Write the Q and your name:Outline and evaluate the biological model as an explanation for the maintenance of oneaddictive behaviour. (4 marks + 4 marks)

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Understand how the Learning Approach: explains Initiation, Maintenance and Relapse

Learn some supporting studies

Evaluate the Theory using:Situational vs DispositionalType of data (qualitative/quantitative)Applications?Nature vs NurtureDeterminism vs Free WillEthnocentric biasReductionism vs HolismScientific?

Learning Approach: Explaining Initiation, Maintenance and Relapse

It’s all a

bout

punishment a

nd

reward!Operant ConditioningInitial Rewards: behaviour is repeated

Rewards are continuous: behaviour is repeated = maintenance

Relapse occurs when an associated equipment, person or environment is experienced again

Continuous and Intermittent Rewards

How does this link to Gambling?

Classical Conditioning

Hand out

Supporting Studies

Carter and Tiffany (1999)Addicts react to things associated with their addiction in similar way to actual addiction itself.

SMOKING CUES: matches, lighters, cigarette boxes, ashtrays.

GAMBLING CUES: betting slips/shops, gambling odds in newspapers

These cues elicit conditioned responses even in the absence of the actual smoking or gambling behaviour: Psychological (craving) and Physiological (Sweating, increased heart rate)

The patient stayed in his bedroom (which was dimly lit and contained apparatus necessary for his care), and received injections in this environment. For some reason, after staying in this bedroom for about a month, the patient left his bed and went to the living room (which was brightly lit and different in many ways from the bedroom/sickroom). He was in considerable pain in the living room, and, as it was time for his next scheduled morphine administration, he was administered his usual dose of the drug. The patient quickly displayed signs of opiate overdose (constricted pupils, shallow breathing), and died a few hours later. (p. 510). (Siegal, 2001)

Siegal’s explanation…

Siegal et al (1982) Injected rats with heroin every other day

for 30 days

They increased the dose gradually over time so that the rats eventually could tolerate high doses.

Group 1. Received injections in Room 1

Group 2. Received injections in Room 2

After 30 days; rats were given a very large dose of heroin, twice as much as they had ever received before.

Different condition: 64% died

Same condition: 32% died.

The environmental stimuli in which drug addicts usually take the drug serve as a CS that produces a CR that increases tolerance for the drug’s effects.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xs4F28jsvuA

What does Brian ‘blame’ for his addiction?

How does the army link to his drinking problem?

How was his peer group to blame?

What was the resolution to his addiction?

How do all the aspects of his addiction provide evidence for SLT as a cause of addiction?