xzufkky;ksa vksj lwpuk dsanzksa ds izdkj - national … xzafkky; ,oa lwpuk fokku fvii.kh...

xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku 14

fVIi.kh

xzUFkky;ksa vkSj lwpuk dsanzksa ds izdkjekWM~;wy&1xzaFkky;] lwpukvkSj lekt

2

xzUFkky;ksa vkSj lwpuk dsanzksads izdkj

2-1 ifjp;

fiNys ikB esa vkius lekt esa xzaFkky; dh vko';drk] egÙo vkSj muds dk;ks± ds ckjs esai<+k gSA vkius i<+k gS fd xzaFkky; dk lekt ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd] lkaLÑfrd vkSj'kSf{kf.kd fodkl esa egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA xzaFkky; yksxksa dh lk{kjrk esa o`f¼ djrk gSAxzaFkky; dh lsokvksa ls yksxksa dh Kku vkSj dkS'ky o mRikndrk esa ldkjkRed o`f¼ gksrhgS] ftlds iQyLo:i jk"Vª ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku gksrk gSA lalkj esa xzaFkky;ksa ds dbZ izdkjgSA bl ikB esa vki orZeku lekt esa fofHkUu izdkj ds xzaFkky;ksa vkSj muds dk;ks± ds ckjsesa vè;;u djsaxsA ge izR;sd xzaFkky; ds ckjs esa mnkgj.k lfgr ppkZ djsaxsA

2-2 mn~ns';

bl ikB ds vè;;u djus ds i'pkr~ vki l{ke gksaxs%

● xzaFkky;ksa ds izdkjksa dh igpku dj loQus tSls lkoZtfud] 'kS{kf.kd] fof'k"V vkSjjk"Vªh;_

● xzaFkky; oxhZdj.k ds ekudksa (mi;ksDrkvksa] laxzg vkSj lsokvksa) dh O;k[;k dj loQus_

● izR;sd izdkj ds xzaFkky;ksa ds mn~ns';ksa] dk;ks± vksj lsokvksa dk o.kZu dj loQus_

● 'kS{kf.kd vkSj lkoZtfud xzaFkky;ksa ds fofHkUu Lrjksa dh lwph cuk ldus_ vkSj

● izR;sd izdkj ds xzaFkky; ds mnkgj.k ns ldus esaA

2-3 xzaFkky;ksa ds izdkj

xzaFkky;ksa dks pkj izdkj ls oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS tSls 'kS{kf.kd] lkoZtfud] fof'k"VvkSj jk"Vªh;A lkoZtfud xzaFkky; orZeku lwpuk lekt esa fof'k"V lanHkZ dks è;ku esa j[kdj

15

fVIi.kh

xzUFkky;ksa vkSj lwpuk dsanzksa ds izdkj

xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku

ekWM~;wy&1xzaFkky;] lwpukvkSj lekttulk/kj.k dh lsok dk dk;Z djrs gSaA 'kS{kf.kd xzaFkky; os xzaFkky; gSa tks 'kSf{k.kd laLFkkvksa

dk fgLlk gS vkSj ftudk Lrj izkFkfed fo|ky; ls fo'ofo|ky;ksa rd gksrk gSA fof'k"VxzaFkky; vuqlaèkku vkSj fodkl] O;kikj] m|ksx vkfn dh lwpukvksa dh vko';drkvksa dsifj.kkeLo:i mRiUu gq, gSaA jk"Vªh; xzaFkky;] dkuwu ds dqN izko/kuksa ds vUrxZr jk"Vª esaizdkf'kr lHkh izys[kksa ,oa jk"Vª ds ckjs esa izdkf'kr lHkh izys[kksa dks izkIr djds bUgsa jk"Vª dsfy, izLrqr djrs gSaA mi;ksDrkvksa esa o`f¼] lHkh fo"k;ksa ds lalk/uksa esa Hkkjh ek=kk esa o`f¼]mi;ksDrkvksa }kjk fofHkUu izdkj dh lsokvksa dh ek¡x esa o`f¼ ds ifj.kkeLo:i fofHkUu izdkjds xzaFkky;ksa dh mRifÙk gqbZ gSA

xzaFkky; ds izR;sd izdkj ds mn~ns';ksa] vko';drkvksa] dk;ks± vksj lsokvksa ds ckjs esa vki vkxsvkSj vf/d vè;;u djsaxsA

ikBxr iz'u 2-1

1- xzaFkky;ksa ds oxhZdj.k ds dkj.k crkbZ,A

2- xzaFkky;ksa ds fofHkUu izdkj D;k gSa] ftuls mi;ksDrkvksa dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gksrh gS\

2-4 lkoZtfud xzaFkky;

lkoZtfud xzaFkky; ,d lkekftd laLFkk gSA ;g lekt ds dY;k.k esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ HkwfedkfuHkkrh gSA lkoZtfud xzaFkky; ds fodkl ds fy, dbZ dkjd ftEesnkj gSaA ;s gSa%

● turk dks Kku ds fy, izsfjr djuk_

● Lo&f'k{kk ds ekè;e ls lk{kjrk dk Lrj lq/kjuk_

● lwpuk izlkj dsanz ds :i esa_

● thouHkj lh[kus dh vko';drk ds dsanz ds :i esa_

● leqnk; dk ckSf¼d dsanz cuus ds fy,_

● euksjatu dsanz ds :i esa_

● foKku o izk|kSfxdh {ks=k esa izxfr_

daI;wVj vkSj lapkj izk|kSfxdh {ks=k esa fodkl gksus ls] lkoZtfud xzaFkky;ksa }kjk tulapkj vkSjbaVjusV ds ekè;e ls Rofjr tkudkjh iznku djuk laHko gks x;k gSA

2-4-1 lkoZtfud xzaFkky; dh ifjHkk"kk

lkoZtfud xzaFkky; xSj ykHk ds xzaFkky; gSaA ftldh LFkkiuk turk ds mi;ksx ds fy, turkdh fuf/ }kjk gksrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] lkoZtfud xzaFkky; turk ds }kjk] turk ds fgr esa]turk ds fy, lapkfyr gksrs gSaA ;s izR;sd ukxfjd dks fcuk fdlh HksnHkko ds tUe] tkfr]


fVIi.kh

xzUFkky;ksa vkSj lwpuk dsanzksa ds izdkjekWM~;wy&1xzaFkky;] lwpukvkSj lekt jax] fyax] lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj 'kSf{kd Lrj ds fu%'kqYd lsok,a iznku djrs gSaA vkerkSj

ij lHkh izdkj ds xzaFkky;ksa ds ikap mn~ns'; gksrs gSa tSls f'k{kk] lwpuk] euksjatu] lkSan;Z iz'kalkvkSj vuqla/kuA mnkgj.k ds fy, 'kSf{kd xzaFkky; dk eq[; mi;ksx f'k{kk o vuqla/ku dsfy, gksrk gSaA fof'k"V xzaFkky; dk lwpuk vkSj vuqla/ku ds fy,] ysfdu lkoZtfud xzaFkky;ksads }kjk ik¡pksa mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ gksrh gSA

;wusLdks dk ifCyd ykbczsjh ?kks"k.kki=k

;wusLdks us vius lnL; ns'kksa ds fy, lkoZtfud xzaFkky; eSfuisQLVksa dks 1949 esa rS;kj fd;kvkSj 1972 esa blesa la'kks/u fd;kA ckn esa] 1994 esa baVjus'kuy isQMjs'ku vkWiQ ykbczsjh,lksfl,s'ku ,oa isQMjs'ku (IFLA) ds lg;ksx ls lkoZtfud xzaFkky; ?kks"k.kki=k rS;kj fd;kx;kA bl ?kks"k.ki=k dks O;kid :i ls lHkh ns'kksa }kjk Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA ;g lkoZtfudxzaFkky; ds mn~ns';] xfrfof/;ksa vkSj lsokvksa ds fy, ekxZn'kZu iznku djrk gS] mldh fufèk]vf/fu;e vkSj usVodZ] mldh dk;kZRed xfrfof/;ka vkSj mudk izca/u ,oa ?kks"k.kki=k dksykxw djus ds funsZ'k iznku djrk gSA ;s lkoZtfud xzaFkky; ds fof'k"V mn~ns';ksa dks HkhfufnZ"V djrk gSA ;s fuEufyf[kr gSa%

lkoZtfud xzaFkky; ds mn~ns';

lwpuk] lk{kjrk] f'k{kk rFkk laLÑfr ls lacaf/r fuEufyf[kr izeq[k y{;ksa dks viuh lsokvksads ekè;e ls iwfrZ djuk lkoZtfud xzaFkky;ksa dk izeq[k mn~ns'; gS%

1- ckY;koLFkk ls gh cPpksa esa ikBu&{kerk rFkk iBu&:fp dk fuekZ.k o fodkl djuk_

2- O;fDrxr rFkk Lo;a lapkfyr f'k{kk ds lkFk&lkFk vkSipkfjd f'k{kk dks Hkh leFkZunsuk_

3- O;fDrxr ltZukRed fodkl ds volj miyC/ djkuk_

4- cky rFkk ;qokoxZ esa dYiuk'kfDr rFkk ltZukRed izfrHkk dks izksRlkfgr djuk_

5- lkaLÑfrd ijaijkvksa] dyk&izse] oSKkfud miyfC/;ksa] rFkk uoifjorZu ds izfr tkx:drkdks c<+kok nsuk_

6- leLr fu"iknu dykvksa dh lkaLÑfrd vfHkO;fDr dks izksRlkfgr djuk_

7- varj&lkaLÑfrd laokn dks izksRlkgu nsuk rFkk lkaLÑfrd fofo/rk dk leFkZu djuk_

8- ekSf[kd ijaijk dks leFkZu nsuk_

9- ukxfjdksa dks lHkh izdkj dh lkeqnkf;d lwpuk,¡ miyC/ djkuk_

10- LFkkuh; m|eksa] la?kksa rFkk le fgr&lewgksa dks i;kZIr lwpuk lsok miyC/ djkuk_

11- lwpuk rFkk daI;wVj dk Lo;a mi;ksx djus esa yksxksa dks l{ke cukuk_

17

fVIi.kh



ekWM~;wy&1xzaFkky;] lwpukvkSj lekt12- lHkh vk;q&oxks± ds O;fDr;ksa ds fy, lk{kjrk ls lacaf/r xfrfof/;ksa ,oa ;kstukvksa esa

Hkkx ysuk] rFkk ;fn vko';d gks rks ,slh xfrfof/;k¡ Lo;a pykukA

lzksr % http://archive.ifla.org/vii/58/unesco/eng.html

la{ksi esa] ;wusLdks ifCyd ykbczsjh ?kks"k.kk i=k esa lkoZtfud xzaFkky; ls ;g vk'kk dh tkrhgS fd os lwpuk] f'k{kk rFkk laLÑfr tSls rhu izeq[k {ks=kksa esa viuh egÙoiw.kZ HkwfedkfuHkk,axsA ;s lsok {ks=k gSa%

● lwpuk dsanz

● Lo&f'k{kk dsanz

● lkaLÑfrd dsanz

● LFkkuh; lkaLÑfrd lkexzh dsanz

2-4-2 lkoZtfud xzaFkky; ds mn~ns'; ,oa dk;Z

MkW- ,l-vkj- jaxukFku osQ vuqlkj lkoZtfud xzaFkky; ds fuEufyf[kr mn~ns'; vkSj dk;Zfu/kZfjr fd;s gSa %

(i) lekt ds izR;sd O;fDr dks thoui;Zr Lo&f'k{kk izkIr djus esa lgk;rk djuk_

(ii) izR;sd O;fDr dks v|ru lwpuk miyC/ djkuk_

(iii) laiw.kZ vfHkys[kc¼ leh{kkvksa ,oa fopkj/kjkvksa dks] izR;sd fcuk fdlh iwokZxzg dslarqfyr <ax ls lHkh dks forfjr djds lqyHk djkuk vkSj LFkkuh;] jk"Vªh; vkSjvUrjkZ"Vªh; fØ;kdykiksa ds lEcU/ esa muds jktuhfrd nkf;Roksa ,oa dÙkZO;ksa dks iwjkdjus esa lgk;d fl¼ gksuk_

(iv) vuqla/kudrkZvksa dks de ls de le; esa uohure Kku dh tkudkjh miyC/ djkuk_

(v) ns'k dh lkaLÑfrd /jksgj dk laj{k.k djuk_

(vi) vodk'k ds le; dk lnqi;ksx djus dh lqfo/k,¡ iznku djkuk_

(v) lHkh lkefxz;ksa ds izHkkjh gksus osQ ukrs ukxfjdkas ds lkekftd dY;k.k ds fy, lrr~:i ls dk;Z djukA

lkoZtfud xzaFkky; ds dk;Z la{ksi esa uhps mfYyf[kr gSa%

vf/dka'k ns'kksa esa] lkoZtfud xzaFkky; izk.kkyh ds fy, dkuwu gSa vkSj os lHkh bu dkuwuksa dksè;ku esa j[kdj vius jkT;ksa] ftyksa vkSj xk¡oksa eas lHkh yksxksa rd xzaFkky;ksa dks igq¡pkus ds fy,viuk laxBukRed <k¡pk ,oa HkkSxksfyd forj.k LFkkfir djrs gSaA mi;ksDrkvksa dks xzaFkky; esavkdf"kZr djus ds fy, o mudh vfHk:fp dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, xzaFkky;] lkaLÑfrdxfrfof/;ksa dk vk;kstu djrs gSa tSls O;k[;ku] ppkZ] fiQYe 'kks] laxhr lekjksg] ukVd]


fVIi.kh

xzUFkky;ksa vkSj lwpuk dsanzksa ds izdkjekWM~;wy&1xzaFkky;] lwpukvkSj lekt dyk izn'kZfu;k¡ vkSj cPpksa ds fy, dgkuh l=k A ;g dsoy iqLrdkas ds HkaMkj ds :i esa ugha

cfYd lkaLÑfrd dssanz ds :i esa Hkh dk;Z djrs gSaA blfy, lkoZtfud xzaFkky; lwpuklEidZ dq'ky ukxfjdksa dks rS;kj djus esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA

lkoZtfud xzaFkky; ds mnkgj.k%

1- fnYyh&ifCyd ykbczsjh] fnYyhA

2- [kqnk c['k vksfj,aVy ifCyd ykbczsjh] iVukA

3- dksUusekjk ifCyd ykbczsjh] psUubZA

ikBxr iz'u 2-2

1- ;wusLdksa ifCyd ykbczsjh ds ?kks"k.kki=k (eSfuiQSLVks) esa mfYyf[kr lkoZtfud xzaFkky; dsdk;ks± dk la{ksi esa o.kZu dhft,A

2- D;k vkids {ks=k@jkT; esa lkoZtfud xzaFkky; gS\ ;fn gk¡ rks mldk uke crkb,\

2-5 'kS{kf.kd xzaFkky;

fdlh Hkh 'kS{kf.kd laLFkku ds xzaFkky; dh Hkwfedk dks] laLFkku osQ mlds f'k{kk n'kZu dslanHkZ esa vuqHko fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g lalkj ds vf/dka'k 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa ds xzaFkky;ksadk Hkh lp gSA f'k{kk ,d lh[kus dh izfØ;k gS ftldk y{; gS yksxksa ds chp {kerkvksa dksfodflr djukA lkekU; :i esa 'kS{kf.kd xzaFkky;] ftuesa fo|ky;] egkfo|ky; vkSjfo'ofo|ky; osQ xzaFkky;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS] muesa pkj izdkj ds miHkksDrkvksa dsf'k{kk Lrj ds vk/kj ij mi;ksDrkvksa dks lsok,a iznku dh tkrh gSaA ;s gSa%

d- fo|kFkhZ

[k- f'k{kd

x- 'kks/kFkhZ

?k- laLFkk ds iz'kklfud] O;kolkf;d deZpkjh vkSj vU; deZpkjh

xzaFkky;ksa ds izdkjksa ds vuqlkj muds mn~ns';] dk;Z] foÙk lzksr] ;ksX;rk] in vkSj deZpkfj;ksadh la[;k fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSA xzaFkky; laxzg ds fuekZ.k esa lkekU; xzaFk] if=kdk,a] lanHkZiqLrdsa vkSj vU; ehfM;k lkefxz;ka 'kkfey gSa tks vè;;u] vè;kiu vkSj 'kks/ dk vfHkUuvax gksrs gSaA buesa nh tkus okyh lsok,a tSls i<+us dh lqfo/k,a] m/kj nsus vkSj lanHkZ lsok,avkfn Hkh bu xzaFkky;ksa esa fHkUu gksrh gSaA

19

fVIi.kh



ekWM~;wy&1xzaFkky;] lwpukvkSj lekt'kS{kf.kd xzaFkky; ds fuEufyf[kr mn~ns'; gSa%

● 'kS{kf.kd leqnk; dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djuk_

● leLr izdkj dh lkefxz;ksa dk laxzg o laj{k.k djds vè;;u o lanHkZ lkefxz;ksa dksmiyC/ djokuk_

● mi;ksDrkvksa dks vè;;u djus ds fy, LFkku miyC/ djkuk_

● Nk=kksa] f'k{kdkas vkSj 'kks/ Nk=kksa dks xzaFk ds vkxe&fuxZe dh lsok,a miyC/ djkuk_ vkSj

● izHkkoh lanHkZ vkSj lwpuk lsok,¡ miyC/ djkukA

'kS{kf.kd xzaFkky;ksa dks rhu lewgksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS ;s gSa%

● fo|ky; xzaFkky;

● egkfo|ky; xzaFkky;

● fo'ofo|ky; xzaFkky;

2-5-1- fo|ky; xzaFkky;

Hkkjr esa fo|ky;ksa dks tks f'k{kk os iznku djrs gSa ml f'k{kk Lrj ds vk/kj ij bUgsa pkj lewgksaesa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA vr% ;s fo|ky; izkFkfed] feM~y] ekè;fed vkSj ofj"Bekè;fed fo|ky; gks ldrs gSa tks vius&vius mi;ksDrkvksa dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZdjrs gSaA

fo|ky; xzaFkky;ksa ds mn~ns';

lHkh izdkj ds fo|ky; xzaFkky; ds fuEu mn~ns'; gksrs gSa%

● iqLrds i<+us esa vfHk#fp tkx`r djuk_

● iqLrdksa ds izfr izse dks c<+kuk_

● i<+us esa vfHk#fp dh vknrksa dks izksRlkfgr djuk_ vkSj

● laizs"k.k dkS'ky dks fodflr djus ds fy, ikB~;srj xfrfof/;ksa] tSls dgkuh lqukuk]JO;&n`'; dk;ZØeksa ij ppkZ vkfnA

fo|ky; xzaFkky;ksa ds dk;Z

Nk=kksa dks xzaFkky; esa vkdf"kZr djus ds fy, o mudh :fp vkSj ftKklk dks fodflr djusds fy,] fo|ky; xzaFkky; dks fuEufyf[kr dk;Z djus pkfg,%

● Nk=kksa ,oa f'k{kdksa ds fy, Kku izkfIr ,oa f'k{k.k gsrq mÙke laxzg dk fuekZ.k djuk_

● laxzfgr lkezfx;ksa dk mfpr O;oLFkkiuk ,oa izn'kZu_


fVIi.kh

xzUFkky;ksa vkSj lwpuk dsanzksa ds izdkjekWM~;wy&1xzaFkky;] lwpukvkSj lekt ● dk;kZRed HkkSfrd lqfo/k,¡ tSls Hkou] iQuhZpj vkSj midj.k miyC/ djkuk_ vkSj

● ;ksX; izfrc¼ deZpkfj;ksa dks fu;qDr djukA

mijksDr dk;Z leku :i esa izkFkfed] ekè;fed vkSj ofj"B ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa esa yxHkxleku :i ls ykxw gksrs gSaA fo|ky; xzaFkky;ksa esa nh tkus okyh lsok,¡ gSa%

● vkxe&fuxZe

● vè;;u

● lanHkZ lsok,¡ vkSj

● Nk=kksa esa iqLrdsa o vU; ikB~; lkefxz;ksa dks i<+us dh vfHk#fp ds mn~ns'; ls mudkekxZn'kZu o ijke'kZ iznku djukA

fo|ky; xzaFkky; ds mnkgj.k

1- fnYyh ifCyd Ldwy xzaFkky;] fnYyh

2- dqykph galjkt ekWMy Ldwy xzaFkky;] fnYyh

ikBxr iz'u 2-3

1- fo|ky; xzaFkky;ksa ds izkFkfed mn~ns'; D;k gSa\

2- cPpksa ds fy, iqLrdkas dk izn'kZu D;ksa egÙoiw.kZ gS\

2-5-2 egkfo|ky; xzaFkky;

egkfo|ky; Lrj ij xzaFkky; dk leFkZu ;qok Nk=kksa ds efLr"d dks ubZ pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeukdjus ds fy, rS;kj djus esa vfuok;Z gSA fo|ky; f'k{kk dh rqyuk esa egkfo|ky; dh f'k{kkiw.kZr% fHkUu gksrh gSA egkfo|ky; dh d{kkvksa esa Nk=kksa dh la[;k vf/d gksrh gS vkSj izR;sdNk=k ij f'k{kdksa dks è;ku nsuk laHko ugha gks ikrk gSA vr% Nk=kksa dks vius vè;;u vkSjLo&f'k{k.k dh vknr fodflr djus ds fy, egkfo|ky; xzaFkky; ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSAegkfo|ky; xzaFkky; dks pkj Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS tSls %

(1) twfu;j egkfo|ky;]

(2) fMxzh egkfo|ky;]

(3) LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] vkSj

(4) O;kolkf;d egkfo|ky;

21

fVIi.kh



ekWM~;wy&1xzaFkky;] lwpukvkSj lektegkfo|ky; xzaFkky; ds mn~ns';

egkfo|ky; xazFkky; ds izeq[k mn~ns'; gSa%

● ukekafdr Nk=kksa esa fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dh xgu&le> fodflr djuk_

● mPp&f'k{kk vkSj Lo&vè;;u ds fy, Nk=kksa dk ekxZn'kZu djuk_

● fo|ky;ksa] ljdkjh foHkkxksa] ukxfjd laLFkkvksa] O;olkf;d izfr"Bkuksa] O;olk;ksa rFkkm|ksxkas dk mPprj dk;ZHkkj laHkkyus ds fy, Nk=kksa dks rS;kj djuk_

● vf/d izcq¼] vf/d Kkuoku rFkk mÙkjnk;h ukxfjdksa dk lewg rS;kj djuk] vkSj

● Nk=kksa dks fofHkUu O;olk;ksa tSls fof/] vk;qfoZKku] vfHk;kaf=kdh rFkk izkS|ksfxdh bR;kfnesa izf'kf{kr djukA

egkfo|ky; xzaFkky; ds dk;Z

egkfo|ky; ds xzaFkky; ds cqfu;knh dk;Z gSa%

● f'k{kdksa vkSj Nk=kksa dh i<+us] vè;;u vkSj vuqla/ku dh vko';drkvksa dks fuèkkZfjrdjus eas ewy fudk; dh lgk;rk djuk_

● HkkSfrd lqfo/k,¡ tSls lqfo/klaiUu iSr`d fudk; Hkou] iQuhZpj] midj.k vkfn miyC/djkuk_

● ikB~;Øe vk/kfjr ikB~; iqLrdksa ds uohure laLdj.k dh ,dkf/d izfr;k¡ miyC/djkuk_

● xzaFkky; esa lanHkZ iqLrdksa dh O;kid O;oLFkk djuk_

● fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dh uohure iqLrdksa vkSj if=kdkvksa ds u, ,oa iqjkus vadksa dk laxzgmiyC/ djkuk_

● ,d ls vf/d ek=kk esa ehfM;k lkexzh vkSj daI;wVj vk/kfjr f'k{k.k o vè;;ulkefxz;ksa dks miyCèk djkuk_

● euksjatu djus ds mn~ns'; ls egÙoiw.kZ lekpkji=kksa dh lnL;rk vkSj vU; yksdfiz;lkexzh tSls yksdfiz; xYi lkfgR; (fiQD'ku)] thofu;k¡] ;k=kk&o`Ùkkar] dyk dhiqLrdksa dks laxzfgr djuk_ vkSj

● Nk=kksa dh lgk;rk ds fy, fiNys o"kks± ds iz'ui=kksa dks j[kukA

egkfo|ky; xzaFkky; dh lsok,a

egkfo|ky; xzaFkky; ds deZpkfj;ksa }kjk fuEufyf[kr lsok,a iznku dh tkrh gSa %


fVIi.kh

xzUFkky;ksa vkSj lwpuk dsanzksa ds izdkjekWM~;wy&1xzaFkky;] lwpukvkSj lekt ● vè;;u ,oa vkxe&fuxZe vkSj ikB~;iqLrdkas dh lsok,¡ iznku djuk_

● Nk=kksa dks gLrpkfyr ;k daI;wVj lwph ds mi;ksx djus ds fy, ekxZn'kZu djuk_

● iqLrdksa dh vofLFkfr o iVy ij j[kh xbZ lanHkZ iqLrdas <wa<us esa lgk;rk djuk_

● Nk=kksa dks xzaFkky; lalk/uksaa dk mi;ksx djus dk dq'ky o izHkkoiw.kZ izf'k{k.k iznkudjuk_

● lHkh xzaFkky; ds lnL;ksa dks lwpuk] lanHkZ vkSj lanHkZ laca/h (jsÝiQjy) lsok,a iznkudjuk_

● uohure iqLrdkas dks iznf'kZr djuk o eYVhiyehfM;k lkexzh dh lwph rS;kj djuk_

● i;kZIr ek=kk esa eYVhiyehfM;k lkexzh vkSj miLdj izkIr djkuk vkSj mUgsa iz;ksx ds;ksX; cukuk_ vkSj

● fjizksxzkiQh lsok

xzaFkky; lfefr

gj egkfo|ky; xzaFkky; esa ,d xzaFkky; lfefr gksrh gSA iz/kukpk;Z ml lfefr dk vè;{ko ykbczsfj;u ml lfefr dk lnL; lfpo gksrk gSA bl lfefr esa egkfo|ky; ds dqNofj"B vè;kid o egkfo|ky; ds ckgj ls Hkh dqN xzaFkky;&foKku fo'ks"kK gksrs gSaAxzaFkky;kè;{k dh gh] nSfud izca/ ds fy, dk;Zdkjh ftEesnkjh gksrh gS tcfd xzaFkky; dsfodkl dh uhfr ds laca/ esa fu.kZ; xzaFkky; lfefr }kjk fy, tkrs gSaA egkfo|ky; xzaFkky;ds foÙk ds izeq[k lzksr gSa ;w-th-lh- ls izkIr vuqnku] jkT; ljdkj }kjk vuqnku] iQhl vkSjNk=kksa ls izkIr tqekZukA

egkfo|ky; xzaFkky; ds mnkgj.k

1- fdjksM+hey egkfo|ky; xzaFkky;] fnYyh

2- y{ehckbZ egkfo|ky; xazFkky;] fnYyh

3- ljdkjh izkS|ksfxdh egkfo|ky; xzaFkky;] dks;acVwj]

ikBxr iz'u 2-4

1- egkfo|ky; xzaFkky; lfefr dh lajpuk D;k gS\

2- egkfo|ky; xzaFkky; esa nh tkus okyh de&ls&de rhu lsokvksa ds laca/ esa mYys[kdhft,] tks mUgsa fo|ky; xzaFkky; ls vyx djrh gSA

23

fVIi.kh



ekWM~;wy&1xzaFkky;] lwpukvkSj lekt2-5-3 fo'ofo|ky; xzaFkky;

Hkkjr esa fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh la[;k 1947 ds ckn ls dkiQh rs”kh ls c<+h gSA ;g o`f¼ Nk=kksads ukekadu esa] vuqla/kudrkZvksa] fo"k;ksa vkSj cgqyfo"k;ksa esa ikB~;Øe tks fd u, foHkkxksads xBu ls] vuqla/ku ifj;kstukvksa ls vkSj ladk; lnL;ksa dh la[;k esa o`f¼ ls Li"V gSA;gka dbZ izdkj ds fo'ofo|ky; gksrs gSa tSls ikjaifjd] is'ksoj] MhEM ,oa eqDr fo'ofo|ky;A

fo'ofo|ky; xzaFkky; dh LFkkiuk] vkSj mldk iz'kklu j[k&j[kko fo'ofo|ky; dsikap&eq[; dk;ks± esa mldh lgk;rk djrk gS tSls f'k{k.k rFkk lh[kuk_ 'kks/dk;Z rFkk uohuKku dk ltZu] 'kks/ ifj.kkeksa dk izdk'ku vkSj izlkj] Kku vkSj fopkjksa ds laj{k.k vkSjfoLrkj dk;ZØeA fo'ofo|ky; xzaFkky;ksa dks] Nk=kksa ds lewg] vuqla/kudrkZvksa dh] 'kSf{kdvkSj dk;Zdkjh ifj"kn~ ds lnL;ksa] iz'kklfud o is'ksoj deZpkfj;ksa dh ek¡x dks iwjk djus dsfy, cM+h pqukSrhiw.kZ ,oa dfBu Hkwfedk fuHkkuh iM+rh gSA

fo'ofo|ky; xzaFkky; ds mn~ns';

fo'ofo|ky; xazFkky; fo'ofo|ky; dks vius y{;ksa vkSj mn~ns';ksa dks iwjk djus esa viukleFkZu vkSj lgk;rk djds cgqr gh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA fo'ofo|ky;ksa dhcgqvk;keh xfrfof/;ksa ds fu"iknu esa bUgsa mudh enn djuh gksrh gSA fo'ofo|ky; xzaFkky;ds fuEu mn~ns'; gSa %

● ljdkj] m|ksx] LokLF;] vfHk;kaf=kdh] fof/] j{kk] Ñf"k bR;kfn ls lacaf/r fofHkUu {ks=kksaesa O;kolkf;dksa dks ckSf¼d rFkk izca/dh; usr`Ro iznku djuk rFkk muesa lkekftdlksn~ns';rk dk Hkko Hkjuk_

● mifjfyf[kr lHkh fofo/ {ks=kksa esa 'kks/kfFkZ;ksa dk ekxZn'kZu djuk rkfd 'kks/ dhmiyfC/;ksa dk mi;ksx tu&thou ds thou Lrj dks lq/kjus esa fd;k tk lds_ vkSj

● Hkkoh ih<+h ds fy, Kku vkSj fopkjksa dk laj{k.k djukA

fo'ofo|ky; xzaFkky; ds dk;Z

fo'ofo|ky; xzaFkky; ds izeq[k dk;Z gSa %

● Kku&izkfIr] f'k{k.k] 'kks/ rFkk izdk'ku bR;kfn ds fy, fofo/ fo"k;ksa ls lacaf/rO;kid izys[k&laxzg dk fuekZ.k djuk_

● xzaFkky; esa vftZr laxzghr lkexzh Kku dks ikBdksa ds mi;ksx ds fy, O;ofLFkr djukvkSj mldk HkaMkj.k djuk_

● fofHkUu izdkj dh ekax&vk/kfjr rFkk iwokZuqekfur xazFkky;] izys[ku] rFkk lwpuk lsok,aiznku djuk_ vkSj


fVIi.kh

xzUFkky;ksa vkSj lwpuk dsanzksa ds izdkjekWM~;wy&1xzaFkky;] lwpukvkSj lekt ● Nk=kksa] vuqla/kudrkZvksa vkSj f'k{kdksa dks euksjatu] LokUos"k.k] oS;fDrd o`f¼ ,oa

fodkl esa xzaFkky; dk mi;ksx djds vkSj vius ckSf¼d dkS'ky esa dq'kkxzrk ykus dsfy, izksRlkfgr djukA

fo'ofo|ky; xzaFkky; dh lsok,a

fo'ofo|ky; xzaFkky; esa iznku dh tkus okyh lsokvksa dh izÑfr vkSj n{krk izR;sd xazFkky;esa vyx&vyx rjg dh gksrh gSA lwpuk vkSj izkS|ksfxdh ds vkus ij] vf/dka'k fo'ofo|ky;ksads xazFkky;ksa us vius fØ;kdykiksa dks Lopkfyr djus ds fy, xzaFkky; izca/u lkWÝVos;j dkmi;ksx fd;k gS vkSj muds }kjk fofHkUu izdkj dh lsok,¡ iznku dh gSa] tks igys ugha nh tkrhFkhA fo'ofo|ky; xzaFkky; esa nh tkus okyh lsokvksa dk mYys[k uhps fd;k x;k gSa%

● vè;;u vkSj ns;&vkns; lsok,a_

● lanHkZ xzaFkkRed vuqns'k vkSj xzaFkky; ls ifjfpr djokuk_

● xzaFkky; lwphdj.k o izys[kksa dks irk yxkus esa lgk;rk nsuk_

● lanHkZ vkSj lwpuk lsok,a_

● orZeku ds izfr tkx:drk iSnk djus laca/h lsok,a (lh , ,l)_

● lwpuk dk p;fur izlkj (,lMhvkbZ)_

● lanHkZ xzaFkkRed fcfCy;ksxzkfiQd lsok,a_

● varj&xzaFkky; ½.k lsok,a (vkbZ ,y ,y)_

● fjizksxzkfiQd lsok,a_

● lekpkj i=k&drju lsokvksa dk izca/u_

● iqfLrdkvksa] foojf.kdkvksa] fjiksVks± vkSj fiNys o"kks± dh ijh{kkvksa ds iz'u&i=kksa dk [kM+hiQkbZyksa esa j[k&j[kko djuk_

● izys[kksa dk vkj{k.k_

● ikBd f'k{kk_

● izn'kZfu;ka rFkk fo'ks"k izn'kZu_

● fo'ks"k O;k[;ku] u, lkWÝVos;j }kjk nh tkus okyh lsokvksa dk izn'kZu_ vkSj

● ikBksUeq[k laxksf"B;ka vkSj dk;Z'kkyk,aA

fo'ofo|ky; xzaFkky; lfefr

fo'ofo|ky;&xzaFkky;] eq[; xzaFkky;h ds v/hu gksrk gSA ;g fo'ofo|ky; ds lafof/dfu;eksa ds vuqlkj iz'kkflr gksrk gSA xzaFkky; dh laoh{kk rFkk ewY;kadu] fo'ofo|ky; dh'kSf{k.kd rFkk dk;Zdkjh ifj"kn ds v/hu gksrk gSA ,d xzaFkky; lykgdkj lfefr laLFkkfir

25

fVIi.kh



ekWM~;wy&1xzaFkky;] lwpukvkSj lektdh tkrh gS vkSj bldk vè;{k fo'ofo|ky; dk dqyifr ;k mlds }kjk ukfer O;fDr gksrk

gS rFkk xzaFkky;kè;{k bl lfefr dk lnL;&lfpo rFkk la;kstd gksrk gSA bl lfefr esalnL; ds :i esa fo'ofo|ky; ds foHkkxksa ds dqN ofj"B f'k{kd_ xzaFkky; foKku ds dqNfo'ks"kK rFkk dqN fo}ku gksrs gSaA

fo'ofo|ky; xzaFkky; iz.kkyh ls lacaf/r 'kSf{kd rFkk iz'kklfud ekeyksa ds fy, funsZ'kdfl¼kar rFkk uhfr;ka cukuk bl lfefr dk nkf;Ro gksrk gSA xzaFkky; lfefr xzaFkky; }kjk cuk,x, xzaFkky; ds ctV dk vuqeksnu djds mls foÙk lfefr esa Hkstrh gSA foÙk dk eq[; lzksrgS fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx dk vuqnku] jkT; ljdkjksa dk vuqnku] ikBdksa ls izkIr fd,x, 'kqYd ,oa tqekZuk vkfnA ;g lfefr cgqr cM+h la[;k esa laxzg [kjhnus] iqjkuh if=kdkvksads vadksa dks [kjhnus] bZ&if=kdkvksa] iQuhZpj] midj.kksa] vkSj daI;wVj gkMZos;j vkSj lkWÝVos;jdks [kjhnus dh lykg iznku djrh gS vkSj cM+s migkj laxzgksa dks izkIr djus dh LohÑrh Hkhiznku djrh gSA

fo'ofo|ky; xzaFkky; ds mnkgj.k

1- fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; xzaFkky;

2- tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky; xzaFkky;

3- enzkl fo'ofo|ky; xazFkky;

ikBxr iz'u 2-5

1- fo'ofo|ky;kas ds izdkj dk o.kZu dhft,A

2- fo'ofo|ky; xzaFkky; ds mi;ksDrk dkSu gSa\

2-5 fof'k"V xzaFkky;

fof'k"V xzaFkky; 20oha 'krkCnh esa vkfLro esa vk,A fof'k"V xzaFkky; fo'ks"k ikBd oxZ dksfo'ks"k fo"k; dk laxzg djds fo'ks"k lsok,a iznku djrs gSaA bu xzaFkky;ksa dh LFkkiuk laxBuksadh lwpukvksa dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djuk gS vkSj ;s fdlh laxBu ds lkFk layXu gksrsgSaA vkerkSj ij ;s vuqla/ku vkSj fodkl (vkj ,.M Mh) dh xfrfof/;ksa ds fy, lefiZrgksrs gSa vkSj lHkh izdkj ds izys[kksa dks gS.Mcqd] rduhdh izfrosnu] dyk dh&oLrq&fLFkfrdk izfrosnu] lanHkZ xzaFklwfp;ksa] uohu lwpuk lsok,a cqysfVu] if=kdk,a] vuqØef.kdk] lkjka'k]funsZf'kdk,a] izys[ku&lwfp;ka vkSj vf/xzg.k lwfp;ka dk laxzg djrs gSaA

fof'k"V xazFkky; dh ifjHkk"kk

gSjksM us viuh iqLrd ykbczfj;al Xyksljh vkWiQ VeZl esa bl xzaFkky; dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq,fy[kk gS% fof'k"V xzaFkky; fo}r laxBuksa] 'kksèk&laLFkkuksa] vkS|ksfxd rFkk okf.kT;d izfr"Bkuksa


fVIi.kh

xzUFkky;ksa vkSj lwpuk dsanzksa ds izdkjekWM~;wy&1xzaFkky;] lwpukvkSj lekt rFkk ljdkjh foHkkxksa] vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd f'k{kk laLFkkuksa }kjk fdlh lhfer {ks=k esa iz.khr

iqLrdsa rFkk vU; eqfnzr] fp=kkRed] rFkk vfHkysf[kr lkefxz;ksa dk laxg LFky gSA dksbZlkoZtfud xzaFkky; Hkh] fdlh fo'ks"k O;olk; oxZ ds yksxksa dks lwpuk miyC/ djkus dsfy,] rduhdh xzaFkky; ;k fof'k"V fo"k; xzaFkky; ds :i esa viuh fof'k"V 'kk[kk pykldrk gSA

fof'k"V xzaFkky; ds mn~ns';

,d fof'k"V xzaFkky; vius iSfr`d laLFkku dk vfHkUu vax gS vkSj ;g iwjh rjg ls mudsdk;ZØeksa ,oa xfrfof/;ksa esa lg;ksx nsrk gSA fof'k"V xzaFkky; ds eq[; mn~ns'; gSa viusiSfr`d laxBu dh ifj;kstukvksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa ds vk/kj ij izeq[k fo"k;ksa ds iwokZuqekfur ,oaorZeku laxzg dks fodflr djuk gSA budk è;s; gS mi;ksDrkvksa dks muds {ks=kksa esa egÙoiw.kZfodkl dh uohure lwpukvksa dks rqjar miyC/ djkukA ;g xzaFkky; fo'ks"kKksa dks mfpr'kSf{kd] rduhdh vkSj izys[kh] lHkh izdkj dh lwpuk,a iznku djus esa mudk lg;ksx djrsgSaA

fof'k"V xzaFkky; ds dk;Z vkSj lsok,a

fof'k"V xzaFkky; uhps mfYyf[kr fofHkUu izdkj ds dk;Z o lsok,a iznku djrs gSa%

● laiw.kZ lkfgR; dh [kkst djds O;kid lesfdr lwph rS;kj djuk_

● mi;ksDrkvksa }kjk ekaxh tkus okyh orZeku lwpukvksa dks pquuk] izkIr djuk] mudkO;oLFkkiu djuk] Hk.Mkj.k vkSj iqu% izkIr djuk_

● miyC/ lwpukvksa dk fo'ys"k.k] la'ys"k.k rFkk ewY;kadu djuk_

● dyk dh ;Fkk&fLFkfr ds izfrosnu (LVsV vkWiQ n vkVZ fjiksVZl)] lekykspukRedleh{kk,¡] eksuksxzkiQ] vuqla/ku izfrosnu] fjizaV] miyC/ djkuk_

● vuqØef.kdk,¡ (baMksfDlt)] lkjka'k vkSj m¼j.k miyC/ djkuk_

● vf/x`ghr iqLrdksa dh lwph] cqysfVu] U;wt ysVj] lkjka'k] gS.Mcqd ;k eSuqvy] lanHkZxzaFk lwph rS;kj djuk_

● izys[kksa dk fuxeZu djus lfgr] vUrj&xazFkky; esa ijLij ysu&nsu_

● lanHkZ vkSj jsiQjy lsok,a iznku djkuk_

● lelkef;d tkx:drk lsok (dSl)] p;fur lwpuk dk (,lMhvkbZ) izlkj vkSjvuqokn lsok,a miyC/ djkukA

fof'k"V xzaFkky; ds izdkj

fof'k"V xzaFkky; ds dbZ izdkj gksrs gSaA ;s gSa %

27

fVIi.kh



ekWM~;wy&1xzaFkky;] lwpukvkSj lekt● ljdkjh xzaFkky;μ

laln xzaFkky;] ubZ fnYyhdsanzh; lfpoky; xzaFkky;] ubZ fnYyh

● lfefr;ksa vkSj laLFkkvksa ds xzaFkky;μm-iz- ,sfrgkfld lfefr] y[kuÅfo'o dkO; lkslk;Vh baVjdk¡fVusaVy] psUubZ

● vkS|ksfxd vkSj okf.kfT;d laxBuμyklZu ,aM Vwcjks xzaFkky;] eqacbZHkkjr gsoh bysfDVªdYl fyfeVsM xzaFkky;] ubZ fnYyh

● vuqla/ku laxBuμHkkjrh; fpfdRlk vuqla/ku ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyhHkkjrh; Ñf"k vuqla/ku ifj"kn~] ubZ fnYyh

● 'kSf{kd laLFkkuμHkkjrh; izkS|ksfxdh laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh] psUubZ] eqacbZ] dkuiqj vkfnALdwy vkWiQ Iykfuax ,aM vkfdZVsDpj] ubZ fnYyhyky cgknqj 'kkL=kh izca/u baLVhV~;wV] ubZ fnYyh

● lkoZtfud xzaFkky;μU;w;kWdZ ifCyd ykbczsjh] U;w;kWdZ& lkbal fMoht+ufnYyh ifCyd ykbczsjh] ubZ fnYyh

fof'k"V xzaFkky; ds mnkgj.k1- vkbZvkbZih,e xzaFkky;] ubZ fnYyh

2- jk"Vªh; izfrj{k.k laLFkku] (bE;weksykWth) ubZ fnYyh

ikBxr iz'u 2-6

1- fof'k"V xzaFkky; }kjk izk;% nh tkus okyh lsokvksa dh lwph cuk,A

2- foKku] izkS|ksfxdh vkSj fpfdRlk ds {ks=k esa dqN fo'o izfl¼ fof'k"V xzaFkky;ksa ds ukeksadk mYys[k dhft,A

2-7 jk"Vªh; xzaFkky;

vf/dka'k ns'kksa esa jk"Vªh; xzaFkky; jk"Vªh; lalk/uksa dk j[k&j[kko djrs gSa vkSj jk"Vªh; lanHkZxzaFk lwph (fcfCy;ksxzkiQh) dks izdkf'kr djus dk nkf;Ro Hkh fuHkkrs gSaA jk"Vªh; xzaFkky; jk"Vªds lkfgR; dk vf/xzg.k djds mUgsa lqjf{kr j[krs gSA vf/dka'k jk"Vªh; xzaFkky; fofo/vf/dkj ds v/hu] (dkih jkbV vFkok fMikftV ;kstuk) jk"Vª esa izdkf'kr izR;sd iqLrdo if=kdk dks izkIr djrs gSaA


fVIi.kh

xzUFkky;ksa vkSj lwpuk dsanzksa ds izdkjekWM~;wy&1xzaFkky;] lwpukvkSj lekt jk"Vªh;&xzaFkky; fdlh ns'k dh ljdkj }kjk ml ns'k ds ljdkjh dks"k ls LFkkfir gksrs gSa vkSj

ml ns'k dh izeq[k lwpukvksa dk Hk.Mkj.k djds mudh lsok,a iznku djrs gSaA jk"Vªh; xzaFkky;esa] ikBdksa dks lhfer la[;k esa iqLrdsa] 'krks± o fu;eksa ds varxZr] fuxZfer dh tkrh gSaAnqyHkZ] ewY;oku ;k egÙoiw.kZ Ñfr;ksa dks ukxfjdksa dks] ;g 'kk;n gh dHkh fuxZfer djrs gSA

jk"Vªh; xzaFkky; dh ifjHkk"kk

gSjksM~l ykbczsfj;al XykSljh (1987) esa jk"Vªh; xzaFkky; dks bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;kgSA ljdkjh dks"k ls laLFkkfir vkSj izcaf/r xzaFkky; gS tks laiw.kZ jk"Vª dks lsok iznku djrsgSaA buesa j[kh xbZ iqLrdsa lkekU;r;% dsoy lanHkZ ds fy, gksrh gSaA ;s vkerkSj ij fofèkdtek vfèkfu;eksa (yhxy fMikWftV ysftLys'ku) ds rgr lkefxz;ka izkIr djrs gSaA budk dk;ZgS vius ns'k esa izdkf'kr laiw.kZ iqLrdksa] if=kdkvksa] lkef;fd;ksa] lekpkj i=kksa vkSj vU;eqfnzr izys[kksa vkSj eYVhehfM;k lkefxz;ksa dks ns'k dh lkaLÑfrd fojklr ds :i esa lqjf{krj[kukA ns'k ds lHkh izdk'kd bl xzaFkky; esa viuh iqLrdksa dks fofèkd :i esa tek djkusds fy, ckè; gksrs gSa vkSj vU; ns'kksa esa izdkf'kr iqLrdksa dks ns'k ds fy, Ø; Hkh fd;k tkrkgSA oS/kfud tek dh ckè;rk% ykxw djus ds fy, lkekU;r% naM dh /kjkvksa dk Hkhizko/ku gSA

jk"Vªh; xzaFkky; ds mn~ns'; vkSj dk;Z

jk"Vªh; xzaFkky; dk eq[; mn~ns'; gS vius ns'k ds lHkh ukxfjdksa }kjk Lons'k esa vFkok fons'kesa izdkf'kr ;k ns'k ds laca/ esa vU; ns'kksa esa izdkf'kr lHkh eqfnzr o xSj&eqfnzr izys[kksa dhigpku] vf/xzg.k] O;oLFkkiu] laxzg vkSj iqu% izkfIr djukA

lu~ 1964 esa euhyk esa vk;ksftr jhtuy lsehukj vkWu n MsoyiesaV vkWiQ us'kuy ykbczsjhbu ,f'k;k ,.M iSflfiQd ,fj;k ds vafre izfrosnu esa jk"Vªh; xzaFkky; ds fuEu dk;ks± dhlaLrqfr dh xbZ gSa %

● jk"Vª ds xzaFkky;ksa dks usr`Ro iznku djuk_

● ns'k esa tkjh fd, x, lHkh izdk'kuksa ds fy, LFkk;h laxzg ds :i esa lqfuf'pr lsokiznku djuk_

● vU; izdkj dh lkexzh dk vf/xxzg.k djuk_

● lanHkZ xzaFkkRed lsok,a iznku djuk_

● lgdkjh xfrfof/;ksa ds fy, ,d leUo; dsanz ds :i esa dk;Z djuk_ vkSj

● ljdkj dks lsok iznku djukA

jk"Vªh; xzaFkky;ksa ds mnkgj.k

lHkh ns'kksa ds O;kid (Økafizgsaflo) jk"Vªh; xzaFkky; gSa] tks lHkh xfrfof/;ksa vkSj dk;ks± dkfu"iknu djrs gSaA ;s gSa%

29

fVIi.kh



ekWM~;wy&1xzaFkky;] lwpukvkSj lekt1- Hkkjr dk jk"Vªh; xzaFkky;] Hkkjr

http://www.nationalibrary.gov.in

2- ykbczsjh vkWiQ dkaxzsl (,y-lh-)] ;w- ,l-,-http://www.loc.gov/index.html

3- fczfV'k ykbczsjh] ;w dshttp://www.bl.uk/

4- dukMk dk jk"Vªh; xzaFkky;] dukMkhttp://www.ottawakiosk.com/nationallibrary.html

fiNys dqN n'kdksa esa jk"Vªh; xzaFkky;ksa dh xfrfof/;ksa esa i;kZIr foLrkj gqvk gSA bldsifj.kke Lo:i] fofHkUu ns'kksa esa dqN jk"Vªh; xzaFkky;ksa esa bu xfrfof/;ksa vkSj bu dk;ks± dksdjus ds fy, jk"Vªh; xzaFkky; fu£er gq, gSa vkSj bu xzaFkky;ksa ds muds (d) dk;ks± ([k)fo"k;ksa (x) lsfor fo'ks"k lewgksa (?k) laxzfgr lkexzh ds izdkj (Ä) fdlh HkkSxksfyd {ks=k]vFkok fdlh lkaLÑfrd lewg dh lsok djus okys mi&jk"Vªh; vk/kj ij oxhZÑr fd;k tkrkgSA ;s fuEufyf[kr gSa%

Ø-la- izdkj {ks=k@dk;Z mnkgj.k

1- dk;Z vk/kfjr ns;&vkns; dk;Z fczfV'k ykbczsjh izys[k viw£r lsok ;w-ds-

2- fo"k;&vk/kfjr vk;qZfoKku (v) us'kuy esfMdy ykbczsjh] Hkkjr

Ñf"k (vk) us'kuy ,xzhdYpj ykbczsjh] ;w-,l-,-

3- lsfor fo'ks"k&oxZ n`f"Vghu us'kuy ykbczsjh iQkWj fn CykbaM] ;w-ds- laln xzaFkky;

4- mi&jk"Vªh; vk/kfjr {ks=k@jkT;@ (v) us'kuy ykbczsjh vkWiQ osYlfdlh fo'ks"k HkkSxksfyd lkaLÑfrd (vk) us'kuy ykbczsjh vkWiQ ;w ds l£c;k{ks=k ;k lkaLÑfrd oxZ dh lewglsok esa layXu

5- lk>snkjh vk/kfjr dk;ks± dh lk>snkjh LVsV ,.M ;wfuoflZVh vkWiQ vkV~Zl] MsuekdZ

ikBxr iz'u 2-7

1- ,d fof'k"V xzaFkky;] jk"Vªh; xzaFkky; ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gS\

2- baVjusV dh [kkst ds }kjk irk yxk,¡ fd D;k dksbZ ,slk xzaFkky; gS tks cgjs vkSj xwaxksadh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djrk gS (v) Lons'k esa (vk) vU; ns'kksa esa

vkius D;k lh[kk

● geus vkidks fofHkUu izdkj ds xzaFkky;ksa ls voxr djok;k tks fofHkUu izdkj ds yksxksadh lwpukvksa dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djrs gSaA


fVIi.kh

xzUFkky;ksa vkSj lwpuk dsanzksa ds izdkjekWM~;wy&1xzaFkky;] lwpukvkSj lekt ● geus izR;sd izdkj ds xzaFkky;ksa tSls 'kS{kf.kd] fof'k"V] lkoZtfud vkSj jk"Vªh; dh

ifjHkk"kk] mn~ns';ksa dk;ks±] mi;ksDrkvksa oxks± vkSj mudks nh tkus okyh lsokvksa dh ppkZdhA lexzr% ;s xzaFkky; fofo/ izdkj ds mi;ksDrkvksa ds mn~ns';ksa dks] lkekU;n`f"Vdks.k ls vkSj fof'k"V n`f"Vdks.k ls iwjk djrs gSaA

● xzaFkky;ksa ds izdkjksa ls] mudh izÑfr] dk;ks± vkSj lsokvksa ls ifjfpr gksdj vki buxzaFkky;ksa ds ckjs esa vf/d ls vf/d tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr gksaxsA

● lkoZtfud xzaFkky; ,d lkekftd laLFkk gS vkSj ;s lkoZtfud lewg ds fy, fofHkUuizdkj dh lwpukvksa dk izlkj djrs gSaA budk laxzg lkekftd] jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSjlkaLÑfrd fo"k;ksa ij vk/kfjr gksrk gSA

● 'kS{kf.kd xzaFkky; Nk=kksa] f'k{kdksa vkSj 'kks/kfFkZ;ksa dks lsok,a iznku djrs gSaA

● fof'k"V xzaFkky; fo'ks"k {ks=kksa esa dk;Zjr fo'ks"kKksa@'kks/drkZvksa dks lsok,a iznku djrs gSaA

● jk"Vªh; xzaFkky; lHkh Hkk"kkvksa esa lHkh izdkj ds laxzgksa dk vf/xzg.k djds iwjs jk"Vª dksviuh lsok,a iznku djrs gSaA

● xzaFkky;ksa ds fofHkUu izdkjksa ds chp esa dksbZ cgqr cM+k vUrj ugha gSA eSusteSaV]bathfu;fjax vkSj esfMdy dkWyst ds xzaFkky; 'kS{kf.kd xzaFkky; ds lkFk&lkFk fof'k"VxzaFkky; Hkh gSaA lkoZtfud xzaFkky; o;Ld f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds fo'ks"k lewgksa ds fy, fo'ks"klaxzg ds fodkl esa ldkjkRed iz;kl djrs gSaA

ikBkar iz'u

1- ,d lkoZtfud xzaFkky; ds egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z fyf[k,A

2- egkfo|ky; xzaFkky; ds dk;ks± dk o.kZu dhft,A

3- vki fdlh fof'k"V xzaFkky; esa x, gksa] rks mlds dk;ks± dk o.kZu dhft,A

ikBxr iz'uksa ds mÙkj

2-1

1- mi;ksDrkvksa esa o`f¼] lHkh fo"k;ksa ds lalk/uksa dh la[;k esa Hkkjh ek=kk esa o`f¼]mi;ksDrkvksa }kjk fofHkUu izdkj dh lsokvksa dh ekax esa o`f¼ ds ifj.kkeLo:i fu£ergq;s xzaFkky;ksa dk oxhZdj.kA

2- mi;ksDrkvksa dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, pkj izdkj ds xzaFkky; gSa]'kS{kf.kd] fof'k"V] lkoZtfud vkSj jk"Vªh;A

31

fVIi.kh



ekWM~;wy&1xzaFkky;] lwpukvkSj lekt2-2

1- ;wusLdks ifCyd ykbczsjh ?kks"k.kki=k (eSfuiQSLVks) esa lkoZtfud xzaFkky; ds la{ksi esafuEu dk;Z of.kZr fd, x, gSaA ;s gSa %

● lwpuk dk dsanz

● Lo&f'k{kk dk dsanz

● lkaLÑfrd dsanz

● LFkkuh; lkaLÑfrd&lkexzh dk dsanz

2- foo`rkar iz'u ds fofHkUu mÙkj gksaxsA

2-3

1- fo|ky; xzaFkky; ds mn~ns'; iqLrdsa i<+us esa vfHk:fp tkx`r djuk] iqLrdksa ds izfrizse dh Hkkouk iSnk djuk] i<++us esa vfHk:fp dh vknrksa dks izksRlkfgr djuk vkSjlaizs"k.k dkS'ky dks fodflr djukA

2- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ubZ iqLrdksa dks czkmt+ djus ds fy, izsfjr djuk vkSj fofHkUu {ks=kksa esaubZ izdkj dh iqLrdksa ds izfr tkx:drk iSnk djukA

2-4

1- egkfo|ky; esa] xzaFkky; lfefr dk vè;{k izk/kukpk;Z vkSj ykbczsfj;u bldk lnL;lfpo gksrk gS vkSj dqN foHkkxksa ds ofj"B vè;kidksa ds lkFk&lkFk egkfo|ky; dsckgj ls Hkh xzaFkky; foKku ds dqN fo'ks"kK Hkh gksrs gSaA

2- rhu fuEufyf[kr lsok,a tks fo|ky; dks egkfo|ky; ls vyx djrh gSA

● fjizksxzkiQh lsok_

● Nk=kksa dks xzaFkky; lalk/uksa dk mi;ksx djus dk dq'ky o izHkkoiw.kZ izf'k{k.kiznku djuk vkSj

● Nk=kksa dks gLrpkfyr ;k daI;wVj lwph ds mi;ksx djus ds fy, ekxZn'kZu djkuk

2-5

1- fo'ofo|ky; pkj izdkj ds gksrs gSaA ;s gSa % ikjaifjd] O;kolkf;d] MhEM vkSj eqDrfo'ofo|ky;A

2- fo'ofo|ky; xzaFkky; ds mi;ksDrk gSa % fo'kky la[;k esa Nk=k] ,e-fiQy vkSj ih,pMhds Nk=k] 'kks/ Nk=k] 'kSf{kd vkSj dk;Zdkjh fudk;ksa ds lnL;] iz'kklfud vkSj is'ksojdeZpkjhA


fVIi.kh

xzUFkky;ksa vkSj lwpuk dsanzksa ds izdkjekWM~;wy&1xzaFkky;] lwpukvkSj lekt 2-6

1- fof'k"V xzaFkky; fuEu lsok,a iznku djrs gSaA

● laiw.kZ lkfgR; dh [kkst djds O;kid ladyu lwph rS;kj djuk_

● mi;ksDrkvksa }kjk ek¡xh tkus okyh orZeku lwpukvksa dks pquuk] izkIr djuk]O;oLFkkiu djuk] Hk.Mkj.k vkSj iqu% izkIr djuk_

● miyC/ lwpukvksa dk fo'ys"k.k] la'ys"k.k rFkk ewY;kadu djuk_

● ;Fkk&oLrq&fLFkfr izfrosnu (State the Art Report)] lekykspukRed leh{kk,a]eksuksxzkiQ vuqla/ku izfrosnu] jhfizaV miyC/ djuk_

● vuqØef.kdk] lkjka'k vkSj m¼j.k miyC/ djkuk_

● vf/x`ghr iqLrdksa dh lwph] cqysfVu] U;wtysVj] lkjka'k] gS.Mcqd ;k eSuqvy]lanHkZ xzaFk lwph (fcfcy;ksxzkiQh) rS;kj djuk_

● izys[kksa dk fuxeZu djuk o vUrj xzaFkky; ½.k_

● lanHkZ vkSj jsiQjy lsok,¡ iznku djuk_ vkSj

● lelkef;d tkx:drk lsok (dSl)] p;fur lwpuk dk izlkj vkSj vuqoknlsok,aA

2-7

1- fof'k"V xzaFkky; laxzg dk vf/xzg.k djds fof'k"V mi;ksDrkvksa dks fo'ks"k lwpukvksavkSj izys[kksa ls lacaf/r lsok,a iznku djrs gSa tcfd jk"Vªh; xzaFkky; lHkh Hkk"kkvksa dslaxzg dk vf/xzg.k djds mi;ksDrkvksa dh lkekU; o fof'k"V vko';drkvksa dhlsokvksa dh iwfrZ djrs gSaA

2- foo`r% iz'u ds fofHkUu mÙkj gksaxsA

ikfjHkkf"kr 'kCnkoyh

iwoZ vuqekfur lwpuk lsok,a (Anticipatory Information service) % mi;ksDrkvksa dhlsokvksa dk iqokZuqeku yxkdj nh tkus okyh lsok,¡ gSaA

lanHkZ xzaFk (Bibliography) % iqLrdksa vkSj JO;&n`'; lkefxz;ksa dk rkfdZd <ax ls ys[kdds uke] 'kh"kZd] fnukad] LFkku] izdk'kd] laLdj.k i`"B vkfn ds vuqlkj O;oLFkkiu djuk(fcfy;ksxzkiQh) dgykrk gSA

thouh lacaf/r dk;Z (Biographical works) % ;g vDlj O;fDr ds thou dk o.kZugS tks dFkk brj miU;kl :i esa gksrk gSA ysfdu miU;kl ds :i esa Hkh fdlh ds thou dk

33

fVIi.kh



ekWM~;wy&1xzaFkky;] lwpukvkSj lektfp=k.k dj ldrs gSaA

thouh (Bioggraphy) % fdlh O;fDr ds thou dk o`rkar o.kZu gSA

varj xzaFkky; ½.k (Inter Library Loan) % ;g ,d lsok gS ftlesa ,d xzaFkky; dkmi;ksDrk nwljs xzaFkky; esa miyC/ iqLrdksa vkSj izys[kksa dh iQksVksdkWih vius xzaFkky; dsekè;e ls izkIr djrk gS] m/kj ds :i esaA

tu lapkj ekè;e (Mass Media) % cM+s tulewg rd lwpuk laizsf"kr djus dk lk/u tSlsVsyhfotu] fiQYe lekpkj i=k vkfnA

xSj&eqfnzr lkexzh@xSj&iqLrd lkexzh@lapkj lkexzh (Non Print National/non-bookmaterial/media material) % ,slh xzaFkky; lkexzh tks iqLrd] if=kdk vkSj iSEiQysV dhifjHkk"kk esa ugha vkrh gS vkSj ftuds fy, fo'ks"k j[kj[kko dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bllkexzh esa n`';&JO;] iQksVksxzkfiQd vkSj bysDVªkfud vkSj fMftVy lkexzh 'kkfey gSA

laxzg LFkku (Repository) % og LFkku tgka lkexzh dk Hk.Mkj.k] lqj{kk ;k laj{k.k fo'ks"k'krks± ds v/hu fd;k tkrk gSA

fjizksxzkiQh lsok,a (Reprographic Service) % mi;ksDrkvksa dks xzaFkky; dh iqLrdksa oif=kdkvksa ds i`"Bksa dh iQksVksdkWih miyC/ djkus dh lqfo/k dks dgrs gSA

mÙkjdkjh lwpuk lsok,a (Respossive Information Service) % ;s xzaFkky; lsok,a]mi;ksDrk dh ekax ij nh tkrh gSa tc os xzaFkky; esa] nwjHkk"k ij vuqjks/ djrs gSa ;k bZ&esyij ekaxrs gSA

;Fkk&oLrq&fLFkfr izfrosnu (State of the Art Report) % ,slk izzfrosnu ftlesa fdlhfo'ks"k {ks=k ds fodkl] leL;kvksa ,oa miyfC/;ksa dh Øec¼] ifjiw.kZ ,oa O;kid rFkkvkykspukRed leh{kk] ftlesa izdkf'kr ,oa vizdkf'kr lkefxz;ka Hkh lfEefyr dh x;h gksaA

rduhdh izfrosnu (Technical Report) % ,d ,slk izys[k] ys[k] vuqokn ftlesaoSKkfud vuqla/ku vkSj fodkl dh orZeku fLFkfr dk izfrosnu fd;k x;k gSA

izLrkfor fØ;kdyki

1- Nk=k vius fudV ds de ls de fdlh ,d lkoZtfud] fo|ky;] egkfo|ky;]fo'ofo|ky; vkSj fof'k"V xzaFkky; esa tk,a] rkfd mUgsa bu xzaFkky;ksa ds ckjs esa izkFkfedlwpuk vkSj tkudkjh izkIr gks ldsA

2- mijksDr izdkj ds fdlh Hkh xzaFkky; esa tkus ds ckn] Nk=k 500 'kCnksa esa ml xzaFkky;ij ,d fuca/ izLrqr djsaA

3- Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; xzaFkky; dksydkrk dh osclkbZV ij tkdj mldh eq[; xfrfof/;ksa dsckjs esa fyf[k,A


fVIi.kh

xzUFkky;ksa vkSj lwpuk dsanzksa ds izdkjekWM~;wy&1xzaFkky;] lwpukvkSj lekt osclkbZVsa %

1. http://www.ala.org/educationcareer/careers/librarycarrersile/lypesoflibraries

2. http://www.lis510=libraries.wikispaces.com/different+tybes+of+libraries

3. http://www.theindexer.hubpages.com/hub/the-three-main-types-of-library

4. http://www.netugc.com/librarians-in-different+types-of-libraries

xzufkky;ksa vksj lwpuk dsanzksa ds izdkj - national … xzafkky; ,oa lwpuk fokku fvii.kh...

Documents