writing a research report by keith barker-jones. overview leading up to writing a dissertation a...
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Report writing Writing a research report
By Keith Barker-Jones
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OverviewLeading up to writing a dissertation a student
is expected to:Prepare a project proposalCarry out a pilot studyThis verifies the feasibility of the methodology
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Project proposalThe research proposal contains the definition, scope, and significance of the problem and the methodology that will be used to solve it.
(Thomas, Nelson and Silverman 2005, p367)
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Preparing a research proposalWhy prepare a project proposal?A project proposal will:Enable detailed planningProvide a frameworkIdentify if the study has already been doneAddress potential problems in the design
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Sections of the research proposal1. Title2. Introduction3. Literature review
Review of literatureJustification for studyResearch questions/hypotheses
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Sections of the research proposal4. Methods5. Timeplan/Budget6. References7. Appendices (optional)
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Proposal titleThe final proposal title is often chosen after
the study has been written.However,For the purposes of the proposal meeting, a provisional title is necessary
(Thomas, Nelson, and Silverman, 2005)
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Proposal title Thomas, Nelson, and Silverman (2005)
highlight the importance of keeping the title succinct and to
avoid waste words such as “An investigation of” or “A
study of.”
A title should contribute in some way to the “description
of the content” (Thomas, Nelson, and Silverman, 2005,
p52)
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Proposal titleExample:An investigation into the impact of classical
music when used simultaneously with massage
Should perhaps be written simply as….
The impact of classical music when used simultaneously
with massage
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IntroductionThis is a concise, broad opening that leads the reader into the problem under investigationConsiderations:Outline the problem and its importanceUse everyday language: avoid jargonReference to literature is minimal
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IntroductionStatement of the problemThis says what will be done
Purpose/justification for the studyStates why the study is necessary
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Literature reviewThis section is normally about one-third of the total proposal and is perhaps the most challenging section to writeThe literature review must evaluate each
article or text that is usedIt must state how available literature relates
to the proposed study
In verbatim quotations must be avoided
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Literature reviewThe literature review ends with a summary
that leads the reader into the methodology
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Research questions and HypothesesA research question identifies a problem to be solved. As the name suggests it is framed as a question
For example: Does classical music heighten the soporific effect of massage when used simultaneously?
This is in contrast to a hypothesis which predicts an outcome to a study
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HypothesesThere are two types of hypothesis1. Research hypothesis2. Null Hypothesis
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Research hypothesisA hypothesis is “the anticipated outcome of a study or experiment” (Thomas, Nelson, and Silverman, 2005, p12)
This expected outcome is also called a research
hypothesis and, through logical reasoning, predicts:
A relationship between two variablesA difference between two variables
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Null Hypothesis
A null hypothesis in contrast to a research hypothesis in that:It says that there is no difference or
relationship between variablesIt is used in the statistical test for the
reliability of results (Thomas, Nelson, & Silverman, 2005)
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Hypotheses – Examples 1Research hypothesisA research hypothesis (expressed as H1) may assert that the soporific effects of massage would be increased if the recipient is simultaneously exposed to classical music.
Null hypothesisA null hypothesis (expressed as H0) may assert that the soporific effects of massage would not be increased if the recipient is simultaneously exposed to classical music.
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Hypotheses – Examples 2Research hypothesis (H1)Heart rate will increase after the ingestion of
caffeine
Null hypothesis (H0)Heart rate will not increase after the ingestion
of caffeine
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MethodologyThe methodology will outline how the research
should be carried out and on whom
It is a means of finding an answer to the problem posed
in the research question or to confirm the prediction
made in the hypotheses.
The methodology should be thoroughly planned and
pilot-tested
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MethodologyThomas, Nelson, and Silverman (2005, p63)
present a four part methodology:1. Participants2. Instruments and apparatus 3. Procedures4. Design and analysis
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MethodologyFurthermore, Gratton and Jones (2004) offer another useful outline for a methodology:Outline of methodological assumptionsResearch designMethodsSampleProceduresMethods of analysisEvaluation of the methodology
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Sections of the research report1. Title page2. Abstract3. List of contents4. List of figures5. Introduction/Literature review
Review of literatureJustification for studyResearch questions/hypotheses
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Sections of the research report6. Methodology7. Results8. Discussion9. Conclusions, limitations and recommendations10. Reference list11. Bibliography12. Appendices
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List of referencesGratton, C. and Jones, I. (2004) Research
methods for sports studies. London: Routledge
Thomas, J.R., Nelson, J. and Silverman, S. (2005)
Research methods in physical activity. 5th ed. Leeds: Human Kinetics