wto by nasir iqbal

7/21/2019 Wto by Nasir Iqbal

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NASIR IQBAL
http://www.wto.org/index.htm


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The World Trade Organization (WTO) is theglobal international organization dealing withthe rules of trade between nations.

At its heart are the WTO agreements,negotiated and signed by the bulk of theworlds trading nations and ratied in theirarliaments.

The organization o!"ially "ommen"ed on#anuary $, $%%& , rela"ing the 'eneralAgreement on Taris and Trade ('ATT), whi"h"ommen"ed in $%*.


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The WTO's predecessor, the General Agreement on

Tariffs and Trade (GATT), was established afterWorld War II in the wake of other new multilateral

institutions dedicated to international economic

cooperation - notabl theBretton Woods institutions

known as the World Bank and theInternationalMonetary Fund.


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A comparable international institution for trade, named

the International Trade Or!ani"ationwas successfull

ne!otiated#The ITO was to be a $nited %ations speciali"ed a!enc

and would address not onl trade barriers but other issues

indirectl related to trade, includin! emploment,

in&estment, restricti&e business practices, and commodita!reements#

ut the ITO treat was not appro&ed b the $nited tates

and a few other si!natories and ne&er went into effect#
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trade_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trade_Organization


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In the absence of an international or!ani"ation for

trade, the GATT would o&er the ears transformitself into a de facto(real)international or!ani"ation#

The GATT was the onl multilateral instrument

!o&ernin! international trade from *+ until theWTO was established in *++.#


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+een rounds of negotiations o""urred underthe 'ATT. The rst 'ATT trade rounds"on"entrated on further redu"ing taris.

Then, the -ennedy ound in the mid/si0tiesbrought about a 'ATT anti/duming Agreementand a se"tion on deeloment.

The Tokyo ound during the seenties was therst ma1or attemt to ta"kle trade barriers thatdo not take the form of taris, and to imroethe system, adoting a series of agreements onnon/tari barriers, whi"h in some "asesinterreted e0isting 'ATT rules, and in othersbroke entirely new ground.


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Uruguay Round The eighth 'ATT round 2 known as the 3ruguay

ound 2 was laun"hed in +etember $%45"ontinued till $%%, in 6unta del 7ste, 3ruguay.

8t was the biggest negotiating mandate on tradeeer agreed9 the talks were going to e0tend thetrading system into seeral new areas, notablytrade in seri"es and intelle"tual roerty, and

to reform trade in the sensitie se"tors ofagri"ulture and te0tiles: all the original 'ATTarti"les were u for reiew.


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The Doha Round

The /ound was officiall launched at the WTO0s 1ourth 2inisterial

3onference in 4oha, 5atar, in %o&ember 677*# TheDoha Ministerial Declarationpro&ided the mandate for the ne!otiations,

includin! on a!riculture, ser&ices and an intellectual propert topic, which

be!an earlier#

In 4oha, ministers also appro&ed a decision on how to address

the problems de&elopin! countries face inimplementingthecurrent WTO a!reements#

Its aim is to achie&e ma8or reform of the international tradin!sstem throu!h the introduction of lower trade barriers and

re&ised trade rules# The work pro!ramme co&ers about 67 areas

of trade#

9 A!riculture

9%on-a!ricultural market access

9 er&ices

9 Intellectual propert

9 Trade and de&elopment

9 Trade and en&ironment

9 Trade facilitation

9 WTO rules

9 4ispute ettlement $nderstandin!
http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/dda_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/dda_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/negoti_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/markacc_e/markacc_negoti_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/s_negs_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/trips_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/devel_e/dev_special_differential_provisions_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/envir_negotiations_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tradfa_e/tradfa_negoti_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tradfa_e/tradfa_negoti_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/envir_negotiations_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/devel_e/dev_special_differential_provisions_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/trips_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/s_negs_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/markacc_e/markacc_negoti_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/negoti_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/dda_e.htmhttp://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/dda_e.htm


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8t oersees the imlementation, administration andoeration of the "oered agreements. 8t roides a forum for negotiations and for settling

disutes. Additionally, it is the WTO;s duty to reiew and

roagate the national trade oli"ies, and to ensure

the "oheren"e and transaren"y of trade oli"iesthrough sureillan"e in global e"onomi" oli"y/making. Another riority of the WTO is the assistan"e of

deeloing, least/deeloed and low/in"ome "ountriesin transition to ad1ust to WTO rules and dis"ilinesthrough te"hni"al "ooeration and training.retton Woods system, the 8?= and

the World >ank.


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Members=159 countriesAccessions=1(Yemen) forma a!!ro"a to be ma#e

$%& 'ec 1$ 9t*ministeria conference in Bai

(+a,a-*stan accession in !ro.ress) /bser"ers=5countries

0A Si.natories countries= 12 (1993)


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The WTO has *.+ members, accountin! for o&er +:; of world trade# 4irector Roberto Azevdo (sep * 67*< for ear)# 4eput 4irectors ( * oct 67*arl rauner of German (?e!al Affair 4i&ision )4a&id hark of the $nited tates (A!riculture and 3ommodities 4i&ision )=i @iao"hun of 3hina ( 2arket Access 4i&ision)

Total WTO staff abo&e :77

ud!et 67*< *+: 31

3$//B%T WTO COITIO%


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T@7 O>#7T8B7+9

The WTOs overriding objective is to help tradefow smoothly, reely, airly and predictably.

8t does this by9 Administering trade agreements

A"ting as a forum for trade negotiations

+ettling trade disutes

eiewing national trade oli"ies

Assisting deeloing "ountries in trade oli"y issues,through te"hni"al assistan"e and training rogrammes

ooerating with other international organizations


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SectionBudget 2013

CHF

Work Years(in"luding salary and ension) $C*,*4D,4EE

Temporary ssistance $&,CE,&EE

Communications

(in"luding tele"ommuni"ations and ostal "harges) $,*$%,*EE

Bui!ding Faci!ities(in"luding rental, utilities, maintenan"e and insuran"e) ,&C%,EEE

"ermanent #$uipment $,&,EEE

#%penda&!e supp!ies $,CE$,EEE

Contractua! Ser'ices(in"luding rerodu"tion, o!"e automation and se"urity) 4,%D5,5EE

Sta( )'er*eads(in"luding training and insuran"e) &,$5C,EEE

+issions D,$&*,EEE

Trade "o!icy Courses C,4&$,DEE

,arious(in"luding disute settlement anels, ubli"ations,library and ubli" information a"tiities) 5,C&4,EEE

-nternationa! Trade Centre $4,%$$,EEE

.rand Tota! 1/203/00

Budget 2013 ( WTO)

1CHF=1.12US Dollar


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TO6 e ontributors in CE$D >udget

$.3+A G $$.*E

C.'ermany G 4.&&

D.hina G *.5%

.#aan G .5$

&.3- G .DC

H6A- E.$4

8ndia $.4

4ontributions are #etermine# accor#in. to eac*

Members s*are of internationa tra#e (6)7base# on tra#e in .oo#s7 ser"ices an#

inteectua !ro!ert8 ri.*ts for t*e ast fi"e 8ears

for *ic* #ata is a"aiabe:


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The WTO0s top le&el decision-makin! bod is the Ministerial Conference

which meets at least once e&er two ears#

elow this is the General Council(normall ambassadors and heads of

dele!ation in Gene&a, but sometimes officials sent from members0 capitals)which meets se&eral times a ear in the Gene&a headDuarters#

The General 3ouncil also meets as the Trade Colic /e&iew od and the

4ispute ettlement od#

At the neEt le&el, the Goods Council, Services Council and ntellectual!ropert" #TR!S$ Councilreport to the General 3ouncil#

%umerous specialized committees, %or&ing groupsand %or&ing parties

deal with the indi&idual a!reements and other areas such as the en&ironment,

de&elopment, membership applications and re!ional trade a!reements#


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The WTO +e"retariat, based in 'enea, hasaboe *EE sta and is headed by a dire"tor/general.

8ts annual budget is roughly $%* million

+wiss fran"s.( $@= G$.$C3+ IOJJA) 8t does not hae bran"h o!"es outside

'enea. +in"e de"isions are taken by the members

themseles, the +e"retariat does not haethe de"ision/making role that otherinternational bureau"ra"ies are gien.


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The +e"retariats main duties are to sulyte"hni"al suort for the arious "oun"ils and"ommittees and the ministerial "onferen"es,to roide te"hni"al assistan"e for deeloing

"ountries, to analyze world trade, and toe0lain WTO aairs to the ubli" and media.

The +e"retariat also roides some forms oflegal assistan"e in the disute settlement

ro"ess and adises goernments wishing tobe"ome members of the WTO.


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=ie rin"iles are of arti"ular imortan"e inunderstanding both the re/$%% 'ATT and the WTO.

on4iscrimination. 8t has two ma1or "omonents9 the most favoured

nation (?=K) rule, and the national treatmentoli"y.

The ?=K rule reLuires that a WTO member mustaly the same "onditions on all trade with otherWTO members.

Kational treatment means that imorted goodsshould be treated no less faorably thandomesti"ally/rodu"ed goods (at least after theforeign goods hae entered the market) and wasintrodu"ed to ta"kle non/tari barriers to trade (e.g.te"hni"al standards, se"urity standards et al.dis"riminating against imorted goods).


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Reciprocity. 8t reMe"ts both a desire to limit thes"oe of free/riding that may arise be"ause ofthe ?=K rule, and a desire to obtain bettera""ess to foreign markets.

Binding and en5orcea&!e commitments. Thetari "ommitments made by WTO members in amultilateral trade negotiation and on a""essionare enumerated in a s"hedule (list) of"on"essions. These s"hedules establish N"eiling

bindingsN9 a "ountry "an "hange its bindings, butonly after negotiating with its trading artners,whi"h "ould mean "omensating them for loss oftrade. 8f satisfa"tion is not obtained, the"omlaining "ountry may inoke the WTOdisute settlement ro"edures.


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Transparency. The WTO members arereLuired to ublish their traderegulations, to maintain institutions

allowing for the reiew of administratiede"isions ae"ting trade, to resond toreLuests for information by othermembers, and to notify "hanges in

trade oli"ies to the WTO.

Sa5ety 'a!'es. 8n se"i""ir"umstan"es, goernments are able to

restri"t trade.


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1O/ A%= 1$/TB/ 5$BTIO%

C?F IIT WWW#WTO#O/G

wto by nasir iqbal

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