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Environmental Performance of Cables, Motors & Transformers

Hans De Keulenaer

European Copper Institute

[email protected]

Web eventFebruary 10, 200614h00 – 15h00 Europe Standard Time


Content

Introduction to Leonardo ENERGY The W’s of the toolbox Examples Demonstration How to work with the toolbox


What is Leonardo ENERGY?

A partnership between industry & academia on sustainable electrical energy– Outreach

• Training & professional development– Advocacy

• Energy policy & regulation


Leonardo ENERGY campaigns

Distributed generation & renewables

Efficiency & eco-design

Electric motors Green building

Home of the future Lighting Policy & finance Power Quality Transformers Transport

Website: www.leonardo-energy.org


Leonardo ENERGY activities

Application notes Articles Briefing papers Direct (e)mail Minute lectures Polls Press articles Reports

Seminars Software Tools Surveys Webcasts Web events Workshops


Content



Why focus on (electrical) energy?

Environmental impacts from energy use:– To atmosphere:

• Sulphur emissions to atmosphere: 85%• Carbon-dioxide: 78%• Particulate emissions: 45%• Lead emissions: 41%• Non-methane hydrocarbon: 40%

– Electricity consumes 40% of primary energy


Reducing the environmental impact of electricity

2 approaches– Clean generation & efficient conversion

• Renewables• Combined-cycle• …

– Efficient use• Reduce the amount of electricity needed to

provide an energy service


Why an ecodesign toolbox?

For material producers:– Define environmental performance of active materials in

the use phase• ‘less’ is not always ‘more’

For equipment manufacturers:– Marketing tool for high efficiency– Environmental declaration

For energy users:– Declaration of improved environmental performance

For policy makers:– Environmental impact of policy measures on efficiency– Include externalities into policy making


Why now?

Availability of good LCI material databases

Availability of tools allowingparametrized LCA

Experience with LCA forelectrical equipment

Electrical equipment catalogswith large # varieties

Ecodesign toolfor parametrized

LCA of equipmentfamilies


Ecodesign toolbox - how

90% of environmental impact of electrical equipment is caused by electricity use

The remaining part is mainly caused by the extraction, production and transformation of materials

Life-cycle assessment for equipment can be simplified, based on good data for

– Environmental profile for materials– Equipment lifetime, load, efficiency– Environmental profile of electricity


Which life-cycle stages?

Production– Only material use

Use phase– Only electricity use, based on European grid

mix

End-of-life– Credit for materials re-used


Which impact categories?

materials use energy use climate change photochemical oxidant formation acidification eutrophication ozone layer depletion end-of-life waste Not included: toxicity, physical effects (noise,

vibration, electromagnetic fields)


Which equipment types?

Power cable Overhead lines Transformers

– Dry-type– Oil-cooled

Motors


Next steps

Generic equipment model– Bill-of-materials– Losses or energy use in kWh

(no load modelling)– Including thermal equipment– How to handle power electronics?

Generic generation model– Major types of conventional generation– Wind, ocean, and photovoltaics– Not biomass


Generation, conversion and end-use

conversionequipment

energyinput

energyoutput

energyloss

end-useequipment

energyinput

energyservice

e.g. transformers, motors, cables e.g. appliances, pumps, lighting systems

generationequipment

primaryenergy

energycarrier

e.g. power stations, wind generators

conversionloss

?


Modelling

Dismantling transformer_oil pGaBi 4 process plan: Mass

DE: Steel billet (electric

furnace)

RER: Aluminium remelting

EAA 1999

XpDismantling of the

transformer [b]

EU15: Power grid mix

Copper recycling [ap]

Steel recycling [ap]

Alu recycling [ap]DE: Aluminum ingot

DE: Steel billet

Oil incineration [ap]

DE: Copper (99.999%;

electrolyte copper) mix (ECI)Copper recycling (ECI)

RER: Incineration of used

oil


Shredder transformer_oil pGaBi 4 process plan: Mass

EU15: Power grid mix DE: Steel billet (electric

furnace)

RER: Aluminium remelting

EAA 1999

XpShredder transformer

[b] Copper recycling [ap]

Steel recycling [ap]

Alu recycling [ap] DE: Aluminum ingot

DE: Steel billet

Landfilling [b]

Oil incineration [ap]

DE: Copper (99.999%;

electrolyte copper) mix (ECI)

Copper recycling (ECI)

EU15: Power grid mixRER: Incineration of used

oil

Utilization transformer pGaBi 4 process plan: Mass


XpUse phase

transformer [b]

Manufacturing transformer_oil pGaBi 4 process plan: Mass

XpTransformer_oil

cooled [b]

Mineral oil

Steel tank

Steel sheet

Aluminium sheet

Copper sheet

Ceramic

Non grain oriented silicon

steel (dynamo steel)

Grain oriented silicon

steel (trafo steel)

Transformer oil (AS 1767)

Manufacturing

Utilization

End-of-Life


Load modelling

Transformers:

Motors:

Cables:

hoursLoadkW

Loss year **)1(*

8760*)*( 2 NLLLoadLLLoss year

hoursloadIA

lLoss ratedyear *)*(** 2


Content



Example 1: amorphous iron transformer100 kVA – 10% loaded

Material 100 kVAAA’

100 kVACC’

100 kVAAmorphous

Oil (kg) 142.5 157.5 195

Steel (kg) 142.5 157.5 195

Copper (kg) 85 115 155

Load loss (kW) 1.75 1.475 1.475

No-load loss (kW) 0.32 0.21 0.06


Impact - numerical

CML2001 Acidification Potential (AP)[kg SO2-Equiv.]

Eutrophication Potential (EP) [kg Phosphate-Equiv.]

Global Warming Potential (GWP 100 years) [kg CO2-Equiv.]

Ozone Layer Depletion Potential (ODP, steady state) [kg R11-Equiv.]

Photochem. Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) [kg Ethene-Equiv.]

Life cycle (Type 1) 230.15 16.713 47409 0.013441 17.826

Manufacturing 5.0911 0.3869 1379 0.00033042 1.0066

Utilization 225.81 16.441 46170 0.013223 17.079

Life cycle (Type 2) 155.75 11.29 32310 0.0090748 12.264

Manufacturing 6.6579 0.49752 1783.5 0.00040366 1.2407

Utilization 150.38 10.948 30746 0.0088055 11.374

Life cycle (Type 3) 56.222 4.027 11973 0.003243 4.8235

Manufacturing 7.889 0.58293 2032.9 0.00048883 1.4863

Utilization 50.014 3.6414 10226 0.0029286 3.7828


Impact - graphical

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

CML2001, Acidif ication Potential (AP) [kg SO2-Equiv.]

CML2001, Eutrophication Potential (EP) [kg Phosphate-Equiv.]

CML2001, Global Warming Potential (GWP 100 years) [kg CO2-Equiv.]

CML2001, Ozone Layer Depletion Potential (ODP, steady state) [kg R11-Equiv.]

CML2001, Photochem. Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) [kg Ethene-Equiv.]

Type 3 Type 2 Type 1


Example 2: High Efficiency Motors1.5 kW – 33% loaded

Material Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

Aluminum (kg) 0.65 0.84 0.88

Copper (kg) 1.53 1.68 2.40

Steel (kg) 11.1 15.9 18.3

Efficiency (%) 77.4 80.7 83.8


Impact - numerical

CML2001 Acidification Potential (AP)[kg SO2-Equiv.]

Eutrophication Potential (EP) [kg Phosphate-Equiv.]

Global Warming Potential (GWP 100 years) [kg CO2-Equiv.]

Ozone Layer Depletion Potential (ODP, steady state) [kg R11-Equiv.]

Photochem. Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) [kg Ethene-Equiv.]

Life cycle (Type 1) 11.14 0.81 2294.8 6.51E-4 0.85

Manufacturing 0.14 0.01 38.39 4.67E-6 0.02

Utilization 11.04 0.80 2257.1 6.46E-4 0.83

Life cycle (Type 2) 9.19 0.67 1902.3 5.3E-4 0.70

Manufacturing 0.19 0.01 53.07 6.14E-6 0.02

Utilization 9.04 0.66 1848.7 5.2E-4 0.68

Life cycle (Type 3) 7.48 0.54 1557.1 4.3E-4 0.57

Manufacturing 0.22 0.02 62.3 7.51E-6 0.03

Utilization 7.31 0.53 1494.4 4.3E-4 0.55


Impact - graphical


Content



Practical

I-report models available on a royalty-free licence basis– E-mail request to [email protected]– Complete licencing form– Receive package

Publisher models available on a royalty-bearing licence basis– E-mail request to [email protected]– Order licence– Receive access to intranet with tools, models (including

future models) and knowledge inventory


Thank you for your attention

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