WP2: ‘Shifting Baselines’

Early Results

David J StarkeyMaritime Historical Studies CentreBlaydes HouseUniversity of Hull

INCOFISH WorkshopLa Paz13 March 2007

The Stuff of Legends

Structure of PresentationStructure of Presentation

1.1. PublicationsPublications

2.2. Validation of Source Validation of Source MaterialMaterial

3. Valid Data to Online 3. Valid Data to Online ResourceResource

1. Publications1. Publications

1 paper published1 paper published

1 paper accepted1 paper accepted

15 submitted, including 13 for special 15 submitted, including 13 for special issue issue Fisheries ResearchFisheries Research

7 papers in preparation7 papers in preparation

2 ‘scholarly websites’2 ‘scholarly websites’

Published PaperPublished Paper

John K Pinnegar, Trevor Hutton & Vicenzo John K Pinnegar, Trevor Hutton & Vicenzo PlacentiPlacenti

‘ ‘What relative seafood prices can tell us about What relative seafood prices can tell us about the status of stocks’the status of stocks’

Fish and FisheriesFish and Fisheries, 2006, 7, 219-26, 2006, 7, 219-26

‘‘CEFAS Scientific Paper of the Year’CEFAS Scientific Paper of the Year’

£500£500 Prize! Prize!

Accepted for publication in 2007:Accepted for publication in 2007:

John K Pinnegar & Georg H EngelhardJohn K Pinnegar & Georg H Engelhard‘‘The “shifting baseline” phenomenon: a The “shifting baseline” phenomenon: a

global perspective’global perspective’Reviews in Fish Biology & FisheriesReviews in Fish Biology & Fisheries

7 papers in preparation7 papers in preparation

15 papers in review15 papers in review, , including . . . including . . .

Fisheries ResearchFisheries Research - - special INCOFISH/HMAP issuespecial INCOFISH/HMAP issue(Henn Ojaveer & B.R. MacKenzie, eds)(Henn Ojaveer & B.R. MacKenzie, eds)

Poulsen, R., Cooper, A.,Holm, P.Poulsen, R., Cooper, A.,Holm, P. ‘The importance of historical baselines to ‘The importance of historical baselines to fisheries management - an abundance estimate of ling (fisheries management - an abundance estimate of ling (MolvamolvaMolvamolva) and ) and cod (cod (Gadus morhuaGadus morhua) the northeastern ) the northeastern North Sea, 1872’North Sea, 1872’

Poulsen, B., Holm, P. Poulsen, B., Holm, P. ‘A fishery of historical magnitude. ‘A fishery of historical magnitude. Reconstructing Reconstructing the the 17th-19th centuries catches of herring, eel, whitefish 17th-19th centuries catches of herring, eel, whitefish and plaice in and plaice in Limfjorden, Denmark’Limfjorden, Denmark’

Bager, M., Søndergaard, M. KBager, M., Søndergaard, M. K. . ‘The Danish Baltic Sea fisheries c. 1875-‘The Danish Baltic Sea fisheries c. 1875-1911’1911’

MacKenzie, B. R., Myers, R. A.MacKenzie, B. R., Myers, R. A. ‘The development of the northern ‘The development of the northern European fishery for north Atlantic bluefin tuna (European fishery for north Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnusThunnus thynnus) ) during during 1900-1950’1900-1950’

Eero, M., MacKenzie, B. R., Karlsdottir, HEero, M., MacKenzie, B. R., Karlsdottir, H. ‘Dynamics of international . ‘Dynamics of international fisheries for cod (fisheries for cod (Gadus Gadus Gaumiga, R.Gaumiga, R.morhuamorhua) in the eastern Baltic Sea ) in the eastern Baltic Sea during 1880-1938’during 1880-1938’

Enghoff, I. B., MacKenzie, B. R. Enghoff, I. B., MacKenzie, B. R. Nielsen, E. E.Nielsen, E. E. ‘The Danish fish fauna ‘The Danish fish fauna during the warm Atlantic period (ca. 7000 - 3900 BC): forerunner of future during the warm Atlantic period (ca. 7000 - 3900 BC): forerunner of future changes?’changes?’

Fisheries Research Fisheries Research (special issue), continued(special issue), continued

Lotze, H.Lotze, H. ‘Rise and fall of fishing and marine resource use in the Wadden ‘Rise and fall of fishing and marine resource use in the Wadden Sea, southern North Sea’Sea, southern North Sea’

Gaumiga, R., Karlsons, G., Uzars, D.Gaumiga, R., Karlsons, G., Uzars, D. ‘ ‘Gulf of Riga (Baltic Sea) fisheries in Gulf of Riga (Baltic Sea) fisheries in the late 17th the late 17th century’century’

Ojaveer, H. Lajus, J., Ojaveer, H., Tammiksaar, E.Ojaveer, H. Lajus, J., Ojaveer, H., Tammiksaar, E. ‘Fishing in the NE ‘Fishing in the NE Baltic during the 19th century: what can be learned from the archives of Baltic during the 19th century: what can be learned from the archives of Karl Ernst von Karl Ernst von Baer?’Baer?’

Lajus, D., Alekseeva, Y., Lajus, J.Lajus, D., Alekseeva, Y., Lajus, J. ‘Herring fisheries in the White and ‘Herring fisheries in the White and Barents Sea in the 18th - beginning of the 20th cc: factors effecting the Barents Sea in the 18th - beginning of the 20th cc: factors effecting the catch fluctuations’catch fluctuations’

Lajus, D., Dmitrieva, Z., Kraikovski,Lajus, D., Dmitrieva, Z., Kraikovski, Lajus, J., Yurchenko, A., AlexandrovLajus, J., Yurchenko, A., Alexandrov D.D. ‘Historical records of the 17 – 18th century fisheries for Atlantic salmon ‘Historical records of the 17 – 18th century fisheries for Atlantic salmon in northern Russia: methodology and case studies of population dynamics’in northern Russia: methodology and case studies of population dynamics’

Lajus, J., Kraikovski, A., Lajus, DLajus, J., Kraikovski, A., Lajus, D. . ‘Coastal fisheries in the Gulf of Finland ‘Coastal fisheries in the Gulf of Finland basin in the 15-20th centuries on the base of Russian basin in the 15-20th centuries on the base of Russian historical sources’historical sources’

Ojaveer, H., Awebro, K., Karlsdottir, H. MacKenzie, B.Ojaveer, H., Awebro, K., Karlsdottir, H. MacKenzie, B. ‘Swedish Baltic ‘Swedish Baltic Sea fisheries during c. 1870-1913:Sea fisheries during c. 1870-1913: spatio-temporal dynamics of catch and spatio-temporal dynamics of catch and fishing effort’fishing effort’

2. Validation of Source Material2. Validation of Source Material

Primary Sources Primary Sources

archaeological, paleo-ecological, material culture, archaeological, paleo-ecological, material culture, ‘history on the ground’, oral testimony, documents‘history on the ground’, oral testimony, documents

Methodology Methodology

the means by which raw data is transformed into the means by which raw data is transformed into ‘valid’ evidence‘valid’ evidence

Source Assessment & ValidationSource Assessment & Validation

provenance; corroboration; context; meaningprovenance; corroboration; context; meaning

CorroborationCorroborationareare the data supported by other sources?the data supported by other sources?

do they concur?do they concur?

yes - implies reliability/accuracyyes - implies reliability/accuracy

ProvenanceProvenance

when & how was source generated?when & how was source generated?by whom?by whom?

for what purpose?for what purpose?is it complete?is it complete?

ContextContext

knowledge of the relevant time & spaceknowledge of the relevant time & spaceempathy with the data generatorsempathy with the data generators

typicality of casestypicality of cases

MeaningMeaning

meaning of languagemeaning of languagesignificance of data significance of data

For example . . .For example . . .

Composition of British Privateering ‘Fleet’, 1689-1815Composition of British Privateering ‘Fleet’, 1689-1815

8 wars8 wars10,400 vessels10,400 vessels

72 ports72 portsPeak - Feb 1781 (19,632 men)Peak - Feb 1781 (19,632 men)

‘‘expeditions’expeditions’ ‘ ‘deep-water’deep-water’

‘‘channel’channel’

David J. StarkeyDavid J. Starkey British Privateering Enterprise in the 18th CenturyBritish Privateering Enterprise in the 18th Century

Channel PrivateersChannel Privateers

Jersey & Guernsey

South WestEngland

South EastEngland

Cruising Cruising GroundsGroundsEnglish Channel English Channel &&Bay of BiscayBay of Biscay(inshore)(inshore)

‘‘Deep-Water’ Private Ships-of-WarDeep-Water’ Private Ships-of-War

Marquise d'AntinMarquise d'Antin and and Louis Louis ErasmeErasme taken by the taken by the DukeDuke and and Prince FrederickPrince Frederick 10 July 1745 10 July 1745

Privateering ‘Expeditions’Privateering ‘Expeditions’

Cinque Ports GallyCinque Ports Gally ( 260 tons)( 260 tons)St George St George (130 tons)(130 tons)

William DampierWilliam Dampier1703-17061703-1706

DukeDuke (350 tons) (350 tons) Dutchess Dutchess (300 tons)(300 tons)

Woodes RogersWoodes Rogers1708-17111708-1711

Success Success (350 tons)(350 tons)Speedwell Speedwell (350 tons)(350 tons)

George ShelvockeGeorge Shelvocke1718-17201718-1720

Gulf of Gulf of CaliforniaCalifornia

La PazLa Paz

Edward CookeEdward Cooke, , A Voyage to the South A Voyage to the South Sea and Round the WorldSea and Round the World in the Years in the Years 1708 to 1711 1708 to 1711 (1712)(1712)

George ShelvockeGeorge Shelvocke, , A Voyage A Voyage Round the World by the way Round the World by the way of the Great South Sea of the Great South Sea (1726)(1726)

… … privateers or buccaneersprivateers or buccaneers had two main reasons to frequent had two main reasons to frequent the [Gulf of California]. The first was that for the entire 18th the [Gulf of California]. The first was that for the entire 18th century this enclosed sea offered several century this enclosed sea offered several good harboursgood harbours, , almost unvisited by Spaniards, where captains could careen almost unvisited by Spaniards, where captains could careen their ships or get protection from nasty weather (Gerhard their ships or get protection from nasty weather (Gerhard 1963). The second reason was due to Thomas Cavendish’s 1963). The second reason was due to Thomas Cavendish’s successful enterprise in the late 1580s in capturing successful enterprise in the late 1580s in capturing ‘the Manila ‘the Manila boat,’boat,’ a Spanish vessel that each year carried gold, jewels and a Spanish vessel that each year carried gold, jewels and other wealth between Manila and Acapulco. By the 17th other wealth between Manila and Acapulco. By the 17th century this enterprise had become a century this enterprise had become a legendlegend among English among English seamen [Rogers 1711 (1970)].seamen [Rogers 1711 (1970)].

Privateers and Marine SciencePrivateers and Marine Science

Andrea Saenz-Arroyo, ‘ The Value of Evidence about Past Abundance…Andrea Saenz-Arroyo, ‘ The Value of Evidence about Past Abundance…Fish and FisheriesFish and Fisheries, 7 (2006), 128-46, 7 (2006), 128-46

PiratesPirates frequently made detailed journals of their expeditions in frequently made detailed journals of their expeditions in distant oceans. On returning home, the epic accounts of their trips distant oceans. On returning home, the epic accounts of their trips were warmly welcomed by the publishers. Examples include books were warmly welcomed by the publishers. Examples include books by by Thomas Cavendish, Woodes Rogers, William Dampier, Edward Thomas Cavendish, Woodes Rogers, William Dampier, Edward Cooke and George ShelvockeCooke and George Shelvocke. Some . Some buccaneersbuccaneers left important left important descriptions not just of the natural world, but of the culture of the descriptions not just of the natural world, but of the culture of the inhabitants they encountered (Fig. 2). Among them are diaries from inhabitants they encountered (Fig. 2). Among them are diaries from Woodes Rogers and his companions at the beginning of the 18th Woodes Rogers and his companions at the beginning of the 18th century [Dampier 1697 (1968); Rogers 1711 (1970); Cooke 1712 century [Dampier 1697 (1968); Rogers 1711 (1970); Cooke 1712 (1969)] and George Shelvocke’s journal published in 1726 (1969)] and George Shelvocke’s journal published in 1726 [Shelvocke 1726 (1928)].[Shelvocke 1726 (1928)].

Andrea Saenz-Arroyo, ‘ The Value of Evidence about Past Abundance…Andrea Saenz-Arroyo, ‘ The Value of Evidence about Past Abundance…Fish and FisheriesFish and Fisheries, 7 (2006), 128-46, 7 (2006), 128-46