wsn in body area network based on egergy conservation

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Body Area Networks Application and challenges and perspectives in emerging body area networks

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Here you will get the details of sensor working in body and our main focus in this topic is on energy effeciency

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Page 1: WSN IN BODY AREA NETWORK BASED ON EGERGY CONSERVATION

Body Area NetworksApplication and challenges and perspectives in emerging body area networks

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Contents

Introduction to WBAN WBAN Architecture WBAN Applications WBAN Challenges Objectives My specific area of research Major Reasons for signal Attenuations ,Fading and

Distortion Some Reference protocols functioning at the MAC Layer

References

Body Area Networks

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What is BAN

• There has been increasing interest from researchers, system designers, and application developers on a new type of network architecture

• This architecture is known as Body Sensor Networks (BSNs) or

Body Area Networks (BANs)

• This has been made feasible by novel advances on lightweight, small-size, ultra-low-power, and intelligent monitoring wearable sensors

• Sensors continuously monitor human’s physiological activities

and actions, such as health status and motion pattern.

Body Area Networks

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Introduction of WBAN

Body Area Networks

These vital signs can be monitored by using different sensor installed on clothes or on the body or even under the skin.

WBAN is a special kind of network, which is designed and develops for Human body, to monitor, manage and communicate different vital signs of

human body like temperature, Blood pressure, ECG etc.

It interconnects tiny nodes with sensor or actuator capabilities in, on or around a human body.

A wireless body area network (WBAN) is a radio frequency (RF) based wireless networking technology

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Positioning of WBAN

Body Area Networks

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BAN Requirements

Body Area Networks

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Architecture of BAN

Body Area Networks

WBAN Architecture is of 2 types

Flat ArchitectureMulti-Tier

Architecture

Wireless Sensor

Wireless Actuator Node

Wireless Central Unit

Wireless Personal Device (PD)

WBAN Architecture consists of:

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Architecture of BAN (contd.)

Body Area Networks

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Architecture of BAN (contd.)

Body Area Networks

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Architecture of BAN (contd.)

Body Area Networks

Wireless Node : A device that responds to and gathers data on physical stimuli,

processes the data if necessary and

reports this information wirelessly.

Wireless Actuator Node : The patient has actuators which

act as a drug-delivery systems.

The medicine can be delivered on

predetermined moments triggered

by an external source (i.e. doctor) or

immediately when sensors notice a

problem.

Wireless Central Unit : Central Unit is

responsible to establish

communication between sensors,

actuators and cellular phone in wireless

fashion

Wireless Personal Device : Also known as Body Control Unit (BCU), body gateway

or a sink, can be dedicated unit or in

some implementations Personal Digital

Assistant(PDA) or smartphone can be

used. The main purpose of this unit is

t collect all the information attained by the sensors and

actuators and communicate to the user via an external

gateway

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WSN Vs. WBAN

Body Area Networks

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Applications of WBAN

Body Area Networks

• Initial applications of WBANs are expected to appear primarily in the healthcare domain, especially for continuous monitoring and logging vital parameters of patients suffering from chronic diseases such as diabetes, asthma and heart attacks.

Medical Treatment & Diagnosis

• Sensor Network can maintain a log of previous medical accidents and can notify the occurrence of the same accident

Public safety & preventing medical

accidents

• WBAN can be used by firefighters, policemen or in a military environment. The WBAN monitors the level of toxics in the air and warn the firefighters or soldiers if a life-threatening level is detected.

Safeguarding uniformed personnel

• A WBAN can include appliances such as an MP3-player,head-mounted displays, Microphone etc. Consumer Electronics

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Applications of WBAN

Body Area Networks

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Applications of WBAN

Body Area Networks

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Sensors used in BAN

Body Area Networks

Piezoelectric disk generates a voltage when deformed (change in shape is greatly exaggerated)

Temporary temperature sensor catheter probe : A pair of matched thermistors at the tip of a catheter can be guided to different locations of the heart to measure blood flow.

Micro-Thermocouple sensors are flexible fine gage thermocouples used whenever fast, accurate temperature measurements are required.

Disposable blood pressure sensor (DPS):There are several disposable sensors where the sensor is located externally from the body although body fluids come in contact with it.

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Devices & External Applications

Body Area Networks

Medical devices use sensors for external applications in which neither medication nor body fluids come in contact with the sensors. In most cases, these are non-disposables. They can be used in either hospital or homecare applications. Examples include:

Force load cells for infusion pumps that detect occlusion (tube blockage)

Magneto-resistive sensors in syringe pumps to detect flow rate, empty syringe and occlusion

String pot position sensors used for remote surgical tool positioning and patient bed positioning for x-rays/CT scans

Extremely small MEMS-based accelerometers to measure tremors in patients with Parkinson’s disease

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Devices & External Applications

Body Area Networks

Piezoelectric (and also pyroelectric) sensors for sleep apnea study

Piezo film transmitter/receiver detects presence of bubbles in infusion pumps/syringe pumps

MEMS and load cell-based sensors for the conservation of oxygen and monitor oxygen tank levels

NTC temperature sensors to measure skin/body temperature

MEMS-based pressure sensors for cuff blood pressure sensor kits

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Challenges of WBAN

Body Area Networks

• WBAN systems would have to ensure seamless data transfer across standards such as Bluetooth, Zigbee etc. to promote information exchange.

Interoperability

• The systems would have to scalable, ensure efficient migration across networks and offer uninterrupted connectivity.

Scalability

• The sensors used in WBAN would have to be low on complexity, small in form factor, light in weight, power efficient, easy to use and reconfigurable.

System devices

• Considerable effort would be required to make BAN transmission secure and accurate.

System and device-level security

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Challenges of WBAN

Body Area Networks

• People might consider the WBAN technology as a potential threat to freedom, if the applications go beyond “secure” medical usage.

Invasion of privacy:

• Pervasive sensing devices are subject to inherent communication and hardware constraints including unreliable wired/wireless networks links interference and limited power reserves. This may result in erroneous datasets being transmitted back to the end user.

Sensor validation:

• If medical practitioner’s mobile device does not contain all the information then the quality of patient care may degrade.

Data consistency:

• The wireless link used for body sensors should reduce the interference and increase the coexistence of sensor node devices with other network devices available in the environment.

Interference:

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Objectives

Body Area Networks

• The mobility pattern of on-body sensor nodes be effectively designed to assist in designing a mobility pattern-based communication protocol.

• An effective communication protocol will be proposed taking in to consideration the network partitioning with postural mobility.

• Routing protocol will be proposed keeping in mind constraints of wireless channels and power constraints of sensor nodes.

• For performance viewpoint, developed Protocols will be compared with some existing Protocols.

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Proposed Model

Tier-1: WBAN

Tier-2: Personal Server

Tier-3: Medical Server

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My Specific Area of Research

Body Area Networks

Since mobility happens to be a major factor which leads to problems like signal attenuation as well as signal distortion, my specific area of research would be to find out the best possible methods so that effective communication could be carried and the purpose of constant monitoring of human physiology as well as keeping the medical server updated with the current situation of any ailment which the patient is facing. Here we are particularly dealing with the medical and health monitoring application of Body area networks and my objective would be to provide the most effective methodology or protocol which helps provide uninterrupted communications between the monitoring nodes and the personal device assistant(PDA). Specific layer to deal with :Data Link Layer

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Major Reasons for signal Attenuations, Fading and Distortion

Body Area Networks

At channel bandwidths typical of narrowband BAN systems, the radio channel has been shown to be essentially slow and flat-fading, with an insignificant amount of intersymbol interference from multipath. Consequently, the received signal strength is a good measure of the channel at any point in time. That said, the movement of the human body has a dramatic effect on the strength of the receivedsignal; hence, static measurements of the BAN channel at a single point in time provide limited useful information to those designing BAN systems; long-term measurements, which are characterized statistically and capture a wide variety of “everyday activities,” are far more relevant.

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Some Reference protocols functioning at the MAC Layer

Body Area Networks

There are a number of existing standards, such as:

Bluetooth, IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless Body area networks (WBANs)• Bluetooth: Bluetooth is a wireless technology

standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-wavelength radio transmissions in the ISM band from 2400–2480 MHz) from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs) with high levels of security. Created by telecom vendor Ericsson in 1994,[2] it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming problems of synchronization.

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Some Reference protocols functioning at the MAC Layer

Body Area Networks

• IEEE 802.15.4 standard:IEEE 802.15.4 is a standard which specifies the physical layer and media access control for low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs). It is maintained by the IEEE 802.15 working group. It is the basis for the ZigBee,[1] ISA100.11a,[2] WirelessHART, and MiWi specifications, each of which further extends the standard by developing the upper layers which are not defined in IEEE 802.15.4.

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Some Reference protocols functioning at the MAC Layer

Body Area Networks

• Zigbee: ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols used to create personal area networks built from small, low-power digital radios. ZigBee is based on an IEEE 802.15 standard. Though low-powered, ZigBee devices often transmit data over longer distances by passing data through intermediate devices to reach more distant ones, creating a mesh network; i.e., a network with no centralized control or high-power transmitter/receiver able to reach all of the networked devices. The decentralized nature of such wireless ad hoc networks make them suitable for applications where a central node can't be relied upon.

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Some Reference protocols functioning at the MAC Layer

Body Area Networks

• IEEE 802.15.6 MAC : The IEEE 802.15.6 MAC also offers a great deal of flexibility by offering a number of different access modes. As do other low-power standards, 802.15.6 employs a network coordinator, which sends out beacons to organize time into superframes (i.e., intervals between beacons) and slots (i.e., small intervals within a superframe allocated using a multiple access mode).Using IEEE 802.15.4 as a baseline for comparison, IEEE 802.15.6 adds polling/posting, also known as “improvised access,” whereby the hub/coordinator can inform sensor nodes thatthey have been granted one-off exclusive time slots to transmit or receive information.

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Improvised techniques for better communications:

Body Area Networks

• Dynamic slot allocation: This technique increases reliability without increasing energy consumption.

• Scheduling the retransmissions: The third technique concerns outages that last too long to be remedied with retransmissions by employing relay nodes.

• Controlling the transmit power :This technique explores the potential of transmission power control and can be applied concurrently with the previously mentioned techniques.

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