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Geographical Information Systems (GIS) Principles

Wim Devos

Wim Devos

Outline

• Introduction to GIS• Coordinates: SRS-CRS• Spatial data and formats• Data, maps and scales• Spatial databases• Integration of spatial information• GIS programs and functionality• GIS in the CAP information management• GIS – trends and future• INSPIRE

Definition

GIS = computer-based information systems for• Management• Analysis• Visualizationof geographical (spatial) data

Introduction to GIS (2)

GIS is NOT (only) Computer CartographyGIS has a data-centered approach

map = representation of spatial data not a simple drawing

Spatial data relate to a position/space on earth or in space• either by description: “BRU L170”• or by having coordinates: “31 U 596892 E 5633386 h 64”

GIS processes coordinates

SPATIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM 1

DATUMS: define location a "geodetic datum" is defined by

•size and shape of ellipsoïde (a en 1/f) •location of the ellipsoïde relative to the centre of gravity (ΔX, ΔY, ΔZ)•orientation of the 3 major Axes relative to a reference system fixed to earth : ωX,,ωY,ωZ •scale factor S

national datums: Horizontal (xy) en Vertical (h)

Some geodetic datums and ellipsoids

Geodetic Datum Ellipsoid a 1/f

Belgian Hayford 6378388.0 297

WGS84 WGS84 6378137.0 298.257223563

ETRS89 IAG GRS 1980 6378137.0 298.257222101

PLANAR COORDINATES; CRS from “projecting” the earth’s 3D

surface to a 2D plane CRS

Always creating distortions so projection systems

•Conformal (respect angles)•Equidistant (respect scale)•Equal area (respect areas)

NOTE Geographic GRID coordinates (longitude, latitude) are also in a particular CRS

Some CRS

CRS Datum Type coverage

UTM1-UTM60 WGS84 Cylindrical, conformal world

Lambert II Nouvelle Triangulation Francaise Conical conformal Central France

Eurolambert European Datum 1950 Conical conformal National France

SPATIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM 2

SRS knowledge is critical for coordination or database integration, e.g.

GPS: is raw WGS84 Google Earth: uses UTM/geographic LPIS will always be in national CRS (MS know only theirs!) E.g orthorectification of VHR involves 4 data sets

(map/DEM/GCP/raw image)

To document SRS INSPIRE and GML: document via EPSG-code Or ArcINFO: WKT *.prj (Well Known Text)

Nice tool: http://prj2epsg.org/search

Many online coordinate conversion tools national CRS><UTM

http://www.crs-geo.eu http://www.catco.fr/outils/catcoconv/CatcoConv_FR.asp

SPATIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM 3

Vector Data Types

• Points e.g. settlements

• Linese.g. rivers

• Polygonse.g. cadastral parcels

the “easy” past:

2013: called “simple features” : GM_point, GM_polyline, GM_polygon

Raster Data Types

• Image datae.g. orthorectified satellite images,

“sensed’ value spectral intensity,

vibration, elapsed time

• Gridded datae.g. digital elevation models

categorical information “derived” information

2013: many representations and formats

Vector vs Raster

Vector dataShapefile (*.shp, *.dbf, *.shx)ArcInfo Coverage…EC- exchange: Geographic Markup Language GML

Raster Dataformats: JPEG2000, TIFF (*.tif) several proprietary formats of platforms…CID- exchange:

• Geotiff/ Tiff with wkt.prj • ECW (Enhanced Compression Wavelet)• Erdas HFA (Hierarchical File Architecture )

Maps scale vs data accuracy

Spatial data have no scale but a certain positional accuracye.g.: well know points ≈ (0.1-0.2mm x paper map scale) + digitizing error

Spatial data have a scale range for appropriate map display

Beware:small scale —— large scale

1:10’000’000 —— 1:1’000large territory —— small territory

Map scales

•Italy: ProvincesScale 1:2’000’000

•Province: CommunesScale 1:100’000

• Communes: CadastreScale 1:5’000

Spatial Databases

Spatial data contain geometry AND attribute information

Classical approach: file-based databases (e.g. shapefiles, ‘coverages’)

Modern approach: business databases with spatial extension (e.g. Oracle Spatial, Esri SDE, PostGIS, Postgresql for JRC LPISQA portal)

To exchange data between databases:attribute tables: XML (Extensible Markup Language) spatial tables: GML (i.e. XML dialect for SRS+

coordinates)

Spatial Databases (2)

There is an obvious connection between geometry and attribute information in spatial databases (e.g. ArcView GIS)

Integration of Spatial Information

Integration of GPS measurementsSpatial datasets (raster and vector) can be combined for analysis and map overlay

Data typically loaded in GIS programs as thematic LAYERS (= “themes”)

Note: layers are just implementation , should never be considered conceptually

Layer overlay

Orthophoto

• Cadastral Parcels

• Roads

• Rivers

GIS software

Many variables• Non-european >< non-european• Open source >< proprietary• Desktop >< server-client.

A dominant player for our community = ESRI with ArcView, ArcGIS, ArcMap

Take a pick:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographic_information_systems_software

For LPIS + IACS: SW must be customized

GIS Functionality 1

Display of data(ex. ArcView)

Note: all display except pen plotter is raster!

GIS Functionality 2

Interactive data query(ex. ArcView)

GIS Functionality 3

Data management(ex. ArcInfo)• Digitize new features• Modify existing data

Advantages of GIS in the CAP for information management

1. extends alphanumeric databases with a geographical (spatial) component

2. combines agricultural parcels and images (airborne or satellite)

3. allows parcel identification and locating4. serves area measurements5. enables spatial analysis (overlay, vicinity, distance…)6. enables spatial query (what is there?)

GIS enables other ways to collect/process data

Advantages of GIS in the CAP… (2)Control with remote sensing

GIS – Trends and Future

• WebGIS: GIS in browsers • gradually replacing desktop GIS for

browsing and querying of spatial data• public access to geo-data• Crowd sourcing (google earth)

• MobileGIS: GIS on hand-held devices, cellular phones

• Apps could be the future!

• OGC (open geospatial consortium): Integration from different sources via open standards TC211/ISO19100 series

• INSPIRE: European GIS legislation

Online LPIS viewersBE-Fl: https://www.landbouwvlaanderen.be/Default.aspx (select “oefen

e-loket” and “login in > Een aanvraag invullen > Verzamelaanvraag > via “kaart”)

CZ: http://eagri.cz/public/app/lpisext/lpis/verejny/EE: https://kls.eesti.ee/pria_avalik_kaart/ (select the Kaardikihid tab)ES: http://sigpac.mapa.es/fega/visor/ FR: http://www.geoportail.fr/visu2D.do?ter=metropole (select “usages

des sols” > ”ilots de 200x”)HU: http://www.mepar.hu/ (select the tab "Belépés a MePAR

böngészőbe", select an area> select an item> tick Blokk2010) SI: http://rkg.gov.si/GERK/viewer.jspDE-NS

http://www.lwk-niedersachsen.de/index.cfm/portal/36/nav/0/article/8728.html

DE-SH http://141.91.150.41/feldblockfinder/script/index.php?nutzer=fbfSK: http://www.podnemapy.sk/lpis_verejnost/viewer.htm

Candidate Countries:HR: http://preglednik.arkod.hr/ARKOD-WebMK: http://www.sizp.gov.mk/SIZP-Web

INSPIRE

Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE) 14.03.2007

http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32007L0002:EN:NOT

provisions

INSPIRE lays down general rules to establish an infrastructure for spatial information in Europe for the purposes of Community environmental policies and policies or activities which may have an impact on the environment. SMR, GAEC and AEM!!

This infrastructure shall build upon infrastructures for spatial information established and operated by the Member States:

• INSPIRE does not require collection of new spatial data – electronic format

• INSPIRE does not affect Intellectual Property Rights• Implementation phase completes by 2013

Relevant data

From whom? - Spatial data held by or on behalf of a public authority operating down to the lowest level of government when laws or regulations require their collection or dissemination

What content? - INSPIRE covers 34 Spatial Data Themes laid down in 3 Annexes – (required to successfully build environmental information systems)

27April 10, 2023

Data scope 1Annex II

1. Elevation2. Land cover3. Ortho-imagery4. Geology

Annex I1. Coordinate reference

systems2. Geographical grid systems3. Geographical names4. Administrative units5. Addresses6. Cadastral parcels7. Transport networks8. Hydrography9. Protected sites

Harmonised spatial data specifications more stringent for Annex I and II than for Annex III

11. Area management/restriction/regulation zones & reporting units

12. Natural risk zones13. Atmospheric conditions14. Meteorological

geographical features15. Oceanographic

geographical features16. Sea regions17. Bio-geographical regions18. Habitats and biotopes19. Species distribution20. Energy Resources21. Mineral resources

Annex III1. Statistical units2. Buildings3. Soil4. Land use5. Human health and

safety6. Utility and

governmental services7. Environmental

monitoring facilities8. Production and

industrial facilities9. Agricultural and

aquaculture facilities10.Population distribution

– demography

Data scope 2

Components

1. MetadataMS shall create metadata and keep them up to date

2. Interoperability of spatial data sets and servicesRules for interoperability and where practical for harmonisation of spatial data sets and services

3. Network servicesMS shall operate discovery, view, download, transformation and invoke services

4. Data and Service sharing (policy)5. Coordination and measures for Monitoring &

Reporting

INSPIRE is a Framework Directive, detailed technical provisions for the issues above laid down in Implementing Rules (IR)

Data and service sharing

1. without use restrictions between public authorities for public tasks relating to the environment

2. charging and licensing to each other and to Community institutions shall not create an obstacle

3. no charging to Community institutions for reporting obligations under Community law relating to the environment

4. in accordance with harmonised conditions.

INSPIRE and LPIS

LPIS is an operational, regulatory based, EU wide dataset, a large scale, parcel-based register with land use and land cover data, predating INSPIRE

BUT not an explicit INSPIRE annex theme / DS2.3 dataset on itself, despite many dependencies on INSPIRE themes:

1. cadastre, topography, land cover ≈ Reference Parcel 2. land use, orthophotos ≈ Agricultural Parcel 3. soil data, elevation, hydrology, restriction/regulation zones

≈ cross-compliance≈ green payment

CONCLUSION• Synergy from technology, harmonisation and access• MS CAP administrations should be the prime beneficiary of INSPIRE• Since 2011: weekly requests for pan-European access to LPIS

audits anno 2013?

geocoded photographs tracks of GNSS remeasurement

Overall conclusion

GIS:• is a well documented concept• offers clear benefits• covers a wide range of application fields• is supported by very dynamic technology• has many market players• became highly standardized (including specific EU

legislation)

Coincidence it is in art 17 of Council Regulation (EC) no 73/2009?

Shouldn’t it be more common in DGAgri operations?