writing in apa style

Writing in APA StyleWriting in APA Style

• (Publication manual of the American (Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, Fifth Edition, Psychological Association, Fifth Edition, 2001)2001)

• In text citationsIn text citations• Reference listReference list

• Courtesy of Mary Lynne Calhoun, Ph.D.Courtesy of Mary Lynne Calhoun, Ph.D.• (revised by Polly Haselden)(revised by Polly Haselden)

What is the APA style?What is the APA style?

• The The AAmerican merican PPsychological sychological AAssociation ssociation reference style is one of the Author-Date reference style is one of the Author-Date reference styles. When quoting directly or reference styles. When quoting directly or indirectly from a source, the source must be indirectly from a source, the source must be acknowledged in the text by author name, year acknowledged in the text by author name, year of publication and location reference. If quoting of publication and location reference. If quoting directly, a location reference such as page directly, a location reference such as page numbers and paragraph numbers is also numbers and paragraph numbers is also required. required.

Reference Citations in Reference Citations in TextText

Document your study throughout the text Document your study throughout the text by citing by author and date the works you by citing by author and date the works you researched. This style of citation briefly researched. This style of citation briefly identifies the source for readers and enables identifies the source for readers and enables them to locate the source of information in the them to locate the source of information in the alphabetical reference list at the end of an alphabetical reference list at the end of an article.article.

APA has a website:APA has a website:

• http://www.apastyle.org/http://www.apastyle.org/

When should I use it?When should I use it?

• APA style is primarily used in the APA style is primarily used in the social sciences, so if you're taking a social sciences, so if you're taking a psychology, sociology, education psychology, sociology, education course, chances are you'll be course, chances are you'll be expected to write papers in APA expected to write papers in APA style. style.

• It is used (required) by many It is used (required) by many academic Journalsacademic Journals

Components of APA Components of APA

• Paper design and layoutPaper design and layout• Citations in text Citations in text • ReferencingReferencing

One Work by One AuthorOne Work by One Author

APA journals use the author-date of method of APA journals use the author-date of method of citation; that is, the surname of the author (do citation; that is, the surname of the author (do not include suffixes such as Jr.) and the year of not include suffixes such as Jr.) and the year of publication are inserted in the text at the publication are inserted in the text at the appropriate point.appropriate point.

Swanson (2000) compared reaction rates.Swanson (2000) compared reaction rates.

In a recent study of reaction rates (Swanson, In a recent study of reaction rates (Swanson, 2000)2000)

One Work by One AuthorOne Work by One Author

Within a paragraph, you need not Within a paragraph, you need not include the year in subsequent include the year in subsequent references to a study as long as the references to a study as long as the study can not be confused with other study can not be confused with other studies cited in the article:studies cited in the article:

In a recent study of reaction times, In a recent study of reaction times, Miller (2000) described the method… Miller (2000) described the method… Miller also found….Miller also found….

A source with three to A source with three to five authorsfive authors

• In all citations after the first, use In all citations after the first, use the first author's name followed by the first author's name followed by et al.et al.– First citationFirst citation: (Baldwin, Bevan, & : (Baldwin, Bevan, &

Beshalke, 2000)Beshalke, 2000)

– Subsequent citationSubsequent citation: (Baldwin et al., : (Baldwin et al., 2000)2000)

A source with six or A source with six or more authorsmore authors

• Use the first author's name Use the first author's name followed by et al. in all citationsfollowed by et al. in all citations– 6 authors6 authors: (Utley et al., 2001): (Utley et al., 2001)– 7 authors7 authors: (Yawn et al., 2001) : (Yawn et al., 2001)

A source with no authorA source with no author

• Use the first few words of the title--Use the first few words of the title--in quotation marks for article or in quotation marks for article or chapter, in italics for self-contained chapter, in italics for self-contained item ("Mad Cow," 2001)item ("Mad Cow," 2001)

– ((Sleep MedicineSleep Medicine, 2001), 2001)

Direct quotation—In textDirect quotation—In text

• In the text the author and year is cited In the text the author and year is cited the same but if it is a direct quote then the same but if it is a direct quote then you must put the page number after the you must put the page number after the quote.quote.– Perrin (2004) argues that "the research Perrin (2004) argues that "the research

process is a complex combination of process is a complex combination of thinking, searching, reading, evaluating, thinking, searching, reading, evaluating, writing and revising" (p. 1).writing and revising" (p. 1).

Citations from a Citations from a secondary sourcesecondary source

• This is a big area of concern. This is a big area of concern. • Must state that this is cited in…Must state that this is cited in…• ExampleExample

– Samovar and Porter (as cited in Samovar and Porter (as cited in Peterson, 2002, para.3) discuss that Peterson, 2002, para.3) discuss that language must be first understood as language must be first understood as symbols.symbols.

Reminder!!!Reminder!!!

All references are to be double All references are to be double spaced!!! If the reference has a spaced!!! If the reference has a second line, it should be indented.second line, it should be indented.

(This is very different from the fourth (This is very different from the fourth edition APA manual!)edition APA manual!)

References to PeriodicalsReferences to Periodicals

Elements of a reference to a Elements of a reference to a periodicalperiodical

Finley, A. P., Jordan, O. M., & Finley, A. P., Jordan, O. M., & Miller, A.M. (2001). Easing Miller, A.M. (2001). Easing through through doctoral school: A doctoral school: A student/advisor guide. student/advisor guide. Journal Journal of Wishful Thinkingof Wishful Thinking ,1, ,1, 158-168.158-168.

References to Electronic References to Electronic PeriodicalsPeriodicals

Article authors: Herman, L. M., Kuczaj, S. A., Article authors: Herman, L. M., Kuczaj, S. A., III, & Holder, M. D.III, & Holder, M. D.

Date of publication: (2001)Date of publication: (2001)

Article title: Responses to anomalous Article title: Responses to anomalous gestural sequences by a language-trained gestural sequences by a language-trained dolphin: Evidence for processing of semantic dolphin: Evidence for processing of semantic relations and syntactic information.relations and syntactic information.

ReminderReminder

Capitalize only the first word of the title Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the subtitle, if any, and any and of the subtitle, if any, and any proper names; do not underline the title proper names; do not underline the title or place quotation marks around it.or place quotation marks around it.

References to periodicalsReferences to periodicals

Journal article, one authorJournal article, one author

Bekerian, D. A. (1993). In search Bekerian, D. A. (1993). In search of the typical eyewitness. of the typical eyewitness. American Psychologist, 48American Psychologist, 48, , 574-574-576.576.


Journal article, two authors, journal Journal article, two authors, journal paginated by issuepaginated by issue

Klimoski, T., & Palmer, S. (1993). Klimoski, T., & Palmer, S. (1993). The The ADA and the hiring process in ADA and the hiring process in organizations. organizations. Consulting Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2),Research, 45(2), 10-36. 10-36.


Journal article, three to six authorsJournal article, three to six authors

Finklea, W. J. , Greene, A .G . , Finklea, W. J. , Greene, A .G . , Jenkinson, Jenkinson, J . R. , & Zenith, Y. J . R. , & Zenith, Y. Z. (2001). Role of Z. (2001). Role of early early supervisory experience in supervisory experience in football assessments. football assessments. Journal of Journal of Applied ContactApplied Contact, 77, 449-498., 77, 449-498.


Journal article, more than six authorsJournal article, more than six authors

Kneip, R. C., Delamater, A. M , Kneip, R. C., Delamater, A. M , Ismond, Ismond, T., Milford, C. , Salvia, L., T., Milford, C. , Salvia, L., Schwartz, D., Schwartz, D., et al. (2000). Self et al. (2000). Self and spouse ratings and spouse ratings of anger and of anger and hostility as predictors of hostility as predictors of coronary coronary heart disease. heart disease. Health Health Psychology, Psychology, 1212, 301-307., 301-307.

Books Brochures, and Books Brochures, and Book ChaptersBook Chapters

Elements of a reference to an entire bookElements of a reference to an entire book

Cone, J. D., & Forster, S. L. (1993). Cone, J. D., & Forster, S. L. (1993). Dissertations and theses from Dissertations and theses from start to start to finish: Psychology and finish: Psychology and related fields. related fields. Washington, DCWashington, DC: : American American Psychological Psychological Association.Association.

Books, Brochures, and Books, Brochures, and book Chaptersbook Chapters

Book authors or editors: Cone, J. D., & Book authors or editors: Cone, J. D., & Foster, S. L.Foster, S. L.

Date of publication: (1993).Date of publication: (1993). Book title: Dissertations and theses Book title: Dissertations and theses

from start to finish: Psychology and from start to finish: Psychology and related fields.related fields.

Publication information: Washington, Publication information: Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.DC: American Psychological Association.

Books, Brochures, and Books, Brochures, and Book ChaptersBook Chapters

Examples of references to entire booksExamples of references to entire booksBook, third edition, Jr. in nameBook, third edition, Jr. in name

Mitchell. T. R. , & Larson, J. R. , Jr. Mitchell. T. R. , & Larson, J. R. , Jr. (1987). (1987). People in organizations: People in organizations: An An introduction to organizational introduction to organizational behaviorbehavior (3(3rdrd ed.). New York: ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.McGraw-Hill.


Massaro. D. (1992). Broadening Massaro. D. (1992). Broadening the the domain of the fuzzy logical domain of the fuzzy logical model model of perception. In H. L. Pick, Jr. , of perception. In H. L. Pick, Jr. , P. P. van den Broek, & D. C. Knill van den Broek, & D. C. Knill (Eds.), (Eds.), Cognition: Conceptual and Cognition: Conceptual and methodological issuesmethodological issues (pp. 51-84). (pp. 51-84). Washington, DC: American Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Psychological Association.


In text, use the following In text, use the following parenthetical citation each time parenthetical citation each time the work is cited: (Kneip et al., the work is cited: (Kneip et al., 1993).1993).


• Elements of a reference to an Elements of a reference to an entire bookentire book

Cone, J. D. , & Foster, S. L. (1993). Cone, J. D. , & Foster, S. L. (1993). Dissertations and theses from Dissertations and theses from start to finish: Psychology start to finish: Psychology and and related fields.related fields. Washington, DC: Washington, DC: American American Psychological Psychological Association.Association.


Book authors of editors:Book authors of editors: Cone, J. D. , Cone, J. D. , & Foster, S. L.& Foster, S. L.

Date of publication:Date of publication: (1993). (1993). Book titleBook title: Dissertations and theses : Dissertations and theses

from start to finish: Psychology and from start to finish: Psychology and related fields.related fields.

Publication informationPublication information: Washington, : Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.DC: American Psychological Association.


• Examples of references to entire booksExamples of references to entire books• Book, third edition, Jr. in nameBook, third edition, Jr. in name

Mitchell. T. R. , & Larson, J. r. , Jr. Mitchell. T. R. , & Larson, J. r. , Jr. (1987). (1987). People in organizations: People in organizations: An An introduction to organizational introduction to organizational behavior behavior (3(3rdrd ed. ). New York: ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill.McGraw-Hill.


• Elements of a reference to an article of Elements of a reference to an article of chapter in an edited bookchapter in an edited book

Massaro. D. (1992). Broadening the Massaro. D. (1992). Broadening the domain of the fuzzy logical model domain of the fuzzy logical model of of perception. In H. L. Pick, Jr. , perception. In H. L. Pick, Jr. , P. van den P. van den Broek, & D. C. Knill Broek, & D. C. Knill (Eds.) , (Eds.) , Cognition: Cognition: Conceptual and Conceptual and methodological methodological issuesissues (pp. 51-84). (pp. 51-84). Washington, DC: Washington, DC: American American Psychological Association.Psychological Association.


Article or chapter author:Article or chapter author: Massaro, D. Massaro, D.

Date of publication:Date of publication: (1992). (1992).

Article or chapter title:Article or chapter title: Broadening the domain of the fuzzy logical Broadening the domain of the fuzzy logical model of perception.model of perception.

Book editors:Book editors: In H. L. Pick, Jr. , P. van den Broek, & D. C. Knill (Eds). In H. L. Pick, Jr. , P. van den Broek, & D. C. Knill (Eds).

Book title and article or chapter page numbers:Book title and article or chapter page numbers:

Cognition:Cognition: Conceptual and methodological issues (pp. 51-84). Conceptual and methodological issues (pp. 51-84).

Publication information:Publication information: Washington, DC: American Psychological Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Association.


*Examples of references to articles *Examples of references to articles or or chapters in edited bookschapters in edited books*Article or chapter in an edited book, *Article or chapter in an edited book, two two editorseditors

Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as as an adaptive mechanism in an adaptive mechanism in human human memory. In H. L. Roediger memory. In H. L. Roediger III & F. I. M. III & F. I. M. Craik (Eds. ) , Craik (Eds. ) , Varieties of memory & Varieties of memory & consciousnessconsciousness (pp. 309-330) . (pp. 309-330) . Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.


• Remember:Remember:

• For a chapter in a book that is not For a chapter in a book that is not edited, include the word (In) before edited, include the word (In) before the book title.the book title.

World Wide Web PageWorld Wide Web Page

Internet-only JournalInternet-only Journal

Fredrickson, B.L. (2000, March 7). Fredrickson, B.L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. optimize health and well-being. Prevention and Treatment, 3, Prevention and Treatment, 3, Article Article 0001a. Retrieved 0001a. Retrieved November 20, November 20, 2000, from 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/ volhttp://journals.apa.org/prevention/ volume 3/ume 3/ pre0030001a.html pre0030001a.html

Entire Web siteEntire Web site

• Don't put on reference list. Include Don't put on reference list. Include URL in-text instead. URL in-text instead. – The University of Wisconsin's Writing The University of Wisconsin's Writing

Center Web site is an excellent source Center Web site is an excellent source of information on writing of information on writing (http://www.wisc.edu/writing/).(http://www.wisc.edu/writing/).

Direct quotation from electronic Direct quotation from electronic source without page numberssource without page numbers

• Use paragraph numbers (preceded by Use paragraph numbers (preceded by parapara. or ¶); add section numbers for . or ¶); add section numbers for long documents long documents – Universal interventions "target the general Universal interventions "target the general

public or a whole population group that has public or a whole population group that has not been identified on the basis of individual not been identified on the basis of individual risk" (Greenberg et al., 2000, Section I, para. risk" (Greenberg et al., 2000, Section I, para. 20).20).

ERIC Document CitationERIC Document Citation

Mead, J. V. (1992). Looking at old Mead, J. V. (1992). Looking at old photos: Investigating…(Report photos: Investigating…(Report NO. NO. NCRTL-RR-92-4). East NCRTL-RR-92-4). East Lansing, MI: Lansing, MI: National Center National Center for Research on for Research on Teacher Teacher Learning (ERIC Document Learning (ERIC Document Reproduction No. ED 346 082)Reproduction No. ED 346 082)

Paper design or layoutPaper design or layout

Paper layout: Title pagePaper layout: Title page

Margins Margins

• Use uniform margins at least 1 in. Use uniform margins at least 1 in. from the top, bottom, and sides of from the top, bottom, and sides of every page.every page.

Spacing Spacing

• Double-space all text throughout Double-space all text throughout the manuscript, including the title the manuscript, including the title page and reference page. For page and reference page. For student papers, the APA allows student papers, the APA allows some exceptions, for instance, some exceptions, for instance, wider spaces between text and wider spaces between text and headings, and single-spacing within headings, and single-spacing within reference list items and long reference list items and long quotations. quotations.

IndentionIndention

• Use the tab key to indent the first Use the tab key to indent the first lines of paragraphs and all lines of lines of paragraphs and all lines of block quotes five to seven spaces block quotes five to seven spaces or 1/2 in. or 1/2 in.

Typeface or FontTypeface or Font

• Use a serif typeface of 12 points, Use a serif typeface of 12 points, such as 12-point Times Roman or such as 12-point Times Roman or 12-point Courier. (Serifs are the 12-point Courier. (Serifs are the "tails" that you see at the top and "tails" that you see at the top and bottom of the letters that help bottom of the letters that help readers to follow a line of text.) readers to follow a line of text.)

Page NumbersPage Numbers• Starting with the title page, place consecutive page Starting with the title page, place consecutive page

numbers at the upper right-hand corner of the page, at numbers at the upper right-hand corner of the page, at least 1 in. (whatever your right margin is) from the right least 1 in. (whatever your right margin is) from the right edge of the page, between the top of the page and the edge of the page, between the top of the page and the first line of text (the default setting on most word-first line of text (the default setting on most word-processing programs, 1/2 in. from the top of the page, is processing programs, 1/2 in. from the top of the page, is acceptable).acceptable).

• Use the first two or three words of your title as a page Use the first two or three words of your title as a page heading on every page, including the title page and heading on every page, including the title page and reference pages. Place it five spaces to the left of the reference pages. Place it five spaces to the left of the page number, using the header function of your word-page number, using the header function of your word-processing software to place it automatically on every processing software to place it automatically on every page. page.

• Reference: Page 288 of the Reference: Page 288 of the Publication ManualPublication Manual..

Individual Club Memberships Cross-tabulated by Gender

Club Name Male Female Total

Alpha Tau Alpha 3 1 4

Delta Tau Alpha 3 6 9

Collegiate FFA 12 8 20

Block and Bridle 7 7 14

Farm Bureau 3 3 6

Ag Business 9 9 18

Plant Science 4 2 6

Pre-Vet Medicine 3 6 9

Ag Club 4 8 12

Other 7 10 17

Table 1

TablesTables

Figures Figures (charts are figures)(charts are figures)

Not workingPart Time

Full TimeWorking (Unspecif ied)

No response

Employment Status

10

20

30

40

50

Figure 2. Employment status of respondents.

FiguresFigures

Knowledge

Comprehension

Application

Analysis

Synthesis

EvaluationApproach 2:EmergentAg Literacy

Approach 3:Ag LiterateValue Judgments

Approach 1:Programmed Ag Literacy

Figure 1: Linear/hierarchical model of agricultural literacy (modeled after Bloom, 1965)

Paper layout: Paper layout: Level 1 Headings Level 1 Headings

Paper layout: Paper layout: Level 1-3 HeadingsLevel 1-3 Headings

Paper layout: Paper layout: Level 1, 2, 3,4 HeadingsLevel 1, 2, 3,4 Headings

The endThe end

• QuestionsQuestions

writing in apa style

Documents

reference citations

location reference

style of citation

authordate reference

secondary source

source of information

edition apa manual

alphabetical reference