia Minor
Peloponnese
Attica and Boetia
Thessaly and Macedonia
Crete
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Important places
• Coast of Asia Minor to the right• Cycladic Islands• Crete• Mainland Greece: Peloponnese (south) Attica and Boetia (central) Thessaly and Macedonia
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Background to Greece
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Stone Age Aegean pre 3000BC
• Similar types of people in these areas• Possibly from modern Iraq• Farming and domesticated animals• Worshipped fertility spirits – mainly female• Placated male spirits - destructive
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Early Bronze Age 3000-2000BC
• Bronze used over whole area• Civilization flourished• Worship of fertility goddesses
(Mother/Earth)• 2000BC upheaval on Asia mainland caused
people to arrive• These people brought wheel pottery
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• Greek mainland invaded by several waves of less cultured people from the north
• They were warlike• Patriarchal• Worshipped mainly male deities who lived
on mountain tops and ruled the skies• Homer called them Achaeans• They looted and killed and eventually settled
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Middle Bronze Age 2000-1450BC
• Crete appears to have escaped the invaders and their civilisation continued uninterrupted
• Around 2000BC it had a surge in trade and wealth
• Largest palace was Knossos• May have had a powerful fleet• It is called Minoan Civilisation after King Minos
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Minoan CivilizationMinoan Civilization
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Crete: Minoan Civilization
(Palace at Knossos)
Crete: Minoan Civilization
(Palace at Knossos)
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• Minoans worshipped a mother goddess• The bull was an important symbol• Crete was the most advanced civilisation in
the area• Minoans may have demanded ‘tribute’ from
other areas
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Knossos: Minoan Civilization
Knossos: Minoan Civilization
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Achaeans
• They lived on mainland Greece• Main centre was Mycenae• This civilisation was called Mycenaeans• Each state had a fort and a warrior king• Endemic fighting• Because of trade with Crete Mycenaeans
began to worship earth goddess as well as sky god
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• Eventually civilisation on Crete collapsed• May be linked to Thera – volcano• Mycenaeans took opportunity to seize
control of Crete around 1450BC• They burned and looted and by 1380BC the
Palace of Knossos was destroyed
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Late Bronze Age 1450-1100BC
• Mycenaeans now dominated in the Mediterranean
• Peaked around 1300BC• Had unstable parasitic nobility who survived
by seizing the wealth of others in war• Describing a Greek hero as a ‘sacker of cities’
(Homer) was a compliment
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The Mycenaean Civilization
The Mycenaean Civilization
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Troy
• May have been a battle to eliminate trade competition or to get scarce metals
• Troy fell 1250BC• Within a century all major sites on the
mainland Greece fell• Except Athens
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Plan of the City of Troy
Plan of the City of Troy
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Homer: The “Heroic Age”
Homer: The “Heroic Age”
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Original Wall of the City of Troy
Original Wall of the City of Troy
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The Mask of AgamemnonThe Mask of Agamemnon
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The Dark Ages 1100-800 BC
• General destruction had occurred which was disastrous for the Greek world
• Loss of centralised control led to lawlessness, population decline, simpler life ensued
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Homer, the Blind Poet
Homer, the Blind Poet
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Homer’s Great EpicsHomer’s Great Epics
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Homer’s View of the World
Homer’s View of the World
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The Dorians
• The Dorians took advantage and moved south down through the Greek peninsula and settled in the Peloponnese and Crete
• Many Greeks moved to the coast of Asia Minor to escape
• The Dorians were even less ‘civilised’ and set progress back even further
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Creation of Mythology
• At this time the art of writing was lost and oral tradition flourished
• Storytellers knitted together tales from a wide area
• In later Classical times Sparta and Athens changed details of myths to suit themselves
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The Rise of the Greek Polis
The Rise of the Greek Polis
AthensAthens
NaxosNaxos CorinthCorinth
SyracuseSyracuse
LarissaLarissa
EboeaEboea
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ATHENS: Yesterday & Today
ATHENS: Yesterday & Today
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Archaic Period and Classical Age
• Between the end of the Dark Ages and the Persian Invasion which led to the Classical Age
• The Classical Age ends with the death of Alexander in 323BC
• Rome then dominated the Mediterranean area
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Great Athenian PhilosophersGreat Athenian Philosophers$ Socrates
Know thyself!
question everything
only the pursuit of goodnessbrings happiness.
$ Plato The Academy
The world of the FORMS
The Republic philosopher-king
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Great Athenian Philosophers
Great Athenian Philosophers$ Aristotle
The Lyceum
“Golden Mean” [everything inmoderation].
Logic.
Scientific method.
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Athens: The Arts & Sciences
Athens: The Arts & Sciences$ DRAMA (tragedians):
Aeschylus
Sophocles
Euripides
$ THE SCIENCES: Pythagoras
Democritus all matter made up of small atoms.
Hippocrates “Father of Medicine”
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Phidias’ AcropolisPhidias’ Acropolis
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The Acropolis TodayThe Acropolis Today
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The ParthenonThe Parthenon
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The AgoraThe Agora
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The Classical Greek “Ideal”
The Classical Greek “Ideal”
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OlympiaOlympia