WWII – EAST MEETS WEST

IVAN MEETS GI JOE

X

THE CHANGING FACE OF CANADA

SUBURBS/ AUTOMOBILE

1950s WOMEN(Stay-at-home, femininity,

resentment)Read “When He Comes

Home From Work”

TEEN CULTURE(Boomers, Guides/Scouts, Educated,Rockers/Elvis - No hip shots),

TV / CONSUMERS(Ed Sullivan, Mickey, Roy Rogers)(Appliances, Barbie, Sugar Cereals)

MASSEY COMMISSIONProtect Can.Identity (CRTC, CBC, NFB)

IMMIGRATION - 1945-60 = 2 MILLION

1956 HUNGARIAN REV.- 37 000

THE IRON CURTAIN

Compare NATO & the Warsaw Pact to the ‘Iron Curtain”

STATE OF THE WORLD

As a nation did not exist.‘Sectioned off’

A crushed nation, looking to rebuild.

Was in a civil war,with Mao rising up

Occupied by America.Future unknown.

A battered nation lookingFor identity. (Ex. Vietnam)

In serious decline & as an Empire, she was collapsing .

In turmoil headingto independence

EASTERN EUROPEHad been a major

Battlefield. Rebuilding

USSRRussia was spent; it would have lost war if not for

USA/”Lend Lease.”

Became a military giant, but economically poor.

Did not have the A-Bomb until 1949.

Used its new found ‘Empire’to develop resources.

Controlled Eastern EuropeanNations and led them intoCommunism.

ABSOLUTE CONFORMITY - Shot or imprisoned POWs - Anti-Semitism for fear of

new Israel influencing Jews. - Dismissed WW II heroes. - Censorship. - Eliminated rivals

Became the true ‘World Superpower.’World’s strongest military.

USAThe only nation to come out of war

better-off than it went in.

Looked upon to lead the ‘Democratic Nations.“New World Order” to benefit Capitalism.

The American perception of immortality wouldLast right up until Korea & then further loweredHer self esteem in Vietnam. (The Vietnam Syndrome)

Truman Eisenhower Kennedy Johnson Nixon

Roosevelt

½ World’s ManufacturingGreatest exporter of goods

THE COLD WAR – THE BIPOLAR WORLD

THE ISSUESSoviet Union vs. USA

East vs. WestCommunism vs. Capitalism

Gov’t Control vs. Private Enterprise.No Opposition vs. Basic Freedoms.

Soviet Expansion (E. Europe) = American Suspicion. Vice-versa – Soviets feared US expansion.

After WW II, a war of propaganda and fear materialized between the USA and the Soviet Union. No shots were

fired but the two superpowers stockpiled nuclear weapons.

Did ‘Nukes’ create peace?

KEY COLD WAR TERMS

Domino Theory – If one country falls to Comm..…the rest will.

Satellite States – Soviet control of its Eastern States.

Iron Curtain – Separates E. Europe (Commi) from W, Europe (Democracy)

National Security Council – AdvisedUS president on defence issues.

Central Intelligence Agency – CIAAmerican espionage agency to find any Threats to the US. (Today – terrorists)

The Cold War 1945-The Cold War 1945-19911991

Iron CurtainIron Curtain – – A term used by A term used by Winston Winston

Churchill Churchill to describe the to describe the separating of separating of Those Those

communistcommunistlands of East lands of East Europe from Europe from

the the West. West.

ALLIED CONTROL COUNCILImplemented to overlook this

Arrangement. Note – USSR & France = Reparations

TRUMAN DOCTRINE (Political)

Truman wanted to support ‘FreePeople’ = ANTI-COMMUNISTS

Political, economic, & military aidTo ‘friends’ of the USA

“America’s Line In The Sand!”

Ex. Greece/Turkey = $$ to bail out so no need to turn to USSR.

($400 Million)

MARSHALL PLAN (Economic)

The economic response to the threatof communism.

Even the USSR inquired but couldn’tmeet the ‘freedom’ requirements.

$28 Billion spent – Most from USA Communist take-over in 1948 (Czech.) gave the Marshall Plan credibility.

“Two halves of the same walnut”?

“Totalitarian regimes imposed on free peoplesundermine…. the security of the US”

Go Team!! Want $$$?

BERLIN

BERLIN (Truman

Doctrine @ Work!!)1945 - After WW II Germany was divided

between East & West. - Berlin = also divided between East & West

- democratic city within E. Germany1948 – Berlin Airlift. U.S. airlifted supplies. - US $ & new democratic gov’t broke Yalta agreement. => Stalin was mad. 1. New Currency 2. B-29s in Britain)

1961 - East Germans built the Berlin Wall

-‘Wall of Shame’- to keep ‘fascism out.’ OR in?????

1990 – Berlin Wall crumbles. “We are staying , period.”

Soviets – “What happens in Berlin happens in Europe”

WESTERN RESPONSES TO THE COLD WAR

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Org.) (1949)

US, Canadian, & Western Europe defence organization.○ Attack one – Attack all!!○ Soviets responded with

‘The Warsaw Pact’(1951).St. Laurent pushed for Canada’s middle power involvement.

○ Canada adapted defence to align with NATO.Smart??? Independence???

U.S. Marshal Plan$ to help poor European Nations

DUCK & COVER

DUCK & COVER VIDEO

COLD WAR AT HOME Gouzenko’s story sparked fear: - Bomb Shelters - Civil Defence Plans - “Duck & Cover” campaigns - The “Red Mennace” - McCarthy’s ‘Witch-hunts’(USA)

- Can. refused to outlaw Communism.

Igor Gouzenko – Russian spy who came forward to notify authorities – no one believed him at first. Atomic secrets.

1949 – USSR Gets A-Bomb

Alger Hiss – RussianSpy in USA????

Klaus Fuchs – Physicist selling secrets to USSRfrom Britain

SOCIAL CONFLICTS

Red Dawn

WESTERN RESPONSES (cont.)

DEW

(Distant Early Warning Sign)A joint system of radar was put in place to warn/protect N. Amer. from attack.- Long range bombers put N. America at risk.

NORAD (North American Aerospace Defence Command)

Defienbaker committed to a joined US/Can. fighter force, missile bases, & air defence. NORAD - Today

US military in Can. caused many Canadians alarm.

PLANNING FOR PEACE

THE UNITED NATIONS (UN)Collective Security - Formed after WW II to

keep peaceTwo bodies: General Assembly (all members)

Security Council. (Super Powers)The Security Councils ‘veto’

- prevented effectiveness - the Soviets vetoed 75 of the 78 times.The UN also pledged to abolish

disease, famine & help improve human rights. (WHO, UNICEF, IMO)

Canada involved in almost every UN operation since 1956.

League of Nations

Approximately 200 Member States (192)

THE KOREAN WAR 1950-

1953 NORTH KOREA

-Soviets liberated the North from Japanese rule.

North invades South.

North captures everything North of Pusan. => UN helps

South!! Why??? Veto??

SOUTH KOREA

- USA liberated South from Japanese Rule.

-Supported corrupt democratic gov’t (Syngman Rhee)

-Truman declares the Truman Doctrine applies in Asia.

38th Parallel

Tensions rose but USA &USSR did little to help

Japan

THE KOREAN CONFLICT-UN was able to help south because of

USSR boycott due to no Communist Chinese seat)

- Although UN sanctioned = Led by USA.-MacArthur regained S. & kept going.

Truman’s fears: 1. China. 2. Russian retaliation in Europe.

China Enters: Push Amer. back past the 38th.- Truman/MacArthur talk ‘Nukes.’- Truman & Atlee reconsider.

Truman / MacArthur Split!!- Truman containment / MacArthur Nukes- Truman fires MacArthur (USA loves MacA.)

Wounded in action story.

Gen. MacArthur

“Canada’s Forgotten War”

Note – Truman = Liberation vs. Containment??

KOREA REMAINS SPLIT

-1952 Dwight Eisenhower became US president.-1953 = Ceasefire – Border remains 38th Parallel. Note – Anti-Communist John Foster Dulles threatened

China with Nukes if POWs not returned.- Peace talks dragged on for years.

STAY TUNED => Vietnam 1960s.

Eventually Americans gave into containment.Other Alliances to promote containment include:

- NATO – W. Europe / N. America- OAS – Latin Amer. / USA- ANZUS – New Zealand / Aussies / USA- SEATO – S. East Asia- CENTO – USA / Mid. East Kim Jong Un

KOREA2012

THE WARSAW PACT

MALENKOVReplaced Stalin

Until 1955

KHRUSHCHEVTook over & Started

De-Stalinization(1955-64)

STALINDied in 1953

DE-STALINIZATION

-Khrushchev relaxed relations with the Soviet satellite states.-Stalin = Harsh measures / Complete Conformity

- Brought Satellites into THE WARSAW PACT (alliance vs. dictatorship)

PEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE

Khrushchev (1956) openly stated USSR to globally compete with USA

USA responded with Eisenhower Doctrine – Force in Mid East against CommunismWas Peaceful Co-existence meant to be aggressive or peaceful?

Aggressive

-USSR broke Baghdad Pact (CENTO) – sold arms to Czechs & Egyptians.-Influence/Force in Middle East-Visited ‘friendlies’; India, Afghan- Burma.-Cuban Missile Crisis (More to come)

-Khrushchev’s speech “We will bury you”

Peaceful

-Moved away from stand-offs likeKorea & Berlin airlift (1948).

-Space race not aggressive??-Visited USA to smooth differences.

- Caused Sino-Soviet split (China/Russian Split)

-Would be the start of Détente (More to Come)

1961 = Berlin Wall???

SUEZ CANAL CRISIS – (1956)

-Nasser takes power & accepts Communist arms. - West pulls dam $$$.- Nasser took over Canal.- Brt., Fr., Israel = ‘Operation Musketeer’- Soviets defended Egypt (Bomb??).- USA angry & caught in Middle- PM Pearson initiated UN peacekeeping.

Egypt and the Suez Canal

PM Pearson awardedNobel Peace Prize

THE KHRUSHCHEV ERA

ATTEMPTS AT BREAKING SOVIET DOMINANCEPOLAND – 1956-Strikers had enough & demanded

more freedoms.-Gomulka (Jailed by Stalin) put in power.

-Stayed part of Commi Bloc but easedrestrictions.1. De-collectivized agriculture2. Allowed Catholicism

PRAGUE – 1968 NOTE - Czech. was democratic after WWI.In 1968, Dubcek replaced Stalinist Novotny. “Socialism with a Human Face” – Freedoms with socialism (travel/elections/media) Romania was tempted to follow as well.

Romania’s Mov’t threatened splitting Warsaw Pact!!!Soviets invaded => Dubcek out => Husak In / Back to old ways

Breshnev Doctrine – (Soviet president ) Use force to protect Socialism

HUNGARY – 1956-Harsh Communist Rakosi out & once imprisoned Nagy in.- Pressured by the people he made anti- Soviet demands & wanted out of the Warsaw Pact.-Soviet tanks rolled in (30,000 dead).-Nagy out & Pro-Soviet Kadar in.-USA not welcome in Soviet “Backyard.”

GomulkaNagy

Dubcek

E. BlocNations

“Coming Soon”– 1989 Poland breaks free & “The Walls Come Tumbling Down”

Khrushchev Era

GOLDEN RULE – Don’t break Warsaw Pact

Soviet Prez.Breshnev

U-2 INCIDENT- US spy planes over USSR.-USSR finally shot 1 down.- Summit Conference – Khrushchev refused to meet until US apologized.

KHRUSHCHEV CONTINUEDSPUTNIK (1957)-USSR beat USA to space.- size of B-Ball & beeped???- Amer. knew missiles = next.- No defence from missiles.-US adapted schools etc.

Sputnik II

THE BERLIN WALL 1961-E. Germ were leaving to W.

-“Brain Drain”-Embarrassment 4 Soviets. Kennedy pushed harder Khrushchev built a wall. “Shoot to Kill Guards.” US could do nothing but watch

Both Kennedy & Khrushchev seen as soft.Khrushchev tests 58 Megaton bomb.(2900 x Hiroshima)

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS1959 – Fidel Castro overthrows pro-US dictator Batista.

US Reaction – Trade Sanctions imposed.1961 – Kennedy approves Bay of Pigs invasion.

Cuban Reaction – Turn to USSR for help

1962 – US surveillance (U-2)shows Soviet MissilesUS Reaction – Naval & Air Blockade3 CHOICES: 1.Bomb Missiles 2. Invade 3. Negotiate

Khrushchev refused to remove missiles.WAR????? US & USSR = ALERT

CONCLUSION – USSR removes missiles butUS must agree not to invade Cuba (Missiles out of Turkey?? / Not Public)

Fidel Castro Nationalized Pro-US Cuba

PM DiefenbakerCANADA- Asked for UN checks before total commitment .-US upset and questioned Canada’s loyalty to NORAD-80% of Canadians felt ‘Dief’

was wrong.

Cuban Cigars

BRINKMANSHIP

SIGNIFICANCE OF CUBA1. DIRECT & MILITARY - For 1st time did not involve ‘Client States’ 2.NUCLEAR FORCE

- ALL about ‘Nukes’3.BRINKMANSHIP

- Taking events to the ‘edge.’

RESULTS OF CUBA1.Direct Link Phone Lines – Communication

Scared both Kennedy & Khrushchev / (Note- Kennedy assassinated in 1963)

2.Led to Atmospheric Test Ban Treaty3.Cuba = Soviet Satellite State4.Would lead to Khrushchev’s dismissal

THE NUCLEAR AGEH-BOMB – 2900 x greater than Hiroshima A-Bomb.

PEACENIKS – Anti-war, Anti-weapons movements

“GUNS & BUTTER”- Nukes took $ away from economy.USSR society suffered – Could not afford luxury & Nukes.

“HAWKS”- Nukes became an election issue – “Our way is better”

NUKES = PEACE

MAD – Mutually Assured Destruction

SAC – Strategic Air Command – USA = 24 Hr planes with Nukes

CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS – Not Nukes / USSR = more

PRE-EMPTIVE STRIKE – A surprise nuke attack / The Great Fear

ICBM – Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile – Rocket with Nuke / No Defence

THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY

(France/W. Germany/Italy/Belgium/Netherlands/Luxembourg0An attempt to bring the European community into an economic alliance.Three main goals:

1. Limit the effects of nationalism- Council of Europe 1949 – promote unity/rights

2. Establish a Free Trade Bloc- Schuman Plan 1950 – Unite steel & coal plans. - Euratom 1957 – Nuclear power to lower Arab Oil.

3. Establish a common front against Communism.- European Defence Community

Rivaled E. Blocs Comecon. (See Map)

NOTE – Britain was first denied as too close to USA.- Later Brt., Denmark, Ireland, & Norway joined as EEC boomed

JFK / OSWALD

Jack RubyDied of lung cancer

Lee Harvey OswaldActing Alone??

Why assassinated? Obama of the 60s.CIA / Mafia / Russia / Cuba / Banks - Bush

Three shot theory: 1. Missed

2. Head /Kill-Shot3. Magic Bullet

Police announced time etc.??

Bullet fragment found pristine.

Grassy knoll theory

VIETNAM WAR - BACKGROUNDPrior to WWII Vietnam was an Ex-French ColonyDuring WWII Ho Chi Min fought the Japanese.After WWII France wanted Vietnam back. BUT Vietnamese DID NOT want France back!!

A war of decolonization broke out (1946-54) Note – Not a war of Communism!!!!

After French loss at Dien Bien Phu, Phase I of Vietnam was over N.= Commi / S.=Democratic-Dictator (Diem) 1954 Geneva Agreement = 1956 unity elections (X)

Laos & Cambodia = Independence

USA feared Domino Effect / Phase II 1961-75

1st =Advisors=>Supplies=>60s = Soldiers.USSR & China sent weapons & aid to North

Diem ‘Corrupt’

Formerly known asFr. Indo-China

VIETNAM WAR / AMERICAN REACTION

(1961-73)Why was the USA committed? SEATO / Domino Theory / Red Menace / Containment in Korea /

Was the US committed to a fault? Diem corrupt / Amer. Advisors = no win Many locals supported National Liberation Front (NLF) & Vietcong / No presence shows weakness.

Ho Chi Minh Trail

US did not know enemy from friendly

More bombs dropped on VietnamThan all of WWII combined.

AMERICAN TIMELINE1946-54 – Supported French

- advisors etc.

1962 - Kennedy = 10 000 Soldiers to help Diem.

1963 - Diem booted (US help) Thieu in power.

1964 - Gulf of Tonkin incident- US = more Air & Troops

600 000 by 1968.

1968 - Nixon in power- Vietnamization

From 1 corrupt leader to the

Next.Diem

Thieu

Viet Cong sank US ship

Tet Offensive turned public

EFFECTS OF VIETNAM

CANADA’S REACTION 50/50 => Anti-war Opted out – Volunteers to USAnti-Draft groups for Draft-dodgers

US questioned Canada’s loyaltyPearson / Johnson feud after US bombs

THE COST OF WAR - $150 Billion - 2 million soldiers sent - 60 000 dead - US world prestige gone

‘Vietnam Syndrome’ - People questioned gov’ts

FIRST TV WAR Turned The American public.

AGENT ORANGE

Agent OrangePre-NatalExposure

THE DRAFT

VIETNAM TODAY A One Party Socialist State

Despite American loss the Domino Theory did not hold true.

Communism did not spread.Outside French-Indo China.

Today both Laos & Cambodia remain democratic.

NIXON & WATERGATE

During 1972 election (the term After Nixon installed Vietnamization) two of his Republicans caught planting ‘bugs’ in Democrat office.

Nixon swore innocence!!“I am not a crook”

1974 eveidence proved heWas a criminal & he resigned.

Biggest political scandal Ever proved.

1980s COLD WARCOLD WAR CONTINUESNote – In 1970s USSR winning arms race; 1980s Reagan was to change that.

USA - increases budget - Supported questionable right wing gov’ts

-Nicaragua - US supported Contras????

USSR – Supported Pro-Communist struggles.

EVENTS – USSR shoots down S. Korean airliner over Soviet airspace.- USA invades Communist Grenada (Caribbean)

CANADA – Trudeau appeals to both for more restraint.

Mulroney forge closer US ties.1983 Strategic Defence Initiative (‘Star Wars’)

Can. Eventually backed out.Too much $ & US ties.

Soviets criticized as $ encouraging more ‘Nukes’

THE END OF THE COLD WARMid 80s Gorbachev’s USSR could not keep pace ($$$) - Proposed massive cuts - Perestroika – Reconstruction - Glasnost – Openess - Encourage other Soviet Bloc

nations to follow.

1991 USSR had collapsed.Member Republics =

IndependenceYeltsin = Democracy

CHINAEncouraged Peresroika => CapitalismFreedoms crushed in Tianaanmen Square

1990 – Berlin Wall Crumbles