wrightetal2008 levant

Stone Bead Technologies and Early CraftSpecialization Insights from Two NeolithicSites in Eastern Jordan

Katherine I Wright Pat Critchley and Andrew GarrardWith contributions by Douglas Baird Roseleen Bains and Simon Groom

What social groups were involved in Neolithic craft production What was the nature of early forms

of craft specialization long before urban economies evolved One way to look at this is to

investigate manufacture of Neolithic prestige goods Seasonal camps in Wadi Jilat (eastern

Jordan) revealed unusually detailed evidence for manufacture of stone beads debris blanks

finished beads and tools for drilling sawing and abrasion The material is lsquoDabba Marblersquo a

metamorphic rock of which the major source is nearby This article describes lapidary technology

at Jilat 13 and Jilat 25 equivalent in age to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic C (PPNC) Mineral-chemical

characterization data on Dabba Marble are presented These sites raise issues about early craft

specialization These beadmakers seem to have been master craftsmenwomen We suggest that

these sites illustrate a particular form of lsquosite specializationrsquo namely sites located in remote

territories and focused on special materials and intensive production of prestige goods However

these craft activities were also embedded in hunting herding and perhaps ritual as suggested

by figurines and pillars

Keywords technology specialization Neolithic stone beads Levant Jordan

Introduction

The Neolithic in the Near East involved a technolo-

gical revolution which included expansions in the use

of stone clay and plaster The social significance of

this expansion is still not understood One example is

stone bead-making which began to expand in the

Late Epipalaeolithic (cf Natufian) and expanded

much further in the Neolithic From the perspective

of use personal ornaments have much potential for

questions about social identity and the body as a

medium of enculturation (Bourdieu 1977 94) Dress

expresses and reproduces social identities such as

gender age and group affiliation (Barnes and Eicher

1992 Eicher 1995 Meskell 2001 Sciama and Eicher

1998 Sorenson 1997 Treherne 1995)

However from the perspective of manufacture key

technical questions are still unanswered Detailed

data on Neolithic stone bead-making may permit us

to identify individual artisans skills choices chaines

operatoires (Roux et al 1995 Vidale et al 1992) and

help us to understand craft specialization better in its

earlier stages as opposed to the later version seen in

urban societies (Kenoyer 1992a Roux and Matarasso

1999 Vidale 1989)

One goal of this paper is to present the lapidary

techniques revealed in two Jordanian manufacturing

sites of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic C early Late

Neolithic (PPNCELN) A second goal is to consider

these data in terms of early forms of craft specializa-

tion We consider issues of individual specialists

specialist households and regional specialist sites

Finally we consider how these data relate to other

information on Neolithic stone beadmaking in the

southern Levant

Stone Beads and the Near Eastern Neolithic

In the Near East stone beads are exceedingly rare in

pre-Natufian sites Even in the Natufian ornaments

made of shell bone and teeth greatly outnumber

Katherine I Wright (corresponding author) Pat Critchley Andrew GarrardRoseleen Bains and Simon Groom Institute of Archaeology UniversityCollege London 31ndash34 Gordon Square London WC1H 0PY UK emailkwrightuclacuk Douglas Baird School of Archaeology Classics andEgyptology University of Liverpool Abercromby Square Liverpool UK

Council for British Research in the Levant 2008Published by ManeyDOI 101179175638008X348016 Levant 2008 VOL 40 NO 2 131

stone beads and stone beads are known only from

selected sites (eg Bar-Yosef-Mayer 1991 Larson

1978 Marechal 1991 Moore 2000 Reese 1991 Valla

et al 2004) In the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and B

stone ornaments expand widely in numbers and

forms (eg Critchley 2007 Gopher 1997 Talbot

1983 Wheeler 1983) From the PPNC onward there

are hints of expanding trade networks in stone beads

(eg Wright and Garrard 2003 cf Bar-Yosef Mayer

et al 2004 Diamanti 2003 Dubin 1995 Hamilton

2005 Jackson 2005 Wright 2008 Wright 2006)

Neolithic stone beads are often found in contexts of

use or discard (houses middens graves) Of manufac-

turing areas and production techniques we have

mostly brief reports (Berna 1995 Fabiano et al 2004

Finlayson and Betts 1990 Garfinkel 1987 Gorelick

and Gwinnett 1990 Hauptmann 2004 Jensen 2004

Kaliszan et al 2002 Rollefson 2002 Rollefson and

Parker 2002) We know more about other regions

(Barthelmy de Saizieu and Bouquillon 1994) or later

periods (eg Bar-Yosef Mayer et al 2004 Calley

1989) How were Neolithic stone beads made What

variations of material and technique do we see

Substantial evidence on one tradition comes from

sites of the Jilat-Azraq project eastern Jordan

(Fig 1) A preliminary description of bead assem-

blages and typology has appeared (Wright and

Garrard 2003) Here we present details of manufac-

turing technology from two production sites Jilat 13

and Jilat 25 (Fig 2) equivalent in age to the PPNC

or ELN (c 6950ndash6400 cal BC)

The Sites

Wadi Jilat lies in limestone steppe 30ndash40 km east of

the present-day margins of the Levantine Corridor

where rain-fed cultivation is possible and where large

Neolithic villages emerged (Fig 1) Azraq Oasis is

50 km north-east of Jilat between limestone and

basalt steppe-desert In this work 18 Palaeolithic and

Neolithic sites were excavated (Baird et al 1992

Garrard et al 1986 1987 1994a 1994b 1996

Garrard 1998 Garrard in preparation Garrard and

Byrd 1992)

Bone and shell beads were found at the majority of

the 10 late Upper Palaeolithic and Epipalaeolithic

sites investigated but no stone beads were discovered

mdash even at Azraq 18 which is a Natufian site This

may be an accident of samplingdiscovery as some

Natufian sites have significant numbers of stone

beads (D Bar-Yosef Mayer personal communica-

tion Cauvin 1974 Marechal 1991 Moore 2000

Valla et al 2004) However at the time of writing no

stone beads have been found at pre-PPNB sites in

Figure 1 Map of the southern Levant showing sites and raw material sources mentioned in the text

Wright et al Stone Bead Technologies

132 Levant 2008 VOL 40 NO 2

eastern Jordan (Richter et al 2008 T Richter

personal communication)

All eight Neolithic sites revealed stone bead

production along with shell and bone beads The

sites date to the PPNB (eg Jilat 7 26 32 Azraq

31) and PPNCELN (Azraq 31 Jilat 13 and 25) The

other two are lsquoburin sitesrsquo of either LPPNB or

PPNCELN age (Jilat 23 24) (Garrard et al 1994b)

All of these sites were seasonal camps of small

groups engaged in varying combinations of

hunting trapping foraging cultivating herding

(Garrard et al 1996 Martin 1999) They lived in

shelters constructed of upright limestone slab

foundations

The Neolithic sites yielded 10547 artefacts of stone

beads or related debris from secure contexts About

88 of these came from Jilat 13 and Jilat 25

(Table 1) They include finished ornaments unfin-

ished roughouts and bead blanks and debitage

(Tables 2ndash5) Densities of beads blanks and debris

Figure 2 (a) Plan of Wadi Jilat 13 Late Phase Note location of workslab in the centre-left area of the oval structure (b)

Plan of Wadi Jilat 25 Area A structure


Levant 2008 VOL 40 NO 2 133

and other data indicate intensification of stone

beadmaking in PPNCELN sites in the Jilat-Azraq

region relative to the PPNB (Wright and Garrard

2003) It is of interest that this coincides with the first

appearance of domestic sheep-goat in the Jilat sites

(see Garrard et al 1996 Martin 1999)

Stratigraphy site formation and chronology of

Jilat 13 and 25 are discussed in more depth elsewhere

(Garrard et al 1994a Wright and Garrard 2003) The

sites were excavated as part of a regional programme

and areas of excavation vary At Jilat 25 surface

artefacts extended across an area of 3200 sq m From

the surface one oval upright-slab structure (7 x

45 m) was visible (Fig 2b) About 50 of this was

excavated an area of 21 sq m and a total volume of

78 cu m Three occupation phases were identified

The early phase included an occupation fill (Aa19)

rich in primary refuse this yielded a date of 8020 iexcl

80 uncal BP (OxA-2408) Above this the middle

phase involved addition of bins and hearths and

accumulation of an ashy occupation fill (Aa15) also

rich in primary refuse A final occupation fill (Aa7)

accumulated and the building was filled with rubble

followed by a deposit of sand which sealed the layers

below (Table 6) In each phase artefact clusters on

occupational surfaces and within their fills were

identified via 1 x 1 m horizontal units (i ii etc)

we discuss these clusters selectively here The chipped

stone assemblage from Jilat 25 is characterized by

debitage dominated by flakes although both flake

and blade cores were found However 84ndash85 of

tools were made on blades Prominent tools include

Nizzanim points (the sole point type) burins drill

bits made from burin spalls and other types (Baird

1993 469 521 Baird in Garrard et al 1994a 85

table 1) Further details on the chipped stone

assemblages are available in a number of works

(Baird 1993 1994 1995 2001a 2001b)

Surface artefacts at Jilat 13 extended across an 800

sq m area One large oval upright-slab building (10 x

65 m) was visible at surface Almost all of this was

excavated an area of 735 sq m (Fig 2a) Three

phases were identified In the early phase the

excavated volume of deposit was 145 cu m the

structure was built and primary occupation deposits

accumulated then a pavement was laid down in the

western area and hearths were constructed in the

south and east Dates from this phase were 7920 iexcl

100 uncal BP (OxA-1800) and 7870 iexcl 100 uncal BP

(OxA-1801) The middle phase exposed 87 cu m of

deposit and yielded no C14 dates An interior

partition wall separated the western end of the

building and pits and stone-lined hearths were added

in the eastern area The late phase of which 174 cu m

of deposit was excavated yielded two dates of 7900

iexcl 80 uncal BP (OxA-2411) and 7830 iexcl 90 uncal BP

(UB-3462) At this time a new upper pavement was

added above a rubble foundation In the western area

a large workbench with evidence of drilling abrasion

and flaking is associated with this phase (Figs 2a

14c) Primary refuse was found in all phases (selected

contexts are shown in Table 7) but the stratigraphy

is more complex than at Jilat 25 In the chipped stone

assemblage at Jilat 13 each phase revealed a

bladebased assemblage with blades or bladelets

making up 57 of debitage Most tools are made

on blades (78ndash81 of all tools are blade based)

Major tool types include projectile points burins

piercers and drills scapers and endscrapers notches

and denticulates and bifacial tools such as tile

knives In the early phase for which we have most

detailed information burins and points are the most

Table 1 Summary of Dabba Marble artefacts at Jilat 13 and Jilat 25 (see also Wright and Garrard 2003 279ndash80)

Artefact Category

Jilat 13 Jilat 13 Jilat 25 Jilat 25

Raw frequency (N) Weight (grams) Raw frequency (N) Weight (grams)

Finished beads(secure contexts)

144 60 115 62

Finished beads(surfacemixed contexts)

12 no data 4 no data

Roughouts and blanks(secure contexts)

180 222 89 82

Roughouts and blanks(surfacemixed contexts)


Debitage(secure contexts)

7369 6905 1381 976

(5 all debitage from nodulesto microflakes and shatter)TOTAL (secure contexts) 7693 7187 1585 1120TOTAL (secure contextsz beads and blanks from surfacemixed)

7748 1593



Ta

ble

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J

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5(a

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Gre

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le

Gre

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Dab

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Marb

le

Red

Dab

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Red

Dab

ba

Marb

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Bla

ck

Dab

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Marb

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Bla

ck

Dab

ba

Marb

leW

hit

eC

halk

Wh

ite

Ch

alk

Wh

ite

Qu

art

zite

Wh

ite

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art

zite

Oth

er

Oth

er

To

tal

To

tal

To

tal

To

tal

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

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s-

B

lan

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Bla

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-

Dis

cb

ead

s12

21

67

39

410

74

51

95

79

875

80

6R

ing

bead

s2

21

7O

valb

ead

sC

ylin

der

bead

s1

10

8B

arr

elb

ead

s9

63

112

10

17

75

Irre

gula

rb

ead

sIn

dete

rmin

ate

or

frag

ment

16

10

86

65

Pend

ants

-tr

iang

ula

rP

end

ants

-tr

ap

ezoid

al

Pend

ants

-oval

Pend

ants

-re

cta

ng

ula

rP

end

ants

-sq

uare

11

11

Pend

ants

-te

ard

rop

Pend

ants

-oth

er

or

ind

ete

rmin

ate

14

10

84

43

Bra

cele

ts7

75

9

TO

TA

L-

Bead

s-

N24

70

614

50

119

100

0TO

TA

L-

Bead

s-

20

258

85

011

84

20

0100

0TO

TA

L-

Bla

nks

-N

38

40

10

41

93

100

0TO

TA

L-

Bla

nks

-

40

943

010

84

31

1100

0



Ta

ble

3B

ea

ds

an

db

lan

ks

J

ila

t1

3(a

llc

on

tex

ts)

Gre

en

Da

bb

aM

arb

le

Gre

en

Da

bb

aM

arb

le

Re

dD

ab

ba

Ma

rble

Re

dD

ab

ba

Ma

rble

Bla

ck

Da

bb

aM

arb

le

Bla

ck

Da

bb

aM

arb

leW

hit

eC

ha

lkW

hit

eC

ha

lkW

hit

eQ

ua

rtzi

teW

hit

eQ

ua

rtzi

teO

the

rO

the

rT

ota

lT

ota

lT

ota

lT

ota

l

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

ead

s-

B

lan

ks

-N

Bla

nks

-

Dis

cb

ead

s7

36

40

810

22

21

59

38 1

49

22 0

Rin

gb

ead

s2

12

51

20

12 9

00 0

Ovalb

ead

s0

0 0

00 0

Cylin

der

bead

s1

13

42 6

10 4

Barr

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s36

57

13

24

11

254

34 8

62

27 8

Irre

gula

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s1

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Ind

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794

11

74 5

96

43 0

Pend

ants

-tr

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r1

11

0 6

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Pend

ants

-tr

ap

ezoid

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21

21 3

10 4

Pend

ants

-oval

11

21 3

00 0

Pend

ants

-re

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ng

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r1

10 6

00 0

Pend

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11

10 6

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Pend

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22

1 3

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111

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Bra

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s-

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100 0

TO

TA

L-

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s-

40 4

43 6

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0 6

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90 6

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frequently occurring types burins constitute 29 of

tools and points 16 Piercers and drills occur in

much lower numbers (4 of tools) as do other tool

types Of projectile points Nizzanim points are the

most frequent (397 of points) followed by Byblos

(313) Herzeliya (12) Amuq (84) Transverse

(6) and Haparsah (24) points (Baird 1993 469

500ndash17 625 Baird in Garrard et al 1994a 85

table 1)

The 14C dates from these two sites have been

recalibrated using IntCal 2004 and the date ranges at

one standard deviation are as follows Jilat 25 (early

phase) context Aa19a (OxA2408) 5 9020ndash8760 cal

BP Jilat 13 (early phase) context A21a (OxA1800) 5

8980ndash8600 cal BP Jilat 13 (early phase) context A15a

(OxA1801) 5 8980ndash8550 cal BP Jilat 13 (late phase)

context C24 (OxA2411) 5 8980ndash8590 cal BP Jilat 13

(late phase) context C22 (UB3462) 5 8780ndash8460 cal

BP

Thus stratigraphy and radiocarbon dates suggest

that we are dealing with two sites of reasonably good

temporal resolution followed by abandonment and

sealing of primary refuse deposits Five C14 dates

indicate occupation between about 7830 and 8020

uncal BP with low standard deviations for each date

In radiocarbon terms this is about as precise as it

gets and the two sites may overlap in time However

projectile points do suggest we are dealing with a

somewhat wider time span for the Jilat 13 sample

than the Jilat 25 sample

Given different extents of excavation comparisons

of these and other stone bead-making sites entail

challenges Density data however mdash as measured by

numbers of beads blanks and debris per cu m volume

of excavated deposit mdash can be revealing For

example the PPNB occupations in Wadi Jilat (3

sites 11 occupations) had low densities mdash an average

of 1072 artefacts per cu m and a maximum of 313

per cu m (Wright and Garrard 2003 table 2) In

contrast the density data for Jilat 25 are 2223 per cu

m (early phase) 3312 per cu m (middle phase) and

562 per cu m (late phase) Density data for Jilat 13

are 3102 stone bead artefacts per cu m (early phase)

1615 per cu m (middle phase) and 1099 per cu m

(late phase) This suggests greater intensity of bead-

making in Jilat 13 and 25

Sources Quarrying and Raw Materials

Most Jilat beads were made of Dabba Marble which

occurs in green pinkred and black (Appendix A)

This is our focus here A few other materials were also

used other local sedimentary rocks and non-local

turquoise (nearest source Sinai) malachite (nearest

sources Faynan and Timna) and carnelian (nearest

source unknown) Non-local stones formed only 015

of the materials (Wright and Garrard 2003)

The largest known sources of Dabba Marble lie

15ndash25 km west of Jilat 13 and 25 some may be

closer (Fig 1 and Appendix A) These are bodies of

limestones chalks and cherts lightly metamorphosed

Table 4 Finished disc beads size data (complete or measurable beads) (na 5 not applicable)

Site N

Diameter (mm) HeightThickness (mm) Perforation Diameter (mm)

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD

Jilat 7 PPNB 13 87 36 30 28 28 10Jilat 26 PPNB 0 na na na na na naJilat 32 PPNB 0 na na na na na naAzraq 31 PPNB 2 98 46 25 14 23 04Jilat 25 PPNCELN 66 83 16 26 08 21 05Jilat 13 PPNCELN 47 69 24 25 09 19 06Azraq 31 PPNCELN 34 68 16 26 11 18 04

Table 5 Finished barrel beads size data (complete or measurable beads) (na 5 not applicable)

Site N



Jilat 7 PPNB 1 45 na 40 na 15 naJilat 26 PPNB 2 75 na 65 na 25 naJilat 32 PPNB 0 na na na na 00 naAzraq 31 PPNB 1 115 na 100 na 40 naJilat 25 PPNCELN 6 63 14 64 17 21 09Jilat 13 PPNCELN 28 68 28 71 39 22 09Azraq 31 PPNCELN 13 109 56 133 91 29 09



and injected with various minerals eg apatites red

iron oxides (Fig 3a) Outcrops show substantial

variations in mineralization even over small areas

in Fig 3b the left side of the outcrop is soft green

Dabba Marble the right side is red Dabba Marble

The geology and mineralogy of Dabba Marble are

presented in Appendices AndashB The Neolithic Jilat

beads are consistent with this source (Appendix B)

Methods of Analysis

Comprehensive recovery of small beads debitage and

micro-artefacts was possible due to intensive fine-

scale sieving All excavated contexts were sieved

through a 5 mm mesh many samples were dry sieved

or wet sieved through a 15 mm mesh (the latter after

flotation) Artefacts from floors were collected from 1

sq m horizontal grid units to permit identification of

activity areas Fine-grained spatial data and micro-

artefacts are important in understanding lithic

technologies (Dunnell and Stein 1989 Cessford and

Mitrovic 2005) This is borne out by the Jilat data

since micro-flakes are one byproduct of stone bead

retouch In cases of intense housecleaning micro-

artefacts may reveal bead-making where macro-

artefacts do not (Wright and Bains 2007)

For each context artefacts were separated by raw

material and classified into major groups nodules

and debitage (Fig 4) roughouts (Fig 5) unfinished

blanks and finished ornaments (Figs 6ndash10) We

counted and weighed each group to determine

relationships between debitage and finished beads

Measurements (diameter height perforation dia-

meter) were taken on beads and blanks to assess

standardization and drilling techniques

Finished ornaments were classified into 8 basic

types (Wright and Garrard 2003) Circular disc beads

are the most numerous smallest and most standar-

dized (Figs 6d 7endashf) They occur in the widest range

of materials most red Dabba Marble beads were

discs Barrelshaped beads are larger more variable

and mostly made of green Dabba Marble (Fig 9endashf)

Pendants are the largest rarest and most diverse

items shaped as triangles rectangles and ovals most

are of green Dabba Marble (Fig 10d f) Bracelets

were made of white chalk (Tables 2ndash3)

Unfinished beads (blanks) were classified according

to the same typology as finished beads when the

intended final product could be ascertained (eg disc

blank) (Tables 2ndash3 Figs 6andashc 7andashd 8 9andashd 10c e)

Within these categories blanks were further classified

according to traces of flaking grinding perforation

Figure 8 shows these stages for 3 sequences of disc

bead manufacture Differences between Sequences A

B and C are differences in the original blank (Stage 1

thin flake thick flake tabular roughout) and presence

or absence of flaking retouch on edges (Stage 2)

Further analyses of sequences for these and other

bead types are still in progress

Debitage was sorted into nodules cores rough-

outs flakes angular shatter micro-flakes and

Table 6 Stone beads blanks and debris Jilat 25 all contexts

Phase Context Description Beads Blanks Debris Comments Selected associated artefacts

Early Aa24 Fill of bedrock cut 0 0 2Early Aa27 Fill of bedrock cut 0 0 1Early Aa19 First occupation fill 29 23 384 1 cutmarked slab 3 sandstone fragments

probably handstones 1 limestone handstoneEarly Aa20 First occupation fill 1 5 6Early Aa21 First occupation fill 4 1 4Early Aa18 Early fill in entrance area 1 5 8Early A 44 Early fill in entrance area 0 0 3Middle Aa15 Second occupation fill 47 31 544 1 limestone capstone 1 grooved stone (basalt)

1 sandstone abraderMiddle Aa16 Hearth 1 1 0Middle Aa13 Fill of stone feature 1 0 81Middle Aa10 Fill of stone feature 0 0 3Middle Aa11 Ash lense 3 0 17Middle Aa7 Third occupation fill 17 15 109 2 grooved stones (limestone and basalt)

2 basalt handstones 1 sandstone fragmentMiddle Aa8 Third occupation fill 1 1 1Middle Aa14 Fill in entrance area 7 3 4Middle A 42 Fill in entrance area 0 0 1

Late Aa 2 Sandy late fill 1 0 55 1 sandstone abrader Bead 1 RDM disc Debris all GDMLate A 6 Rubbly late fill 7 4 72Late A 33 Late fill in entrance area 0 0 1Late A 36 Late fill in entrance area 0 0 6Late A 34 Fill of late intrusive feature 1 0 0



micro-shatter (Fig 4) Definitions of these categories

are broadly similar to those established in chipped

stone analysis (Andrefsky 1998)

Flaking and Initial Reduction Nodules CoresDebitage and Roughouts

The soft limestone and hard chert in Dabba Marble

permits it to be worked via chipping flaking

grinding sawing and drilling To varying degrees

the material has conchoidal fracture Where chert

content is high conchoidal fracture is excellent

Limestone itself also has conchoidal fracture parti-

cularly when fine-grained as Dabba Marble is The

tabular structure of the laminated limestones also

makes it possible to create flat faces easily

The difficulty of shaping beads would have varied

depending on specific material Most green Dabba

marble is fairly homogeneous composed of calcite-rich

soft limestone (Mohs 5 3) and apatite (Mohs 5 5)

Red Dabba marble occurs in a soft pale pink variety

(Mohs 5 3ndash4) a dark pink variety of medium

hardness and a dark red siliceous variety essentially

red chert (Mohs 5 7) This red chert variant (Mohs 7)

will have been more difficult to modify Flaking and

chipping were particularly important in working this

material and abrasion will have been more difficult

This may be why so many beads of the red cherty

Dabba Marble were disc beads made on flakes (Fig 7)

Flaking figured prominently in the making of

beads from softer materials However sawing and

abrasion played a greater role in modification of these

materials Comparable variations in technique

depending on material hardness are seen at other

prehistoric sites (Gorelick and Gwinnett 1990)

Table 7 Stone beads blanks and debris Jilat 13 selected contexts


Early C106 Fill of bedrock cut 0 0 1 1 circular limestone diskEarly B77 First occupation fill 1 5 752Early B79 Fill of hearth 0 0 6 1 limestone handstoneEarly B71 Second occupation fill 10 11 750 1 drilled and grooved limestone object

1 flaked limestone rsquoscraperrsquo 6 basalt fragmentsEarly A17 Lower pavement 0 0 0 1 cutmarked slabEarly A15 Third occupation fill 1 8 8 1 worked limestone object snake-shaped flint pebbleEarly A16 Third occupation fill 2 1 17 1 miniature pestle basaltEarly A18 Third occupation fill 0 0 11 Basalt fragments 3 from vessels

1 handstonepestle fragment 6 unidentifiableEarly B44 Third occupation fill 5 9 74Early B45 Third occupation fill 0 2 139 1 basalt handstone fragmentEarly B69 Third occupation fill 6 5 383 No ground stoneEarly C56 Third occupation fill 8 5 313 1 double-grooved sandstone abrader (Fig 15a)

Middle A3 Fourth occupation fill 3 4 60 1 limestone capstone ( 2 surfaces) 5 basalt fragmentsMiddle A5 Fourth occupation fill 7 9 139 1 cutmarked flint slab 1 grooved limestone object

ochred flints figurines pillarsMiddle B31 Fourth occupation fill 4 2 33Middle B38 Fourth occupation fill 12 6 520Middle B54 Fourth occupation fill 1 0 9 1 limestone figurine (bird)Middle B56 Fourth occupation fill 1 1 14 1 basalt grinding slab fragmentMiddle C39 Fourth occupation fill 10 12 254 1 flint cutmarked slab flaked limestone rsquoscraperrsquo

Late C14 Foundation for upperpavement

0 5 65 1 basalt ground fragment

Late B3 Upper pavement 0 0 0 1 cutmarked limestone slab 1 post-socketLate C4 Upper pavement 0 0 0 1 drilling and abrading bench (Fig 14c)Late A2 Fifth occupation fill 4 2 154 10 figurines or figurine preforms suggesting animals

phalluses arrows (flint limestone travertine) 1 pebblemortar or capstone with ochre (limestone) 1 perforatedobject 1 handstone on flake (flint) 2 vessel fragments1 ochred pebble burnt pebble (limestone) 1 groundindeterminate stone (basalt) Beads are 2 barrels and2 pendants blanks are 1 barrel and 1 indeterminate

Late B4 Fifth occupation fill 0 2 7 1 grooved limestone abrader (Fig 15c) Blanks are bothpendant blanks

Late B7 Fifth occupation fill 2 5 150 1 cutmarked limestone 1 basalt handstonepestlefragment

Late B9 Fifth occupation fill 0 0 3 1 perforated pumice abraderLate B21 Fifth occupation fill 5 7 193 1 basalt handstone 2 basalt fragmentsLate C3 Fifth occupation fill 2 4 61



Five main stages of manufacture were identified

although reduction sequences vary These are (1)

reduction of raw nodules to cores roughouts and

flakes via flaking and chipping (2) shaping of

roughouts and flakes into blanks via further flaking

chipping sawing and rough grinding (3) perforation

via boring andor drilling (4) further grinding to

produce the final shape (5) final polishing

Nodules cores and debitage were recovered in

large amounts at Jilat 13 (7369 artefacts 6905 grams)

and Jilat 25 (1381 artefacts 976 grams) The largest

unworked blocks are of green Dabba Marble They

are about 15 cm in diameter but most are about the

size of an adult human fist Some nodules were

weathered suggesting that they were picked up from

surface rather than quarried from bedrock layers

(Fig 4 top)

Reduction of nodules by flaking resulted in (1)

cores (2) tabular roughouts (3) large flakes (4) large

angular shatter fragments (5) micro-flakes and (6)

micro-shatter (Fig 4) Cores defined as nodules with

two or more flake scars are not numerous or

consistent in form Shatter micro-flakes and micro-

shatter were normally discarded as byproducts

Tabular roughouts and larger flakes were used as

the basis for further reduction into bead blanks

Roughouts are early stages in bead reduction

(Kenoyer 2003 16) At Jilat 13 and 25 roughouts

are tabular reflecting the bedded structure of the

material They were flaked and chipped around the

edges into roughly symmetrical shapes (Figs 5a 10a)

Roughouts were sometimes subjected to initial

drilling or sawing at an early stage prior to any

intense abrasion (Fig 5b) In other cases roughouts

were abraded first (Fig 5d) and then sawn or drilled

(Fig 5c) Tabular roughouts were the basis for

making larger thicker ornaments such as most

pendants and barrel beads (Figs 9ndash10)

Small subcircular flakes were the basis of most disc

beads (Figs 6ndash7) The flakes have platforms bulbs of

percussion on ventral surfaces and often scars from

previous removals on dorsal surfaces A certain

consistency in size shape and morphology suggests

that a prepared-core technology was used to predict

and produce these flakes Since cores are rare we do

not yet know precisely how this was achieved

Experiments are still needed but we suspect that

chipping and flaking was accomplished by varying

Figure 3 (a) View of the modern Dabba Marble quarry west of Wadi Jilat from which raw material samples were

obtained (see Appendices AndashB) (b) Close-up view of metamorphosed deposits in situ with interdigitating green

(left) and red (right) Dabba Marble



uses of indirect percussion soft-hammer percussion

andor pressure flaking since the small size of the

beads required precision The use of antler or horn

for pressure flaking of soft stones is widely seen in the

ethnographic record and experimentally (Foreman

1978 19) Even hard stones can be flaked with soft

hammers made of animal horn (Kenoyer 1986 1994

2003 Kenoyer et al 1991) Cores and flakes do not

clearly indicate use of the Cambay technique of

inverse indirect percussion as seen in carnelian bead-

making (Kenoyer 2003 Possehl 1981) Many blanks

display micro-retouch on the edges On thicker disc

bead blanks micro-flakes were removed by striking

downward at the edge of each bead face (Fig 7c) The

retouch scars show that striking was bipolar ie from

opposite directions Products of this procedure were

micro-flakes (Fig 4 bottom)

Clear indications of heat treatment were rare but

burnt pieces do occur

Sawing Drilling and Abrasion Bead Blanks andFinished Beads

Bead blanks are the further reduction of a roughout

into a form closer to the final bead shape (Kenoyer

2003 16) At Jilat 13 and 25 blanks were abandoned

at many different stages The most extensive evidence

for lithic reduction concerns disc beads it is possible

to identify some chaines operatoires (Fig 8)

Figure 6 illustrates two of these paths for green

Dabba Marble disc beads made on flakes

Sometimes circular flakes were perforated early

before any abrasion (Fig 6c) More often flakes

were abraded slightly on ventral and dorsal surfaces

before any drilling (Fig 6andashb) At this stage edges

were still rough Perforation was added later (Fig

6d) In such cases a number of disc beads were

probably then strung together and abraded on the

edges by rolling the string back and forth on abrasive

stones of varying textures such as coarse sandstone

fine sandstone or limestone The final products were

evenly smoothed disc beads relatively standardized

in size The procedure also resulted in edges that are

sharp perpendicular to the bead faces and flat rather

than convex (Figs 6d 7endashf) Experiments indicate

that this procedure also contributes to the polishing

of faces and edges of beads (cf Foreman 1978)

Figure 7 shows artefacts from one context at Jilat 25

indicating a similar sequence for red Dabba Marble

disc beads from subcircular flake to final disc

For barrel beads the starting point was typically

not a flake but a tabular roughout A roughout was

often flaked into an approximately cylindrical form

sometimes with a hexagonal transverse cross section

(that is the section perpendicular to the perforation)

(Fig 9a) Scars indicate that the hexagonal form was

accomplished by flaking Sometimes hexagonal

blanks were perforated before much abrasion (Fig

9b) In many cases hexagonal blanks were heavily

abraded to obliterate sharp angles before any

perforation was begun (Fig 9c) Resulting bead

forms varied in cross section from circular to

elliptical or lenticular (see Wright and Garrard

2003 fig 3) Perforation of barrel beads was from

opposite directions resulting in hourglass perfora-

tions (Fig 9e) and occasionally perforation errors

(Fig 9d)

Most pendants were begun as tabular roughouts

chipped into shapes anticipating the final form such

as an asymmetrical triangular pendant (Fig 10a cf

Fig 5a for a rectangular pendant) Roughouts were

Figure 4 Example of raw material nodule (top) angular

shatter (upper centre) flakes (lower centre) and

micro-debitage (lower row) from a single context

at Jilat 13



then abraded and sawing was sometimes applied (Fig

10b) One unfinished pendant shows that perforation

preceded final abrasion (Fig 10c) The most common

form is the asymmetrical triangular pendant (Fig

10d) but there are also rectangular square and oval

pendants Not all pendants were made on tabular

roughouts some were made on thin flakes eg

rectangular and lsquoteardroprsquo forms (Fig 10endashf)

Sawing

Disc beads were made individually one by one on

flakes as opposed to being sawn from a perforated

cylinder which is another possible way However

sawing was central to the production of pendants and

barrel beads (cf Fig 5c 10b) In some cases the

roughout was sawn only to a shallow depth

permitting unwanted material to be snapped off

leaving a protruding piece of stone mdash a kind of

groove and snap technique (Fig 5c) The protruding

lsquobossrsquo was then abraded

A range of chipped stone tools in the sites might be

suitable for sawing These include tabular chert knives

sometimes also called tile knives (Fig 11) These are

bifacially retouched cutting tools characteristic of the

eastern Jordanian Neolithic (Baird in Garrard et al

1994a 89) However typically the bifacial retouch

produces an edge that is robust but somewhat sinuous

in profile (Fig 11) In addition many tile knife edges

have significant curvature in plan Use of tile knives

would probably generate relatively wide and slightly

sinuous cut marks but this is an area worthy of

experimentation and use wear study Alternative tools

that perhaps better match the relative scale and

precision of cut marks on bead blanks are a range of

relatively robust non-formal tools on blade or elon-

gated flake blanks with edges that are relatively

straight in profile and plan These are found in some

numbers in conjunction with the bead making debris in

Jilat 13 and 25 It is also notable that despite the

purported dominance of flakes in many broadly

contemporary PPNCELN assemblages significant

a b

c d

Figure 5 (a) Tabular roughout rectangular (b) Tabular roughout subcircular with drill mark (c) Abraded roughout with

sawing mark at bottom note that the sawing is incomplete the groove and snap technique has resulted in both

the saw mark and an irregular protrusion of stone (d) Abraded tabular roughout subcircular



proportions of Jilat 13 and Jilat 25 tool blanks are

blades (Baird 1993 469 and figs 818ndash821) even

though the debitage assemblages are mostly flake

dominated Other possible sawing tools include flaked

limestone artefacts with a thin edge (Fig 12c)

Several cutmarked limestone slabs were found at

Jilat 13 and Jilat 25 (Fig 12andashb) The cutmarks are

shallow or deep incisions Interestingly the cut-

marked slabs do not display evidence of drilling

Conversely the Jilat 13 bench with marks probably

resulting from drilling (Fig 14c see below) has no

cutmarks This suggests segregation of drilling and

sawing activities Some variability in spatial distribu-

tion of different stages in the bead making process

may be further borne out by the discrete distribution

of drills in Jilat 25 contexts where substantial bead

making debris was recovered For example in Jilat 25

Context A15 drills were found clustered in spatial

units towards the northern end of the structure

Drilling

Experiments in drilling of Dabba Marble are in

progress (Bains forthcoming) Here we present

evidence for drilling from bead perforations and

stone tools Other experiments show that perforation

morphology reveals drilling methods and shape

diameter and length of the drill used (eg Gwinnett

and Gorelick 1999) At Jilat perforations indicate

that drilling methods varied and that choices were

probably affected by material hardness

Hand Drilling with Large Piercers and Borers

The simplest method used appears to have been hand

drilling Soft Dabba Marble could have been drilled

using a borer or piercer held in the hand and not

hafted to a drilling stick Drilling by this method

would produce rough irregular and relatively large

perforations (Gorelick and Gwinnett 1990) we see

examples of this in broken beads Borers and piercers

were found at the sites They are relatively large

perforation tools made on blades suitable for

manipulation by hand without a haft (Fig 13 nos

9ndash11)

Rotary Drilling From Two Directions with Hafted Drills

The most common method involved rotary drilling

from two directions Drilling was almost always

a b

c d

Figure 6 Green Dabba Marble disc bead blanks and finished beads (andashb) Circular flakes slightly abraded (c) Unabraded

perforated flake (d) Finished disc bead



bipolar That is the blank was drilled to roughly

halfway through then turned and the perforation

completed from the opposite direction As the two

perforations converged the result was an hourglass-

shaped perforation (Fig 9e) Experiments indicate

that this prevents chipping and flaking of the

alternate face which can occur if a blank is perforated

completely from only one direction (Possehl 1981)

Most hourglass perforations on both soft and

hard stones appear to have been produced by rotary

drilling Rotary drilling results in regular perforations

and concentric striations on them (Gorelick and

Gwinnett 1990) We observed both traits on many

broken beads and blanks (Fig 9b) Perforations of

hourglass form included very small drillholes indi-

cating that the drilling tools were smaller than

piercers and borers made on blades The probable

drills in this case were small drills on bladelets and

especially drill bits on burin spalls (Fig 13 nos 1 4

5 7) Microscopic examination of perforations is in

progress (Bains forthcoming)

Oddly piercing and drilling tools were found in

relatively low absolute numbers at the two sites (eg

Baird 1993 505ndash06 625 for Jilat 13 early phase

about 4 of tools were piercers or drills for the Jilat

25 which have concentrations of bead-making debris

just under 3 of tools were spall drills) However

specific contextual data other technological consid-

erations and comparisons with other sites give us

confidence that these were the main tools involved in

the drilling and that the low absolute numbers of

drills abandoned may sometimes relate to systematic

removal or discard of these tools by the artisans For

example burin spall drills were closely associated

spatially with bead-making debris in specific activity

areas in the Jilat 25 structure eg Context Aa15 in

the buildingrsquos northern area (Baird 1993 521 see

Table 6) In addition Jilat 13 and 25 produced large

numbers of angle burins including truncation burins

from which burin spalls were detached (eg about

29 of all tools at J13rsquos early phase were burins)

(Baird 1993 500 516 520ndash26 625) Burins are

a b c

d e f

Figure 7 Red Dabba Marble disc bead blanks and finished beads from Jilat 25 Context Aa15 (andashb) Circular flakes

slightly abraded (c) Heavily abraded and perforated disc bead blank edge abrasion incomplete (d) Abraded

perforated blank abrasion not complete on face (endashf) Finished disc beads



contextually closely associated with drills and bead-

making debris in occupation fills at Jilat 25 (c 30 of

tools from relevant Jilat 25 contexts were burins) mdash a

situation also seen at Jebel Naja in the Basalt Desert mdash

where both experiments and microwear studies suggest

that drill bits on burin spalls were used for bead-

making (Baird 1993 521 Finlayson and Betts 1990)

Burin spall drills would have had some technolo-

gical advantages over bladelet drills One advantage

is that the triangular or rectangular cross-sections of

burin spall drills make them stronger and less likely

to break during drilling In addition the manner of

their retouch from the same direction on each edge

creates a prismatic cross-section that probably served

to produce a neater hole and to make drilling more

efficient and possibly faster and reduce breakage in

drilling The tips of burin spall drills are blunted

which is an advantage in drilling hard stone (Gorelick

and Gwinnett 1990) Predictability and miniaturiza-

tion of burin spall drills may be relevant to an

Figure 8 Chaines operatoires for disc beads Sequence A refers to a disc bead made on a thin flake Sequence B refers

to a disc bead made on a thick flake Sequence C refers to a disc bead made on a tabular roughout not a

flake



apparent increased standardization in perforation

size observed at Jilat 25 from an early phase to a later

phase (Critchley 2000)

Since we have evidence of rotary drilling from bead

perforations we believe that drill bits were hafted to

sticks (probably made of wood) Drill bits on burin

spalls would have been too small to manipulate

effectively by hand alone

To work efficiently a drill needs to be weighted

and stabilized and there must be some means of

protecting the artisanrsquos hand Ground stone artefacts

support the idea that rotary drilling with drill bits

hafted to drilling sticks was in use They include a

probable capstone made of limestone from Jilat 25

The capstone would have been held in the hand

enabling the beadmaker to manipulate the drilling

stick from the top (Fig 14a) This artefact resembles

a miniature bowl and fits easily into one hand The

interior surface displays use wear circular striations

parallel to the rim and vertical striations perpendi-

cular to the rim The base of the interior converges to

a flat surface about 1 cm in diameter

Some Levantine Neolithic sites have revealed

similar objects with similar wear (Banning 1998

Wright 1992 fig 5ndash15b) and a comparable item

was found at Jarmo (Moholy-Nagy 1983 fig 12913

Gorelick and Gwinnett 1990 30) Capstones are

characteristic of the use of bow drills (Banning

1998 Foreman 1978) but strictly speaking they

are not necessarily diagnostic of the bow drill

(theoretically simpler drilling techniques involving

hafting might have been facilitated by the use of

a capstone) For the moment we can say that

at Jilat 13 and 15 the evidence for rotary drilling

is unequivocal However the evidence for the use

of the bow drill while suggestive is not quite

definitive

Size data considered carefully support a link

between burin-spall drills and beads To interpret

dimensions of drills and perforations we must keep

in mind that stone bead drilling was overwhelmingly

bipolar and converging Thus drills did not have to

penetrate all the way through the full height of the

bead mdash only about half of it Therefore what matters

a b c

d e f

Figure 9 Green Dabba Marble barrel bead blanks and finished beads (a) Hexagonal blank flaked but not abraded (b)

Abraded hexagonal blank (c) Abraded blank not perforated (d) Perforation error on abraded blank (e)

Finished bead broken showing bipolar perforation and hourglass perforation shape (f) Perforated barrel bead

almost finished except for final abrasion to smooth out last surface irregularities



is the very tips of the drill bits mdash the upper few

millimetres mdash not the full length of the drills

Since disc beads are consistently about 25 to

26 mm in height only the upper 15 mm or so of the

drills mdash the most distal ends of the tips mdash had to

have been about 21 mm or less in thickness to

lsquomatchrsquo the perforation diameters of disc beads

(Table 4) In the case of barrel beads since barrel

beads were between 64 and 71 mm in height about

32 to 36 mm of the most distal ends of the drill bits

have to have been about 21 mm or less in thickness

to lsquomatchrsquo the perforations of barrel beads (Table 5)

Measurements of the drill bit tips within these

small uppermost reaches show that the maximal

thicknesses of the drill bitsrsquo distal tips fall within the

range of sizes indicated by the perforations (Fig 13)

Multi-stage Drilling

Sometimes drilling may have been accomplished in

several stages Some beads particularly those made of

harder stones have smooth cylindrical perforations

with parallel walls displaying no hint of the

hourglass shape

One way to achieve this is to create the hourglass

perforation and then to turn it into a perfect

cylindrical perforation via the use of a second drilling

procedure An example of this was cited by Calley

(1989) who proposed that two tools found in

carnelian bead workshops at Early Bronze Age

Kumartepe (Turkey) had complementary functions

a drill bit for making the initial hourglass perforation

and a borer for finishing and smoothing it into a

cylindrical perforation Since both drill bits and

borers were found on the Jilat sites this method of

finishing perforations could have been used

At Jilat 13 and 25 evidence for multi-stage drilling

can be seen in some beads which have a depression on

one or both faces The depression may be a result of

drilling with a larger drill bit first in order to provide

a guide for the final perforation with a finer drill bit

Such a technique is seen in India-Pakistan (Possehl

1981 39 Kenoyer 1992b 73)

a b c

d e f

Figure 10 Green Dabba Marble pendant blanks and finished pendants (a) Tabular roughout flaked into approximately

trapezoidal shape but not abraded (b) Abraded trapezoidal blank with sawing mark at bottom (c) Perforated

asymmetrical triangular pendant blank incompletely abraded (note striations on face) (d) Finished asymmetri-

cal triangular pendant (e) Pendant blank made on a flake unabraded (f) Nearly-finished pendant made on a

flake



Stabilizing Beads Anvils and Drilling Benches

What method was used to stabilize a bead during

drilling The simplest technique is to fix a bead to a

stone anvil with an adhesive Ethnography and

experiments show that such anvils can be small (the

size of handstones) (Foreman 1978 figs 6ndash7) Use of

such an anvil should result in small shallow

depressions a form of use-damage resulting from

force exerted from above Figure 14b shows a small

flat stone from Jilat 25 with a central depression of

the expected size and depth

Figure 14c shows the limestone bench from Jilat 13

(previously discussed) with a number of such pits in

the centre The marks are evenly spaced and are

concentrated in one small well-defined area on the

widest part of the bench this wide area was also

finely abraded

We see this bench as a multifunctional worktable

anvil We suspect that the beadmaker sat on the

narrow part of the bench (straddling it) placed bead

blanks on the pitted work surface fixed them with

adhesive and then drilled them The bench also

displays evidence of other activities including flaking

and grinding

Adhesives for hafting chipped stone tools could

have been adapted for use in fixing beads to anvils

Bitumen would be one candidate In some cultures a

wooden frame with cup-holes is sometimes used for

stabilizing beads (Kenoyer 1986 P Wright 1982)

The holes are filled with beeswax and clay the bead is

inserted into the wax-clay mixture which hardens

holding the bead steady After drilling beads are

released by breaking the wax-clay mixture (Allchin

1979 Stocks 1989) As wood was probably scarce in

Jilat and as there are no indications of the use of

clay we can probably rule out this technique

However stone items with cup-holes are seen in

Neolithic sites (Kirkbride 1966 Wright 1992

fig 527b)

Abrasion

Ground stone artefacts are crucial to bead produc-

tion in traditional technologies (Foreman 1978

Inizan et al 1992 Kenoyer et al 1991 53 Moholy-

Nagy 1983 294 Roux and Matarasso 1999 57ndash58)

Grinding of beads can be achieved by abrading

each bead individually with a hand held abrader or

by rubbing them on a large grinding slab Either

method will produce linear striations of the type we

see on many unfinished beads (cf Figs 7cndashd and 10c)

However final shaping of disc and cylindrical beads

was most likely achieved by stringing them or loading

them on to a thin rod capable of penetrating the

perforation (individually or in groups) and then

rolling them on a grinding slab adding abrasives

(such as sand) and water to produce a smoother finish

(Foreman 1978 Moholy-Nagy 1983 298) Some disc

beads with parallel edges perpendicular to the faces

would probably have been rolled on a flat smooth

stone Other beads with facetted sharply angled or

bevelled edges (eg many barrel beads) suggest that

they were rolled or abraded along a stone with

grooves and slanting sides (eg Fig 15a c)

Abrasion of bead blanks may have been a multi-

stage process involving a number of materials of

different textures and hardness In an early stage

grinding of bead materials on vesicular basalt would

have been the easiest way to abrade a large nodule

quickly The pores of vesicular basalt and pumice

form natural cutting lsquoteethrsquo comparable to the metal

rasp used by present-day sculptors At Jilat 13 and

Jilat 25 we found broken fragments of vesicular

basalt grinding slabs but not large complete exam-

ples The small fragments suggest two possibilities

either there were large complete slabs at one time

which were then broken worn out and discarded or

only small fragments of these heavy duty grinding

tools were needed

For finer abrasion sandstone grinding slabs might

be expected None were found However small

Figure 11 Chipped stone artefacts from Jilat Neolithic

sites Tile knives or possible saws for bead-

making From Baird 1993 fig 85



handheld abraders made of sandstones with coarse

hard quartz crystals were found at both sites (Fig

15andashb) Sandstone is not local to Wadi Jilat and these

items were imported and probably used extensively

(resulting in the small size)

For even finer abrasion limestone could have been

used Such needs could have been met by the large

bench of Jilat 13 (Fig 14c) which was finely ground

over a very large area (within which the possible

drilling marks were placed)

Some might see the grooved items made of

sandstone (Fig 15a) and limestone (Fig 15c) as

lsquoshaft straightenersrsquo One or two shaft straightener

fragments made of basalt occur at Jilat 13 Like other

basalt shaft straighteners in Neolithic Jilat (eg Jilat

7) (Garrard et al 1994a Wright 1993) the use-

surfaces of these have U-shaped cross-sections By

contrast the cross sections of the use surfaces on the

sandstone and limestone grooved items are not U-

shaped but have sharp angles We see these tools

mainly as abraders for grinding bead facets espe-

cially on barrel beads The widths of the use surfaces

are 11 mm for the sandstone tool and 138 mm for

the limestone one These dimensions correspond to

the average diameter (5 width) of 31 measured green

Dabba Marble barrel bead blanks from Jilat 13 (N 5

31 Mean diameter 5 92 mm standard deviation 5

28) Grooved stones are used in bead grinding in

a

b c

Figure 12 Ground stone artefacts probably for beadmaking in Jilat Neolithic sites (a) Cutmarked slab (limestone) Jilat

13 The cutmarks are shallow and are concentrated in the left area running parallel to the main axes of the

slab (b) Cutmarked slab fragment (limestone) Jilat 13 showing deep cutmarks (c) Flaked and ground abra-

sive cutting tool made of limestone Jilat 13



modern India (Roux and Matarasso 1999 57ndash58) a

grooved sandstone tool was found with an unfinished

bead at Catalhoyuk (Wright and Bains 2007)

Tosi and Vidale (1990) regard failure resulting

from breakage or human error as more common in

the grinding stage than during perforation although

this depends on material and opinion (Kenoyer 2003

18) In some cases it might be more efficient to shape

the bead first before attempting perforation This

may explain why barrel beads tend to be shaped and

abraded prior to perforation

Finished beads were always finely abraded and

sometimes polished to the extent of reflecting light

Ethnographic observations indicate that polishing is

sometimes done by placing beads en masse in a

leather bag along with an abrasive and shaking and

rolling the bags for long periods (Allchin 1979

Kenoyer 2003) This simple method would have been

more likely than the method of rolling beads and

abrasives in a wooden barrel which is also docu-

mented ethnographically (Kenoyer 2003)

However shaking beads in a bag with an abrasive

tends to produce beads with rounded convex edges

(Gwinnett and Gorelick 1989) Some beads at Jilat

have this form but many mdash especially those made of

the hard cherty red Dabba Marble mdash have sharp

edges perpendicular to bead faces indicating that

they were individually polished or polished during

rolling on a string or stick Alternative methods of

polishing can include rubbing with leather or wood

with the addition of fine sand or chalk and water or

with animal hairwool and animal fat (Kenoyer 1986

20) These methods would have been possible with

Jilat technology

Craft Specialization and Comparisons withOther Sites

Technology needs to be studied not only in terms of

materials and techniques but also in terms of social

groups involved in artefact production individual

artisans and skill (Dobres and Hoffmann 1999 2ndash12)

In egalitarian societies craft skill and knowledge of

Figure 13 Chipped stone artefacts from Jilat Neolithic sites Drilling and piercing tools From Baird 1993 fig 82



special materials can enhance the power of an

individual or a group encouraging hierarchy

(Dobres 2000 119ndash20)

These questions force us to reconsider issues of

craft specialization a term often used loosely or in

widely different ways Three concepts of specializa-

tion are considered here individual specialists

specialization between households or domestic

groups within a given site and site specialization

within a regional or social network of craft produc-

tion and exchange

Costin (1991) draws a contrast between indepen-

dent specialization and attached specialization

Independent specialization involves production of

utilitarian goods for nonelites and can be household-

based or based in special workshops Attached

specialization refers to production of prestige goods

under control of elites Whilst Costin notes that

attached specialization can also be based in house-

holds or workshops we often think of attached

specialization in connection with central institutions

and urban or state-level societies It is of considerable

interest that in early urban societies the making of

stone personal ornaments in association with central

institutions figures prominently (Stein 1996 Vidale

1989)

How earlier forms of craft specialization may have

evolved into large-scale attached specialization is

poorly understood Most research has concentrated

on later stages in this process (eg Stein 1996) in

discussions of earlier forms of specialization defini-

tions and criteria for diagnosis could sometimes be

clearer (eg Quintero and Wilke 1998 Rollefson and

Parker 2002 Rosen 1997) If we are dealing with

a

c

b

Figure 14 Ground stone artefacts probably used for beadmaking in Jilat Neolithic sites (a) Capstone made of limestone

Jilat 25 (b) Handstone probably used as an anvil or hammer Jilat 25 note depression in face and flake scars

at edges (c) Limestone drilling bench Jilat 13 Note evidence of use-wear on the left and widest area of the

bench smooth abraded surface drill marks in the centre-left face small flake scars with negative bulbs of per-

cussion close to the edge of the bench



specialization in Neolithic societies it is probably

independent specialization Still Neolithic societies

may fall between Costinrsquos two categories Neolithic

groups were clearly producing prestige goods perso-

nal ornaments are not strictly utilitarian and there is

at least a possibility that elites were emerging (Byrd

1994 Kuijt and Goring-Morris 2002 Verhoeven

2002)

Individual Specialists

First there is the issue of identifying individual

specialists Some use lsquospecializationrsquo to refer to any

situation in which some artisans have high levels of

skill a view that has been criticized (Rice 1991) We

agree with Rice that identifying a high level of

technical skill in a craft is not on its own sufficient

for a diagnosis of specialization since it robs the

concept of force in discussing long term change (by

this criterion the Upper Palaeolithic was riddled

with craft specialists) However we would argue

that if there are other indications of craft specializa-

tion a search for levels of ability in different

individuals is appropriate mdash if the data permit

Such data would be primary refuse from well-dated

sites of high temporal resolution in which technical

processes (eg errors in chaines operatoires) can

reveal experts vs novices (Pigeot 1990 Stout 2002

Vanzetti and Vidale 1994)

In the case of Jilat 13 and 25 we are dealing with

much primary refuse and two closely dated sites (see

above and Tables 6ndash7) mdash with periodic use of the

sites over a time range on the order of 200 years at

most and possibly much less Jilat 25 yielded activity

areas with clear spatial clusters as do a number of

contexts at Jilat 13 Space does not permit us to

present all details (this awaits the final site report)

but we feel confident that aggregate consideration of

the data from each site allows us to discuss general

questions of individual skills mdash master craftsmen vs

novices

a b

c

Figure 15 Ground stone artefacts possibly used for beadmaking in Jilat Neolithic sites (a) Grooved sandstone abrading

tool Jilat 13 (b) Sandstone hand-held abrader Jilat 25 (c) Grooved limestone abrading tool Jilat 13



To explore this we analysed unfinished blanks and

the frequency of perforation errors Drilling is a

sensitive moment in bead production when many

things can go wrong (Kenoyer 2003) A low incidence

in perforation errors combined with high numbers of

successfully finished beads and evidence of standar-

dization should be reasonably good indicators of an

artisanrsquos mastery This is the situation seen at Jilat 25

(Fig 7) In all of 93 blanks from Jilat 25 only 2 were

perforation errors a failure rate of only 2

On the other hand a high incidence of perforation

errors would suggest that a beadmaker was a relative

novice Jilat 13 produced more blanks with perfora-

tion errors than Jilat 25 We thought we might find

individual contexts with a high rate of error

suggesting apprentices

The data did not bear this out Of 223 bead blanks

from Jilat 13 (all phases) 22 were perforation errors

mdash a failure rate of 98 All but two errors were on

barrel bead blanks of green Dabba Marble The

others were one pendant blank and one irregular

bead blank These 22 blanks were distributed across

20 different contexts and no more than 2 perforation

errors were found in any one context

A close look at those contexts reveals low error

rates In Context B21 2 green barrel bead blanks

with perforation errors were found with 5 other

blanks The others included green and red barrel and

disc blanks This context also yielded 5 successfully

finished beads including black and red barrel beads

and a green disc Black and green debitage and a

discoidal handstone were also found here In Context

B71 2 blanks with perforation errors were found

along with 9 other blanks and 10 successfully

finished beads including green Dabba Marble barrel

beads but also black and red disc beads Much

debitage was found along with a flaked limestone

cutting tool (cf Fig 12c) and a limestone object with

a drill mark

The higher rate of error at Jilat 13 compared to

Jilat 25 could be because artisans at Jilat 13 were

making more of the larger more complex barrel

beads (as opposed to simple discs see Tables 2ndash3)

which offer greater chances of failure due to the

longer drilling distance However at Jilat 13 the

overall failure rate was still quite low particularly

considering the overall volume of material recovered

(Table 1)

We conclude that the beadmakers at Jilat 13

included few trainees These appear to have been

skilled artisans a small task force composed of

relative experts This raises the question of whether

these beadmakers were examples of lsquoproducer

specialistsrsquo as traditionally defined that is people

involved in

production of a good by a relatively small number of

individuals (compared to the total output and

number of consumers) individuals who are as a

result of this selectivity and the routinization or

repetition of their tasks particularly skilled in

manufacture (Rice 1991 263)

Jilat 13 and 25 do suggest small numbers of

individuals and a certain selectivity in who was

involved in stone bead making The quantity of

debitagedebris relative to (1) the number of finished

beads and (2) the modest sizes of these structures

collectively suggest that these craftsmenwomen

served a larger number of consumers relative to the

number of craftsmen involved here If so who were

these consumers mdash other residents of Jilat or groups

beyond

Intra-site Specialization Between Domestic Groups

Several studies suggest ways of identifying different

forms of craft specialization between domestic groups

in a site For later sites Stein (1996) has explored

spatial data particularly how craft production

facilities are dispersed among domestic units or

located near special (or central) institutions In

Neolithic sites questions about dispersal between

households and possible links between craft produc-

tion and special buildings or special sites have been

underexplored

For specialization Costin (1991) suggests that we

would expect (1) variability between production

units (eg households occupations regions) in

relevant artefacts (2) high densities of craft produc-

tion debris relative to some other generally used

item in some production units (3) high ratios of

unfinished goods to finished goods in some produc-

tion units Kenoyer et alrsquos (1991) ethnoarchaeolo-

gical studies of modern stone bead-making in

Khambat (India) suggest something similar in the

case of households as production units There non-

specialist households engaging in casual opportu-

nistic bead production revealed low quantities of

bead-making debris few unfinished beads and little

standardization in finished beads By contrast

households specializing in bead production were

characterized by stockpiling of large quantities of

raw materials many unfinished beads and more

standardized finished products

In looking at whole occupations (ie phases within

sites) as a unit of observation we argue elsewhere

(Wright and Garrard 2003) that artefact densities and

other data from 13 PPNB and 8 PPNCELN



occupations in the Jilat-Azraq region suggest that

PPNCELN producers were more specialized than

those of the PPNB mdash at least in the Jilat-Azraq

region Unlike the PPNB sites Jilat 13 and 25 have

very high densities of bead-making debris specialized

tools for drilling and sawing there is an abundance of

unfinished materials relative to finished products

bead-making tools and debris are abundant relative

to normal domestic food processing equipment

(ground stone artefacts) (Wright and Garrard 2003

cf Costin 1991)

That argument is chronological comparing the

PPNB to the PPNCELN occupations and we stand

behind it for the Jilat-Azraq case (different trajec-

tories may apply to south Jordan and the Negev see

below) Still it leaves open the issue of house-to-

house variation within Jilat 25 or Jilat 13 As we have

only one excavated structure per site we cannot on

present evidence argue that each building housed a

group of specialists serving other households within

the same site In fact we have no direct evidence that

there were other structures on each site mdash the ones

excavated were the only ones visible on the surface

There are nuances of material and typological

choices between the Jilat 25 structure (red disc beads)

and the Jilat 13 structure (larger complex green

ornaments) but these nuances are beyond the scope

of this paper

In all we suspect that stone bead production at

Jilat 13 and 25 was geared not for other domestic

units lsquoin camprsquo but for use by these quite mobile

communities themselves mdash as well as export to other

sites within the steppe and beyond (see below) In

Costinrsquos terms (Costin 1991) Jilat 13 and 25 might

each be an example of an independent non-centra-

lized dispersed workshop possibly lsquofamily runrsquo (Rice

1991 262) mdash in which handling of Dabba Marble

was not routinely entrusted to novices

There are hints of house-to-house variations in

bead-making in major villages with larger samples of

domestic structures as in PPNB Beidha At PPNB

Beidha (earlier than Jilat 13 and 25) Building 14

stands out

Other forms of production besides food preparation

were less common Building 14 represented the best

example of artefact production in these basements

A wide range of artefacts was recovered apparently

associated with building 14rsquos basement floor

Particularly widespread were stone polishers bone

tools raw material (including hematite malachite

and magnesium) more than 60 unmodified marine

shells and at least two dozen beads of shell stone

and bone some of which were in various stages of

production Some artifacts lay on stone slabs

indicating that at least some slabs may have

functioned as work surfaces (Byrd 2005 117)

Such hints are intriguing Still macro-artefacts

from house floors are affected by problems of site

formation and house abandonment Micro-artefact

data can help (Rainville 2005) House-by-house

exploration with attention to micro-artefacts is

needed (Wright and Bains 2007)

Site Specialization Within a Regional Network of Craft

Production and Exchange

Both sites and other Neolithic sites in Jilat and

Azraq exhibit resource specialization

the selective use of particular resources in craft

manufacture such as certain clays that are repeat-

edly used (Rice 1991 262)

The Jilat artisans emphasized Dabba Marble from

a wider array of available stone types The Jilat-

Azraq sites collectively show that green Dabba

Marble was a special target This is revealed in both

frequencies and weights (for debris data and weight

data see Wright and Garrard 2003 for frequency

data on beads and blanks see Tables 2 and 3) At

both sites debris is greatly dominated by green

Dabba Marble mdash 80ndash95 of debris by both weight

(grams) and frequency Green Dabba Marble also

dominates blanks in terms of weight at both sites mdash

indicating the use of green for making larger heavier

and more conspicuous ornaments

Turning to frequencies at Jilat 13 about 90 of

blanks are green and only 5 are red However

finished beads include both green and red forms in

comparable percentages (404 and 436 respec-

tively) (Table 3) suggesting that finished red beads

were brought into the building from a place of

manufacture located somewhere else At Jilat 25

blanks of red and green Dabba Marble occur in

comparable proportions (409 green 43 red)

whilst finished beads are predominantly red (588)

(Table 2) If Jilat 13 and 25 were absolute contem-

poraries this could suggest variations in choices and

exchange between residents of different structures

Rice (1991) has defined site specialization as a

situation in which a site is located near a special

resource and the inhabitants emphasize production of

a craft based on that resource Relative to other sites

not so located the range of site functions and

activities would be expected to be more limited

Thus site specialization

involves individual localities or sites having evidence

of limited functions or intensive productive activity



often determined by fortuitous environmental fac-

tors This includes proximity to mineral deposits

and so forth (Rice 1991 262)

Do Jilat 13 and 25 fit this concept In both sites

15 km from the source we have a wealth of evidence

for intensive stone bead production and scanty

evidence for routine food processing tools (Wright

and Garrard 2003) However Jilat 25 may be closer

to the limited function model envisioned by Rice In

Jilat 13 bead-making is clearly intensive but we are

also dealing with a chipped stone assemblage of not

only drills and burins but also projectile points and

other tools Jilat 13 also reveals production of

figurines (of animals phalluses and arrow-shaped

forms) and sculpted pillars (Baird 1993 Garrard

et al 1994a Martin 1999 Wright 1992 1993)

In all Jilat 13 and 25 suggest that we can apply

Ricersquos lsquosite specializationrsquo on the grounds of intensive

productive activity and proximity to source mdash but

with the qualification that this specialization was also

embedded in hunting-herding activities and at Jilat

13 production of other special crafts unique among

the sites of a symbolic nature (figurines pillars)

One possibility is that we are dealing with a camp

of hunter-herder corporate groups mdash part of a wider

regional network mdash engaged in special activities in

remote areas involving art personal ornaments and

ritual Such groups are suggested by other data from

the PPNBndashPPNC time span for example Nahal

Hemar (ornaments masks hunting tools) Dhuweila

(carving of hunters with dress variations)

Catalhoyuk (images of hunters with dress variations

as in the bull hunt mural) and Gobeklitepe (sculpture

production including a quarry wild-animal icono-

graphy hunting) (Bar-Yosef and Alon 1988 Betts

1998 Mellaart 1967 Schmidt 2000) In all these data

hint that craft production of special items was

embedded in hunting andor herding activities in

remote areas this may have been a key means by

which exotic materials reached major villages In a

very broad way this supports a sketch outlined by

Bar Yosef (Bar-Yosef 2001) although we do not

necessarily agree with specifics of his model eg the

territories boundaries social groups and mechanisms

which he suggests (cf Asouti 2006) Instead we see

this as one example of diverse strategies of social

networking linking lineages households and commu-

nities in the Neolithic (Wright forthcoming)

Returning to the stone bead data from Jilat 13 and

25 the apparent stockpiling of raw material and

intensive production activity hints at production of

the green material for export (see above and Wright

and Garrard 2003) New data now add weight to this

idea and suggest the following provisional picture of

regional specializations and exchanges in ornaments

(1) Based on typology technology and materials thereappears to be a distinctive eastern Jordanian koine ornetwork of stone bead manufacture and exchangefeaturing Dabba Marble and a probable regionalspecialization in it

Other Neolithic bead production sites are known

from eastern Jordan Indications are that most of the

green bead materials are Dabba Marble probably

from Jilat (further work is needed) In these sites

diversity of materials used seems low with few

imports from beyond the steppe Shells however

testify to wider networks (Bar-Yosef-Mayer 1989

Cooke and Reese in Betts 1998 Garrard et al 1994a

Reese 1991)

Azraq 31 (PPNB and ELN) is in our suite of study

materials (Baird et al 1992 Garrard et al 1994a

Wright and Garrard 2003) and debris blanks and

beads were found Preliminary XRF analysis of green

samples (by Groom) indicates that the material is

consistent with Jilat Dabba Marble Typology and

technology are also similar and as at Jilat 25 burin

spall drills were closely associated with bead-making

in specific activity areas (Baird 1993 521 Baird et al

1992 25) However the ground stone revealed no

capstones drilling benches or sandstone abraders

(Wright 1992 1993 Wright in Baird et al 1992)

Material used for beads at Dhuweila (PPNB and

ELN) has been called Dabba Marble (Cooke and

Reese in Betts 1998) It is consistent in appearance

with our material although we have no details on

mineralogy or source Typologically these beads are

similar to those of Jilat 13 and 25 The ground stone

is very different from the suite at the Jilat sites

(Wright in Betts 1998) for comparisons of chipped

stone assemblages see Baird (1993)

At Bawwab al-Ghazal (Late PPNB) Rollefson

et al found drills bits on burin spalls tile knives

beads bead blanks and bead debris some of which

they called green Dabba Marble (Rollefson et al

1999 Quintero et al 2004) They argued that there is

a possible source of this material outcropping near

the site mdash lsquoFor the last raw material [green Dabba

Marble] small nodules of the green limestone were

embedded in the local bedrockrsquo (Rollefson et al 1999

3) However as shown in Appendix A the true

Dabba Marble only occurs in a restricted area west of

Wadi Jilat The lsquobedrockrsquo which outcrops near Azraq

31 and Bawwab al-Ghazal is travertine and some of

this formed during the late Pleistocene and Holocene

The nearby Epipalaeolithic site of Azraq 17 was



found partially embedded in travertine and artefacts

including nodules of imported basalt were found in

the travertine at this site It is possible that the

nodules of green limestone found at Bawwab al-

Ghazal were imported Dabba Marble which subse-

quently became incorporated in a travertine near the

site An alternative possibility is that the local

travertine is infused with green minerals In Wadi

Jilat travertines were noted with traces of green

minerals and in the Siwaqa area to the south-west of

Jilat there are extensive travertines some of which

are infused with pale green minerals including

volkonskoite (Barjous 1986 mdash see also Appendix A)

In eastern Jordan some Neolithic sites are greatly

dominated by burins (lsquoburin sitesrsquo) At a number of

these there is evidence for stone bead-making (eg

Jebel Naja) These lsquoburin sitesrsquo typically reveal few

ground stone tools we know of no examples of


from them It was argued that the main role of the

burins was production of spalls for drills used mainly

for beads (Betts 1987 1998 Finlayson and Betts

1990) However burin sites are not universally

associated with stone bead making At Jilat 23 24

and 26 burins were numerous but other evidence for

bead-making is scanty (Baird 1993 520)

Therefore some have questioned whether

burins and burin spalls in such sites were solely or

primarily intended for making drills and beads

noting that other functions are possible (Quintero

et al 2004 209) Given that these sites typically

represent short-term occupations it is possible that

many sites might be spall manufacture sites with

spalls transported to other settings where drill

manufacture and bead manufacture took place such

as Jilat 13 and 25 Rollefson expressed doubt that

either bladelet or burin spall drills would have been

used in bow drills partly because of their fragility and

also because most of them have a pronounced curve

on the long axis which would have made high speed

drilling impossible (Rollefson and Parker 2002) But

Finlayson and Betts (1990) and Berna (1995)

successfully experimented using burin spalls with

bow drills and Kenoyer (personal communication

2007) notes that drills made on burin spalls are the

most common type of drill in diverse prehistoric

stone bead-making sites (in India Pakistan and

elsewhere)

In the case of Jilat 13 and Jilat 25 we believe burin-

spall drills were part of the bead-making repertoire

for reasons noted above This does not rule out other

uses of burin spalls Nor does it rule out the use of

other perforating techniques Drills do not have to be

made of stone when soft stones are being perforated

mdash wood bone and abrasives can be used (Foreman

1978)

(2) There are hints of export of Dabba Marble to at leastsome villages in the Levantine corridor However majorNeolithic villages display much diversity in materials andespecially more importing of exotic stones than is seen inthe eastern Jordanian sites

Many writers report Neolithic beads made of

unspecified lsquogreenstonersquo This term is unfortunate

since it can refer to metabasalt and similar altered

igneous rocks (Schumann 1992 248) Some of these

lsquogreenstonesrsquo may be limestone with apatite or other

materials (eg Garfinkel 1987 81ndash82 Hauptmann

2004 Talbot 1983 789) Beads of green limestones

rich in fluorapatite were found at late PPNB Basta in

southern Jordan (Hauptmann 2004) as confirmed by

XRF and XRD Green beads identified as Dabba

Marble were also reported from Ain Ghazal a site

with both PPNB and PPNC occupations (Rollefson

et al 1990 103ndash04) Whether these are Dabba

Marble from the Jilat source (Appendices AndashB) is

not yet fully clear Ongoing research will sort out

these mysteries (eg D Bar-Yosef Mayer personal

communication Hauptmann 2004)

Major villages in the Levantine Corridor reveal

different degrees of emphasis in styles and materials

often we see a certain emphasis on local materials and

preferences However considerable exchange net-

works are indicated in major villages which display

much wider ranges of stone ornament materials

compared to the eastern Jordanian sites (such as

Ain Ghazal Yiftahel Basta Barsquoja Ghuwayr 1

Fidan 1) mdash along with of course shells (Affonso

and Pernicka 2004 Bienert and Gebel 1998 84ndash86

Garfinkel 1987 Hauptmann 2004 Rollefson and

Simmons 1984 1986 Rollefson et al 1990 Simmons

and Najjar 1998 Starck 1988)

As the Neolithic evolved stone bead-making

entailed increasingly diverse techniques and materi-

als One example may be drills In earlymiddle PPNB

sites most drills are made on bladelets In the late

PPNB PPNC and Late Neolithic there may have

been a gradual increase in drills made on burin spalls

although perhaps not in all regions (Jensen 2004

Rollefson and Parker 2002) Underlining increasing

diversity of technological practice between groups

Baird (2001b) pointed out geographic variation in

this technology with spall drills dominating in the

north-eastern Jordanian steppe from MPPNB

through Early Late Neolithic whilst contemporary

sites to west and south use bladelet blanks for their

piercing tools



(3) South Jordanian stone bead-making sites involvedvery different materials and different technologies local tothose regions mdash and may reveal a more intensiveexploitation of stone bead resources in the PPNB ieearlier than in eastern Jordan

In south Jordan Jebel Arqa Jebel Rabigh and Jebel

Salaqa revealed Middle PPNB beadmaking sites

Published analyses are based on surface collections

Around huts of upright stone foundations were

found large quantities of amazonite (microcline

Mohs 5 65) debris blanks and finished beads

Thin borers constitute 60ndash80 of the chipped stone

Awls are also numerous as are ground stone tools

(not described) Beads and blanks are dominated by

disc beads made on thin flakes struck from the

tabular material (Fabiano et al 2004 266ndash72

Vianello 1985) Fabiano et al interpret these sites

as seasonal camps exploiting mineral resources in a

somewhat specialized way and that bead production

was geared largely to export (2004 265) Although

materials and technologies differ from the Jilat sites

certain elements (flake-based beads architecture)

broadly mirror the Jilat situation although Jilat

bead-making is modest until the PPNCELN

Jebel Ragref also revealed amazonite bead produc-

tion (Berna 1995) In experiments Berna found that

drills of only 10ndash15 mm in diameter could produce

3 mm diameter perforations in amazonite beads

Berna found that hand-drilling of hard amazonite

was difficult whilst use of an experimental version of

a bow drill made this easier However drill bits

frequently became exhausted and worn out and had

to be replaced Exhausted drill bits mimic different

types of borers raising the possibility that many

borers and drill bits found on sites are in fact

exhausted discarded tools (Fabiano et al 2004 272)

(We wonder if the low frequency of drill bits found in

the Jilat sites is due to careful discard of exhausted

drill bits)

Al Basit Late PPNB site near Petra (Fino 1998)

revealed drills made on bladelets along with lime-

stone and sandstone objects with drilling marks

(Rollefson 2002) Bladelet drills dominate a chipped

stone collection gathered from a spoil heap in one

area the spoil heap also included shell beads and a

possible malachite fragment Rollefson sees the

material from this spoil heap as indicating specializa-

tion in bead-making in contrast to a more general-

ized chipped stone toolkit from an in situ domestic

area (Rollefson 2002 5 Rollefson and Parker 2002

22)

Bead-making debris was found in secondary refuse

(pits middens) at Shkarat Msaied (Middle PPNB)

(Jensen 2004 Kaliszan et al 2002) Borers and green

beads were found in a concentration and grinding

stones not far away The material was provisionally

identified as turquoise and malachite Asymmetrical

drillsborers made on bladelets dominate the chipped

stone although a few drillsborers were also made on

burins and blades

(4) Data from PPNB and ELN sites in the Negev andSinai indicate yet other specialities and a wider array ofimported materials than seems to obtain in easternJordan

Some sites in Negev-Sinai are impressive in the

variety of stone bead materials (eg Nahal Issaron

Negev) (Goring-Morris and Gopher 1983 156) and

specialist shell bead-making sites have been described

in Sinai (Bar-Yosef-Mayer 1989 1997) Nahal

Issaron revealed piercers with long thick bits similar

tools were found at Jilat 13 (Baird 1993 515ndash17)

Conclusions

Much work on early stone beads remains to be

done The Jilat sites illustrate an expansion of stone

bead-making in the PPNCELN and suggest that an

early version of craft specialization emerged at that

time In other regions different processes may have

been at work One question is the role of sheep-goat

herding in procurement of prestige minerals in remote

areas Something like this is seen in the Early Bronze

Age (Rosen 2003) Its roots were earlier though

views vary on timing processes and goods involved

(cf Bar-Yosef- Mayer 1997 Fabiano et al 2004

Garrard et al 1996 Martin 1999 Quintero et al

2004 Rollefson et al 1999) It is worth investigating

whether there was a general expansion of trade

networks in the PPNCELN when herding may also

have become more extensive

Appendix A Distribution Nature and Origins ofDabba Marble

Andrew Garrard

Dabba Marble (also spelled Dabrsquoa Dabrsquoah) occurs in

a restricted area of the Maestrichtian to Paleocene

(late Cretaceousndashearly Tertiary) Muwaqqar Chalk-

Marl (MCM) Formation in central Jordan The

MCM formation outcrops in an arc from Sahab east

of Amman to the Wadi Sirhan east of the El Jafr

Basin in southern Jordan However the marbles

themselves are restricted to a north-westsouth-east

trending fault zone lying to the east of Khan es Zabib

and Siwaqa stations on the former Amman to Marsquoan

Railway line The area covers about 25 km (NW-SE)

by 13 km (SW-NE) and lies between c 36u06rsquondash36u17rsquo

36u22rsquo E and 31u21rsquondash31u34rsquo N (Barjous 1986 Jaser



1986 Powell 2006) The Neolithic sites of Wadi Jilat

13 and 25 lie adjacent to each other at 36u25rsquo E and

31u30rsquo N some 7ndash15 km east of the nearest marble

outcrops (the exact location of the nearest sources

needs to be checked in the field) The modern quarry

source of marble used for comparative analysis lies at

c 36u15rsquo E and 31u29rsquo N

The Dabba Marbles occur within the upper unit of

the MCM Formation which consists of chalky

limestones chalks and micritic limestones inter-

bedded with dark grey to brownish chert (Bender

1974 Jaser 1986 Powell 1988) The MCM

Formation was deposited in moderate to deep water

on the southern margin of the Tethys Sea and

bituminous chalky marls (or oilshales) occur as lenses

in structural depressions within the formation The

marbles formed as a result of metamorphosis and

recrystallization of the parent rocks along cracks and

fissures in this formation and range in colour between

black violet brown red pink green and yellow

(Fig 3) The coloration results from infusion with

bitumen and iron oxides chromites and apatites The

marbles are cross-cut with veins containing diverse

minerals (more than 50 were identified) (Jaser 1986

Nassir and Khoury 1982) At present there are

many small quarries in the marble formations as

the multi-coloured but fractured rocks (particularly

the green apatitic varieties) are popular for setting in

plaster for floor and wall tiles

Much debate surrounds the origins of the marbles

but there are no high level intrusive or volcanic

bodies in the area and thus no possibility of

metamorphism through contact with igneous forma-

tions The marbles appear to have formed during the

late Tertiary mdash a major period of tectonic activity mdash

with the uplift of the Jordanian Plateau and the

formation of the Rift Valley It is thought that the

high temperatures required for their formation was

the result of oxygen reaching bituminous lenses in

the MCM formation through fissures caused by

tectonic movements and that this may have led

to the localized combustion of hydrocarbons

Subsequently a rich array of minerals were circulated

through the faultlines and fissures in hot alkali-rich

ground waters (Jaser 1986 Khoury and Nassir 1982)

There are also extensive travertines in this area

(particularly to the east of Siwaqa) some of which

contain pale green volkonskoite These suggest

hydrothermal activity (Barjous 1986)

Analogous marble formations are known else-

where in the southern Levant They include the

Maqarin Formation in the Yarmouk River Valley

north of Irbid and the Hatrurim Formation

(formerly known as the Mottled Zone) west of the

Rift Valley These are contained in facies containing

bituminous shales which are similar and time-

equivalent with the MCM Formation in central

Jordan In both areas there are localized occurrences

of lightly metamorphosed rocks with a rich array of

minerals resulting from what were probably similar

processes (Gross 1977 Mohrsquod 2000) For the location

of the two main exposures of the Hatrurim

Formation see Fig 1

Appendix B Mineralogy and ChemicalComposition of Dabba Marble

Simon Groom and Roseleen Bains

Six samples of Dabba Marble from a modern quarry

in the heart of the marble zone 15 km to the west of

the Neolithic sites of Jilat 13 and 25 were analysed to

determine mineralchemical composition (Appendix

A and Fig 3) In order to determine if the material

described as Dabba Marble from the prehistoric sites

in Wadi Jilat were from a similar source 5 finished

bead fragments were analysed from the surface levels

at Jilat 13 Surface material was chosen for this pilot

study so as not to damage material from intact levels

As a result of fine grain size and thin laminations

thin section analysis proved problematic Thus X-ray

fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD)

were used in combination for the quarry samples and

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for the fin-

ished beads

Samples from the Quarry XRF-XRD Analysis(Simon Groom)

Materials

Seven surface nodules were collected by Andrew

Garrard from the scree slope at the modern quarry

(Fig 3) which were regarded as being broadly

representative of the range of marbles exposed in

the quarry-face Six of these were subjected to XRF

and XRD analysis

The quarry samples were categorized into 3 groups

before analysis green (G1-2) red (R1-2) and

laminated green (LG1-3) All but Sample R2 (a

bright red chert clearly composed of silica and iron)

were subjected to XRF and XRD

G1 and G2 are fine grained materials with a similar

green colour but significantly different textures G1 is

a rich green colour with a mottled appearance due to

the presence of fine white and maroon veins G2 is

paler green and more uniform with very little

macroscopic variation

R1 is texturally similar to G2 but pale pink in

colour and relatively uniform R2 is a brecciated



material consisting of large chunks of red chert

trapped inside a buff matrix The macroscopic pitted

appearance of the matrix is sufficiently distinctive to

identify the material as a travertine or tufa The chert

brecciated within this is mottled with a variation

between pale pink and typical white

LG1-3 the laminated green materials are distinctive

commonly showing extremely fine scale parallel layers

of maroon through to a rich green While some layers of

green material are several millimetres thick this

layering is commonly at less than a millimetre scale

All layered samples show non-parallel white veining

Methods

Methods of analysis for quarry samples were as

follows For homogenous samples 20 g of represen-

tative material were removed using a diamond-coated

tile cutter blade and subjected to standard XRF and

XRD sample preparation procedures Large hetero-

geneities such as veins and chert fragments were

ground from the sample surface using a hand sander

The resulting bulk material was crushed using a steel

percussion mortar and pestle then ground to a grain

size of 60 mm using an agate planetary ball mill

For quantitative XRF analysis a sample of the

resulting powder was initially dried then mixed with

a wax binding agent at a ratio of 8 g sample to 09 g

wax This mixture was then pressed in a hydraulic

press and analysed in triplicate using the industrial

standard TurboQuant (TQ0261a) method on a

Spectro X-Lab 2000 (P)ED-XRF Spectrometer

Pure chert samples (eg Sample R2) were analysed

qualitatively as objects in the same instrument for

categorization Due to its qualitative nature these

data are not presented here

XRD analysis was performed on the remaining

powder The instrument used was a Philips 1720

diffractometer fitted with a curved graphite crystal

monochromator Philips PC-APD software (version

16) was used to interpret the data

Results

In terms of major elements the 6 quarry samples are

all composed predominantly of calcium oxides

varying from 48 wt to 58 wt (Table 8) The most

variable component is phosphate with concentra-

tions between 13 wt and 7 wt Minor element

concentrations are present of silica iron oxides and

alumina in the 1 wt to 7 wt range

Within the trace element data (Table 9) the

material shows unusually rich concentrations of

transition metals for a calcium carbonate based unit

in particular chromium nickel zinc and cadmium

Also notable are the low concentrations of alkali and

alkali earth metals for a calcium carbonate based

unit with rubidium potassium sodium and magne-

sium all near the limits of detection

The XRD data show that the samples contain the

major components calcite (CaCO3) and fluoroapatite

(Ca5(PO4)3F) with the LG1 sample containing traces

of margarite (CaAl2(Al2Si2)O10(OH)2) a less com-

mon member of the mica mineral group The major

components fit exactly with what would be expected

from the chemical data The margarite also fits the

Table 8 Proportional weights of major elements obtained by XRF

Sample Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P2O5 SO3 Cl K2O CaO TiO2 MnO Fe2O3 Sum

Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674

Table 9 Trace elements in parts per million (ppm) obtained by XRF

Sample V Cr Co Ni Cu Zn Ga As Rb Sr Y Zr Cd Sb Ba La Pb Th U

Unit ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm

G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28



chemistry and is likely to be the mineral state in

which LG1rsquos slightly elevated alumina and silica

levels are resident

By comparison to the macroscopic variation these

analytical data are unexpectedly simple suggesting

that the material is structurally varied but chemically

very similar The categorization cited in Appendix A

classifying these materials as hydrothermal deposits

and travertines closely fits the composition of the

samples The elevated levels of transition metals are

likely to have been dropped from solution by changing

fluid chemical conditions and suggest that the macro-

scopic variation is structural rather than mineralogical

The rich green colour appears to correlate closely

with increasing proportions of phosphate likely to be

present in the form of fluoroapatite a mineral which

is green in colour The coloration in the red sample is

indicative of the iron oxides present at the 1 range

This sample contains amongst the lowest concentra-

tions of phosphate

Manufactured Beads SEM Analysis (RoseleenBains)

For this pilot study five bead fragments from surface

levels of Jilat 13 were examined using a Scanning

Electron Microscope (SEM) SEM was used instead

of XRF and XRD because (a) the size of each bead

sample was small and (b) we wanted to do as little

damage as possible to the beads

Materials

The fragments encompass a range of materials as

identified with the naked eye but do not necessarily

represent all variants of Dabba Marble used at Jilat

13 Four beads were green and one was pale pinkred

At a macroscopic level each bead appeared homo-

genous in colour

Methods

The five samples were mounted in epoxy-resin and

polished and coated with carbon to create an

electrically conductive surface They were analysed

under SEM (Model S-3400N Hitachi with a

Backscattered Electron Detector and an Oxford

Instruments Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS)

for semi-quantitative compositional spectrum) using

an accelerating voltage of 20 kV

For each sample images were captured under set

magnifications using the secondary electron detector

and backscattered electron detector to acquire topo-

graphical information on texture surface features and

crystallography The backscattered detector revealed

images in which minerals or compounds with elements

higher in atomic number appeared lighter and brighter

in comparison to the other minerals or compounds also

present in the image helping to differentiate the

minerals for better analysis These data combined

with data from EDS concerning elemental distribu-

tions were used to compare with results obtained by

XRF and XRD on material from the modern quarry

Each sample underwent repeated trials of bulk box

and spot analysis

Results

The four green beads revealed very similar results in

both surface studies and elemental analyses Any

differences in micrographs were the result of varying

degrees of polishing or the type of rock formed by the

similar compounds present We present detailed

results for one green and one red bead below

Sample S6 (Green Bead)

SEM and backscattered analysis

Initial low magnification inspection using a back-

scattered detector reveals two distinct areas one

light and the other darker in shade The darker area is

represented by an anhedral crystal structure and the

lighter area has a hexagonal euhedral lathe crystal

structure The former can be identified as calcium

carbonate (CaCO3) and the latter fluorapatite

(Ca5(PO4)3F) At high magnification we can see that

the fluorapatite is forming bands adjacent to the

fissures in the calcium carbonate (Fig 16) Both

components appear in relatively equivalent ratios As

with the other green bead samples the mineral

fluorapatite has metamorphosed and recrystallized

with the calcium carbonate

Elemental analysis and identification

Trials of box and spot analysis for sample S6

confirmed that the darker shaded area can be

identified as the compound calcium carbonate and

the lighter shaded hexagonal crystal structures as the

Figure 16 Backscattered image of sample S6-S The scale

is 50 microns long



mineral fluorapatite (Table 10) Fluorapatitersquos chem-

istry occurrence and physical and optical properties

as listed in The Handbook of Mineralogy Vol 4

(Anthony 2000) are consistent with those observed in

all the green bead samples

Sample S4 (Red Bead)


Sample S4 was the only red Dabba Marble bead to be

analysed It is a relatively soft stone and was more

difficult to polish during preparation Under lower

magnifications the surface appears to be more

compact and using a backscattered detector two or

more different components become visible once

again represented as lighter crystals within a darker

more compact matrix (Fig 17) The lighter euhedral

crystal habit has formed within an anhedral crystal

structure Both minerals are much more intricately

fused in comparison to the green Dabba samples and

consequently SEM micrographs reveal a finer grain

in contrast to the green samples analysed (Fig 17)

Each of two inclusions (Areas) present in sample

S4 was analysed under SEM and an elemental

spectrum was produced The crystals which appear

lighter (Area 1) are dissimilar to the apatite crystals

which are found in the beads manufactured from the

green Dabba Marble These crystals can be identified

as calcium carbonate with the addition of some

magnesium and silicon (Table 11)

Analysis of Area 2 or the darker anhedral mineral

revealed a mineral with a significant presence of

calcium and silicon and other elements in lesser

quantities such as iron aluminum magnesium and

chlorine (Table 11) In contrast to the samples of

beads made from green Dabba Marble the red beads

have a greater amount of silica The identification on

the basis of these elements is calcium carbonate

within a medium of silica and calcium

Summary

SEM surface studies of the four green beads revealed

two components (1) an euhedral hexagonal prismatic

Figure 17 Backscattered image of sample S4-C0 The scale is 10 microns long

Table 10 Table of elements present in sample S6

CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I

Calcium carbonate 191 436 370 05 00 00 00 00Fluorapatite 206 303 308 03 40 10 126 03Number of analyses for each compoundmineral 6


CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

Si S Cl K Ca FeC O Mg Al

Area 1 - Calcium carbonate 201 463 03 00 04 00 00 00 327 00Area 2 - Matrix 262 335 19 08 97 01 06 02 260 07Number of analyses for each compoundmineral 3



crystal structure within (2) an anhedral crystal

structure The EDS detector later identified these as

(1) the mineral fluorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3F) and (2) the

compound calcium carbonate (CaCO3) respectively

Topographical studies of the red bead also exposed

two components (1) an euhedral crystal structure

within (2) an anhedral crystal habit Elemental

analyses revealed the euhedral crystal structures to

be calcium carbonate with two additional elements

magnesium and silicon The anhedral crystal habit

was more diverse in regards to the elements present

the major difference being the high silicon and

calcium content and the presence of iron The

minerals comprising the red Dabba Marble can be

identified as calcium carbonate within a silicon-rich

matrix

The green Dabba Marbles used in bead production

were formed as a result of the fluorapatite metamor-

phosing and recrystallizing with the calcium carbo-

nate along cracks and fissures A similar process

could be found in regard to the red Dabba Marble

bead but in this instance it was the calcium

carbonate which formed the euhedral crystalline

structure

Conclusions

The SEM results on the small sample of beads from

Jilat 13 indicate that they are very similar in terms of

mineralogy and geochemistry to the modern quarry

samples obtained from the heart of the Dabba marble

exposures 15 km to the west of the site and are

probably from a source in the same general area

However to tie down possible sources further it

would be useful to obtain samples from a wider range

of outcrops of raw material across the Dabba marble

region Similarly it would be helpful to undertake

SEM studies on a more varied selection of beads from

Neolithic sites in the Wadi Jilat

In the past comparison of stone bead materials

from Levantine prehistoric sites tended to be based

on macroscopic visual examination This is now

changing (D Bar-Yosef Mayer personal communica-

tion Hauptmann 2004) Wider application of such

techniques would be enormously valuable in defining

the range of raw materials used and their likely

sources This in turn would be of great benefit in the

reconstruction of group mobility patterns and of

wider exchange and social interactions in the region

Acknowledgements

For supporting this research we are grateful to the

Department of Antiquities of Jordan the British

Institute at Amman (now Council for British

Research in the Levant) the British Academy and

the Wainwright Fund for Near Eastern

Archaeological Research For photographs of arte-

facts we thank Ken Walton Stuart Laidlaw and

Helena Coffey For help andor useful discussions we

thank Kevin Reeves Dafydd Griffiths Thilo Rehren

James Lankton John Powell and Tobias Richter

Any errors of fact or interpretation are our own

BibliographyAffonso MTC and Pernicka E (2004) Mineralogical analysis of

Late PPNB rings Pp 155ndash67 in H J Nissen M Muheisen and H

G Gebel (eds) Basta I The Human Ecology Berlin Ex Oriente

Allchin B (1979) The agate and carnelian industry of Western India

and Pakistan Pp 91ndash105 in JE van Lohuizen de Leeuw (ed)

South Asian Archaeology Papers from the Third International

Congress of the Association of South Asian Archaeology Leiden

ES Brill

Andrefsky W (1998) Lithics Macroscopic Approaches to Analysis

Cambridge Cambridge University Press

Anthony JW (2000) Handbook of Mineralogy Volume 4 Tucson

Arizona Mineral Data Publications

Asouti E (2006) Beyond the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B interaction

sphere Journal of World Prehistory 20 87ndash126

Bains R (forthcoming) Procurement to Production Manufacturing

Technologies of Stone Beads at Catalhoyuk Turkey PhD

dissertation Institute of Archaeology University College London

Baird D (1993) Neolithic Chipped Stone Assemblages from the Azraq

Basin PhD dissertation Department of Archaeology University

of Edinburgh

mdash (1994) Chipped stone production technology from the Azraq Project

Neolithic sites Pp 525ndash41 in HG Gebel and S K Kozlowski

(eds) Neolithic Chipped Stone Industries of the Fertile Crescent

Berlin Ex Oriente

mdash (1995) Chipped stone raw material procurement and selection in the

Neolithic Azraq Basin implications for Levantine Neolithic

cultural development Pp 505ndash14 in K rsquoAmr F Zayadine and

M Zaghloul (eds) Studies in the History and Archaeology of

Jordan V Amman Department of Antiquities of Jordan

mdash (2001a) Explaining technological change from the 7th to the 6th

millennium BC in the southern Levant Pp 319ndash31 in I Caneva

C Lemorini and D Zampetti (eds) Beyond Tools Berlin Ex

Oriente

mdash (2001b) The analysis of chipped stone in Jordanian Archaeology Pp

693ndash706 in R Adams P Bienkowski and B MacDonald (eds)

The Archaeology of Jordan Sheffield Sheffield Archaeology

Monographs

mdash Garrard AN Martin L and Wright KI (1992) Prehistoric

environment and settlement in the Azraq Basin an interim report

on the 1989 excavation season Levant 24 1ndash31

Banning EB (1998) The Neolithic period triumphs of architecture

agriculture and art Near Eastern Archaeology 61 188ndash237

Bar-Yosef O (2001) Lithics and the social geographic configurations

identifying Neolithic tribes in the Levant Pp 437ndash48 in I

Caneva C Lemorini D Zampetti and P Biagi (eds) Beyond

Tools Berlin Ex Oriente

mdash and Alon D (1988) Nahal Hemar Cave Jerusalem Atiqot 18 Israel

Department of Antiquities

Bar-Yosef-Mayer D (1989) Late Paleolithic and Neolithic marine

shells in the southern Levant as cultural markers Pp 169ndash74 in

CF Hayes (ed) Shell Bead Conference Rochester New York

Rochester Museum and Science Center

mdash (1991) Changes in the selection of marine shells from the Natufian to

the Neolithic Pp 629ndash36 in O Bar-Yosef and F Valla (eds) The

Natufian Culture in the Levant Ann Arbor Prehistory Press

mdash (1997) Neolithic shell bead production in Sinai Journal of

Archaeological Science 24 97ndash111

mdash Porat N Gal Z Shalem D and Smithline H (2004) Steatite

beads at Peqirsquoin long distance trade and pyro-technology during

the Chalcolithic of the Levant Journal of Archaeological Science

31 493ndash502



Barjous MO (1986) The Geology of Siwaqa Map Sheet 3252 IV

(150000) Amman Jordan Jordan Natural Resources

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Barnes R and Eicher JB (1992) Dress And Gender Making and

Meaning in Cultural Contexts Oxford Berg

Barthelmy de Saizieu B and Bouquillon A (1994) Steatite working at

Mehrgarh during the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods quanti-

tative distribution characterization of material and manufactur-

ing processes Pp 47ndash59 in A Parpola and P Koskikallio (eds)

South Asian Archaeology 1993 Volume I Proceedings of the

Twelfth International Conference of the European Association of

South Asian Archaeologists Helsinki University 5ndash9 July 1993

Helsinki Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia

Bender F (1974) Geology of Jordan Berlin Gebruder Borntraeger

Berna F (1995) La lavarazione dellrsquoamazzonite nel villagio neolitico di

Jebel Ragref (Giordania meridionale) Lrsquoecologia del Quaternario

17 41ndash54

Betts AVG (1987) Recent discoveries relating to the Neolithic

periods in eastern Jordan Pp 225ndash30 in A Hadidi (ed) Studies in

the History and Archaeology of Jordan III Amman Department

of Antiquities of Jordan

mdash (1998) The Harra and the Hamad Sheffield Sheffield Academic

Press

Bienert H and Gebel H (1998) Archaeological investigations at Late

PPNB Barsquoja a preliminary report on the 1997 season Annual of

the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 42 75ndash90

Bourdieu P (1977) Outline of a Theory of Practice Cambridge

Cambridge University Press

Byrd BF (1994) Public amp private domestic amp corporate the

emergence of the village in southwest Asia American Antiquity

59 639ndash66

mdash (2005) Early Village Life at Beidha Jordan Neolithic Spatial

Organization and Vernacular Architecture Oxford Oxford

University Press and the Council for British Research in the

Levant

Calley S (1989) Lrsquoatelier de fabrication de perles de Kumartepe

quelques observations technologiques Anatolica 16 157ndash84

Cauvin J (1974) Troisieme campagne de fouilles a Mureybet (Syrie)

1973 rapport preliminaire Annales Archeologiques Arabes

Syriennes 24 47ndash58

Cessford C and Mitrovic S (2005) Heavy residue analysis Pp 45ndash64

in I Hodder (ed) Excavations at Catalhoyuk Volume 5 Changing

Materialities at Catalhoyuk reports from the 1995ndash1999 seasons

Cambridge and London Monographs of the McDonald Institute

for Archaeological Research University of Cambridge British

Institute for Archaeology at Ankara

Costin CL (1991) Craft specialization issues in defining document-

ing and explaining the organization of production Archaeological

Method and Theory 3 1ndash56

Critchley P (2000) Stone Bead Production at Wadi Jilat 25 a Neolithic

Site in Eastern Jordan MA dissertation Institute of Archaeology

University College London

mdash (2007) The stone beads In B Finlayson and S Mithen (eds) The

early Prehistory of Wadi Faynan southern Jordan Excavations at

the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A site of Wadi Faynan 16 and

Archaeological Survey of Wadis Faynan Ghuweir and al-Bustan

Oxford Oxbow Press for the Council for British Research in the

Levant

Diamanti J (2003) Beads trade and cultural change Pp 8ndash13 in J

Lankton (ed) A Bead Timeline Volume I Prehistory to 1200 CE

Washington DC The Bead Society of Greater Washington

Dobres MA (2000) Technology and Social Agency Outlining a

Practice Framework for Archaeology Oxford Blackwell

and Hoffmann CR (1999) The Social Dynamics of Technology

Oxford Blackwell

Dubin L (1995) The History of Beads 30000 BC to the Present

London Thames and Hudson

Dunnell RC and Stein JK (1989) Theoretical issues in the

interpretation of microartifacts Geoarchaeology 4 31ndash42

Eicher J (1995) Dress and Ethnicity Change Across Space and Time

Oxford Berg

Fabiano M Berna F and Borzatti von Lowenstern E (2004) Pre-

Pottery Neolithic amazonite bead workshops in southern Jordan

Pp 265ndash73 in Secretariat du Congres (ed) Le Neolithique au

Proche-Orient et en Europe The Neolithic in the Near East and

Europe Acts of the XIVth UNESCO International Congress of

Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences 208 September 2001

Universite de Liege Oxford BAR International Series 1303

Archaeopress

Finlayson B and Betts AVG (1990) Functional analysis of chipped

stone artifacts from the Late Neolithic site of Jebel Narsquoja eastern

Jordan Paleorient 162 13ndash20

Fino N (1998) Al-Basit Neolithic site in southern Jordan Annual of


Foreman R (1978) Disc beads production by primitive techniques

Bead Journal 3 17ndash22

Garfinkel Y (1987) Bead manufacture on the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B

site of Yiftahel Mitekufat Haeven Journal of the Israel Prehistoric

Society 20 79ndash90

Garrard AN (1998) Environment and cultural adaptations in the

Azraq Basin 24000ndash7000 BP Pp 139ndash48 in DO Henry (ed)

The Prehistoric Archaeology of Jordan Oxford BAR

International Series 705

mdash (in preparation) Beyond the Fertile Crescent Late Palaeolithic and

Neolithic Communities of the Jordanian Steppe (4 volumes)

Oxford Council for British Research in the Levant Levant

Supplementary Series Oxbow Books

mdash Baird D Colledge S Martin L and Wright KI (1994a)

Prehistoric environment and settlement in the Azraq Basin an

interim report on the 1987 and 1988 excavation seasons Levant

26 73ndash109

mdash Betts A Byrd BF and Hunt C (1987) Prehistoric environment

and settlement in the Azraq Basin an interim report on the 1985

excavation season Levant 19 5ndash25

mdash and Byrd BF (1992) New dimensions to the Epipalaeolithic of the

Wadi el-Jilat in Central Jordan Paleorient 181 47ndash62

mdash Byrd BF and Baird D (1994b) The chronological basis and

significance of the late Palaeolithic and Neolithic sequence in the

Azraq Basin Jordan Pp 177ndash200 in O Bar-Yosef and RS Kra

(eds) Late Quaternary Chronology and Palaeoclimates in the

Eastern Mediterranean Tucson Radiocarbon

mdash Byrd BF and Betts A (1986) Prehistoric environment and

settlement in the Azraq Basin an interim report on the 1984


mdash Colledge S and Martin L (1996) The emergence of cultivation and

pastoralism in the rsquomarginal zonersquo of the southern Levant Pp

204ndash26 in D Harris (ed) The Origins and Spread of Agriculture

and Pastoralism in Eurasia London UCL Press

Gopher A (1997) Ground stone tools and other stone objects from

Netiv Hagdud Pp 151ndash76 in O Bar-Yosef and A Gopher (eds)

An Early Neolithic Village in the Jordan Valley Cambridge

Massachusetts Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology

Harvard University

Gorelick L and Gwinnett AJ (1990) Innovative lapidary craft

techniques in Neolithic Jarmo Archaeomaterials 4 25ndash32

Goring-Morris AN and Gopher A (1983) Nahal Issaron a Neolithic

settlement in the southern Negev Israel Exploration Journal 33

149ndash61

Gross S (1977) The Geology of the Hatrurim Formation Israel

Jerusalem Geological Survey of Israel Bulletin 70

Gwinnett AJ and Gorelick L (1989) Evidence for mass production

polishing in ancient bead manufacture Archaeomaterials 3 163ndash

68

mdash (1999) A brief history of drills and drilling Beads Journal of the

Society of Bead Researchers 10ndash11 49ndash56

Hamilton N (2005) The beads Pp 325ndash32 in I Hodder (ed)

Excavations at Catalhoyuk Volume 5 Changing Materialities at

Catalhoyuk reports from the 1995ndash1999 seasons Cambridge and

London Monographs of the McDonald Institute for

Archaeological Research University of Cambridge British


Hauptmann A (2004) rsquoGreenstonesrsquo from Basta their mineralogical

composition and possible provenance Pp 169ndash76 in HJ Nissen

M Muheisen and HG Gebel (eds) Basta I The Human Ecology

Berlin Ex Oriente

Inizan M Jazim M and Mermier F (1992) Lrsquoartisanat de la

cornaline au Yemen premieres donnees Techniques et Culture 20

155ndash74

Jackson B (2005) Bead material identification Pp 373ndash76 in I

Hodder (ed) Excavations at Catalhoyuk Volume 5 Changing







Jaser DA (1986) The Geology of Khan ez-Zabib Map Sheet 3253 III


Authority Geology Division Bulletin No 3

Jensen CH (2004) Production areas at MPPNB Shkarat Msaied

southern Jordan Neo-Lithics 204 22ndash25

Kaliszan L Hermansen BD Jensen CH Skuldbol T Bille M

Bangsgaard P Ihr A Sorensen ML and Markussen B (2002)

Shaqarat Mazyad the village on the edge Neo-Lithics 102 16ndash19

Kenoyer JM (1986) The Indus bead industry contributions to bead

technology Ornament 10 18ndash21

mdash (1992a) Craft specialization and the question of urban segregation

and stratification Eastern Anthropologist 45 39ndash54

mdash (1992b) Lapis lazuli beadmaking in Afghanistan and Pakistan

Ornament 15 70ndash87

mdash (1994) Experimental studies of Indus Valley technology at Harappa

Pp 345ndash62 in A Parpola and P Koskikallio (eds) South Asian

Archaeology 1993 Volume I Proceedings of the Twelfth

International Conference of the European Association of South

Asian Archaeologists Helsinki University 5ndash9 July 1993 Helsinki

Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia

mdash (2003) The technology of stone beads bead and pendant making

techniques Pp 14ndash19 in J Lankton (ed) A Bead Timeline

Volume I Prehistory to 1200 CE Washington DC The Bead

Society of Greater Washington

mdash Vidale M and Bhan K (1991) Contemporary stone beadmaking in

Khambat India patterns of craft specialization and organization

of production as reflected in the archaeological record World

Archaeology 23 44ndash63

Khoury H and Nassir S (1982) A discussion on the origin of Dabarsquo

Marble Dirasaat Engineering Sciences 9 54ndash66

Kirkbride D (1966) Five seasons at the Pre-Pottery Neolithic village of

Beidha in Jordan a summary Palestine Exploration Quarterly 98

5ndash72

Kuijt I and Goring-Morris AN (2002) Foraging farming and social

complexity in the pre-pottery Neolithic of the southern Levant a

review and synthesis Journal of World Prehistory 16 361ndash439

Larson P (1978) Ornamental beads from the Late Natufian of

Southern Israel Journal of Field Archaeology 5 120ndash21

Marechal C (1991) Elements de parure de la fin du Natoufien Pp

589ndash612 in O Bar-Yosef and F Valla (eds) The Natufian Culture

in the Levant Ann Arbor Prehistory Press

Martin L (1999) Mammal remains from the eastern Jordanian

Neolithic and the nature of caprine herding in the steppe

Paleorient 25 (2) 87ndash104

Mellaart J (1967) Catal Huyuk A Neolithic Town in Anatolia London

Thames and Hudson

Meskell L (2001) Archaeologies of identity Pp 187ndash213 in I Hodder

(ed) Archaeological Theory Today Cambridge Polity Press

Mohrsquod BK (2000) The Geology of Irbid and Ash Shuna ash Shamaliyya

(Waqqas) Map Sheets 3155 II and 3155 III (150000) Amman

Jordan Jordan Natural Resources Authority Geology Division

Geological Bulletin 46

Moholy-Nagy H (1983) Jarmo artefacts of pecked and ground stone

and of shell Pp 290ndash346 in L Braidwood (ed) Prehistoric

Archaeology along the Zagros Flanks Chicago University of

Chicago Press Oriental Institute Publications 105

Moore AMT (2000) Stone and other artefacts Pp 165ndash87 in AMT

Moore GC Hillman and A Legge (eds) Village on the

Euphrates From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra Oxford

Oxford University Press

Nassir S and Khoury H (1982) Geology mineralogy and petrology

of Dabarsquo Marble Jordan Dirasaat Engineering Sciences 9 107ndash

40

Pigeot N (1990) Technical amp social actors flintknapping specialists amp

apprentices at Magdalenian Etiolles Archaeological Review from

Cambridge 9 126ndash41

Possehl G (1981) Cambay beadmaking an ancient craft in modern

India Expedition 23 39

Powell JH (1988) Stratigraphy and Sedimentation of the Phanerozoic

Rocks in Central and Southern Jordan Part B Kurnub Ajlun and

Belqa Groups Amman Jordan Jordan Natural Resources


mdash (2006) Personal communication at British Geological Survey

Keyworth Nottingham United Kingdom

Quintero L Rollefson GO and Wilke P (2004) Highland towns and

desert settlements origins of nomadic pastoralism in the

Jordanian Neolithic Pp 201ndash13 in H Bienert H Gebel and R

Neef (eds) Central Settlements in Neolithic Jordan Berlin Ex

Oriente

Quintero L and Wilke P (1998) Evolution and economic significance

of naviform core and blade technology in the southern Levant


Rainville L (2005) The Organization of Domestic Activities in Upper

Mesopotamian Households and Neighborhoods during the Early

Bronze Age A Micro-Archaeological and Architectural Approach

Oxford British Archaeological Reports International Series 1368

Reese D (1991) Marine shells in the Levant Upper Palaeolithic

Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic Pp 613ndash28 in O Bar-Yosef and F

Valla (eds) The Natufian Culture in the Levant Ann Arbor

Prehistory Press

Rice P (1991) Specialization standardization and diversity a retro-

spect Pp 257ndash84 in R Bishop and F Lange (eds) The Ceramic

Legacy of Anna O Shepard Boulder University of Colorado

Press

Richter T Colledge S Luddy S Jones D Jones M Maher L

and Kelly R (2008) (in press) Preliminary report on the 2006

season at Epipalaeolithic rsquoAin Qasiyah Azraq esh- Shishan

Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 51

Rollefson GO (2002) Beadmaking tools from LPPNB al-Basit

Jordan Neo-Lithics 202 5ndash7

mdash Kafafi Z and Simmons A (1990) The Neolithic village of Ain

Ghazal Jordan preliminary report on the 1988 season Bulletin of

the American Schools of Oriental Research Supplement 27 95ndash116

mdash and Parker MC (2002) Craft specialization at al-Basit Wadi

Musa southern Jordan Neo-Lithics 102 21ndash23

mdash Quintero L and Wilke P (1999) Bawwab al-Ghazal preliminary

report on the 1998 testing season Neo-Lithics 199 2ndash4

mdash and Simmons A (1984) The 1983 Season at rsquoAin Ghazal

Preliminary Report Annual of the Department of Antiquities of

Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56

Rosen SA (1997) Lithics after the Stone Age A Handbook of Stone

Tools from the Levant Walnut Creek CA AltaMira Press

mdash (2003) Early multi-resource nomadism excavations at the Camel

Site in the central Negev Antiquity 77 (298) 749ndash60

Roux V Bril B and Dietrich G (1995) Skills and learning difficulties

involved in stoneknapping the case of stone bead knapping in

Khambat India World Archaeology 27 63ndash87

Roux V and Matarasso P (1999) Crafts and the evolution of complex

societies new methodologies for modelling the organization of

production a Harappan example Pp 46ndash70 in MA Dobres and

CR Hoffmann (eds) The Social Dynamics of Technology

Oxford Blackwell

Schmidt K (2000) Gobeklitepe Southeastern Turkey A Preliminary

Report on the 1995ndash1999 Excavations Paleorient 26 45ndash54

Schumann W (1992) Rocks Minerals and Gemstones London

HarperCollins

Sciama LD and Eicher J (1998) Beads and Bead Makers Gender

Material Culture and Meaning Oxford and New York Berg

Simmons A and Najjar M (1998) Al-Ghuwayr 1 a pre-pottery

Neolithic village in WadiFaynan southern Jordan a preliminary

report on the 1996ndash1997 seasons Annual of the Department of

Antiquities of Jordan 42 91ndash102

Sorensen MLS (1997) Reading dress the construction of social

categories and identities in Bronze Age Europe Journal of

European Archaeology 5 93ndash114

Starck J (1988) Stone rings from Baga and Basta geographical and

chronological implications Pp 137ndash73 in A Garrard and H Gebel

(eds) The Prehistory of Jordan The State of Research in 1986


Stein GJ (1996) Producers patrons and prestige craft specialists and

emergent elites in Mesopotamia from 5500ndash3100 BC In VG

Childe and B Wailes (eds) Craft Specialization and Social

Evolution in Memory of V Gordon Childe Philadelphia

University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and

Anthroplogy



Stocks D (1989) Ancient factory mass-production techniques indica-

tions of large-scale stone bead manufacture during the Egyptian

New Kingdom Period Antiquity 63 526ndash31

Stout D (2002) Skill and cognition in stone tool production a case

study from Irian Jaya Current Anthropology 45 693ndash722

Talbot G (1983) Appendix K beads and pendants from the tell and

tombs Pp 788ndash801 in KM Kenyon and T Holland (eds) Jericho

V London British School of Archaeology Jerusalem

Tosi M and Vidale M (1990) Fourth millennium BC lapis lazuli

working at Mehrgarh Pakistan Paleorient 162 89ndash99

Treherne P (1995) The warriorrsquos beauty the masculine body and self

identity in Bronze Age Europe Journal of European Archaeology

3 105ndash44

Valla F Khalaily H Valladas H Tinerat-Laborde N Samuelian

N Bocquentin F Rabinovich R Bridault A Simmons T

Dosseur G Miller-Rosen A DuBreuil L Bar-Yosef Mayer

D and Belfer-Cohen A (2004) Les fouilles a Mallaha en 2000 et

2001 troisieme rapport preliminaire Journal of the Israel

Prehistoric Society 34 49ndash244

Vanzetti A and Vidale M (1994) Formation processes of beads

defining different levels of craft skill among the early beadmakers

of Mehrgarh Pp 763ndash76 in A Parpola and P Koskikallio (eds)

South Asian Archaeology 1993 Volume II Proceedings of the




Verhoeven M (2002) Transformations of society the changing role of

ritual and symbolism in the PPNB and the PN in the Levant Syria

and southeast Anatolia Paleorient 28 5ndash14

Vianello F (1985) La lavorazione dellrsquoamazzonite a Wadi Hafir

Giordania meridionale Studi per lrsquoEcologia del Quaternario 7 77ndash122

Vidale M (1989) Specialized producers and urban elites on the role of

craft industries in mature Harappan urban centres Pp 171ndash81 in

JM Kenoyer (ed) Old Problems and New Perspectives in the

Archaeology of South Asia Madison University of Wisconsin

mdash Kenoyer JM and Bhan K (1992) A discussion of the concept of

the chaıne operatoire in the study of complex societies Pp 181ndash94

in A Gallay (ed) Ethnoarcheologie justification problemes

limites Juan-les-Pins

Wheeler M (1983) Appendix J greenstone amulets Pp 781ndash87 in

KM Kenyon and T Holland (eds) Jericho V London British

School of Archaeology Jerusalem

Wright KI (1992) Ground Stone Assemblage Variations and

Subsistence Strategies in the Levant 22000 to 5500 bp PhD

dissertation Department of Anthropology (University Microfilms

International) Yale University

mdash (1993) Early Holocene ground stone assemblages in the Levant

Levant 25 93ndash111

mdash (2006) Stone bead technology studies at Catalhoyuk summer 2006

httpwwwcatalhoyukcomarchive_reports2006 Catalhoyuk

Website Archive Reports 2006

mdash (forthcoming) Households lineages and networks a framework for

understanding Near Eastern social organization In KI Wright

(ed) The Ancient Levant A Social Archaeology London in

preparation

mdash (in preparation) Beads and the body ornament technologies of

Building 3 at Catalhoyuk In R Tringham and M Stevanovic

(eds) Catalhoyuk Building 3 the Excavations of the University of

California at Berkeley at Catalhoyuk (BACH) Los Angeles

Monographs of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology University of

California at Los Angeles

mdash and Bains R (2007) Stone bead technology at Catalhoyuk summer

2007 httpwwwcatalhoyukcomarchive_reports2007

Catalhoyuk Website Archive Reports 2007

and Garrard AN (2003) Social identities and the expansion of stone

beadmaking in Neolithic western Asia new evidence from Jordan

Antiquity 77 (296) 267ndash84

Wright P (1982) The bow-drill and the drilling of beads Kabul 1981

Afghan Studies 3ndash4 95ndash101



stone beads and stone beads are known only from

selected sites (eg Bar-Yosef-Mayer 1991 Larson

1978 Marechal 1991 Moore 2000 Reese 1991 Valla

et al 2004) In the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and B

stone ornaments expand widely in numbers and

forms (eg Critchley 2007 Gopher 1997 Talbot

1983 Wheeler 1983) From the PPNC onward there

are hints of expanding trade networks in stone beads

(eg Wright and Garrard 2003 cf Bar-Yosef Mayer

et al 2004 Diamanti 2003 Dubin 1995 Hamilton

2005 Jackson 2005 Wright 2008 Wright 2006)

Neolithic stone beads are often found in contexts of

use or discard (houses middens graves) Of manufac-

turing areas and production techniques we have

mostly brief reports (Berna 1995 Fabiano et al 2004

Finlayson and Betts 1990 Garfinkel 1987 Gorelick

and Gwinnett 1990 Hauptmann 2004 Jensen 2004

Kaliszan et al 2002 Rollefson 2002 Rollefson and

Parker 2002) We know more about other regions

(Barthelmy de Saizieu and Bouquillon 1994) or later

periods (eg Bar-Yosef Mayer et al 2004 Calley

1989) How were Neolithic stone beads made What

variations of material and technique do we see

Substantial evidence on one tradition comes from

sites of the Jilat-Azraq project eastern Jordan

(Fig 1) A preliminary description of bead assem-

blages and typology has appeared (Wright and

Garrard 2003) Here we present details of manufac-

turing technology from two production sites Jilat 13

and Jilat 25 (Fig 2) equivalent in age to the PPNC

or ELN (c 6950ndash6400 cal BC)

The Sites

Wadi Jilat lies in limestone steppe 30ndash40 km east of

the present-day margins of the Levantine Corridor

where rain-fed cultivation is possible and where large

Neolithic villages emerged (Fig 1) Azraq Oasis is

50 km north-east of Jilat between limestone and

basalt steppe-desert In this work 18 Palaeolithic and

Neolithic sites were excavated (Baird et al 1992

Garrard et al 1986 1987 1994a 1994b 1996

Garrard 1998 Garrard in preparation Garrard and

Byrd 1992)

Bone and shell beads were found at the majority of

the 10 late Upper Palaeolithic and Epipalaeolithic

sites investigated but no stone beads were discovered

mdash even at Azraq 18 which is a Natufian site This

may be an accident of samplingdiscovery as some

Natufian sites have significant numbers of stone

beads (D Bar-Yosef Mayer personal communica-

tion Cauvin 1974 Marechal 1991 Moore 2000

Valla et al 2004) However at the time of writing no

stone beads have been found at pre-PPNB sites in

Figure 1 Map of the southern Levant showing sites and raw material sources mentioned in the text
















foundations
















































(Baird 1993 1994 1995 2001a 2001b)




































Artefact Category




144 60 115 62




180 222 89 82




7369 6905 1381 976


7748 1593



Ta

ble

2B

ea

ds

an

db

lan

ks

J

ila

t2

5(a

llc

on

tex

ts)

Gre

en

Dab

ba

Marb

le

Gre

en

Dab

ba

Marb

le

Red

Dab

ba

Marb

le

Red

Dab

ba

Marb

le

Bla

ck

Dab

ba

Marb

le

Bla

ck

Dab

ba

Marb

leW

hit

eC

halk

Wh

ite

Ch

alk

Wh

ite

Qu

art

zite

Wh

ite

Qu

art

zite

Oth

er

Oth

er

To

tal

To

tal

To

tal

To

tal

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

ead

s-

B

lan

ks

-N

Bla

nks

-

Dis

cb

ead

s12

21

67

39

410

74

51

95

79

875

80

6R

ing

bead

s2

21

7O

valb

ead

sC

ylin

der

bead

s1

10

8B

arr

elb

ead

s9

63

112

10

17

75

Irre

gula

rb

ead

sIn

dete

rmin

ate

or

frag

ment

16

10

86

65

Pend

ants

-tr

iang

ula

rP

end

ants

-tr

ap

ezoid

al

Pend

ants

-oval

Pend

ants

-re

cta

ng

ula

rP

end

ants

-sq

uare

11

11

Pend

ants

-te

ard

rop

Pend

ants

-oth

er

or

ind

ete

rmin

ate

14

10

84

43

Bra

cele

ts7

75

9

TO

TA

L-

Bead

s-

N24

70

614

50

119

100

0TO

TA

L-

Bead

s-

20

258

85

011

84

20

0100

0TO

TA

L-

Bla

nks

-N

38

40

10

41

93

100

0TO

TA

L-

Bla

nks

-

40

943

010

84

31

1100

0



Ta

ble

3B

ea

ds

an

db

lan

ks

J

ila

t1

3(a

llc

on

tex

ts)

Gre

en

Da

bb

aM

arb

le

Gre

en

Da

bb

aM

arb

le

Re

dD

ab

ba

Ma

rble

Re

dD

ab

ba

Ma

rble

Bla

ck

Da

bb

aM

arb

le

Bla

ck

Da

bb

aM

arb

leW

hit

eC

ha

lkW

hit

eC

ha

lkW

hit

eQ

ua

rtzi

teW

hit

eQ

ua

rtzi

teO

the

rO

the

rT

ota

lT

ota

lT

ota

lT

ota

l

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

ead

s-

B

lan

ks

-N

Bla

nks

-

Dis

cb

ead

s7

36

40

810

22

21

59

38 1

49

22 0

Rin

gb

ead

s2

12

51

20

12 9

00 0

Ovalb

ead

s0

0 0

00 0

Cylin

der

bead

s1

13

42 6

10 4

Barr

elb

ead

s36

57

13

24

11

254

34 8

62

27 8

Irre

gula

rb

ead

s1

00 0

10 4

Ind

ete

rmin

ate

fr

ag

ment

794

11

74 5

96

43 0

Pend

ants

-tr

iang

ula

r1

11

0 6

10 4

Pend

ants

-tr

ap

ezoid

al

21

21 3

10 4

Pend

ants

-oval

11

21 3

00 0

Pend

ants

-re

cta

ng

ula

r1

10 6

00 0

Pend

ants

-sq

uare

11

10 6

10 4

Pend

ants

-te

ard

rop

22

1 3

00 0

Pend

ants

-oth

er

in

dete

rmin

ate

111

12

1 3

11

4 9

Bra

cele

ts0

0 0

00 0

TO

TA

L-

Bead

s-

N62

68

20

11

3155

100 0

TO

TA

L-

Bead

s-

40 4

43 6

12 8

0 6

0 6

1 9

100 0

TO

TA

L-

Bla

nks

-N

202

11

42

04

223

100 0

TO

TA

L-

Bla

nks

-

90 6

4 9

1 8

0 9

0 0

1 8

100 0











table 1)










BP










































Site N





Site N














Methods of Analysis




























































































































(Fig 4 top)




































































































(Fig 9d)








at Jilat 13











Sawing
































a b

c d

























Drilling





















9ndash11)




a b

c d















































a b c

d e f




























flake







































definitive








a b c

d e f




























hourglass shape



















1981 39 Kenoyer 1992b 73)

a b c

d e f





flake



















finely abraded







and grinding















fig 527b)

Abrasion





































tools were needed




































a

b c








































Jilat technology




















tion and exchange















1989)









a

c

b















2002)































novices

a b

c











































a drill mark









(Table 1)







involved in
















beyond











underexplored




































cf Costin 1991)

















of this paper















stands out
































































































































Reese 1991)






















































































elsewhere)








1978)














































piercing tools





































drill bits)












22)









burins and blades









Conclusions


















Andrew Garrard














































































Formation see Fig 1


















ished beads


Materials






and XRD analysis




























Methods



























Results

























Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674




G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28





levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation






























foundations
















































(Baird 1993 1994 1995 2001a 2001b)




































Artefact Category




144 60 115 62




180 222 89 82




7369 6905 1381 976


7748 1593



Ta

ble

2B

ea

ds

an

db

lan

ks

J

ila

t2

5(a

llc

on

tex

ts)

Gre

en

Dab

ba

Marb

le

Gre

en

Dab

ba

Marb

le

Red

Dab

ba

Marb

le

Red

Dab

ba

Marb

le

Bla

ck

Dab

ba

Marb

le

Bla

ck

Dab

ba

Marb

leW

hit

eC

halk

Wh

ite

Ch

alk

Wh

ite

Qu

art

zite

Wh

ite

Qu

art

zite

Oth

er

Oth

er

To

tal

To

tal

To

tal

To

tal

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

ead

s-

B

lan

ks

-N

Bla

nks

-

Dis

cb

ead

s12

21

67

39

410

74

51

95

79

875

80

6R

ing

bead

s2

21

7O

valb

ead

sC

ylin

der

bead

s1

10

8B

arr

elb

ead

s9

63

112

10

17

75

Irre

gula

rb

ead

sIn

dete

rmin

ate

or

frag

ment

16

10

86

65

Pend

ants

-tr

iang

ula

rP

end

ants

-tr

ap

ezoid

al

Pend

ants

-oval

Pend

ants

-re

cta

ng

ula

rP

end

ants

-sq

uare

11

11

Pend

ants

-te

ard

rop

Pend

ants

-oth

er

or

ind

ete

rmin

ate

14

10

84

43

Bra

cele

ts7

75

9

TO

TA

L-

Bead

s-

N24

70

614

50

119

100

0TO

TA

L-

Bead

s-

20

258

85

011

84

20

0100

0TO

TA

L-

Bla

nks

-N

38

40

10

41

93

100

0TO

TA

L-

Bla

nks

-

40

943

010

84

31

1100

0



Ta

ble

3B

ea

ds

an

db

lan

ks

J

ila

t1

3(a

llc

on

tex

ts)

Gre

en

Da

bb

aM

arb

le

Gre

en

Da

bb

aM

arb

le

Re

dD

ab

ba

Ma

rble

Re

dD

ab

ba

Ma

rble

Bla

ck

Da

bb

aM

arb

le

Bla

ck

Da

bb

aM

arb

leW

hit

eC

ha

lkW

hit

eC

ha

lkW

hit

eQ

ua

rtzi

teW

hit

eQ

ua

rtzi

teO

the

rO

the

rT

ota

lT

ota

lT

ota

lT

ota

l

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

ead

s-

B

lan

ks

-N

Bla

nks

-

Dis

cb

ead

s7

36

40

810

22

21

59

38 1

49

22 0

Rin

gb

ead

s2

12

51

20

12 9

00 0

Ovalb

ead

s0

0 0

00 0

Cylin

der

bead

s1

13

42 6

10 4

Barr

elb

ead

s36

57

13

24

11

254

34 8

62

27 8

Irre

gula

rb

ead

s1

00 0

10 4

Ind

ete

rmin

ate

fr

ag

ment

794

11

74 5

96

43 0

Pend

ants

-tr

iang

ula

r1

11

0 6

10 4

Pend

ants

-tr

ap

ezoid

al

21

21 3

10 4

Pend

ants

-oval

11

21 3

00 0

Pend

ants

-re

cta

ng

ula

r1

10 6

00 0

Pend

ants

-sq

uare

11

10 6

10 4

Pend

ants

-te

ard

rop

22

1 3

00 0

Pend

ants

-oth

er

in

dete

rmin

ate

111

12

1 3

11

4 9

Bra

cele

ts0

0 0

00 0

TO

TA

L-

Bead

s-

N62

68

20

11

3155

100 0

TO

TA

L-

Bead

s-

40 4

43 6

12 8

0 6

0 6

1 9

100 0

TO

TA

L-

Bla

nks

-N

202

11

42

04

223

100 0

TO

TA

L-

Bla

nks

-

90 6

4 9

1 8

0 9

0 0

1 8

100 0











table 1)










BP










































Site N





Site N














Methods of Analysis




























































































































(Fig 4 top)




































































































(Fig 9d)








at Jilat 13











Sawing
































a b

c d

























Drilling





















9ndash11)




a b

c d















































a b c

d e f




























flake







































definitive








a b c

d e f




























hourglass shape



















1981 39 Kenoyer 1992b 73)

a b c

d e f





flake



















finely abraded







and grinding















fig 527b)

Abrasion





































tools were needed




































a

b c








































Jilat technology




















tion and exchange















1989)









a

c

b















2002)































novices

a b

c











































a drill mark









(Table 1)







involved in
















beyond











underexplored




































cf Costin 1991)

















of this paper















stands out
































































































































Reese 1991)






















































































elsewhere)








1978)














































piercing tools





































drill bits)












22)









burins and blades









Conclusions


















Andrew Garrard














































































Formation see Fig 1


















ished beads


Materials






and XRD analysis




























Methods



























Results

























Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674




G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28





levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation






















































(Baird 1993 1994 1995 2001a 2001b)




































Artefact Category




144 60 115 62




180 222 89 82




7369 6905 1381 976


7748 1593



Ta

ble

2B

ea

ds

an

db

lan

ks

J

ila

t2

5(a

llc

on

tex

ts)

Gre

en

Dab

ba

Marb

le

Gre

en

Dab

ba

Marb

le

Red

Dab

ba

Marb

le

Red

Dab

ba

Marb

le

Bla

ck

Dab

ba

Marb

le

Bla

ck

Dab

ba

Marb

leW

hit

eC

halk

Wh

ite

Ch

alk

Wh

ite

Qu

art

zite

Wh

ite

Qu

art

zite

Oth

er

Oth

er

To

tal

To

tal

To

tal

To

tal

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

ead

s-

B

lan

ks

-N

Bla

nks

-

Dis

cb

ead

s12

21

67

39

410

74

51

95

79

875

80

6R

ing

bead

s2

21

7O

valb

ead

sC

ylin

der

bead

s1

10

8B

arr

elb

ead

s9

63

112

10

17

75

Irre

gula

rb

ead

sIn

dete

rmin

ate

or

frag

ment

16

10

86

65

Pend

ants

-tr

iang

ula

rP

end

ants

-tr

ap

ezoid

al

Pend

ants

-oval

Pend

ants

-re

cta

ng

ula

rP

end

ants

-sq

uare

11

11

Pend

ants

-te

ard

rop

Pend

ants

-oth

er

or

ind

ete

rmin

ate

14

10

84

43

Bra

cele

ts7

75

9

TO

TA

L-

Bead

s-

N24

70

614

50

119

100

0TO

TA

L-

Bead

s-

20

258

85

011

84

20

0100

0TO

TA

L-

Bla

nks

-N

38

40

10

41

93

100

0TO

TA

L-

Bla

nks

-

40

943

010

84

31

1100

0



Ta

ble

3B

ea

ds

an

db

lan

ks

J

ila

t1

3(a

llc

on

tex

ts)

Gre

en

Da

bb

aM

arb

le

Gre

en

Da

bb

aM

arb

le

Re

dD

ab

ba

Ma

rble

Re

dD

ab

ba

Ma

rble

Bla

ck

Da

bb

aM

arb

le

Bla

ck

Da

bb

aM

arb

leW

hit

eC

ha

lkW

hit

eC

ha

lkW

hit

eQ

ua

rtzi

teW

hit

eQ

ua

rtzi

teO

the

rO

the

rT

ota

lT

ota

lT

ota

lT

ota

l

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

ead

s-

B

lan

ks

-N

Bla

nks

-

Dis

cb

ead

s7

36

40

810

22

21

59

38 1

49

22 0

Rin

gb

ead

s2

12

51

20

12 9

00 0

Ovalb

ead

s0

0 0

00 0

Cylin

der

bead

s1

13

42 6

10 4

Barr

elb

ead

s36

57

13

24

11

254

34 8

62

27 8

Irre

gula

rb

ead

s1

00 0

10 4

Ind

ete

rmin

ate

fr

ag

ment

794

11

74 5

96

43 0

Pend

ants

-tr

iang

ula

r1

11

0 6

10 4

Pend

ants

-tr

ap

ezoid

al

21

21 3

10 4

Pend

ants

-oval

11

21 3

00 0

Pend

ants

-re

cta

ng

ula

r1

10 6

00 0

Pend

ants

-sq

uare

11

10 6

10 4

Pend

ants

-te

ard

rop

22

1 3

00 0

Pend

ants

-oth

er

in

dete

rmin

ate

111

12

1 3

11

4 9

Bra

cele

ts0

0 0

00 0

TO

TA

L-

Bead

s-

N62

68

20

11

3155

100 0

TO

TA

L-

Bead

s-

40 4

43 6

12 8

0 6

0 6

1 9

100 0

TO

TA

L-

Bla

nks

-N

202

11

42

04

223

100 0

TO

TA

L-

Bla

nks

-

90 6

4 9

1 8

0 9

0 0

1 8

100 0











table 1)










BP










































Site N





Site N














Methods of Analysis




























































































































(Fig 4 top)




































































































(Fig 9d)








at Jilat 13











Sawing
































a b

c d

























Drilling





















9ndash11)




a b

c d















































a b c

d e f




























flake







































definitive








a b c

d e f




























hourglass shape



















1981 39 Kenoyer 1992b 73)

a b c

d e f





flake



















finely abraded







and grinding















fig 527b)

Abrasion





































tools were needed




































a

b c








































Jilat technology




















tion and exchange















1989)









a

c

b















2002)































novices

a b

c











































a drill mark









(Table 1)







involved in
















beyond











underexplored




































cf Costin 1991)

















of this paper















stands out
































































































































Reese 1991)






















































































elsewhere)








1978)














































piercing tools





































drill bits)












22)









burins and blades









Conclusions


















Andrew Garrard














































































Formation see Fig 1


















ished beads


Materials






and XRD analysis




























Methods



























Results

























Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674




G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28





levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation

















Ta

ble

2B

ea

ds

an

db

lan

ks

J

ila

t2

5(a

llc

on

tex

ts)

Gre

en

Dab

ba

Marb

le

Gre

en

Dab

ba

Marb

le

Red

Dab

ba

Marb

le

Red

Dab

ba

Marb

le

Bla

ck

Dab

ba

Marb

le

Bla

ck

Dab

ba

Marb

leW

hit

eC

halk

Wh

ite

Ch

alk

Wh

ite

Qu

art

zite

Wh

ite

Qu

art

zite

Oth

er

Oth

er

To

tal

To

tal

To

tal

To

tal

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Bead

s-

NB

ead

s-

B

lan

ks

-N

Bla

nks

-

Dis

cb

ead

s12

21

67

39

410

74

51

95

79

875

80

6R

ing

bead

s2

21

7O

valb

ead

sC

ylin

der

bead

s1

10

8B

arr

elb

ead

s9

63

112

10

17

75

Irre

gula

rb

ead

sIn

dete

rmin

ate

or

frag

ment

16

10

86

65

Pend

ants

-tr

iang

ula

rP

end

ants

-tr

ap

ezoid

al

Pend

ants

-oval

Pend

ants

-re

cta

ng

ula

rP

end

ants

-sq

uare

11

11

Pend

ants

-te

ard

rop

Pend

ants

-oth

er

or

ind

ete

rmin

ate

14

10

84

43

Bra

cele

ts7

75

9

TO

TA

L-

Bead

s-

N24

70

614

50

119

100

0TO

TA

L-

Bead

s-

20

258

85

011

84

20

0100

0TO

TA

L-

Bla

nks

-N

38

40

10

41

93

100

0TO

TA

L-

Bla

nks

-

40

943

010

84

31

1100

0



Ta

ble

3B

ea

ds

an

db

lan

ks

J

ila

t1

3(a

llc

on

tex

ts)

Gre

en

Da

bb

aM

arb

le

Gre

en

Da

bb

aM

arb

le

Re

dD

ab

ba

Ma

rble

Re

dD

ab

ba

Ma

rble

Bla

ck

Da

bb

aM

arb

le

Bla

ck

Da

bb

aM

arb

leW

hit

eC

ha

lkW

hit

eC

ha

lkW

hit

eQ

ua

rtzi

teW

hit

eQ

ua

rtzi

teO

the

rO

the

rT

ota

lT

ota

lT

ota

lT

ota

l

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

ead

s-

B

lan

ks

-N

Bla

nks

-

Dis

cb

ead

s7

36

40

810

22

21

59

38 1

49

22 0

Rin

gb

ead

s2

12

51

20

12 9

00 0

Ovalb

ead

s0

0 0

00 0

Cylin

der

bead

s1

13

42 6

10 4

Barr

elb

ead

s36

57

13

24

11

254

34 8

62

27 8

Irre

gula

rb

ead

s1

00 0

10 4

Ind

ete

rmin

ate

fr

ag

ment

794

11

74 5

96

43 0

Pend

ants

-tr

iang

ula

r1

11

0 6

10 4

Pend

ants

-tr

ap

ezoid

al

21

21 3

10 4

Pend

ants

-oval

11

21 3

00 0

Pend

ants

-re

cta

ng

ula

r1

10 6

00 0

Pend

ants

-sq

uare

11

10 6

10 4

Pend

ants

-te

ard

rop

22

1 3

00 0

Pend

ants

-oth

er

in

dete

rmin

ate

111

12

1 3

11

4 9

Bra

cele

ts0

0 0

00 0

TO

TA

L-

Bead

s-

N62

68

20

11

3155

100 0

TO

TA

L-

Bead

s-

40 4

43 6

12 8

0 6

0 6

1 9

100 0

TO

TA

L-

Bla

nks

-N

202

11

42

04

223

100 0

TO

TA

L-

Bla

nks

-

90 6

4 9

1 8

0 9

0 0

1 8

100 0











table 1)










BP










































Site N





Site N














Methods of Analysis




























































































































(Fig 4 top)




































































































(Fig 9d)








at Jilat 13











Sawing
































a b

c d

























Drilling





















9ndash11)




a b

c d















































a b c

d e f




























flake







































definitive








a b c

d e f




























hourglass shape



















1981 39 Kenoyer 1992b 73)

a b c

d e f





flake



















finely abraded







and grinding















fig 527b)

Abrasion





































tools were needed




































a

b c








































Jilat technology




















tion and exchange















1989)









a

c

b















2002)































novices

a b

c











































a drill mark









(Table 1)







involved in
















beyond











underexplored




































cf Costin 1991)

















of this paper















stands out
































































































































Reese 1991)






















































































elsewhere)








1978)














































piercing tools





































drill bits)












22)









burins and blades









Conclusions


















Andrew Garrard














































































Formation see Fig 1


















ished beads


Materials






and XRD analysis




























Methods



























Results

























Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674




G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28





levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation

















Ta

ble

3B

ea

ds

an

db

lan

ks

J

ila

t1

3(a

llc

on

tex

ts)

Gre

en

Da

bb

aM

arb

le

Gre

en

Da

bb

aM

arb

le

Re

dD

ab

ba

Ma

rble

Re

dD

ab

ba

Ma

rble

Bla

ck

Da

bb

aM

arb

le

Bla

ck

Da

bb

aM

arb

leW

hit

eC

ha

lkW

hit

eC

ha

lkW

hit

eQ

ua

rtzi

teW

hit

eQ

ua

rtzi

teO

the

rO

the

rT

ota

lT

ota

lT

ota

lT

ota

l

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

lan

ks

-N

Be

ad

s-

NB

ead

s-

B

lan

ks

-N

Bla

nks

-

Dis

cb

ead

s7

36

40

810

22

21

59

38 1

49

22 0

Rin

gb

ead

s2

12

51

20

12 9

00 0

Ovalb

ead

s0

0 0

00 0

Cylin

der

bead

s1

13

42 6

10 4

Barr

elb

ead

s36

57

13

24

11

254

34 8

62

27 8

Irre

gula

rb

ead

s1

00 0

10 4

Ind

ete

rmin

ate

fr

ag

ment

794

11

74 5

96

43 0

Pend

ants

-tr

iang

ula

r1

11

0 6

10 4

Pend

ants

-tr

ap

ezoid

al

21

21 3

10 4

Pend

ants

-oval

11

21 3

00 0

Pend

ants

-re

cta

ng

ula

r1

10 6

00 0

Pend

ants

-sq

uare

11

10 6

10 4

Pend

ants

-te

ard

rop

22

1 3

00 0

Pend

ants

-oth

er

in

dete

rmin

ate

111

12

1 3

11

4 9

Bra

cele

ts0

0 0

00 0

TO

TA

L-

Bead

s-

N62

68

20

11

3155

100 0

TO

TA

L-

Bead

s-

40 4

43 6

12 8

0 6

0 6

1 9

100 0

TO

TA

L-

Bla

nks

-N

202

11

42

04

223

100 0

TO

TA

L-

Bla

nks

-

90 6

4 9

1 8

0 9

0 0

1 8

100 0











table 1)










BP










































Site N





Site N














Methods of Analysis




























































































































(Fig 4 top)




































































































(Fig 9d)








at Jilat 13











Sawing
































a b

c d

























Drilling





















9ndash11)




a b

c d















































a b c

d e f




























flake







































definitive








a b c

d e f




























hourglass shape



















1981 39 Kenoyer 1992b 73)

a b c

d e f





flake



















finely abraded







and grinding















fig 527b)

Abrasion





































tools were needed




































a

b c








































Jilat technology




















tion and exchange















1989)









a

c

b















2002)































novices

a b

c











































a drill mark









(Table 1)







involved in
















beyond











underexplored




































cf Costin 1991)

















of this paper















stands out
































































































































Reese 1991)






















































































elsewhere)








1978)














































piercing tools





































drill bits)












22)









burins and blades









Conclusions


















Andrew Garrard














































































Formation see Fig 1


















ished beads


Materials






and XRD analysis




























Methods



























Results

























Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674




G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28





levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation

























table 1)










BP










































Site N





Site N














Methods of Analysis




























































































































(Fig 4 top)




































































































(Fig 9d)








at Jilat 13











Sawing
































a b

c d

























Drilling





















9ndash11)




a b

c d















































a b c

d e f




























flake







































definitive








a b c

d e f




























hourglass shape



















1981 39 Kenoyer 1992b 73)

a b c

d e f





flake



















finely abraded







and grinding















fig 527b)

Abrasion





































tools were needed




































a

b c








































Jilat technology




















tion and exchange















1989)









a

c

b















2002)































novices

a b

c











































a drill mark









(Table 1)







involved in
















beyond











underexplored




































cf Costin 1991)

















of this paper















stands out
































































































































Reese 1991)






















































































elsewhere)








1978)














































piercing tools





































drill bits)












22)









burins and blades









Conclusions


















Andrew Garrard














































































Formation see Fig 1


















ished beads


Materials






and XRD analysis




























Methods



























Results

























Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674




G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28





levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation

























Methods of Analysis




























































































































(Fig 4 top)




































































































(Fig 9d)








at Jilat 13











Sawing
































a b

c d

























Drilling





















9ndash11)




a b

c d















































a b c

d e f




























flake







































definitive








a b c

d e f




























hourglass shape



















1981 39 Kenoyer 1992b 73)

a b c

d e f





flake



















finely abraded







and grinding















fig 527b)

Abrasion





































tools were needed




































a

b c








































Jilat technology




















tion and exchange















1989)









a

c

b















2002)































novices

a b

c











































a drill mark









(Table 1)







involved in
















beyond











underexplored




































cf Costin 1991)

















of this paper















stands out
































































































































Reese 1991)






















































































elsewhere)








1978)














































piercing tools





































drill bits)












22)









burins and blades









Conclusions


















Andrew Garrard














































































Formation see Fig 1


















ished beads


Materials






and XRD analysis




























Methods



























Results

























Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674




G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28





levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation

















































































(Fig 4 top)




































































































(Fig 9d)








at Jilat 13











Sawing
































a b

c d

























Drilling





















9ndash11)




a b

c d















































a b c

d e f




























flake







































definitive








a b c

d e f




























hourglass shape



















1981 39 Kenoyer 1992b 73)

a b c

d e f





flake



















finely abraded







and grinding















fig 527b)

Abrasion





































tools were needed




































a

b c








































Jilat technology




















tion and exchange















1989)









a

c

b















2002)































novices

a b

c











































a drill mark









(Table 1)







involved in
















beyond











underexplored




































cf Costin 1991)

















of this paper















stands out
































































































































Reese 1991)






















































































elsewhere)








1978)














































piercing tools





































drill bits)












22)









burins and blades









Conclusions


















Andrew Garrard














































































Formation see Fig 1


















ished beads


Materials






and XRD analysis




























Methods



























Results

























Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674




G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28





levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation
















































































(Fig 9d)








at Jilat 13











Sawing
































a b

c d

























Drilling





















9ndash11)




a b

c d















































a b c

d e f




























flake







































definitive








a b c

d e f




























hourglass shape



















1981 39 Kenoyer 1992b 73)

a b c

d e f





flake



















finely abraded







and grinding















fig 527b)

Abrasion





































tools were needed




































a

b c








































Jilat technology




















tion and exchange















1989)









a

c

b















2002)































novices

a b

c











































a drill mark









(Table 1)







involved in
















beyond











underexplored




































cf Costin 1991)

















of this paper















stands out
































































































































Reese 1991)






















































































elsewhere)








1978)














































piercing tools





































drill bits)












22)









burins and blades









Conclusions


















Andrew Garrard














































































Formation see Fig 1


















ished beads


Materials






and XRD analysis




























Methods



























Results

























Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674




G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28





levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation

























Sawing
































a b

c d

























Drilling





















9ndash11)




a b

c d















































a b c

d e f




























flake







































definitive








a b c

d e f




























hourglass shape



















1981 39 Kenoyer 1992b 73)

a b c

d e f





flake



















finely abraded







and grinding















fig 527b)

Abrasion





































tools were needed




































a

b c








































Jilat technology




















tion and exchange















1989)









a

c

b















2002)































novices

a b

c











































a drill mark









(Table 1)







involved in
















beyond











underexplored




































cf Costin 1991)

















of this paper















stands out
































































































































Reese 1991)






















































































elsewhere)








1978)














































piercing tools





































drill bits)












22)









burins and blades









Conclusions


















Andrew Garrard














































































Formation see Fig 1


















ished beads


Materials






and XRD analysis




























Methods



























Results

























Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674




G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28





levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation




































Drilling





















9ndash11)




a b

c d















































a b c

d e f




























flake







































definitive








a b c

d e f




























hourglass shape



















1981 39 Kenoyer 1992b 73)

a b c

d e f





flake



















finely abraded







and grinding















fig 527b)

Abrasion





































tools were needed




































a

b c








































Jilat technology




















tion and exchange















1989)









a

c

b















2002)































novices

a b

c











































a drill mark









(Table 1)







involved in
















beyond











underexplored




































cf Costin 1991)

















of this paper















stands out
































































































































Reese 1991)






















































































elsewhere)








1978)














































piercing tools





































drill bits)












22)









burins and blades









Conclusions


















Andrew Garrard














































































Formation see Fig 1


















ished beads


Materials






and XRD analysis




























Methods



























Results

























Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674




G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28





levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation



























































a b c

d e f




























flake







































definitive








a b c

d e f




























hourglass shape



















1981 39 Kenoyer 1992b 73)

a b c

d e f





flake



















finely abraded







and grinding















fig 527b)

Abrasion





































tools were needed




































a

b c








































Jilat technology




















tion and exchange















1989)









a

c

b















2002)































novices

a b

c











































a drill mark









(Table 1)







involved in
















beyond











underexplored




































cf Costin 1991)

















of this paper















stands out
































































































































Reese 1991)






















































































elsewhere)








1978)














































piercing tools





































drill bits)












22)









burins and blades









Conclusions


















Andrew Garrard














































































Formation see Fig 1


















ished beads


Materials






and XRD analysis




























Methods



























Results

























Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674




G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28





levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation







































flake







































definitive








a b c

d e f




























hourglass shape



















1981 39 Kenoyer 1992b 73)

a b c

d e f





flake



















finely abraded







and grinding















fig 527b)

Abrasion





































tools were needed




































a

b c








































Jilat technology




















tion and exchange















1989)









a

c

b















2002)































novices

a b

c











































a drill mark









(Table 1)







involved in
















beyond











underexplored




































cf Costin 1991)

















of this paper















stands out
































































































































Reese 1991)






















































































elsewhere)








1978)














































piercing tools





































drill bits)












22)









burins and blades









Conclusions


















Andrew Garrard














































































Formation see Fig 1


















ished beads


Materials






and XRD analysis




























Methods



























Results

























Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674




G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28





levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation





















































definitive








a b c

d e f




























hourglass shape



















1981 39 Kenoyer 1992b 73)

a b c

d e f





flake



















finely abraded







and grinding















fig 527b)

Abrasion





































tools were needed




































a

b c








































Jilat technology




















tion and exchange















1989)









a

c

b















2002)































novices

a b

c











































a drill mark









(Table 1)







involved in
















beyond











underexplored




































cf Costin 1991)

















of this paper















stands out
































































































































Reese 1991)






















































































elsewhere)








1978)














































piercing tools





































drill bits)












22)









burins and blades









Conclusions


















Andrew Garrard














































































Formation see Fig 1


















ished beads


Materials






and XRD analysis




























Methods



























Results

























Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674




G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28





levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation






































hourglass shape



















1981 39 Kenoyer 1992b 73)

a b c

d e f





flake



















finely abraded







and grinding















fig 527b)

Abrasion





































tools were needed




































a

b c








































Jilat technology




















tion and exchange















1989)









a

c

b















2002)































novices

a b

c











































a drill mark









(Table 1)







involved in
















beyond











underexplored




































cf Costin 1991)

















of this paper















stands out
































































































































Reese 1991)






















































































elsewhere)








1978)














































piercing tools





































drill bits)












22)









burins and blades









Conclusions


















Andrew Garrard














































































Formation see Fig 1


















ished beads


Materials






and XRD analysis




























Methods



























Results

























Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674




G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28





levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation

































finely abraded







and grinding















fig 527b)

Abrasion





































tools were needed




































a

b c








































Jilat technology




















tion and exchange















1989)









a

c

b















2002)































novices

a b

c











































a drill mark









(Table 1)







involved in
















beyond











underexplored




































cf Costin 1991)

















of this paper















stands out
































































































































Reese 1991)






















































































elsewhere)








1978)














































piercing tools





































drill bits)












22)









burins and blades









Conclusions


















Andrew Garrard














































































Formation see Fig 1


















ished beads


Materials






and XRD analysis




























Methods



























Results

























Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674




G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28





levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation













































a

b c








































Jilat technology




















tion and exchange















1989)









a

c

b















2002)































novices

a b

c











































a drill mark









(Table 1)







involved in
















beyond











underexplored




































cf Costin 1991)

















of this paper















stands out
































































































































Reese 1991)






















































































elsewhere)








1978)














































piercing tools





































drill bits)












22)









burins and blades









Conclusions


















Andrew Garrard














































































Formation see Fig 1


















ished beads


Materials






and XRD analysis




























Methods



























Results

























Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674




G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28





levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation


















































Jilat technology




















tion and exchange















1989)









a

c

b















2002)































novices

a b

c











































a drill mark









(Table 1)







involved in
















beyond











underexplored




































cf Costin 1991)

















of this paper















stands out
































































































































Reese 1991)






















































































elsewhere)








1978)














































piercing tools





































drill bits)












22)









burins and blades









Conclusions


















Andrew Garrard














































































Formation see Fig 1


















ished beads


Materials






and XRD analysis




























Methods



























Results

























Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674




G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28





levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation



























tion and exchange















1989)









a

c

b















2002)































novices

a b

c











































a drill mark









(Table 1)







involved in
















beyond











underexplored




































cf Costin 1991)

















of this paper















stands out
































































































































Reese 1991)






















































































elsewhere)








1978)














































piercing tools





































drill bits)












22)









burins and blades









Conclusions


















Andrew Garrard














































































Formation see Fig 1


















ished beads


Materials






and XRD analysis




























Methods



























Results

























Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674




G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28





levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation
























2002)































novices

a b

c











































a drill mark









(Table 1)







involved in
















beyond











underexplored




































cf Costin 1991)

















of this paper















stands out
































































































































Reese 1991)






















































































elsewhere)








1978)














































piercing tools





































drill bits)












22)









burins and blades









Conclusions


















Andrew Garrard














































































Formation see Fig 1


















ished beads


Materials






and XRD analysis




























Methods



























Results

























Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674




G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28





levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation























































a drill mark









(Table 1)







involved in
















beyond











underexplored




































cf Costin 1991)

















of this paper















stands out
































































































































Reese 1991)






















































































elsewhere)








1978)














































piercing tools





































drill bits)












22)









burins and blades









Conclusions


















Andrew Garrard














































































Formation see Fig 1


















ished beads


Materials






and XRD analysis




























Methods



























Results

























Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674




G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28





levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation



























cf Costin 1991)

















of this paper















stands out
































































































































Reese 1991)






















































































elsewhere)








1978)














































piercing tools





































drill bits)












22)









burins and blades









Conclusions


















Andrew Garrard














































































Formation see Fig 1


















ished beads


Materials






and XRD analysis




























Methods



























Results

























Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674




G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28





levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation

















































































Reese 1991)






















































































elsewhere)








1978)














































piercing tools





































drill bits)












22)









burins and blades









Conclusions


















Andrew Garrard














































































Formation see Fig 1


















ished beads


Materials






and XRD analysis




























Methods



























Results

























Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674




G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28





levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation
































































elsewhere)








1978)














































piercing tools





































drill bits)












22)









burins and blades









Conclusions


















Andrew Garrard














































































Formation see Fig 1


















ished beads


Materials






and XRD analysis




























Methods



























Results

























Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674




G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28





levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation



















































drill bits)












22)









burins and blades









Conclusions


















Andrew Garrard














































































Formation see Fig 1


















ished beads


Materials






and XRD analysis




























Methods



























Results

























Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674




G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28





levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation















































































Formation see Fig 1


















ished beads


Materials






and XRD analysis




























Methods



























Results

























Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674




G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28





levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation





























Methods



























Results

























Unit

G1 08 0 04 38 1303 0 0 0 556 0052 0006 085 747G2 05 0 0 18 119 0 0 0 577 003 0 014 722LG1 01 03 17 75 399 0 0 0 513 0079 0024 172 669LG2 01 02 06 4 868 0 0 0 563 0049 0005 047 705LG3 04 25 17 76 628 0 0 0 485 0134 0008 167 691R1 09 04 12 64 7 0 04 0 497 0085 0006 117 674




G1 342 1424 5 220 93 1311 2 77 3 1239 112 19 52 10 69 15 11 3 42G2 158 409 5 75 33 644 2 15 1 1422 56 4 63 1 312 6 6 1 9LG1 512 695 35 425 97 2365 2 68 6 1141 29 16 64 9 1084 2 6 3 18LG2 225 810 2 131 105 795 3 44 3 1223 61 5 18 1 158 11 14 2 30LG3 538 1239 22 417 193 1893 2 119 2 1290 108 32 64 10 610 12 10 4 39R1 0 311 10 256 184 2077 3 73 2 953 95 18 210 9 72 18 6 2 28





levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation



















levels are resident

















tions of phosphate








Materials






genous in colour

Methods























and spot analysis

Results





























is 50 microns long








































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation






















































Summary





CompoundMineral

Elemental weight

F Si P SC O Ca I



CompoundMineral

Elemental weight




















matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation
































matrix








structure

Conclusions























Acknowledgements



















ES Brill












of Edinburgh




Berlin Ex Oriente









Oriente




Monographs
























31 493ndash502



















17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation

































17 41ndash54






Press








59 639ndash66




Levant























Levant







Oxford Blackwell






Oxford Berg








Archaeopress






















26 73ndash109






















Harvard University





149ndash61





68












Berlin Ex Oriente



155ndash74









































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation




















































5ndash72













Thames and Hudson

















40
















Oriente











Prehistory Press




Press
















Jordan 28 13ndash30



Jordan 30 41ndash56












Oxford Blackwell




HarperCollins



















Anthroplogy















3 105ndash44










































preparation





























3 105ndash44










































preparation

















wrightetal2008 levant

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