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Postilla PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

YALE UNIVERSITY

NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT, U.S.A.

Number 118 20 March 1968

AVIAN ANATOMICAL SPECIMENS IN THE PEABODY

MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, YALE UNIVERSITY

PETER L. AMES

M U S E U M OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

BERKELEY

AND

ELEANOR H. STICKNEY

PEABODY M U S E U M OF NATURAL HISTORY

YALE UNIVERSITY

INTRODUCTION

Large collections of bird skins are found in many museums and in many countries, but far fewer institutions maintain collections preserved in alcohol or as skeletons, and fewer still attempt to expand these collections through field collecting. The anatomist wishing to study a particular group of birds often finds that specimens are unavailable, or, if available, unusable due to previous use or long storage. The avian anatomical collections of the Pea-body Museum of Natural History have recently undergone considerable expansion in a number of geographic and taxonomic areas, and this expansion is likely to continue. The purpose of this paper is to list the birds represented in the alcohol and skeletal

2 Postilla YALE PEABODY MUSEUM N o . 1 1 8

collections, in order to encourage anatomists and others to make use of the specimens. The list represents holdings through the end of 1967.

ALCOHOL COLLECTION

HISTORICAL OUTLINE

The oldest specimens in the alcohol collection are nestling and adult Leach's Petrels (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) collected by A. E, Verrill in 1857. A century later the collection consisted of about 600 specimens. In 1959 the interest of Dr. Philip S. Humphrey, then Assistant Curator of Birds, and of the senior author resulted in a rapid increase in the size and scope of the collection. Dr. S. Dillon Ripley, as Curator of Birds, actively supported the expansion, encouraging field collectors to preserve whole birds and in a few cases making special purchases of specimens. The growth continued under the supervision of Dr. N. Philip Ashmole and has recently been further stimulated by Dr. Charles G. Sibley, the present Director of the Division of Vertebrate Zoology. As of this writing, the collection comprises over 7,000 specimens, of which about 5,000 are whole birds, the remainder being partial specimens.

GEOGRAPHIC AND TAXONOMIC REPRESENTATION

Most collections of preserved birds are richest in specimens from the geographical areas visited by the museums' skin collectors and in taxonomic groups of particular interest to the museums' research personnel. The Peabody Museum collections are no exceptions, but special efforts have been made to acquire specimens from areas not previously represented and to obtain a broad representation of the major bird groups. The collections also include specimens of nearly all local birds, migrant and resident. Particular attention has been paid to genera or species which, for one reason or another, are of more than usual anatomical interest. Collectors have been urged to duplicate specimens where possible, with the result that there is an average of 3.2 specimens per species and 6.0 per genus. The geographical regions best represented are North America (about 800 specimens); Mexico and Central America (500); South America (900); southern Europe (125); eastern Africa (1,300); and Madagascar (100).

1968 AVIAN ANATOMICAL SPECIMENS 3

PRESERVATION, STORAGE AND RECORDS

Birds are preserved in the field by injection of 10 per cent formalin (4 per cent formaldehyde) into the body cavity and major muscle masses. On reaching the museum the specimens are washed, catalogued and transferred to 70 per cent ethyl alcohol, in which they are stored indefinitely. Most specimens are stored in glass jars of up to one gallon capacity, but fifty-gallon fiberglass-lined vats and polyethylene tanks are used for the storage of large birds.

The locale and date of collecting are known for nearly all specimens, but weight, age and sex for very few (although sex can be determined by dissection when necessary). Data are maintained in a single master catalogue covering the alcohol collection only, and there is also a systematic card index covering both the alcohol and skeletal collections. The purpose of this index is to provide rapid information on the availability of a desired species and on the status of the specimens.

The philosophy behind an alcohol collection is quite different from that governing the management of skin and skeleton collections. Unlike the latter, which are not expended by proper use, the alcohol collection serves through a type of study which gradually destroys the specimens. With care, a single alcohol specimen may sometimes be used in many anatomical studies, some of which cause it little damage. In some other studies, however, a specimen may be nearly completely "consumed". The growth and use of the Peabody Museum avian anatomical collection has been directed toward making available to any competent anatomist the material which will be most useful to him. Loan requests should be made to the Division of Vertebrate Zoology, stating the genus and species desired and the type of specimen needed. It is undesirable to dissect a whole bird if a skinned "carcass" will do as well. If several species of a genus are useful, they should be listed in order of preference. When specimens of a particular sex, date or locale are of particular interest, order of preference should be stated here, too. Specimens are not normally loaned for dissection unless the borrower has described in some detail the extent and method of dissection and the length of time the specimen will be needed.

Decisions regarding loans are based primarily on the extent of

4 PoStilla YALE PEABODY MUSEUM N o . 118

the proposed dissection and the rarity or replaceability of the specimen. If the dissection is extreme, the specimen is usually sent out on open exchange, or as an outright gift. To date, no request for the loan of specimens has been denied and the amount of material loaned is steadily increasing.

SKELETON COLLECTION

HISTORICAL OUTLINE

The skeleton collection was instituted by O. C. Marsh in the 1870's, primarily as an aid in the identification and analysis of fossil material. Curatorial responsibility rested for many years with the Division of Vertebrate Paleontology, and until recently the growth of the collection has been due largely to the efforts of workers in that department. In recent years, however, many skeletons have been collected by ornithologists at the museum, with the result that a broader representation has been attained, particularly with regard to small birds. Responsibility for the avian skeleton collection is now vested in the Division of Vertebrate Zoology.

GEOGRAPHIC AND SYSTEMATIC REPRESENTATION

Having been initiated for the purpose of paleontological reference, the osteological collection is understandably strong in large birds, particularly the Ratites, Anseriformes, Falconiformes and larger members of all orders except the Coraciiformes, Piciformes and Passeriformes. The geographical distribution is broad, due to the purchase of many specimens from Europe (mostly from Gerhard in the 1880's) and the acquisition of much of R. W. Shufeldt's Australian collection. Over two hundred skeletons were obtained in Argentina in 1960-61 by Philip S. Humphrey.

Most of the specimens are accompanied by approximate geographical data, but date of collection, sex, weight and other data are available only for specimens acquired in the last few years.

PREPARATION, STORAGE AND RECORDS

Birds acquired in the field are identified, fleshed-off, sexed and dried, then returned to the museum for complete cleaning by


dermestid beetles (Dermestes vulpinus). After mild degreasing, when necessary, they are numbered and boxed. No disarticulation is performed, beyond that done by the beetles, nor are the skeletons wired. Fossil, subfossil and extinct birds are stored separately from the reference collection.

The catalogue of avian osteological material is separate from those of the skin and alcohol collections, but skeletons are carried in the systematic card index, along with alcohol specimens.

LOAN PROCEDURES

The curating of a skeletal collection is more like that of a skin collection than that of an alcohol collection, in that skeletons are not expended in normal use and it may be assumed that a skeleton will be returned in the same condition as it was in when borrowed. This collection, like most other avian collections, is available for general use, but the long time needed to prepare skeletons for shipment and the bulky nature of storage boxes make it desirable for workers needing large numbers of specimens to make every attempt to visit the museum or to arrange automobile transportation of the specimens.

Requests for loans should be directed to the Division of Vertebrate Zoology. They should state which parts of the skeletons are to be studied, since it is regrettably common for small bones to be missing or broken and these may be just the ones needed for the intended research.

SYSTEMATIC LIST

The following list enumerates the avian anatomical specimens, both preserved in alcohol and as skeletons, in the collections of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. The classification of orders and families is that of Wetmore (1960), with the following modifications among the Passeriformes: the Hyposittidae are included in the Vangidae (cf. Dorst, 1960); the Chamaeidae are included in the Timaliidae; the Regulidae are included in the Sylviidae; and the Coerebidae are divided between the Thraupidae and the Parulidae, following Beecher (1951). With a few exceptions, the nomenclature employed below the family level is that of Peters' "Checklist of birds of the world" (Peters, 1931-1951;

6 Postilla YALE PEABODY MUSEUM N o . 118

Mayr and Greenway, eds., I960, 1962; Mayr and Paynter, eds., 1964; Paynter, ed., 1967). Names used by Peters which are now obsolete have been updated, in most cases following the A.O.U. "Check-list of North American birds" (1957). The New World passerine families not yet covered by the Peters Checklist are treated according to the "Catalogue of birds of the Americas" (Cory and Hellmayr, 1924; Hellmayr, 1927-1938). In the few cases of families which are not covered by either of the above lists and for which no recent family revisions exist, the collections are arranged by a synthesis of regional works. The authority followed for each family is indicated under the family name in the lis,!. Because the purpose of the list is merely to indicate which species are present in the collections, the genera and species are listed alphabetically within the families.

The following abbreviations designate the different types of specimens.

A — Complete alcohol specimen. a — Skinned "carcass", ie., the portion remaining after the

preparation of a study skin. The presence of carcasses is indicated only if there are no complete specimens of the species in the collection.

S — Complete skeleton. k — Skull only. % — Embryos * — Nestlings f — Partial

The numbers preceding the letters in the list indicate the number of alcohol and skeletal specimens of the species in the collections; where no number is given only one specimen is on hand.

LITERATURE CITED

American Ornithologists' Union. 1957. Check-list of North American birds. A. O. U., Baltimore. 691 p.

Beecher, William J. 1951. Convergence in the Coerebidae. Wilson Bull. 63:274-287.

Chapin, James P. 1936. A new Peacock-like bird from the Belgian Congo. Rev. Zool. Afr. 29:1-6.

Cory, C. B. and C. E. Hellmayr. 1927. Catalogue of birds of the Americas and adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub. 242. Zool. Ser. 13, Pt. 5.


Delacour, Jean. 1943. A revision of the subfamily Estrildinae of the family Ploceidae. Zoologica 28:69-86.

Delacour, Jean, and Ernst Mayr. 1946. Birds of the Philippines. Macmil-

lan, New York. 309 p.

Dorst, Jean. 1960. A propos des affinites systematiques de deux oiseaux malagaches: Tylas eduardi et Hypositta corallirostris. Oiseau 30: 259-269.

Eisenmann, Eugene. 1955. The species of Middle American Birds. Trans. Linn. Soc. New York, Vol. VII, 128 p.

Friedmann, Herbert. 1960. The parasitic weaverbirds. Smithsonian Inst. U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 223. 196 p.

Hellmayr, Charles E. 1929, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938. Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Publ. 266, 330, 347, 365, 381, 430 (Zool. Ser. 13, Parts 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11).

Hellmayr, Charles E. and Boardman Conover. 1942. Catalogue of birds of the Americas and the adjacent islands in Field Museum of Natural History. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Publ. 514 (Zool. Ser. 13, Part 1, no. 1.;

Mackworth-Praed, C. W., and C. H. B. Grant. 1955. Birds of Eastern and North Eastern Africa. African Handbook of Birds., Ser. 1. Vol. 2. Longmans, London. 1113 p.

Mayr, E. 1945. Birds of the southwest Pacific. New York, xix -f- 316 p.

Mayr, Ernst, and James C. Greenway, Jr., eds. 1960, 1962. Check-list of

birds of the world. Vols. 9, 15. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.

Mayr, Ernst, and Raymond A. Paynter, Jr., eds. 1964. Check-list of birds

of the world. Vol. 10. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.

Paynter, Raymond A., Jr., ed. 1967. Check-list of birds of the world.

Vol. 12. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.

Peters, James Lee. 1931, 1934, 1937, 1940, 1945, 1948, 1951. Check-list of birds of the world. Vols. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass.

Rand, Austin, L. 1936. The distribution and habits of Madagascar birds. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull. 72 (Art. 5 ) . 499 p.

Ripley, Sidney Dillon, II. 1961. A synopsis of the birds of India and

Pakistan. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay. 703 p.

Ripley, S. Dillon. 1964. A systematic and ecological study of birds of

New Guinea. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull. 19. 87 p.

Scott, Peter. 1957. A coloured key to the wildfowl of the world. Scribner,

New York. 91 p.

Serventy, D. L., H. T. Condon, and Ernst Mayr. 1965. Dromaius Vieillot, 1816 (Aves): proposed addition to the official list. Z.N.(S.) 1668. Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 22: 63-65.

Serventy, D. L., and H. M. Whittell. 1962. A handbook of the birds of

Western Australia. 3rd ed., Perth, W. A. 427 p.

Vaurie, Charles. 1959. The birds of the Palearctic fauna. Passeriformes.

Witherby, London. 762 p.

Wetmore, Alexander. 1960. A classification for the birds of the world. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 139 (11) . 37 p.


ORDER SPHENISCIFORMES

FAMILY SPHENISCIDAE (Peters 1931)

Aptenodytes patagonica 2S Eudyptes pachyrhynchus S Pygoscelis adeliae A

Spheniscus demersus Spheniscus humboldti Spheniscus magellanicus Spheniscus mendiculus

ORDER STRUTHIONIFORMES

Struthio camelus

FAMILY STRUTHIONIDAE (Peters 1931)

9S

ORDER RHEIFORMES

Rhea americana

FAMILY RHEIDAE (Peters 1931)

A 2S

ORDER CASUARIIFORMES

FAMILY CASUARIIDAE (Peters 1931)

Casuarius unappendiculatus A$ Casuarius sp.

FAMILY DROMICEIDAE (Serventy, Condon & Mayr 1965)

Dromaius novaehollandiae 4S

ORDER APTERYGIFORMES

Apteryx australis

FAMILY APTERYGIDAE (Peters 1931)

2S Apteryx owenii

1968 AVIAN ANATOMICAL SPECIMENS

ORDER TINAMIFORMES

Crypturellus noctivagus Nothoprocta perdicaria Nothura maculosa

FAMILY TINAMIDAE (Peters 1931)

4A

2S S

s

Rhynchotus rufescens Tinamus solitarius

ORDER GAVIIFORMES

FAMILY GAVIIDAE (Peters 1931)

Gavia adamsii Gavia arctica

S k

Gavia immer Gavia stellata

a A

ORDER PODICIPEDIFORMES

FAMILY PODICIPEDIDAE (A.O.U. 1957; Peters 1931)

Aechmophorus occidentalis S Podiceps auritus 4S Podiceps grisegena A Podiceps nigricollis 3S

Podilymbus gigas Podilymbus podiceps Poliocephalus ruficollis

2A

ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES

FAMILY DIOMEDEIDAE (Peters 1931)

Diomedea albatrus Diomedea exulans Diomedea melanophris

Bulweria bulwerii Daption capensis Fulmarus glacialis Macronectes giganteus Pachyptila forsteri Pterodroma cahow Pterodroma phaeopygia

2S 2S S

Diomedea nigripes Phoebetria palpebrata

FAMILY PROCELLARIIDAE (Peters

a k

A* 2S S s st

a

1931)

Puffinus diomedea Puffinus gravis Puffinus griseus Puffinus lherminieri Puffinus nativitatis Puffinus pacificus Puffinus puffinus

4A a

a A:

3a A

10 Postilla YALE PEABODY MUSEUM No. 118

FAMILY HYDROBATIDAE (Peters 1931)

Hydrobates pelagicus S Oceanodroma homochroa a Nesofregetta albigularis A Oceanodroma leucorhoa A

FAMILY PELECANOIDIDAE (Peters 1931)

Pelecanoides garnotii 2A Pelecanoides magellani

ORDER PELECANIFORMES

FAMILY PHAETHONTIDAE (Peters 1931)

Phaethon aethereus S

FAMILY PELECANIDAE (Peters 1931)

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos 5S Pelecanus occidentalis

FAMILY SULIDAE (Peters 1931)

Sula [ = Morus] bassanus S Sula leucogaster a Sula dactylatra S Sula sula 2A

FAMILY PHALACROCORACIDAE (Peters 1931)

A Phalacrocorax gaimardi 4S Phalacrocorax S magellanicus 2A

FAMILY ANHINGIDAE (Peters 1931)

3S

FAMILY FREGATIDAE (Peters 1931)

2S

Halietor africanus Phalacrocorax auritus Phalacrocorax carbo

Anhinga anhinga

Fregata aquila


ORDER CICONIIFORMES

FAMILY ARDEIDAE (Peters 1931)

Ardea cinerea Ardea herodias Ardea occidentalis Ardeola grayii Ardeola ralloides Botaurus lentiginosus Botaurus stellaris Bubulcus ibis Butorides striatus Butorides sundevalli Butorides virescens Casmerodius albus

A

2A A a A A a

3A

4S 2S

S

3S k

5S k

Demigretta gularis Demigretta sacra Egretta garzetta Florida caerulea Ixobrychus exilis Leucophoyx thula Nyctanassa violacea Nycticorax caledonicus Nycticorax nycticorax Syrigma sibilatrix Tigrisoma lineatum

A

a 2A A a A

3A A

FAMILY COCHLEARIIDAE (Peters 1931)

Cochlearius cochlearius

Scopus umbretta

FAMILY SCOPIDAE (Peters 1931)

2A

FAMILY CICONIIDAE (Peters 1931)

Anastomus lamelligerus Ciconia ciconia Ciconia nigra Leptoptilos crumeniferus

k S S S

Leptoptilos dubius Mycteria americana Sphenorhynchus abdimii

FAMILY THRESKIORNITHIDAE (Peters 1931)

Ajaia ajaja Guara alba Guara rubra Ibis leucocephalus Lophotibis cristata

3a 2S

S

s s s

Platalea leucorodia Plegadis f alcinellus Threskiornis aethiopica Threskiornis molucca

A a

FAMILY PHOENICOPTERIDAE (Peters 1931)

Phoenicoparrus jamesi A Phoenicopterus ruber A

12 Postilla YALE PEABODY MUSEUM NO. 118

ORDER ANSERIFORMES

Chauna chavaria

Aix galericulata Aix sponsa Alopochen aegyptiacus Amazonetta brasiliensis Anas acuta Anas americana Anas bahamensis Anas capensis Anas castanea Anas clypeata Anas clypeata X Aythya

americana Anas crecca Anas cyanoptera Anas discors Anas discors X Aythya

americana Anas falcata Anas flavirostris Anas formosa Anas georgica Anas gibberifrons Anas laysanensis Anas leucophrys Anas luzonica Anas penelope Anas platalea Anas platyrhynchos Anas poecilorhyncha Anas punctata Anas querquedula Anas rhynchotis Anas rubripes Anas sibilatrix Anas sparsa Anas specularis Anas strepera Anas superciliosa Anas undulata Anas versicolor Anas waigiuensis Anser albifrons Anser brachyrhynchos Anser coerulescens Anser canagicus Anser cygnoides Anser indicus

FAMILY ANHIMIDAE (Peters

S

1931)

FAMILY ANATIDAE

4A 2A 3A 3A 3A 2A 5A 3A 2A 3A

a 3A 2A

10A

a A

5A a

6A 6A 3A 3a 2A 3A 4A

26A

3A 2A 2A 2A 4A 3A 6A 3A 7A 2A 8A A A A A

6A

A

(Scott 1957)

2S 3S

S

k

S

k

S S

S

S

S S

Anser rossii Anseranas semipalmata Aythya affinis Aythya americana Aythya australis Aythya baeri Aythya collar is Aythya ferina Aythya fuligula Aythya marila Aythya nyroca Aythya valisineria Biziura lobata Branta bernicla Branta canadensis Branta leucopsis Branta ruficollis Branta sandvicensis Bucephala albeola Bucephala clangula Bucephala islandica Cairina moschata Cereopsis

novaehollandiae Chenonetta jubata Chloephaga hybrida Chloephaga melanoptera Chloephaga picta Chloephaga poliocephala Chloephaga rubidiceps Clangula hyemalis Coscoroba coscoroba Cyanochen cyanopterus Cygnus atratus Cygnus columbianus Cygnus melanocoryphus Cygnus olor Dendrocygna arborea Dendrocygna arcuata Dendrocygna autumnalis Dendrocygna bicolor Dendrocygna eytoni Dendrocygna guttata Dendrocygna javanica Dendrocygna viduata Heteronetta atricapilla Histrionicus histrionicus

4A 2A 5A 3A 4A

A 2A

2A 3A 4A 3A 2A

A 3A 2A 2A

A 9A 5A 3A 2A

2A 6A 4A 3A 5A 5A

A 7A

A 2A 3A

2A 2a A

2A 3A 6A

A A

2A 3A 3A 3A

S

s 2S

s

4S

2S

2S 6S 3S 3S

S

s S1


Lophonetta specularoides Malacorhynchus

membranaceus Melanitta fusca Melanitta nigra Melanitta perspicillata Merganetta armata Mergus albellus Mergus cucullatus Mergus merganser Mergus octosetaceus Mergus serrator Neochen jubatus Netta erythrophthalma Netta peposaca Netta rufina Nettapus auritus Nettapus pulchellus Oxyura australis

3A

4A 15A 5A 7A 3A 5A 6A 3A A

3A 2A 2A 3A 4A 4A 2A A

S

S s k

S s s

s s

Oxyura dominica Oxyura jamaicensis Oyrura maccoa Plectropterus gambensis Polysticta stelleri Sarkidiornis melanotos Somateria fischeri Somateria mollissima Stictonetta naevosa Tachyeres patachonicus Tachyeres pteneres Tadorna cana Tadorna ferruginea Tadorna radjah Tadorna tadorna Tadorna tadornoides Tadorna variegata Thalassornis leuconotus

2a 9A A

2A 3A A A

6A A

3A 4A A

4A A

5A 3A A A

S

2S

3S 2S

S

ORDER FALCONIFORMES

Cathartes aura Coragyps atratus

Sagittarius serpentarius

FAMILY CATHARTIDAE (Peters 1931)

S Sarcoramphus papa S

FAMILY SAGGITTARIIDAE (Peters 1931)

A 2S

FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE (Peters 1931)

Accipiter cooperii Accipiter francesii Accipiter gentilis Accipiter minullus Accipiter superciliosus Accipiter tachiro Accipiter velox Aquila chrysaetos Aquila nipalensis Aquila rapax Butastur rufipennis Buteo buteo Buteo jamaicensis Buteo lineatus Buteo magnirostris Buteo platypterus Circus cyaneus Elanoides forficatus Elanus caeruleus Gymnogenys radiatus

2A 2A A a A A

3A

A a A a A

2a

S

3S

S 2S k S

k 3S 2S

Gyps ruppellii Haliaetus leucocephalus Haliaetus pelagicus Harpagus bidentatus Henicopernis longicauda Heterospizias meridionalis Kaupifalco

monogrammicus Leucopternis albicollis Melierax metabates Melierax musicus Milvago chimachima Milvago chimango Milvus migrans Necrosyrtes monachus Neophron percnopterus Rostrhamus sociabilis Sarcogyps calvus Torgos tracheliotus

A a a

5A a

3A

5A

A 2a

S 5S S

s s s s s

s s

1 4 Postilla YALE PEABODY MUSEUM N o . 118

Pandion haliaetus

FAMILY PANDIONIDAE (Peters 1931)

2A 2S

Falco araea Falco cenchroides Falco columbarius Falco eleonorae Falco naumanni Falco newtoni Falco peregrinus

2a A

a a A A

FAMILY FALCONIDAE (Peters 1931)

Falco sparverius Falco tinnunculus

Sf Falco vespertinus Micrastur semitorquatus Microhierax fringillarius Poliohierax semitorquatus

4A 13A 3A

4S

ORDER GALLIFORMES

FAMILY MEGAPODIIDAE (Peters 1934)

Aepypodius arf akianus a Alectura lathami A Eulipoa wallacei a Leipoa ocellata 22AJ

Megapodius freycinet A Megapodius laperouse A Megapodius nicobariensis Talegalla jobiensis 12A J

S$

FAMILY CRACIDAE (Peters 1934)

Mitu mitu Ortalis vetula

Bonasa umbellus Centrocercus urphasianus Lagopus lagopus Lagopus leucurus

A Pauxi pauxi S Penelope purpurascens

FAMILY TETRAONIDAE (Peters 1934)

2A 2S Lagopus mutus 2S Tetrao urogallus

A Tympanuchus cupido 5A

4S S

2k k

A 3S

Afropavo congensis Alectoris chukar Anurophasis monorthonyx Arborophila torqueola Argusianus argus Bambusicola thoracica Chrysolophus pictus Colinus cristatus Colinus virginianus Coturnix coturnix

FAMILY PHASIANIDAE (Chapin 1936; Peters 1934)

A A a

2a 6A A

3S

S s s s s 2S

Coturnix delegorguei Crossoptilon auritum Crossoptilon mantchuricum Francolinus jacksoni Francolinus pictus Francolinus sephaena Gallus gallus Hierophasis swinhoii Lophophorus impejanus Lophortyx californica

A

2A

2A 3A*

A

S S

s 5S s s s


Margaroperdix madagascariensis

Odontophorus gujanensis Oreortyx picta Pavo cristatus Phasianus colchicus

A S st 3S

4S

Polyplectron bicalcaratum Pternistes afer 5A Pternistes leucoscepus 2A Synoicus ypsilophorus Tragopan temminckii

Guttera pucherani

FAMILY NUMIDIDAE (Peters 1934)

A S Numida meleagris

Meleagris gallopavo

FAMILY MELEAGRIDIDAE (Peters 1934)

10S

Opisthocomus hoazin

FAMILY OPISTHOCOMIDAE (Peters 1934)

2S

ORDER GRUIFORMES

FAMILY TURNICIDAE (Peters 1934)

Turnix nigricollis Turnix sylvatica

Grus americana Grus canadensis Grus grus

A Turnix varia 2A

FAMILY GRUIDAE (Peters 1934)

S Grus japonensis 6S Grus rubicunda

A

FAMILY ARAMIDAE (Hellmayr & Conover 1942)

Aramus guarauna

Psophia crepitans

FAMILY PSOPHIIDAE (Peters 1934)

2S


Amaurornis phoenicurus Aramides cajanea Crex crex Fulica americana Fulica atra Fulica cornuta Gallinula chloropus Gallirallus australis Laterallus leucopyrrhus Limnocorax flavirostris Megacrex inepta

FAMILY RALLIDAE

A 2A

A A

2A* 3A

2a 4A

a

(Peters 1934)

S

6S k

S S

S

Porphyrio madagascariensis

Porphyrula martinica Porzana Carolina Porzana porzana Porzana tabuensis Rallus elegans Rallus limicola Rallus longirostris Rallus philippensis Sarothrura ruf a

2A 8A

3A 2a 4A 3A 3A

a

S S S k

S

2S 3S

FAMILY EURYPYGIDAE (Peters 1934)

Eurypyga helias

FAMILY OTIDAE (Peters 1934)

Chlamydotis undulata Eupodotis senegalensis 2A Lissotis melanogaster 2A

Otis tarda Tetrax tetrax

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES

FAMILY JACANIDAE (Peters 1934)

Actophilornis africana a Actophilornis albinucha Hydrophasianus chirurgus 2A

Irediparra gallinacea 2A Jacana spinosa 2A

FAMILY HAEMATOPODIDAE (Peters 1934)

Haematopus ater Haematopus leucopodus

3S S

Haematopus ostralegus 3S

Belonopterus chilensis Charadrius alexandrinus Charadrius hiaticula Charadrius melodus Charadrius pecuarius Charadrius vociferus Charadrius wilsonia

FAMILY CHARADRIIDAE (Peters 1934)

4A S A

7A S A a

4A S A

Hoplopterus spinosus Oreopholus ruficollis Squatarola squatarola Stephanibyx coronatus Stephanibyx melanopterus Vanellus vanellus Zonibyx modestus

5A 2A

11A 3A A A*

S 7S

S s


FAMILY SCOLOPACIDAE (Peters 1934)

Actitis hypoleucos Actitis macularia Arenaria interpres Calidris canutus Capella delicata Capella gallinago Catoptrophorus

semipalmatus Crocethia alba Ereunetes mauri Ereunetes pusillus Erolia alpina Erolia fuscicollis Erolia maritima Erolia melanotos Erolia minuta Erolia minutilla Erolia testacea

3A 8A 7A 5A 2A 3A

2A 11A 4A 4A

17A 4A 3A 4A 3A 5A A

2S 3S S s s

2S 4S

s

Limnodromus griseus Limosa f edoa Micropalama himantopus Numenius americanus Numenius arquata Numenius borealis Numenius phaeopus Philohela minor Philomachus pugnax Scolopax rusticola Tringa flavipes Tringa glareola Tringa melanoleuca Tringa nebularia Tringa solitaria Tringa stagnatilis Tringa totanus

4A A a

2A 5A A A

4A 2A 4A A

2A A A

4S

2S k S

4S S

k S

2S

FAMILY RECURVIROSTRIDAE (Peters 1934)

Himantopus himantopus A Recurvirostra americana 2A

S 3S

Recurvirostra avosetta

Lobipes lobatus Phalaropus fulicarius

FAMILY PHALAROPIDAE (Peters 1934)

3A A

Steganopus tricolor 4A

Burhinus bistriatus Burhinus magnirostris

Glareola pratincola

Attagis malouinus Thinocorus orbignyanus

Chionis alba

FAMILY BURHINIDAE (Peters 1934)

A Burhinus oedicnemus S

FAMILY GLAREOLIDAE (Peters 1934)

3 A Rhinoptilus africanus

FAMILY THINOCORIDAE (Peters 1934)

a Thinocorus rumicivorus S

FAMILY CHIONIDIDAE (Peters 1934)

2A S

6A 2S


Catharacta skua

Anous stolidus Chlidonias leucoptera Chlidonias niger Gabianus scoresbii Gygis alba Larosterna inca Larus argentatus Larus atricilla Larus audouinii Larus californicus Larus delawarensis Larus fuscus Larus glaucescens Larus marinus Larus modestus Larus Philadelphia

Rhynchops nigra

Aethia cristatella Alca torda Cepphus grylle Cerorhinca monocerata Cyclorrhynchus psittacula Fratercula arctica Fratercula cornicula

;

a 2A 7A

2a 10A 2A A a

2A

A 4A

(Peters 1934)

S Stercorarius pomarinus

FAMILY LARIDAE (Peters 1934)

3S

3S 2S S

5S

2S

3S S

2S

3S

Larus pipixcan Phaetusa simplex Procelsterna cerulea Rissa brevirostris Rissa tridactyla Sterna albifrons Sterna dougallii Sterna f orsteri Sterna fuscata Sterna hirundinacea Sterna hirundo Sterna paradisaea Sterna sumatrana Thalasseus elegans Thalasseus maximus Thalasseus sandvicensis

FAMILY RHYNCHOPIDAE

a

3A

(Peters 1934)

2S

FAMILY ALCIDAE (Peters 1934)

S 2S 2S k S S S

Lunda cirrhata Pinguinus impennis Plautus alle Ptychoramphus aleuticus Uria aalge Uria lomvia

a

4A

2A

5A 5A 3A 2A A

13A a

2a 6A 6A

A

a A

2S

S

s 2S

s 2S

3S

2S

S s

2S

s 3S k

3S

ORDER COLUMBIFORMES

Pterocles alchata Pterocles decoratus Pterocles exustus

Raphus cucullatus

FAMILY PTEROCLIDAE (Peters 1937)

S 4A 2A

Pterocles gutturalis Syrrhaptes paradoxus

2A

FAMILY RAPHIDAE (Peters 1937)

S (cast); also 2 incomplete skeletons.


FAMILY COLUMBIDAE (Peters 1937)

Alectroenas madagascariensis

Alectroenas pulcherrima Aplopelia larvata Chalcophaps indica Claravis pretiosa Columba fasciata Columba leucocephala Columba livia Columba oenas Columbigallina minuta Columbigallina passerina Columbigallina talpacoti Didunculus strigirostris Ducula bicolor Ducula oceanica Ectopistes migratorius Geopelia cuneata Geopelia striata Leptotila cassini Leptotila ruf axilla Leptotila verreauxi Leucosarcia melanoleuca Leucotreron occipitalis Lopholaimus antarcticus

A 4a 2A 2A A A

2A 3A

2A 7A 9A

A 2A A

3A

A

2S 2S

S s 3S

2S

S s s

Lophophaps plumifera Macropygia phasianella Ocyphaps lophotes Oena capensis Oreopelia[ = Geotrygon]

montana Phapitreron amethystina Phapitreron leucotis Phaps chalcoptera Ptilinopus porhyraceus Scardafella inca Streptopelia capicola Streptopelia chinensis Streptopelia decaocto Streptopelia decipiens Streptopelia picturata Streptopelia semitorquata Streptopelia senegalensis Streptopelia turtur Turtur chalcospilos Tympanistria tympanistria Zenaida asiatica Zenaida aurita Zenaidura auriculata Zenaidura macroura

A 2A A

3A

2A A

2A A

5A 9A

A A

6A 2A 5A 4A A

7A

a

5A

ORDER PSITTACIFORMES

FAMILY PSITTACIDAE

Agapornis cana A Agapornis roseicollis A Amazona festiva Amazona guildingii 2a Amazona leucocephala Amazona ochrocephala A Ara ararauna Ara macao Ara manilata 2a Ara severa Aratinga chloroptera a Aratinga finschi A Aratinga holochlora A Brotogeris jugularis 2A Brotogeris tirica Calyptorhynchus magnificus Charmosyna josefinae A Charmosyna placentis A Coracopsis nigra A Coracopsis vasa a Cyanoliseus patagonus

(Peters 1937)

Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae A

3S Forpus conspicillatus 2A Glossopsitta

3S porphyrocephala A S Kakatoe galerita S Kakatoe leadbeateri

3S Kakatoe roseicapilla A Lathamus discolor

S Melopsittacus undulatus A Myiopsitta monachus 4A Neopsittacus

musschenbroeckii 2A Nestor meridionalis

S Nymphicus hollandicus A k Oreopsittacus arfaki A

Pionopsitta haematotis A Pionus maximiliani A Pionus menstruus Platycercus adscitus A

S Platycercus eximius

2 0 Postilla YALE PEABODY MUSEUM N o . 1 1 8

Platycercus zonarius Poicephalus cryptoxanthus Poicephalus meyeri Prioniturus discurus Prioniturus flavicans Psephotus varius Pyrrhura frontalis

s A A A

2A A

2A

Pyrrhura melanura Pyrrhura picta Rhynchopsitta

pachyrhyncha Strigops habroptilus Trichoglossus haematod Trichoglossus ornatus

3A A

2A

4S 2S

S

ORDER CUCULIFORMES

FAMILY MUSOPHAGIDAE (Peters 1940)

Crinifer leucogaster Crinif er personata Gallirex porphyreolophus Musophaga violacea

Cacomantis merulinus Cacomantis variolosus Centropus superciliosus Centropus toulou Ceuthmochares aereus Chrysococcyx klaas Clamator

cafer [ = levaillantii] Clamator glandarius Coccyzus americanus Coccyzus erythropthalmus Coccyzus minor Coua caerulea Coua coquereli Coua cristata Coua cursor Coua gigas

a A A A S

FAMILY

4A A

2A A A A

A A

3A 7A 3A 5a 4a 3A

a 3a

Tauraco erythrolophus Tauraco fischeri Tauraco hartlaubi Tauraco persa

CUCULIDAE (Peters 1940)

S S

Coua reynaudii Coua ruficeps Coua serriana Crotophaga ani Crotophaga major Crotophaga sulcirostris Cuculus canorus Geococcyx californiana Guira guira Piaya cayana Piaya melanogaster Rhamphococcyx

calyorhynchus Saurothera vetula Scythrops novaehollandiae Tapera naevia

A A

2A

a 4a

a A

2A 2A

A A

4A 4A A

A a a

S

S S

S 4S 3S S

S

ORDER STRIGIFORMES

Tyto alba

FAMILY TYTONIDAE (Peters 1940)

A S

Aegolius acadicus Asio flammeus

FAMILY STRIGIDAE (Peters 1940)

4A 2A

Asio otus Athene brama

2A


Athene noctua Bubo africanus Bubo virginianus Nyctea scandiaca Otus asio Otus flammeus Otus guatemalae

3A A

2A A

4A A

S 3S 2S 8S

k

Otus scops Pulsatrix perspicillata Speotyto cunicularia Strix nebulosa Strix varia Surnia ulula

3A

4A

2A A

S

s 2S S

ORDER CAPRIMULGIFORMES

Steatornis caripensis

FAMILY STEATORNITHIDAE (Peters 1940)

4A S

Nyctibius grandis

FAMILY NYCTIBIIDAE (Peters 1940)

Aegotheles archboldi

FAMILY AEGOTHELIDAE (Ripley 1964)

A

FAMILY CAPRIMULGIDAE (Peters 1940)

Caprimulgus carolinensis Caprimulgus europaeus Caprimulgus inornatus Caprmiulgus longirostris Caprimulgus

madagascariensis Caprimulgus nigrescens

2A A k A A

2A 2a

Caprimulgus vocif erus Chordeiles acutipennis Chordeiles minor Hydropsalis brasiliana Nyctidromus albicollis Phalaenoptilus nuttallii Podager nacunda

2A 7A 2A 2A 2A*

2S

ORDER APODIFORMES

Aeronautes saxatalis Aerornis senex Apus apus Apus aequatorialis Apus caffer Apus melba Apus niansae Apus pallidus

2A 2A 3A A

2A A

3A 2A

(Peters 1940)

S

Chaetura pelagica Chaetura ussheri Chaetura vauxi Collocalia esculenta Collocalia inexpectata Collocalia whiteheadi Cypsiurus parvus Streptoprocne zonaris

8A 3A 2A A A

4A 14A 14A


FAMILY TROCHILIDAE (Peters 1945)

Adelomyia melanogenys Aglaeactis cupripennis Aglaiocercus emmae Aglaiocercus kingi Amazilia amabilis Amazilia Candida Amazilia franciae Amazilia saucerrottei Amazilia tzacatl Archilochus alexandri Archilochus colubris Boissonneaua flavescens Campylopterus

hemileucurus Chalcostigma heteropogon Chalybura buff onii Chlorostilbon canivettii Chlorostilbon gibsoni Chlorostilbon maugaeus Chrysolampis mosquitus Coeligena coeligena Coeligena helianthea Coeligena torquata Colibri thalassinus Doricha eliza Eroicnemis cupreoventris Eugenes fulgens Glaucis hirsuta

3A a

a 3A

2A 11A

8A 2a

5A a A A A a

2a

a 3a 3A A

2a 2A

a

S

3S

S

s 4S s

2S

s s

Goldmania violiceps Haplophaedia aureliae Heliangelus amythysticollis Heliangelus exortis Heliodoxa jacula Heliodoxa leadbeateri Heliomaster longirostris Heliothryx aurita Klais guimeti Lampornis castaneoventris Mellisuga minima Metallura tyrianthina Ocreatus underwoodii Panterpe insignis Patagona gigas Phaethornis augusti Phaethornis guy Phaethornis longuemareus Phaethornis superciliosus Selasphorus flammula Selasphorus platycercus Selasphorus rufus Smaragdites theresiae Stephanoxis lalandi Stellula calliope Thalurania f urcata Threnetes ruckeri

2a

a

A 2a 2a A a

2A A

7A A

4A 3A 2a 2A 4A

10A 3A A

7A a

2A a a

2S

2S

S s

2S

3S

S

ORDER COLIIFORMES

FAMILY COLIIDAE (Peters 1945)

Colius castanotus A Colius leucocephalus 4A

Colius macrourus Colius striatus

3A 8A

ORDER TROGONIFORMES

FAMILY TROGONIDAE (Peters 1945)

Apaloderma narina Pharomachrus mocino Temnotrogon roseigaster Trogon collaris Trogon massena Trogon melanurus

A a

3A A

2A a

Trogon personatus Trogon rufus Trogon surrucura Trogon violaceus Trogon viridis

a 3A 3A 4a A


ORDER CORACIIFORMES

FAMILY ALCEDINIDAE (Peters 1945)

Alcedo cristata Ceryle maxima Ceryle rudis Chloroceryle aenea Chloroceryle americana Dacelo gaudichaud Dacelo novaeguineae

Todus angustirostris Todus mexicanus

2A

4A 2A 2A A

]

3A a

S

s

Halcyon albiventris Halcyon chelicuti Halcyon leucocephala Halcyon sancta Halcyon smyrnensis Ispidina picta Megaceryle alcyon

FAMILY TODIDAE (Peters 1945)

Todus subulatus

A 7A 7A 2A 2A A

3A

4A

3S

Baryphthengus ruficapillus Electron platyrhynchum

FAMILY MOMOTIDAE (Peters 1945)

Eumomota superciliosa Momotus momota

2a 2A

FAMILY MEROPIDAE (Peters 1945)

Aerops albicollis Dicrocercus hirundineus Melittophagus gularis Melittophagus oreobates Melittophagus pusillus

3A A

S A

6A

Merops apiaster Merops nubicus Merops orientalis Merops ornatus Merops superciliosus

5a 5A A

2A 5A

FAMILY CORACIIDAE (Peters 1945)

Brachypteracias leptosomus a Coracias benghalensis A Coracias caudata 3 A

Coracias garrulus A Eurystomus glaucurus 2A Eurystomus orientalis 3 A

Leptosomus discolor

FAMILY LEPTOSOMATIDAE (Peters 1945)

Upupa epops

FAMILY UPUPIDAE (Peters 1945)

12A 4S


FAMILY PHOENICULIDAE (Peters 1945)

Phoeniculus purpureus 2A Rhinopomastus cyanomelas A

Rhinopomastus minor 2A

Buceros bicornis Buceros rhinoceros Bucorvus leadbeateri Tockus alboterminatus

FAMILY BUCEROTIDAE (Peters 1945)

a A

S S

2S

Tockus deckeni Tockus erythrorhynchus Tockus flavirostris

A

a

ORDER PICIFORMES

Brachygalba lugubris Galbula leucogastra

Bucco tamatia Chelidoptera tenebrosa Malacoptila panamensis Monasa atra

Capito maculicoronatus Gymnobucco bonapartei Lybius torquatus Megalaima asiatica Pogoniulus bilineatus Pogoniulus leucomystax Semnornis ramphastinus

Indicator indicator

FAMILY GALBULIDAE (Peters 1948)

A A

Galbula ruficauda Jacamerops aurea

3a 2a

FAMILY BUCCONIDAE (Peters 1948)

a 6A 2a A

Monasa morphoeus 3 a Nonnula rubecula 2a Nonnula ruficapilla a Notharchus macrorhynchos A

FAMILY CAPITONIDAE (Peters 1948)

A 2A 2A

S 4A 2A

a

Trachyphonus darnaudii Trachyphonus

erythrocephalus Tricholaema diadematum Tricholaema lachrymosum Tricholaema

melanocephalum

5A

A 3A 6A

A

FAMILY INDICATORIDAE (Peters 1948)

3 A Indicator minor

Andigena hypoglauca Andigena nigrirostris Aulacorhynchus

haematopygus Aulacorhynchus prasinus Pteroglossus pluricinctus

FAMILY RAMPHASTIDAE (Peters 1948)

4A 2A S

2A 4A 3A

Pteroglossus torquatus Ramphastos cuvieri Ramphastos dicolorus Ramphastos sulfuratus Ramphastos swainsonii

A

2A 2a a


FAMILY PICIDAE (Peters 1948)

Asyndesmus lewis Campephilus magellanicus Campethera abingoni Campethera caillautii Campethera caroli Campethera nubica Celeus elegans Celeus loricatus Chrysocolaptes lucidus Chrysoptilus

melanochloros Chrysoptilus punctigula Colaptes auratus Colaptes cafer Colaptes cafer X auratus Colaptes campestris Colaptes chrysoides Colaptes pitius Dendrocopos albolarvatus Dendrocopos medius Dendrocopos minor Dendrocopos mixtus Dendrocopos pubescens Dendrocopos scalaris Dendrocopos villosus Dendropicos abyssinicus Dendropicos fuscescens Dryocopus lineatus Dryocopus martius Dryocopus pileatus Jynx torquilla

A

2A 3A A

6A a

5a A

2A a

10A 3A 2a A

2A

2A A

2A A

9A 3A 5A A

3A 2A

2A 2A

S

3S 3S

S

5S

4S

S s s

Leuconerpes candidus Melanerpes carolinus Melanerpes

erythrocephalus Melanerpes flavifrons Melanerpes formicivorus Melanerpes hypopolius Melanerpes rubricapillus Melanerpes rubricomus Melanerpes striatus Mesopicus goertae Mesopicus griseocephalus Phloeoceastes

melanoleucos Phloeoceastes rubricollis Picoides arcticus Piculus chrysochloros Piculus rivolii Piculus rubiginosus Picumnus sp. Picumnus exilis Picumnus olivaceus Picumnus squamulatus Picumnus temminckii Picus viridis Sphyrapicus thyroideus Sphyrapicus varius Trichopicus cactorum Tripias namaquus Veniliornis fumigatus Veniliornis spilogaster

2A A

2A 2A 6A 4A 2A A

3A 7A 5A

A 3A A

2a 2a

a

A a a

2A A

3A 7A 3A A A

11A

ORDER PASSERIFORMES

FAMILY EURYLAIMIDAE (Peters 1951)

Smithornis capensis A

FAMILY DENDROCOLAPTIDAE (Peters 1951)

Campylorhamphus falcularius

Deconychura longicauda Dendrocincla anabatina Dendrocincla fuliginosa Dendrocincla homochroa Dendrocolaptes certhia Dendrocolaptes picumnus Dendrocolaptes platyrostris Drymornis bridgesii Glyphorhynchus spirurus Lepidocolaptes affinis

A A A

5a A a

4A 6A A A A

Lepidocolaptes albolineatus

Lepidocolaptes angustirostris

Lepidocolaptes souleyetii Lepidocolaptes squamatus Sittasomus griseicapillus Xiphocolaptes

promeropirhynchus Xiphorhynchus flavigaster Xiphorhynchus guttatus Xiphorhynchus picus

2A

8A 3A 3A

10A

2a 5A 5A

a


FAMILY FURNARIIDAE

(Peters 1951)

Anabacerthia striaticollis Anumbius annumbi Aphrastura spinicauda Asthenes anthioides Asthenes baeri Asthenes patagonica Asthenes pyrrholeuca Automolus leucophthalmus Chilia melanura Cinclodes fuscus Cinclodes nigrofumosus Cinclodes patagonicus Coryphistera alaudina Cranioleuca erythrops Cranioleuca obsoleta Cranioleuca pyrrhopia Cranioleuca sulfurifera Eremobius phoenicurus Furnarius rufus Geositta cunicularia Heliobletus contaminatus Leptasthenura

aegithaloides Leptasthenura platensis Limnoctites rectirostris Lochmias nematura Margarornis rubiginosus Margarornis squamiger Ochetorhynchus certhioides Phacellodomus sibilatrix

A 2A 7A S 5a 4A S

a 5A

, A A

3A A

5a 5A 5S 2A 2A 4A S 2A 7a 8A 3S 7A 5A

6a a

2a A

2A a

\ A A

Phacellodomus striaticollis Philydor atricapillus Philydor erythrocercus Philydor lichtensteini Philydor rufus Phleocryptes melanops Premnoplex brunnescens Pseudocolaptes

boissoneautii Pseudoseisura gutteralis Pseudoseisura lophotes Pygarrhichas albogularis Schoeniophylax

phryganophila Sclerurus guatemalensis Sclerurus scansor Spartanoica maluroides Synallaxis albescens Synallaxis brachyura Synallaxis cinerascens Synallaxis erythrothorax Synallaxis frontalis Synallaxis ruficapilla Syndactyla

rufosuperciliata Thripadectes rufobrunneus Upucerthia dumetaria Xenops minutus Xenops rutilans

2A A a

17A 3A 7A 2a

a 7a 6A 5A

8A 2A

a A

2a a

4A 3A 3A 5A

12A a

5A A

4A

FAMILY FORMICARIIDAE

(Peters 1951)

Cereomacra tyrannina Chamaeza campanisona Drymophila caudata Drymophila ferruginea Dysithamnus mentalis Formicarius analis Formicivora grisea Formicivora ruf a Grallaria ochroleuca Grallaria perspicillata Grallaria varia Gymnocichla nudiceps Gymnopithys leucaspis Herpsilochmus

rufimarginatus Hylophylax naevioides Hypoedaleus guttatus

3a A

S 10A

9A 3S 2A 2a

a a

5a a

3a 2A

8A 2S 3A 4A

Mackenzieana severa Microrhopias quixensis Myrmeciza exsul Myrmeciza longipes Myrmotherula axillaris Myrmotherula fulviventris Phaenostictus mcleannani Pyriglena leucoptera Taraba major Terenura maculata Thamnophilus

caerulescens Thamnophilus doliatus Thamnophilus multistriatus Thamnophilus nigriceps Thamnophilus punctatus

A a

4a a

3a A a

4A 3A A

14A 6A

a 2a 2A


Conopophaga lineata

FAMILY CONOPOPHAGIDAE (Peters 1951)

6 A 3S Corythopis delalandi 3A

FAMILY RHINOCRYPTIDAE (Peters 1951)

Eugralla paradoxa Pteroptochos megapodius Pteroptochos tarnii

Attila spadiceus Cotinga amabilis Cotinga nattererii Euchlornis aureopectus Euchlornis jucunda Heliochera rubrocristata Laniocera ruf escens Lipaugus unirufus Pachyramphus castaneus Pachyramphus

polychopterus

Chiroxiphia caudata Chiroxiphia lanceolata Coropipo leucorrhoa Manacus candei Manacus manacus Manacus vitellinus Pipra coronata

3A 3A A

S S

FAMILY

4A a a

2a a

5A 2a 3A 4A

2a

Rhinocrypta lanceolata Scelorchilus rubecula Scytalopus magellanicus

COTINGIDAE (Hellmayr 1929)

Pachyramphus rufus Pachyramphus viridis Platypsaris aglaiae Pyroderus scutatus Querula purpurata Rhytipterna holerythra Rupicola rupicola Tityra cayana Tityra inquisitor Tityra semifasciata

FAMILY PIPRIDAE

13A A

3a 3A 2a 3A

a

(Hellmayr 1929)

6S Pipra erythrocephala Pipra mentalis Pipra pipra Piprites chloris Schiffornis turdinus Schiffornis virescens

a A A

2a 3A A A a

2a

2A 3A

a

4a 7A A

2A a

6A

FAMILY TYRANNIDAE (Cory & Hellmayr 1927; Eisenmann 1955)

Aechmolophus mexicanus Agriornis livida Agriornis microptera Camptostoma obsoletum Capsiempis flaveola Cnipodectes subbrunneus Colonia colonus Colopteryx galeatus Conopias trivirgata Coryphotriccus parvus Elaenia albiceps Elaenia albivertex Elaenia caniceps Elaenia chiriquensis Elaenia fallax

a 4A

a 2A S

13A 2S A

4A S a

5A a

2a S 2a 4A 4A 2A

Elaenia flavogaster Elaenia gaimardii Elaenia martinica Elaenia obscura Elaenia viridicata Empidonax albigularis Empidonax difficilis Empidonax flaviventris Empidonax hammondii Empidonax minimus Empidonax oberholseri Empidonax traillii Empidonax virescens Empidonax wrightii

5A A a

11A a

2a 5A 2A 2A 6A 2A

71A 2a A

2 8 Postilla YALE PEABODY MUSEUM N o . 118

Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus

Eusearthmornis margaritaceiventer

Gubernetes yetapa Habrura pectoralis Hemitriccus diops Kxiipolegus cyanirostris Leptopogon

amaurocephalus Leptotriccus sylviolus Lessonia ruf a Lichenops [ = Hymenops]

perspicillata Machetornis rixosa Mecocerculus leucophrys Megarhynchus pitangua Microtriccus semiflavus Muscisaxicola albilora Muscisaxicola capistrata Muscisaxicola frontalis Muscisaxicola

maculirostris Muscivora f orficata Muscivora tyrannus Myiarchus cinerascens Myiarchus crinitus Myiarchus ferox Myiarchus tuberculifer Myiarchus tyrannulus Myiobius sulphureipygius Myiochanes [ = Contopus]

cinereus Myiochanes [ = Contopus]

virens Myiochanes richardsoni

[ = Contopus sordidulus]

Myiodynastes luteiventris Myiodynastes maculatus Myiophobus fasciatus Myiornis auricularis Myiozetetes cayanensis Myiozetetes similis Neoxolmis rufiventris Nuttallornis mesoleucus

2a

A 2A S A

8A 5A

9A 4A

10A

8A S 6A S A

3A 5A 2A 5a 3A

5a A A A S

3A S A

8A 3A 4A

A

a

2A A

2A 2a

11A 7A 4A 2A S A S

Ochthoeca fumicolor Oncostoma cinereigulare

3a 3A

Onychorhynchus mexicanus a Phaeomyias murina Phylloscartes ventralis Pipromorpha oleaginea Pitangus lictor Pitangus sulphuratus Platyrinchus mystaceus Pogonotriccus eximius Pyrocephalus rubinus Pyrrhomyias cinnamomea Rhynchocyclus brevirostris Rhynchocyclus olivaceus Satrapa icterophrys Sayornis nigricans Sayornis phoebe Sayornis saya Serpophaga cinerea Serpophaga subcristata Sirystes sibilator Spitzitornis parulus Stigmatura budytoides Suiriri suiriri Tachuris rubrigastra Todirostrum cinereum Todirostrum plumbeiceps Todirostrum sylvia Tolmomyias flaviventris Tolmomyias megacephalus Tolmomyias sulphurescens Tyranniscus chrysops Tyranniscus nigrocapillus Tyrannopsis sulphurea Tyrannulus elatus Tyrannus albogularis Tyrannus dominicensis Tyrannus melancholicus Tyrannus tyrannus Xolmis cinerea Xolmis coronata Xolmis irupero Xolmis murina Xolmis pyrope Xolmis rubetra

A 5A 3S 3A 3A* 4A 2S 3A 7A S

10A 3S 2A A

2a 3A A

10A 5S 4A 2A 8A 6A S 4A 3a 6a

10A 6A

11A 2A 2a A

6A 7A

a A

2A 2a

a 11A 2A 4A 2S A

6A 2a 4A

a

Phytotoma rara

FAMILY PHYTOTOMIDAE (Hellmayr 1929)

3A S Phytotoma rutila 9A 4S

Pitta brachyura

FAMILY PITTIDAE (Ripley 1961)


Menura novaehollandiae

FAMILY MENURIDAE (Serventy & Whittell 1962)

S

Alaemon alaudipes Alauda arvensis Ammomanes deserti Calandrella cinerea

FAMILY ALAUDIDAE (Mayr & Greenway 1960)

2A 3A

Eremophila alpestris 16A Eremopterix leucopareia A Galerida cristata 15A Mirafra poecilosterna A

FAMILY HIRUNDINIDAE (Mayr & Greenway 1960)

Alopochelidon fucata Cecropis abyssinica Delichon urbica Hirundo rustica Hirundo smithii Hirundo tahitica Notiochelidon cyanoleuca Notiochelidon murina Petrochelidon nigricans Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Progne chalybea

A A

3A 20A

A A A a A

4A A

2S

S

s

Progne subis Psalidoprocne albiceps Psalidoprocne holomelaena Ptyonoprogne obsoleta Riparia paludicola Riparia riparia Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Tachycineta bicolor Tachycineta leucorrhoa Tachycineta thalassina

6A A

4A 8A 4A 6A 2A 9A A

2A

S 2S S

s

Dicrurus adsimilis Dicrurus aldabranus Dicrurus balicassius

FAMILY DICRURIDAE (Mayr & Greenway 1962)

4A 2a 3A

Dicrurus forficatus 4A Dicrurus hottentottus 2A Dicrurus macrocercus

FAMILY ORIOLIDAE (Mayr & Greenway 1962)

Oriolus auratus Oriolus chinensis

Aphelocoma coerulescens Aphelocoma ultramarina Cissa chinensis Cissilopha beecheii Cissilopha sanblasiana Corcorax melanorhamphos Corvus albus Corvus brachyrhynchos Corvus capensis Corvus corax Corvus corone Corvus coronoides

2A 2A

FAMILY

Oriolus oriolus Sphecotheres vieilloti

CORVIDAE (Mayr & Greenway 1962)

5A 3A

A 2A

2A 2A

2a

S

s s s 5S

25S S

9S 23S 10S

Corvus cryptoleucus Corvus frugilegus Corvus kubaryi Corvus macrorhynchos Corvus monedula Corvus ossifragus Corvus rhipidurus Corvus ruficollis Corvus splendens Crypsirina temia Cyanocitta cristata Cyanocitta stelleri

4A

A

2A

8A 4A

S

2S 4S S

4S 2S 26S 6S

S S

9S 2S


Cyanocorax affinis Cyanocorax chrysops Cyanocorax yncas Cyanolyca viridicyana Cyanopica cyana Garrulus glandarius Gymnorhinus cyanocephala

a 4A 2S 3a 2a A A A

Nucif raga columbiana Perisoreus canadensis Perisoreus infaustus Pica pica Psilorhinus morio Pyrrhocorax graculus Zavattariornis stresemanni

2A 2A 2A 2A A

4S S

s s

Cracticus nigrogularis Cracticus torquatus

FAMILY CRACTICIDAE (Mayr & Greenway 1962)

A A

Gymnorhina tibicen Strepera graculina

Corcorax melanorhamphos Grallina cyanoleuca

FAMILY GRALLINIDAE (Mayr & Greenway 1962)

Struthidea cinerea

Chlamydera maculata

FAMILY PTILONORHYNCHIDAE (Mayr & Greenway 1962)

A Sericulus chrysoeephalus

FAMILY PARADISAEIDAE (Mayr & Greenway 1962)

Astrapia splendidissima Astrapia stephaniae Diphyllodes magnificus Lophorina superba

A a A A

Loria loriae Paradisaea minor Paradisaea rudolphi Pteridophora alberti

a A a a

FAMILY PARIDAE (Paynter 1967)

Aegithalos caudatus Parus albiventris Parus atricapillus Parus bicolor Parus caeruleus Parus elegans Parus gambeli Parus hudsonicus

Neositta chrysoptera Sitta canadensis Sitta carolinensis Sitta europaea

A 2A

13A 2A 7A 9A 8A

A

S S

Parus inornatus Parus major Parus rufescens Parus sclateri Parus wollweberi Parus xanthogenys Psaltriparus minimus

FAMILY SITTIDAE

A 9A 7A 2A

(Paynter 1967)

S k

Sitta frontalis Sitta krueperi Sitta neumayer Sitta pygmaea

2A 5A 3A

a 3A

A 4A

4A A A

3A

2S


Certhia brachydactyla Certhia f amiliaris Climacteris leucophaea

FAMILY CERTHIIDAE (Paynter 1967)

A 9A 3S

S

Climacteris rufa 2A Rhabdornis mysticalis A

FAMILY TIMALIIDAE (Mayr & Paynter 1964)

Alcippe abyssinica Alcippe castaneceps Alcippe vinipectus Chamaea f asciata Drymodes brunneopygia Garrulax canorus Garrulax leucolophus Leiothrix argentauris Leiothrix lutea Macronous gularis Macronous striaticeps Minla strigula Mystacornis crossleyi Neomixis tenella

2A

7A A a

A 4A

7A

a 2A

S

s s

s s 2S

2S

Neomixis striatigula Oxylabes madagascariensis Panurus biarmicus Picathartes gymnocephalus Pomatostomus superciliosus Pomatostomus temporalis Ptilorrhoa caerulescens Stachyris capitalis Stachyris plateni Stachyris pyrrhops Trichastoma rufipenne Turdoides fulvus Turdoides jardineii Turdoides rubiginosus

a a

3A 2a

, A

A 2A 2A

a A A A

5A

FAMILY CAMPEPHAGIDAE (Mayr & Greenway 1960)

Campephaga phoenicea Coracina cinerea Coracina panayensis

2A A

2A

Coracina pectoralis Coracina tenuirostris Lalage nigra

A

A

FAMILY PYCNONOTIDAE (Mayr & Greenway 1960)

Chlorocichla flaviventris Hypsipetes crassirostris Hypsipetes flavala Hypsipetes

madagascariensis Hypsipetes philippinus Nicator chloris Nicator gularis Phyllastrephus debilis Phyllastrephus fischeri T^lrt/ll Q c trpnl ino Jr iiyildallcpilUa

madagascariensis

6A 2A

2A 8A 4A 8A

18A 3A

6A

S

S

Phyllastrephus orostruthus a Phyllastrephus terrestris 8A Phyllastrephus zosterops 2A Pycnonotus barbatus 6A Pycnonotus goiavier 4A Pycnonotus importunus A Pycnonotus jocosus Pycnonotus latirostris 3 A Pycnonotus leucogenys A Pycnonotus urostictus 6A Pycnonotus xanthopygos 11A

FAMILY IRENIDAE (Mayr & Greenway 1960)

Chloropsis hardwickei


Cinclus leucocephalus

FAMILY CINCLIDAE (Mayr & Greenway 1960)

A Cinclus mexicanus

FAMILY TROGLODYTIDAE (Mayr & Greenway 1960)

Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus

Campylorhynchus zonatus Cinnycerthia uniruf a Cistothorus palustris Cistothorus platensis Cyphorhinus aradus Henicorhina leucosticta Salpinctes mexicanus

Salpinctes obsoletus 4A S Thryomanes bewickii 4A

2A Thryothorus f asciatoventris a 3 a Thryothorus leucotis a 3 A 2S Thryothorus ludovicianus A

a Thryothorus modestus 2a 2A Thryothorus rutilus 4A 4A Troglodytes aedon 6A 2A Troglodytes troglodytes 4A

Donacobius atricapillus Dumatella carolinensis Melanoptila glabrirostris Melanotis caerulescens Mimus gilvus Mimus patagonicus Mimus polyglottos

FAMILY MIMIDAE (Mayr & Greenway 1960)

2a lOA

2A 4A A

4a 2A

4S

2S

Mimus saturninus 2a Mimus triurus a Oreoscoptes montanus 3 A Toxostoma dorsale a Toxostoma guttatum A Toxostoma redivivum a Toxostoma rufum 2A

FAMILY' TURDIDAE (Mayr & Paynter 1964)

Alethe fuelleborni Alethe montana Alethe poliocephala Catharus fuscescens Catharus gracilirostris Catharus guttatus Catharus minimus Catharus occidentalis Catharus ustulatus Cercomela sordida Cichladusa guttata Copsychus albospecularis Copsychus saularis Copsychus sechellarum Cossypha caffra Cossypha heuglini Cossypha natalensis Erithacus gunningi Erithacus luscinia Erithacus megarhynchos Erithacus rubecula Erithacus sharpei Erithacus svecicus Erythropygia leucophrys

2A 2A A

8A S 2A 3A 2S 4A 2A 8A 2S 4A A

5A A

2a 2A 1A 2A 5A S 2A A

6A A

5A A

Erythropygia quadrivirgata Hylocichla mustelina Modulatrix stictigula Monticola saxatilis Monticola solitarius Myadestes genibarbis Myadestes ralloides Myadestes townsendi Myrmecocichla aethiops Myrmecocichla arnotti Neocossyphus rufus Oenanthe deserti Oenanthe hispanica Oenanthe isabellina Oenanthe leucopyga Oenanthe lugens Oenanthe oenanthe Oenanthe pileata Phoenicurus

caeruleocephalus Phoenicurus phoenicurus Pogonocichla stellata Rhyacornis fuliginosus Saxicola rubetra

7A 9A 2A A

3A a

2a 3A A A A A

7A 3a 8a A

7A 2A

8A 3A A A


Saxicola torquata Sialia currucoides Sialia sialis Stizorhina f raseri Turdus amaurochalinus Turdus grayi Turdus ignobilis Turdus iliacus Turdus leucomelas Turdus litsipsirupa Turdus merula Turdus migratorius

6A 4A 2A A A

3A 2A 3A

a A

10A

4S

S 4S

Turdus nigrescens Turdus olivaceus Turdus philomelos Turdus pilaris Turdus plumbeus Turdus poliocephalus Turdus rufiventris Turdus tephronotus Zoothera piaggiae Zoothera [ = Ridgwayia]

pinicola

6A 3A A A

3A A

a 3A

A

FAMILY SYLVIIDAE

(Delacour & Mayr 1946; Eisemann 1955; Hellmayr 1934; Mackworth-Praed & Grant 1955; Rand 1936; Ripley 1961, 1964 pers. comm. re. Crateroscelis; Serventy & Whittell 1962; Vaurie 1959)

Acanthiza chrysorrhoa Acanthiza inornata Acanthiza pusilla Acanthiza uropygialis Acrocephalus baeticata Acrocephalus

schoenobaenus Acrocephalus scirpaceus Apalis flavida Apalis melanocephala Apalis pulchra Aphelocephala leucopsis Artisornis metopias Calamonastes f asciolatus Calamonastes simplex Camaroptera brevicaudata Cinclorhamphus cruralis Cinclorhamphus mathewsi Cisticola brachyptera Cisticola cherina Cisticola chiniana Cisticola hunteri Cisticola juncidis Crateroscelis robusta Eminia lepida Eremomela scotops Hippolais icterina Hippolais pallida Malurus alboscapulatus Malurus elegans Malurus lamberti Malurus melanocephalus Megalurus timoriensis

A A A A A

7a 7A 7A 3A 3A

A A A

5A 13A S

A A A

2A A A

2A A

4A A a

2A A A

2A A A

Melocichla mentalis Microbates cinereiventris Nesillas typica Orthotomus atrogularis Phylloscopus bonelli Phylloscopus collybita Phylloscopus olivaceus Phylloscopus sibilatrix Phylloscopus trivirgatus Phylloscopus trochilus Polioptila caerulea Polioptila lactea Polioptila melanura Polioptila plumbea Prinia gracilis Prinia subflava Pyrrholaemus brunneus Ramphocaenus rufiventris Regulus calendula Regulus satrapa Sathrocercus cinnamomeus Seicercus ruficapillus Sericornis maculatus Smicrornis brevirostris Suaheliornis kretchmeri Sylvia atricapilla Sylvia borin Sylvia cantillans Sylvia communis Sylvia curruca Sylvia melanocephala Sylvietta brachyura Sylvietta whytii

A A

3a 2A 2A

13A 6A 2A 2A 5A 4A

A A

8A 16A 2A 2A 4A

10A 8A

5 2A A A A A

4A A

12A A

7A A A

3A

34 Postilla YALE PEABODY MUSEUM No . 118

FAMILY MUSCICAPIDAE

(Delacour & Mayr 1946; Mackworth-Praed & Grant 1955; Mayr 1945; Rand 1936; Paynter 1967; Ripley 1964; Serventy & Whittell 1962; Vaurie 1959)

Alseonax adustus Batis capensis Batis minor Batis molitor Bradornis pallidus Chloropeta similis Chloropetella holochlora Colluricincla tenebrosa Colluricincla harmonica Culicicapa helianthea Dioptrornis fischeri Eopsaltria georgiana Eopsaltria griseogularis Epthianura albifrons Hypothymis azurea Melanodryas cucullata Microeca leucophaea Monarcha guttula Monachella mulleriana Muscicapa albicollis Muscicapa hypoleuca Muscicapa macgregoriae Muscicapa panayensis Muscicapa striata Newtonia amphichroa Oreoica gutturalis

3A 7A 2A 8A 8A A

6A S

2A 6A 8A 3A 3A 3A 2A

A 2A 2A

A A

2A A

3A 5A 2A 2A

Pachycephala pectoralis Pachycephala

philippinensis Pachycephala rufiventris Pachycephala schlegelii Peltops blainvillii Peltops montanus Petroica cucullata Petroica goodenovii Petroica multicolor Pitohui dichrous Platysteira cyanea Platysteira peltata Pseudobias wardi Rhinomyias ruficauda Rhipidura albolimbata Rhipidura brachyrhyncha Rhipidura cyaniceps Rhipidura

nigrocinnamomea Rhipidura rufifrons Rhipidura superciliaris Tchitrea corvina Tchitrea viridis Trochocercus albonotatus Trochocercus cyanomelas

2A

4A 2A 2A A A

2A 3A 6A 2A 4A

A 2A 3A 2A

A 4A

A

3A A

8A 3A

11A

Prunella collaris Prunella himalayana

FAMILY PRUNELLIDAE (Mayr & Paynter 1964)

4a Prunella modularis

FAMILY MOTACILLIDAE (Mayr & Greenway 1960)

Anthus bogotensis Anthus cervinus Anthus leucophrys Anthus novaeseelandiae Anthus sokokensis Anthus spinoletta Anthus trivialis

3A 3A A

14A A

8A S A

Macronyx croceus Motacilla aguimp Motacilla alba Motacilla clara Motacilla flava Motacilla flaviventris

5A 2A

16A 2A 5A 6A

Bombycilla cedrorum

FAMILY BOMBYCILLIDAE (Mayr & Greenway 1960)

8A 6S Bombycilla garrulus 11A


Phainopepla nitens Ptilogonys caudatus

Dulus dominicus

FAMILY PTILOGONATIDAE (Mayr & Greenway 1960)

A Ptilogonys cinereus a

FAMILY DULIDAE (Mayr & Greenway 1960)

8A

Artamus cinereus Artamus cyanopterus Artamus fuscus

FAMILY ARTAMIDAE (Mayr & Greenway 1962)

4A 5A

Artamus maximus A Artamus personatus 2A

FAMILY VANGIDAE (Mayr & Greenway 1960; Dorst 1960)

Calicalicus madagascariensis

Hypositta corallirostris Leptopterus chabert Leptopterus

madagascarinus

Dryoscopus cubla Laniarius ferrugineus Laniarius funebris Lanius collaris Lanius collurio Lanius dorsalis Lanius excubitor Lanius ludovicianus

A 2a 4A

4a

Leptopterus viridis Schetba rufa Tylas eduardi Vanga curvirostris

FAMILY LANIIDAE (Mayi

5A 5A

10A 3A 3A A

3A A

r &

S S

Greenway 1960)

Lanius nubicus Lanius schach Lanius senator Nilaus af er Tchagra cruenta Tchagra senegala Telophorus quadricolor Telophorus sulfureopectus

2a a

3a A

3A A

2a A

2A 10A

A 3A

Eurocephalus anguitimens Prionops plumata

Cyclarhis gujanensis

FAMILY PRIONOPIDAE (Mayr & Greenway 1960)

9A 4A

Prionops scopifrons 5 A Prionops retzii A

FAMILY CYCLARHIDAE (Hellmayr 1935)

9A 4S

2S

FAMILY VIREOLANIIDAE (Hellmayr 1935)

Smaragdolanius pulchellus 2A


Acridotheres fuscus Apolonis minor Aplonis opaca Buphagus erythrorhynchus Cinnyricinclus leucogaster Cosmopsarus unicolor Gracula religiosa Lamprotornis chalybaeus Lamprotornis corruscus Leucopsar rothschildi

FAMILY STURNIDAE (Mayr & Green way 1962)

3A A A A A A

5A 8A

a

S

2S

2S

2S

Onychognathus morio Sarcops calvus Spreo fischeri Spreo hildebrandti Spreo superbus Sturnus contra Sturnus roseus Sturnus unicolor Sturnus vulgaris

A a A

2A 5A

A

2A 4A

FAMILY MELIPHAGIDAE (Paynter 1967)

Acanthorhynchus superciliosus

Anthochaera carunculata Anthochaera chrysoptera Anthochaera rufogularis Entomyzon cyanotis Glychichaera f allax Manorina flavigula Melidectes torquatus Meliphaga flaviventer Meliphaga gracilis Meliphaga melanops Meliphaga polygramma

Aethopyga pulcherrima Aethopyga shelleyi Anthreptes collaris Anthreptes malacensis Anthreptes platurus Anthreptes reichenowi Arachnothera longirostra Nectarinia bif asciata Nectarinia chalybea Nectarinia dussumieri Nectarinia famosa Nectarinia jugularis

2A A A

2A A A

2A 3A 2A

A A

2A

S

S S

FAMILY

2A A

6A A

7A 4A 3A

A

A 2A A

Melipotes fumigatus Melithreptes lunatus Myzomela rosenbergii Phylidonyris

novaehollandiae Phylidonyris pyrrhoptera Promerops cafer Prosthemadera

novaeseelandiae Ptiloprora guisei Toxorhamphus

novaeguineae

NECTARINIIDAE (Paynter 1967)

S S

S

S

Nectarinia kilimensis Nectarinia mariquensis Nectarinia mediocris Nectarinia notata Nectarinia olivacea Nectarinia reichenowi Nectarinia senegalensis Nectarinia souimanga Nectarinia tacazze Nectarinia talatala Nectarinia venusta Nectarinia verticalis

A A A

2A A a

A

A

3A 6A 4A 2A

16A 12A 2A 8A 3A

A 2A

A

Dicaeum australe Dicaeum bicolor Dicaeum hypoleucum Dicaeum nigrilore Dicaeum pygmaeum

FAMILY DICAEIDAE (Paynter 1967)

A 2A 4A

A A

Dicaeum trigonostigma 5 A Melanocharis nigra A Paramythia montium 2A Pardalotus substriatus A Prionochilus olivaceus 2A


FAMILY ZOSTEROPIDAE (Paynter 1967)

Hypocryptadius cinnamoneus

Lophozosterops goodfellowi

Zosterops cinerea Zosterops conspicillata

5A

3A 2S

S

Zosterops everetti Zosterops lateralis Zosterops maderaspatana Zosterops montana Zosterops palpebrosa Zosterops senegalensis

4A A

2A 4A 2a 9A

Hylophilus decurtatus Hylophilus flavipes Hylophilus ochraceiceps Hylophilus poicilotis Hylophilus semibrunneus Vireo bairdi Vireo carmioli Vireo flavifrons

FAMILY VIREONIDAE (Hellmayr 1935)

A 2a

a 6A 2a 2A

a 4A S

Vireo flavoviridis Vireo gilvus Vireo griseus Vireo pallens Vireo philadelphicus Vireo solitarius Vireo virescens

[ = olivaceus]

2A 3A 2A 2A 4A 8A

10A

3S

4S

FAMILY PARULIDAE (A.O.U. 1957; Beecher 1951; Hellmayr 1935)

Ateleodacnis speciosa Basileuterus culicivorus Basileuterus delatrii Basileuterus fulvicauda

11A 14A 6A

a Basileuterus leucoblepharus 6 A Basileuterus rivularis Coereba flaveola Conirostrum albifrons Dendroica auduboni Dendroica caerulescens Dendroica castanea Dendroica cerulea Dendroica coronata Dendroica discolor Dendroica dominica Dendroica fusca Dendroica magnolia Dendroica nigrescens Dendroica occidentalis Dendroica palmarum Dendroica pensylvanica Dendroica petechia Dendroica striata Dendroica tigrina Dendroica virens Geothlypis aequinoctialis Geothlypis trichas Helmitheros vermivorus Icteria virens Limnothlypis swaisonii

8A a

6A 6A 3A

A 17A 2A

A 3A

4A 4A

A 7A 7A 6A 7A 2A 6A

A 13A 3A 4A

A

4S

4S S

s

2S

s

s s 2S

4S

2S 3S

Microligea montana Microligea palustris Mniotilta varia Myioborus melanocephalus Myioborus miniatus Myioborus ornatus Myioborus torquatus Oporornis agilis Oporornis formosus Oporornis Philadelphia Oporornis tolmiei Parula americana Parula pitiayumi Peucedramus taeniatus Prothonotaria citrea Seiurus aurocapillus Seiurus motacilla Seiurus noveboracensis Setophaga ruticilla Vermivora celata Vermivora chrysoptera Vermivora gutturalis Vermivora hybrids Vermivora peregrina Vermivora pinus Vermivora ruficapilla Wilsonia canadensis Wilsonia citrina Wilsonia pusilla

3a A

6A

4A A a

2a 3A

A 2A 8A 7A

A 2a 9A

a 6A 4A

A A a

11a 7A 3A 4A 6A 2A 7A

3S S S

2S S

3S

S

S 3S

S

38 Postilla YALE PEABODY MUSEUM No . 118

FAMILY PLOCEIDAE (Delacour 1943; Friedmann 1960; Mayr & Greenway 1962)

Amadina f asciata Amblyospiza albifrons Cryptospiza reichenowi Cryptospiza salvadorii Dinemellia dinemelli Estrilda amandava Estrilda angolensis Estrilda astrild Estrilda atricapilla Estrilda coerulescens Estrilda erythronotos Estrilda ianthinogaster Estrilda senegala Estrilda temporalis Euplectes ardens Euplectes capensis Euplectes jacksoni Euplectes nigroventris Euplectes orix Foudia madagascariensis Foudia sechellarum Hypargos nitidulus Hypargos niveoguttatus Lonchura castaneothorax Lonchura cucullata Lonchura leucogastra Lonchura malabarica Lonchura malacca Lonchura nana

8A 2A

A 2A 5A

20A 4A 2A 7A 3'A 4A 9A

a 4A 3A A A A

6A A

2A 3A

A 6A

12A 5A 5A 5A

2S

6S 2S

2S

2S

2S

S 3S

Lonchura punctulata Lonchura striata Malimbus rubriceps Padda oryzivora Passer domesticus Passer griseus Passer hispaniolensis Passer iagoensis Passer luteus Petronia petronia Plocepasser donaldsoni Plocepasser mahali Ploceus bicolor Ploceus bojeri Ploceus cucullatus Ploceus intermedius Ploceus ocularis Ploceus sakalava Ploceus spekei Ploceus subaureus Ploceus xanthops Poephila gouldiae Pseudonigrita cabanisi Pytilia melba Quelea quelea Sporopipes frontalis Steganura paradisea Vidua macroura

A A

29A 7A

A A

8A 7A* 2A 4A 6A

A 8A 4A 3A 2A

A 2A

A A

4A 2A

A A

3A 2A

FAMILY ICTERIDAE (Hellmayr 1937)

Agelaius phoeniceus Agelaius thilius Amblycercus holosericeus Archiplanus leucoramphus Cacicus cela Cacicus haemorrhous Cassiculus melanicterus Cassidix mexicanus Dives dives Dolichonyx oryzivorus Euphagus carolinus Gnorimopsar chopi Gymnostinops montezuma Icterus buljockii Icterus cayanensis Icterus cucullatus Icterus fuertesi Icterus galbula

6A A

2A a A A

3A a

3A 6A 3A 4A

A A

3A

A 4A

3S

S

S

s s s

Icterus gularis Icterus icterus Icterus mesomelas Icterus spurius Leistes militaris Macroagelaius subalaris Molothrus ater Molothrus badius Molothrus bonariensis Pezites militaris Pseudoleistes virescens Psomocolax oryzivorus Quiscalus quiscula Sturnella magna Sturnella neglecta Tangavius aeneus Xanthocephalus

xanthocephalus

A 4A

A 4a 7A

A 3a 2A 2A

A 3A 3A 2A 2A

a

FAMILY TERSINIDAE (Hellmayr 1936)

Tersina viridis A


FAMILY THRAUPIDAE (Beecher 1951; Hellmayr 1935, 1936)

Calospiza [ = Tangara] castanonota

Calospiza cayana Calospiza chrysophrys Calospiza cyanicollis Calospiza florida Calospiza gyrola Calospiza heinei Calospiza icterocephala Calospiza inornata Calospiza lavinia Calospiza nigroviridis Calospiza ruficapilla Calospiza seledon Calospiza vassorii Chlorophanes spiza Chlorophonia cyanea Chlorornis riefferii Chlorospingus

ophthalmicus Chlorothraupis carmioli Chrysothylypis chrysomelas Cissopis leveriana Cyanerpes cyaneus Dacnis cayana Dacnis lineata Dacnis venusta Diglossa baritula Diglossa caerulescens Diglossa carbonaria Eucometis penicillata Habia gutturalis Habia rubica Hemispingus frontalis Hemithraupis flavicollis Hemithraupis guira

2A a a

4A 2a 3A

a 2A 2a 3a 4A

A 2A 2A 2a 2A 3A

2A a

> 2a 3A

A 5A 5a

a 6A 2a

a 3a 5A 5A 2a 3a

12A Heterospingus xanthopygius a Lanio aurantius A

S

S 5S

S 6S

S S

7S

S

s 4S

8S

Phlogothraupis sanguinolenta

Pipraeidea melanonota Piranga bidentata Piranga leucoptera Piranga ludoviciana Piranga olivacea Piranga roseogularis Piranga rubra Poecilothraupis igniventris Pyrrhocoma ruficeps Ramphocelus dimidiatus Ramphocelus flammigerus Ramphocelus icteronotus Rhodinocichla rosea Schistochlamys melanopis Spindalis zena Stephanophorus diadematus Tachyphonus coronatus Tachyphonus delatrii Tachyphonus phoenicius Tachyphonus rufus Tachyphonus surinamus Tanagra anneae Tanagra chalybea Tanagra chlorotica Tanagra laniirostris Tanagra lauta Tanagra minuta Tanagra violacea Tanagra xanthogaster Thraupis bonariensis Thraupis cyanocephala Thraupis cyanoptera Thraupis episcopus Thraupis palmarum Thraupis sayaca Trichothraupis melanops

6A 9A

a 2a A

9A

2A 6A 5A

2A 3A 2A 7A

i 2A 9A

a A A

2A a

3A a

4A a

4A a

3A 2a

8A 6A 7A 9A

3S

S 2S

S 2S

2S

S

4S

S

s s

9S 8S

Phaenicophilus palmarum 6A

FAMILY FRING1LLIDAE (A.O.U. 1957; Hellmayr 1938; Mackworth-Praed & Grant 1955; Vaurie 1959)

Acanthis cannabina Acanthis flammea Acanthis X Serinus hybrid Aimophila rufescens Aimophila strigiceps Amaurospiza moesta Ammodramus bairdii Ammodramus savannarum Amospiza caudacuta Ammospiza maritima Ammospiza mirabilis

5A 7A

a A A

4A A

6A 12A 5A 4a

S

4S

S

s

Amphispiza belli Amphispiza bilineata Arremon aurantiirostris Arremonops conirostris Arremonops rufivirgatus Atlapetes albofrenatus Atlapetes atricapillus Atlapetes brunneinucha Atlapetes gutturalis Atlapetes pallidinucha Atlapetes schistaceus

A 5A 2a 4A 5A

A a

6A 3A 2a

a


Atlapetes torquatus Calcarius lapponicus Calcarius crnatus Carduelis carduelis Carduelis chloris Carpodacus cassinii Carpodacus mexicanus Carpodacus purpureus Chondestes grammacus Coryphospingus cucullatus Cyanocompsa cyanea Cyanocompsa cyanoides Cyanocompsa parellina Diuca diuca Donacospiza albifrons Emberiza bruniceps Emberiza caesia Emberiza cia Emberiza hortulana Emberiza melanocephala Emberizoides herbicola Embernagra platensis Fringilla coelebs Fringilla montifringilla Gubernatrix cristata Guiraca caerulea Haplosipza unicolor Hesperiphona vespertina Junco caniceps Junco hyemalis Junco oreganus Junco phaeonotus Leucosticte australis Leucosticte tephrocotis Loxia curvirostra Loxia leucoptera Loxigilla violacea Loximitris dominicensis Melanodera melanodera Melanodera xanthogrammg Melospiza georgiana Melospiza lincolnii Melospiza melodia Melozone kieneri Montifringilla nivalis Myiospiza humeralis Oberholseria [ = Chlorura]

chlorura Oryzoborus funereus Paroaria coronata Passerculus sandwichensis Passerella iliaca Passerherbulus caudacutus Passerina ciris Passerina cyanea Pezopetes capitalis

2A

5A 6A 3A 5A 7A 3A 4A 4a 4A 2A

11A a

A A A A

4A 4A 8A 3A 2a 2A 2A 2A

A 11A 6A

A 15A 2A 6A 4A 3A A

2A i a

7A 5A 11A A

3a 6A

6A 3A 3A

12A 3A 3A

A 7A A

S

s k

4S S

2S 2S

2S

2S

S

s

8S

3S

2S

8S

4S

4S 2S 2S

S

Pheucticus ludovicianus Pheucticus

melanocephalus Phrygilus carbonarius Phrygilus fruticeti Phrygilus gayi Phrygilus patagonicus Phrygilus unicolor Pinicola enucleator Pipilo erythrophthalmus Pipilo fuscus Plectrophenax nivalis Pooecetes gramineus Poospiza lateralis Poospiza melanoleuca Poospiza nigroruf a Pyrrhula pyrrhula Richmondena cardinalis Saltator albicollis Saltator atriceps Saltator maximus Saltatricula multicolor Serinus atrogularis Serinus canaria Serinus mozambicus Serinus serinus Serinus striolatus Sicalis flaveola Sicalis lebruni Sicalis luteola Spinus pinus Spinus psaltria Spinus [ = Carduelis]

spinus Spinus tristis Spiza americana Spizella arborea Spizella breweri Spizella passerina Spizella pusilla Sporophila aurita Sporophila lineola Sporophila luctuosa Sporophila minuta Sporophila nigricollis Sporophila obscura Sporophila torqueola Tiaris bicolor Tiaris olivacea Volatinia jacarina Zonotrichia albicollis Zonotrichia capensis Zonotrichia coronata

[ = atricapilla] Zonotrichia leucophrys

6A

3A 28a

102a 72a

5A A

2A 7A 4A 4A

10A 7A 3A

A 2A 8A 6A

A A a

4A 8A 5A 2A 3A 6A 9A 4A 4A 2A

4A 12A 2A 3A 3A

12A 2A 2A

a a

4A 2A 3a 4A 6A 8A 7A 9A

12A

4A 7A

S

S

4S

2S 2S

2S S

3S

S

s

4.S

3S

S 3S

3S 3S

S

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