fasd
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• https://mediamill.cla.umn.edu/mediamill/embed/16409
Some Things FASD is NOT!
• Only found among poverty and certain races.
• Hereditary• An indicator that an affected child’s
mother was a bad person• A guarantee of disaster
Prevalence
• FASD is now thought to affect between 2 and 5 percent of the school-age population of North America and Europe
• It is more of an “equal opportunity” disability than is generally acknowledged.
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Alcohol-related Birth Defects (ARBD)
Partial Fetal Alcohol
Syndrome(PFAS)
Alcohol-related Neurodevelopmental
Disorder (ARND)
(Also called Static Encephalopathy, Alcohol Exposed)
What is FASD?
1. Growth retardation in some of affected population (FAS, pFAS)
2. Facial atypicalities in some of population (FAS, pFAS)
3. Brain damage (FAS, pFAS, ARND)4. Confirmed history of prenatal
alcohol exposure. (non-negotiable) (FAS, pFAS, ARND, ARBD)
Four Domains
• Growth – Height or weight (under 10th %ile)
• Face• Brain
• Head circumference under 10th %ile• Various areas of brain function• Neurological signs: epilepsy and“Soft
neurological signs”
• Alcohol exposure
Diagnosis:
• Diagnosis is multidisciplinary• Paediatrician• Psychologist• Optimally, also may include
– Speech-language therapist– Occupational therapist– Physiotherapist– geneticist
Facial characteristics
Government of British Columbia, Ministry of Education, Special Programs Branch (1996) Teaching Students with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome/Effects: A Resource Guide for Teachers
Brain Function
• When psychologists assess a person with FASD, they look at a number of “functional domains.”
• These overlap somewhat, but all contribute to how we understand and identify brain damage which is not visible.
Seven Domains
• Cognition• Adaptation • Executive function • Memory • Communication (Language and a bit
more)• Attention• Achievement
Cognition
• Caution!!! IQ is a very unreliable predictor of functional ability among people with FASD
• Possible exception: very low IQs• IQ can vary from severe intellectual
disability to high average.
Subdomains
• IQ is not a single entity--different areas of intelligence are tested.
• Verbal abilities• Nonverbal abilities• Speed of processing• Working memory
• In most people, subdomains are more or less even
• Among people with FASD, there tends to be a discrepancy among subtest scores.
• Areas of strength don’t necessarily predict other areas. This leads to misunderstandings.
Adaptation: How Does the Person Use Intelligence for Daily Living?
• Among non-alcohol exposed population IQ and adaptation are pretty much comparable
• Among populations with FASDs, adaptation is much lower than would be predicted by IQ
• Can vary within itself as well.
Executive Function
• The ability to organise one’s skills. Planning, working memory, organisation, inhibition, initiation…
• The ability to evaluate one’s own behaviour and change in response to that evaluation. (self-regulation)
Executive functions
• Sequencing and planning—how to initiate a task, what steps are involved in completion, when to quit
• Flexibility-how to shift tasks smoothly, accept change, deal with transitions
• Impulse control—• The ability to keep one’s self and materials
organized, in order, predictable, etc.
Also related to EF
• Working memory. Holding information in mind while performing action on it.
• Attention: Maintaining and switching attention, distractibility.
• Motor control and sensorimotor processing• Overly concrete language.
Memory
• Not a single factor• Short-term/long-term/working memory• Storage/retrieval• Verbal/nonverbal• Abstract/concrete• Procedural memory• “Norbert’s memory is just fine--he always
remembers when we’re going to the movies!”
• Memory can be intermittent—here today, gone tomorrow– Reteach, keep calm– Look for multi-tasking—is the situation
the same as it was yesterday? In what respects?
– Implications regarding generalisation– Implications regarding use of
consequences to change behaviour
Communication
• Language impairments are very common among alcohol-affected children and adults.
• They are often very talkative.• Expressive language is often apparently
more developed than receptive language.
• “Norbert is so controlling! Everything has to be his way..conversation topics, play, routine…”
Communication is a Biggie--More
• Psychological testing may not be sensitive enough to identify language problems
• SLP can identify subtle but treacherous areas of weakness
• 110 km highway with huge potholes here and there
• Understanding language important to understand behaviour and learning in addition to possibly indicating Speech-language therapy.
Communication is More Than Language
• Pragmatics--how language is used• Nonverbal cues• Language as social interaction--initiating
contact, ending contact, turn-taking.• Problem solving--inference, “why”
questions, prediction
Attention/Activity Level
• Often a problem• FASD and ADHD can coexist• Or attentional difficulties can be a
part of the brain damage of FASD• Sometimes but not always
responsive (but not entirely) to medication.
Achievement• Academic achievement can be misleading• Students can have limited ability to
generalise• Not necessarily a predictor of skills
beyond the classroom• Lots of challenges to achievement posed
by the issues we’ve covered• Investment of time and energy to
meeting curriculum requirements may be controversial.
Some Effects of Brain and Central Nervous System Damage
(mostly)…and some hints about what
to do about them
What to do? Try:
• Provide a visually quiet space for learning.
• Look from student’s eye level for distractors
• Keep one thing on desk at a time• Look for students’ own strategies
(hoodies, baseball hats)
Lighting
• Florescent lights can be a problem both visually and auditorially.
• Try for natural light (good luck in Vancouver!)
• Incandescent lighting tends to be better.
Hearing impairments
• Can be either problems of acuity or perception.
• Hypersensitive hearing (hyperacousis) is common.
• Otitis media (glue ear).
Hearing impairments
• Can be either problems of acuity or perception.
• Hypersensitive hearing (hyperacousis) is common.
• Otitis media (glue ear).
Try:
• Listen for distracting noises-– Gurgling fish tank– Hallway noise– Lights or screens buzzing– Plumbing
• Warn before fire drills• Find other way of getting class attention than:
“clap, clap, clap clap clap.”• Watch for signs of auditory distress, in gym,
music, etc.• Consider use of headphones or earbuds.
Hypersensitivity(over-sensitivity)
• Children may be very uncomfortable with being touched or held
• Toothbrushing can be a real battle• Certain foods (temperature or texture) can
be very distressing• Textures of fabric in clothing can be
distressing.• Children can’t explain what’s troubling
them.
Cautions:
• Don’t touch child without his/her knowing you’re about to.
• Be aware of smells, including “coffee breath,” perfume, scented felt tips, etc.– ICK! You don’t smoke, do you?
• Exercise tolerance re: refusal to wear socks, etc.
• Note that this can result in over-reactions to slight touch in hallway—organise time accordingly
Hyposensitivity(Under-sensitivity)
• Dangerously high pain threshold• Insensitivity to extremes of hot and cold• May seek physical stimulation and
feedback by touching or banging on things• May sniff things, people• Find socially acceptable ways for student
to meet sensory needs
Cautions
• Hyper- and hypo- can coincide• Interpret sensory seeking behaviour
as such rather than aggression or sexual acting out
Students may mature at uneven rates:
• Chronological age: 15• Expressive language of a 17-year old• Receptive language of a 7-year-old• Social judgement of a 6-year old• Gross motor abilities of a 15-year old• Reading (decoding) of a 12-year old• Reading comprehension matching
receptive language
Reading
• Essential skill• Most kids with FASD can learn to read• Comprehension can be an issue• Reading as a support for memory
– Lists– Labels– ??
Math
• Best approached as applied skill• Cooking• Use of supermarket flyers for
shopping• Teach time very directly
• Time as sequence of events rather than duration:– “After lunch,” rather than “in an hour.”– First math, then recess…
Social Safety
• Minimal or no stranger awareness• Optimally, keep student occupied
and observed• Try social safety circles, but don’t
rely on them exclusively• Uneven maturation can be a big
issue
It’s not easy…
• It’s less difficult than attempts at reactive behavioural change.
• It’s more productive and cost-efficient in the long run.
• It’s ethically the right thing to do.• It’s worth it--students with FASD can
grow into contributing members of society.
• Education is all about hope.
http://findinghope.knowledge.ca/fullscreen3.html