1 2 before 1914 heroin could be bought from grocery stores 1.3 % of population was addicted to drugs
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Before 1914 heroin could be bought Before 1914 heroin could be bought from grocery storesfrom grocery stores
1.3 %1.3 %of population was of population was addicted to drugsaddicted to drugs
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The Many Faces of Jack ColeThe Many Faces of Jack Cole
19641964
19701970
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19701970Percent of population addictedPercent of population addicted
1.3 %1.3 %
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Deaths as result of drug cultureDeaths as result of drug culture
1970 = Less likely than1970 = Less likely than
Falling down stairsFalling down stairs
Choking on foodChoking on food
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Drug Problem?Drug Problem?
1970 = Soft Drugs1970 = Soft Drugs
Hard Drugs virtually Hard Drugs virtually unheard of…unheard of…
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DEA Briefing Book 2001DEA Briefing Book 2001
1970 1.5 %$6.37
$0.80 38 %38 %
$3.90$3.90 3.6%3.6%
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DEA Briefing Book 2001DEA Briefing Book 2001
1970 1.5 %$6.37
$0.80 38 %38 %
$3.90$3.90 3.6%3.6%
By 2008 street level heroin was 60% pure
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US Drug Users According to DEAUS Drug Users According to DEA
1965 = 4 million1965 = 4 millionTwo percent of that Two percent of that
populationpopulation
TodayToday = 112 million = 112 million46 percent of 46 percent of
this populationthis population
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Money spent fighting the Drug WarMoney spent fighting the Drug War
1970 = $100 million1970 = $100 million
TodayToday = $70 billion = $70 billion
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Drug seizures for local or Drug seizures for local or state police in 1970 state police in 1970
One ounce of CocaineOne ounce of Cocaine
One quarter ounce of HeroinOne quarter ounce of Heroin
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Drug seizures by 2002Drug seizures by 2002
Ten tons of HeroinTen tons of Heroin
Twenty tons of Twenty tons of CocaineCocaine
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Wholesale Cocaine CostsWholesale Cocaine Costs
60 %60 %LESSLESS
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Wholesale Heroin CostsWholesale Heroin Costs
70 %70 %LESSLESS
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Heroin Overdose RateHeroin Overdose Rateper 100,000 usersper 100,000 users
1979 = 28 Deaths1979 = 28 Deaths
2000 = 141 Deaths2000 = 141 Deaths
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Marijuana Arrests and Total Drug Arrests in the US
Marijuana Arrests and Total Drug Arrests in the USMarijuana Arrests and Total Drug Arrests in the US
YearYearTotal Drug Total Drug
ArrestsArrestsTotal Marijuana Total Marijuana
ArrestsArrests
Marijuana Marijuana Trafficking/Sale Trafficking/Sale
ArrestsArrests
Marijuana Marijuana Possession Possession
ArrestsArrests
20052005 1,865,7121,865,712 771,605771,605 87,28687,286 684,319684,319
20002000 1,579,5661,579,566 734,497734,497 88,45588,455 646,042646,042
19991999 1,532,2001,532,200 704,812704,812 84,27184,271 620,541620,541
19981998 1,559,1001,559,100 682,885682,885 84,19184,191 598,694598,694
19971997 1,583,6001,583,600 695,201695,201 88,68288,682 606,519606,519
19961996 1,506,2001,506,200 641,642641,642 94,89194,891 546,751546,751
19951995 1,476,1001,476,100 588,964588,964 85,61485,614 503,350503,350
19901990 1,089,5001,089,500 326,850326,850 66,46066,460 260,390260,390
19801980 580,900580,900 401,982401,982 63,31863,318 338,664338,664
19701970 415,600415,600 180,000180,000
Drug Arrests QuadrupledDrug Arrests Quadrupled
1.9 million1.9 million 44%44% 89 %89 %
½ Million½ Million
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US Tax Dollars SpentUS Tax Dollars SpentProsecuting the War on DrugsProsecuting the War on Drugs
One One TrillionTrillion
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Cumulative U.S. Drug Arrests 1970 to 2005Cumulative U.S. Drug Arrests 1970 to 2005
41 Million41 Million
ArrestsArrests
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20022002Percent of population addictedPercent of population addicted
1.3 %1.3 %
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Percent of population addictedPercent of population addicted--Nothing has changed----Nothing has changed--
1.3 %1.3 % When drugs legalWhen drugs legal
1.3 %1.3 % When drugs illegalWhen drugs illegal
1.3 %1.3 % After 40 year warAfter 40 year war
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Clearance Rates for Violent and Property CrimesClearance Rates for Violent and Property Crimes
UnsolvedUnsolved40% of murders40% of murders
60% of rapes & arsons60% of rapes & arsons75% of robberies75% of robberies
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1963 Police Credited 1963 Police Credited With solvingWith solving
91 % of Murders91 % of MurdersToday
61 % of Murders
Murder ClearanceMurder Clearance
1966 Miranda Warning 1968 FBI Uniform Crime Reports
1970 War on Drugs
1983 Crack in LA, CA
Percent of Clearance by arrest for murders in the US
From 1965 to 200824
25
30 Percent 30 Percent Fewer Solved Fewer Solved
MurdersMurders
Chasing Chasing nonviolent Drug nonviolent Drug
UsersUsers
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No Longer No Longer Protect us from Protect us from
VIOLENTVIOLENTPredatorsPredators
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How Has Prohibition ChangedHow Has Prohibition ChangedDrug Use in US Schools?Drug Use in US Schools?
School children report it School children report it is easier to buy illegal is easier to buy illegal drugs than it is to buy drugs than it is to buy
beer or cigarettesbeer or cigarettes
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International Trade in International Trade in Illicit DrugsIllicit Drugs
Annually generates:Annually generates:
$500 billion$500 billion
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This is a mere $207 millionThis is a mere $207 million
$500 billion$500 billionwould cover a room would cover a room 2,415 times this size2,415 times this size
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Drug Lords don’t Drug Lords don’t count their moneycount their money
$1 Million in $1 Million in hundred dollar bills hundred dollar bills weighs 37.1 pounds weighs 37.1 pounds
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Alternative Policy SolutionAlternative Policy Solution
Remove the Remove the profit motiveprofit motive
continuously enhanced for 40 years by thecontinuously enhanced for 40 years by the
United States policy of aUnited States policy of a
WAR ON DRUGSWAR ON DRUGS
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End ProhibitionEnd Prohibition1. Legalize Drugs1. Legalize Drugs
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Decriminalizing DrugsDecriminalizing Drugs
Netherlands in 1976Netherlands in 1976Portugal in 2001Portugal in 2001Mexico in 2009Mexico in 2009
Argentina in 2009Argentina in 2009
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Won’t legalization cause Won’t legalization cause everyone to use drugs?everyone to use drugs?National Zogby PollIf heroin and
cocain were made legal would you
try them?
Less than 6/10 Less than 6/10 of one percent of one percent
said Yessaid Yes
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Won’t legalization cause Won’t legalization cause everyone to use drugs?everyone to use drugs?
In the Netherlands
Marijuana use by tenth graders28 %28 %
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Marijuana use by Marijuana use by tenth graders in thetenth graders in the
United StatesUnited States
41 %41 %
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Drug and Violence Indicators Drug and Violence Indicators - US and the Netherlands- US and the Netherlands - -
Marijuana UseMarijuana Use Lifetime prevalenceLifetime prevalence
37% 17%37% 17%USA Netherlands
Heroin UseHeroin UseLifetime prevalenceLifetime prevalence
1.4% 0.4%1.4% 0.4% USA Netherlands
Homicide rateHomicide rateper 100,000 populationper 100,000 population
5.6 1.55.6 1.5 USA Netherlands
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Decreased by 25%
drug use by 13 to 15 year olds
In PortugalIn Portugal
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Decreased by 22%
drug use by 16 to 19 year olds
In PortugalIn Portugal
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Decreased by 52%
Heroin overdose deaths
In PortugalIn Portugal
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Decreased by 71%
HIV infections reported by drug
users
In PortugalIn Portugal
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To Stop Police
Coruption
Decriminalized all drugs 21 August 2009
MexicoMexico
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Arresting for drug use and possession is
Unconstitutional
Supreme Court ruled on 24 August 2009
ArgentinaArgentina
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Incarceration Rates inIncarceration Rates inEuropean NationsEuropean Nations
At or belowAt or below
150150Per 100,000 populationPer 100,000 population
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Incarceration Rates in theIncarceration Rates in theUnited StatesUnited States
By March 2008By March 2008
1,0091,009Per 100,000 populationPer 100,000 population
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Federal Drug Imprisonments
Percentage Increase of Federal Prisoners from 1970 - 2005
-300%
0%
300%
600%
900%
1200%
1500%
1800%
2100%
2400%
2700%
Cum
ulat
ive
Incr
ease
Drug Offender Non Drug Offender
+2,558%+2,558%
+294%+294%3,3843,384
17,30217,302
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International Prisoner International Prisoner Comparison per 100,000 Comparison per 100,000
PopulatioPopulatio
Crimes and Imprisonment per capita
93
86
80
80
76
72
62
45
43
38
38
36
34
33
23
23
22
21
20
16
16
13
12
10
4
4
3
2
67
147
1009
128
93
75
85
156
333
186
67
79
120
236
235
147
292
628
148
150
155
426
345
91
112
104
401
202
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Denmark:
United Kingdom:
United States:
Netherlands:
Germany:
Norway:
France:
Hungary:
Estonia:
Czech Republic:
Italy:
Switzerland:
Portugal:
Poland:
Lithuania:
Spain:
Latvia:
Russia:
Bulgaria:
Romania:
Slovakia:
Belarus:
Ukraine:
Greece:
Turkey:
Armenia:
Georgia:
Azerbaijan:
Crimes per 1,000 population Imprisonment per 100,000 population
Countries indicated in Green Countries indicated in Green have initiated some type of have initiated some type of
decriminalization of illicit drugs.decriminalization of illicit drugs.
What does imprisoning What does imprisoning people for Non-Violent people for Non-Violent
drug violations have to do drug violations have to do with reducing crime?with reducing crime?
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Who Uses and Sells Drugs?Who Uses and Sells Drugs?
Whites constitute Whites constitute 72% of all drug 72% of all drug users in the USusers in the US
Blacks constitute Blacks constitute 13.5% of all drug 13.5% of all drug
users in the USusers in the US
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Who Gets Arrested?Who Gets Arrested?
37% of those 37% of those arrested for drug arrested for drug
violations are Blackviolations are Black
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Who Goes to Prison?Who Goes to Prison?
60% of those in60% of those instate prisons for state prisons for drug feloniesdrug felonies are are
BlackBlack
81% of federal 81% of federal drug offenders drug offenders
are blackare black
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Who Goes to Prison?Who Goes to Prison?
Blacks Blacks are now serving are now serving an average ofan average of six years six years, ,
while while whites whites are serving are serving onlyonly four years four years..
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Bureau of Justice StatisticsBureau of Justice Statistics
DisenfranchisementDisenfranchisement
14% of black men 14% of black men lost right to votelost right to vote
Black male born Black male born today has atoday has a one- one-
in-three in-three chance of chance of serving time in serving time in
prisonprison
Of convicted defendantsOf convicted defendants
33% of whites 33% of whites received a prison received a prison
sentencesentence
Nine in 10 prisoners Nine in 10 prisoners serving mandatory sentences serving mandatory sentences for drug offenses in New York for drug offenses in New York
State prisonsState prisons areare
black or Latinoblack or Latino
Of convicted defendantsOf convicted defendants
51% of Blacks 51% of Blacks received prison received prison
sentencessentences
DisenfranchisementDisenfranchisement
In Texas 31% of In Texas 31% of black men lost black men lost right to voteright to vote
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Incarceration Rates in theIncarceration Rates in theUnited StatesUnited StatesWhite MalesWhite Males
943943Per 100,000 populationPer 100,000 population
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Incarceration Rate of Black MalesIncarceration Rate of Black MalesPer 100,000 populationPer 100,000 population
South Africa - 1993 South Africa - 1993 Under ApartheidUnder Apartheid 851851
United States - 2008United States - 2008Under ProhibitionUnder Prohibition 6,6676,667
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Outcomes ofOutcomes ofLegalizationLegalization
1.9 million less people 1.9 million less people arrested each year arrested each year
70 Billion Dollars saved 70 Billion Dollars saved each yeareach year
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End ProhibitionEnd Prohibition1. Legalize Drugs1. Legalize Drugs
2. Have the federal 2. Have the federal government produce government produce
those drugsthose drugs
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Outcomes ofOutcomes ofGovernment ProductionGovernment Production
1. Quality controlled 1. Quality controlled production for consistencyproduction for consistency
2. Standardized 2. Standardized measurement and potencymeasurement and potency
End of overdosesEnd of overdoses
58
1. 1. Legalize DrugsLegalize Drugs2. Government production2. Government production
3. Sell drugs to adults 3. Sell drugs to adults from state package from state package
stores and Tax the salesstores and Tax the sales
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1. 1. Legalize DrugsLegalize Drugs2. Government production2. Government production
3. Distribute free maintenance doses of
drugs to any adult requesting them
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Results of treating heroin Results of treating heroin addiction with heroinaddiction with heroin
SwitzerlandSwitzerlandNetherlandsNetherlands
GermanyGermanyDenmarkDenmark
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Results of treating heroin Results of treating heroin addiction with heroinaddiction with heroin
Crime was cut Crime was cut by 60%by 60%
AIDSAIDSandand
HEPATITISHEPATITISdropped to the lowest of dropped to the lowest of any countries in Europeany countries in Europe
82 % DECLINE82 % DECLINEIN NEWIN NEW
HEROIN USERS!HEROIN USERS!
Not one Not one Overdose DeathOverdose Death
since 1994since 1994
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1. 1. Legalize DrugsLegalize Drugs2. Government production2. Government production3. Distribute free doses3. Distribute free doses
4. Redirect money saved to 4. Redirect money saved to programs that offer people programs that offer people
hope for the futurehope for the future
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Programs offering hopePrograms offering hopeGuaranteed MinimumsGuaranteed Minimums
Education -Education -
Health Care -Health Care -
Housing -Housing -
Job TrainingJob Training
EmploymentEmployment
Livable WagesLivable Wages
64
Programs offering hopePrograms offering hope
Rehabilitation Rehabilitation CentersCenters
65
Results of offering people Results of offering people hope for the futurehope for the future
Less need to use drugsLess need to use drugs
Less drug addictsLess drug addicts
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1. 1. Legalize DrugsLegalize Drugs2. Government production2. Government production
3. Distribute free doses3. Distribute free doses4.4. Create hope for the future Create hope for the future
5. Redirect money saved 5. Redirect money saved to programs that offer true to programs that offer true
education about drugseducation about drugs
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Does Education Work?Does Education Work?
1985 1985 United StatesUnited States
42%42% smoked tobaccosmoked tobacco
2003 2003 United StatesUnited States
Only Only 21%21% smoked tobaccosmoked tobacco
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1. 1. Legalize DrugsLegalize Drugs2. Government production2. Government production
3. Distribute free doses3. Distribute free doses
4. Create hope for the future4. Create hope for the future
5. Educate users and public5. Educate users and public
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Albert Einstein on ProhibitionAlbert Einstein on ProhibitionThe prestige of government has The prestige of government has undoubtedly been lowered undoubtedly been lowered considerably by the Prohibition considerably by the Prohibition law. For nothing is more law. For nothing is more destructive of respect for the destructive of respect for the government and the law of the government and the law of the land than passing laws which land than passing laws which cannot be enforcedcannot be enforced. It is an open . It is an open secret that the dangerous secret that the dangerous increase of crime in this country increase of crime in this country is closely connected with this.is closely connected with this.
Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein
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Prohibition - When will we learn?Prohibition - When will we learn?
Members of the Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform pose for a photograph in 1932 (courtesy of the Hagly Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware). We are having to relearn the same lesson today that they learned 69 years ago.
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Prohibition - When will we learn?Prohibition - When will we learn?
Members of the Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform pose for a photograph in 1932 (courtesy of the Hagly Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware). We are having to relearn the same lesson today that they learned 69 years ago.
Save our ChildrenSave our ChildrenStampStampOut Out
ProhibitionProhibition
Members of the Women's Organization for National Prohibition ReformMembers of the Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform
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Save our Save our ChildrenChildren
Stamp Out Stamp Out ProhibitionProhibition
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Alcohol Prohibition Didn’t Work EitherAlcohol Prohibition Didn’t Work Either
15,000 saloons15,000 saloons
32,000 32,000 SpeakeasysSpeakeasys
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30-Day Prevalence of Use of Methamphetamine1999 to 2007
3%
6%
9%
12%
15%
18%
21%
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade
Methamphetamine use decreased Methamphetamine use decreased Since 1999Since 1999
-45% for 8-45% for 8thth Graders Graders-78% for 10-78% for 10thth Graders Graders-65% for 12-65% for 12thth Graders Graders
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Inmates there for crimes to Inmates there for crimes to get money to buy drugsget money to buy drugs
State Prisons = 17%State Prisons = 17%Jails = 13%Jails = 13%
Federal Inmates = 18%Federal Inmates = 18%
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Prevalence of Use of Any Illicit Drug (2001 – 2007)Prevalence of Use of Any Illicit Drug (2001 – 2007)
Prevelance of Use of Any Illicit Drug in Last Month
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Per
cen
t8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade
From DEA PresentationFrom DEA Presentation
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Prevalence of Use of Any Illicit Drug (2001 – 2007)Prevalence of Use of Any Illicit Drug (2001 – 2007)
Prevelance of Use of Any Illicit Drug in Last Month
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Pe
rce
nt
8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade
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Prevalence of Use of Any Illicit Drug Prevalence of Use of Any Illicit Drug in the Last Monthin the Last Month
Monitoring the Future Monitoring the Future 2007 Prevalence of Use of 2007 Prevalence of Use of
illicit Drugsillicit Drugs
8th 8th GradeGrade
10th 10th GradeGrade
12th 12th GradeGrade
DEA presentationDEA presentation
(2001-2007)(2001-2007) -37% -37% -26% -26% -15% -15%
LEAP presentationLEAP presentation
(1991-2007)(1991-2007) 30% 30% 46% 46% 34% 34%
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Increased Prevalence of Increased Prevalence of Monthly Marijuana UseMonthly Marijuana Use
(1990 – 2005)(1990 – 2005)
AgeAge12-1712-17
AgeAge18-2418-24
AgeAge25-3425-34
AgeAge35+35+ TotalTotal
Source: National Survey on Drug Use and Health; National Household Survey on Drug Abuse
68%68% 48%48% -10%-10% 103%103% 43%43%