T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L AND ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y . Dec., 1911 , 944

During 1 9 1 0 , of the 451 iron ore mines in operation, 191 mines produced Over 50,000 long tons each, the largest quantity produced by a single mine being 3,190,093 tons, by the Hull-Rust mine, of the Mesabi range, Minnesota. Nine mines in Minnesota, besides one group of mines in Michigan and one group in Alabama, produced more than I ,OOO,OOO tons each, the second greatest production being 1,769,067 long tons by the Red Mountain group of mines, near Birmingham, Alabama. Twenty-five mines produced more than 500,ooo tons each.

Importations of iron ore in 1910 were the greatest in the history of the industry, being 2,591,031 tons, valued a t $7,832,225. Exports were 644,875 tons valued a t $2,074,164. Figures showing the foreign production of iron ore are not yet available for 1910, but the following table for 1909 shows .the supremacy of the United States in iron mining.

United States.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .long tons. .51,155,437 Germany and Luxemburg. . . . . . . . . . .metric tons. .25,506,000 United Kingdom.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .long tons. .14,979,979 France. .......................... .metric tons. .11,890,000 Cuba.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .long tons. . 1,417,914

No other country produced so much as a million tons. It will be seen that the United States produced nearly one-half of the total of the world’s output.

In steel production in 1910, Pennsylvania led all States, with 13,107,539 long tons and Ohio came second with 5,050,608 tons. The total production of. the United States was 26,094,919 tons.

BAUXITE AND ALUMINUM PRODUCTION. The United States Geological Survey reports that

the 1910 output of bauxite in the United States was 148,932 long tons, valued a t $716,258. The average price at the mines has been: 1908, $5.06; 1909, $5.26; 1910, $4.81. Bauxite is principally used in the pro- duction of metallic aluminum, and in the manufacture of the artificial abrasive, alundum, a t Niagara Falls. This abrasive is made in the electric furnace by fusing calcined bauxite. Experiments are also being made in admixing bauxite with other materials for making refractory brick, which for linings far exceeds the life of silica or fire-clay bricks.

The world’s production of bauxite in 1909 total 270,581 tons, valued a t $949,924, of which the American share was 129,101 tons, worth $679,447. The French output was 128,099 tons, worth $251,188.

The growth and magnitude of the aluminum industry in the United States are shown in the fact that only 83 pounds were produced in 1883, 3,000 pounds in 1886, 4,000,000 pounds in 1897, 1 7 , 2 1 1 , 0 0 0 pounds in 1907, 34,210,ooo pounds in 1909 and 47,734,000 pounds in 1910. The American exports of aluminum and its manufactures increased from $364,521 in 1906 to $949,215 in 1910.

Under the Payne-Aldrich tariff act of August,

1909, aluminum scrap, and alloys of any kind in which aluminum is the component material of chief value, in crude form, are dutiable a t 7 cents per pound, and plates, sheets, bars, and rods a t 1 1 cents per pound instead of 8 cents and 13 cents, respectively.

The president of the Aluminum Company of America states that business in 1910 fell off on account of cur- tailed production in steel-making, in which it is used for deoxidizing and in the curtailed automobile busi- ness. “Large stocks accumulated and are still ac- cumulating. Some plants have been cut back half and unless the demand improves still further cutting back will be necessary. The aluminum cooking utensil business was good. Although a new (aluminum) sheet-rolling mill was built in Niagara Falls in 1910, i t was not put into operation, on account of the falling off in business, but as i t was built to meet future requirements, it is expected that the time will come when the mill will be required.”

The following is a summary of an article which ap- peared in the Frankfurter Zeitung of August I O :

“The development of the aluminum industry has been unusually rapid, the world’s production having risen from 1 1 , 5 0 0 metric tons in 1905 t o 24,200 metric tons in 1909, and 34,000 metric tons in 1910. The distinctive feature about the aluminum trade is that i t is in the hand8 of only 1 2 companies, of which 5 , viz., the Aluminum Industrie Akt. Ges., of Neuhausen, the SociCt6 Electro-MCtallurgique Francaise, of Froges, the Compagnie des Produits Chimiques d’ Alais et de la Camargue, of Salindres, the British Aluminum Company (Ltd.), and the Aluminum Company of America, account for nine-tenths of the total output.”

WORLD’S CONSUMPTION OF BEER, WINE AND SPIRITS. More beer is consumed in the United States than

in any other country of the world, and more distilled spirits than in any other country except Russia., The quantity per capita consumed in the United States is not, however, in the case of beer, as great as in Belgium, United Kingdom, Germany, or Den- mark, while our per capita consumption of distilled spirits is less than that of Denmark, Hungary, Austria, France, Netherlands, or Sweden. Of wines, the quan- tity consumed in the United States is below that of Portugal, Spain, Germany, Italy, or France; and the per capita consumption is less than that of France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Austria, or Hung- ary.

The following table, compiled from official sources by the Bureau of Statistics, Department of Commerce and Labor, shows in millions of gallons the consump- tion of malt liquors, wines, and distilled spirits, re- spectively, in the principal countries of the world , for which statistics of this character are published and the per capita consumption in each instance, the figures being for the latest year for which statistics are available.

Dec., 1911 T H E J O U R N A L OF I N D U S T R I A L

Consumption,

Malt liquors. Wines. Distilled spirits. -

---7 ------ Gallons Gallons Gallons

Million per cap- Million per cap- Million per cap- Countries. gallons. ita. gallons. ita. gallons. ita. United

United States (1910)

Kingdom (1909) Germany (1909-10) France (1909) Austria (1908-9) Belgium (1909) Russia (1908) Spain (1909) Sweden (1908-9) Switzerland (1909) Denmark (1909) Italy (1909) Bulgaria (1909) Hungary (1908-9) Netherlands (1909) Norway (1909) Portugal (1909) Romania (1909) Servia (1909) Australia (1909) Canada (1909-10) Cape of Good

Hope (1909-10) Transvaal (1909)

1,851.3 20.09 60 .5 0 . 6 6 133.5 , 1.45

1,397.3 31.44 15.2 0 . 3 1 4 0 . 1 0-96 1,703.5 26.47 74.6 1.16 94.2 1.48

375.0 9 .51 1,541.4 39.36 70.9 1 .81 492.9 17.17 178.6 6 .34 54.7 1 .81 411.7 55.2 9 . 1 1 .21 10.7 1.42 231.4 1.46 nodata nodata 232.7 1.45

no data no data 345.9 18.23 no data no data 72.3 13.31 nodata nodata 8 . 6 1.57 64 .6 18.00 5 2 . 2 14.55 3 . 6 0 . 9 9 61.7 22.98 nodata nodata 8 . 0 2.97 17.4 0 . 5 1 1 ,012 .031 .17 26 .1 0.76 3 . 2 0.75 34.9 8.19 0 . 6 0.13

55.7 2 .90 98.6 4.76 43 .7 2 . 1 1 nodata no data 2 . 3 0 . 4 0 10.8 1.84

11.8 5.02 nodata nodata 2 . 0 0.87 no data no data 146.3 27.39 no data no data

4 . 9 0 .72 33 .7 5 . 0 2 6 .7 0 .96 2 . 9 1.02 10.5 3 . 7 0 no data no data

56.9 13.20 5 . 6 1.30 4 . 6 1.07 47 .4 6 . 3 6 0 . 9 0 .12 7 . 3 0.97

3 . 3 1.32 3 . 5 1.44 1 . 2 0.53 3 . 9 2.88 0 . 5 0 . 3 8 ' 0 . 8 0.67

REPORTS ON STREAM FLOW. The United States Geological Survey has announced

the publication of four reports on the flow of streams in the United States. They are designated as Water- Supply Papers 265, 266, 267 and 268. The first- meptioned relates to rivers in Minnesota, Wisconsin, North Dakota, Illinois, and Iowa, which drain either into the Mississippi River or northward into Canada. The second relates to rivers draining into the Missouri, the streams being located in Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, Colorado, Nebraska, and Missouri. The third comprises those streams draining into the lower Mississippi mainly through Arkansas and Red Rivers, the streams being located in Colorado, New Mexico, Arkansas,, Missouri and Mississippi. The fourth gives information concerning streams draining into the western part of the Gulf of Mexico, such as the Rio Grande and the Pecos.

The records contained in these reports show the flow of the rivers for each day during the year 1909 as measured by employees of the Geological Survey a t permanent stations maintained along the streams. They are essentially a record of the performance of those streams and they furnish an account of the water resources available for use in the regions in which the records were made.

Many of those who are unfamiliar with engineering practice do not realize the necessity of procuring information of this kind. The importance of knowing how much water is available for its various uses grows enormously as the United States becomes more thickly settled and as industrial pursuits advance. We need water for domestic supplies and for navigation. The arid West is dependent on it for the irrigation of dry

AND ENGINEERING C H E M I S T R Y . 945

lands. One of the most important features of our industrial prosperity has been the development of water power.

The four reports above described give a faithful record of each river's performance so that the persons or the community undertaking any development of water will know all the facts concerning, the supply available.

INDUSTRIAL GAS APPLIANCE LABORATORY. The Consolidated Gas Company, of New York

City, has for several months been concerned in the work of fitting up an Industrial Gas Appliance Labora- tory, in the Schleicher Building, corner of Second avenue and Twenty-second street.

The equipment of the laboratory contains, among other things, a six h. p. Otto gas engine, a three h. p.' steam boiler, a combination tool-room furnace, clay annealer, melter, round annealer, bar annealer, forge, tool-room forge, oil tempering furnace, oven furnace, tempering furnace, rivet heater, muffle furnace with D. C. motor and fan blower, lead hardening furnace with extra pot for cyanide, muffle furnace with cupelling attachment, portable melting pot, 1,000 pound soft metal furnace with hood, wire basket and thermometer; brazing tables, automobile and wagon tire heaters, 40-gallon butchers' cauldron, 50-gallon cauldron with bottom draw-off, agitator and pump, china kiln, incinerator, oven with damper and thermometer, core-drying oven, japanning oven, aluminum water still, heating machines, positive blowers, confectioners' stoves-one with D. C. motor and blower-making in all 43 appliances standing on the floor. There are 75 bench appliances on metal tables, which, with a few suitably attached to the walls, make a total of 135 devices, all connected, ready for instant demon- stration. The appliances on the tables embrace soldering furnaces and self-heating soldering irons, melting furnaces, glue heater, bench forges, rivet heaters, soft metal furnaces, and a great variety of burners, the largest being connected with D. C. motors and fan blowers, consuming about 700 cubic feet of gas per hour. A complete assortment of blowpipes and brazing burners is also in evidence. The ap- pliances are located in sections, each section being served by a 30-light meter, with special reducing device which consists of a straight line control, the figures changing for each I O feet, and so arranged that the counter can be turned back after each demonstra- tion. Portable baths are also provided, one each for fresh or salt water; and for a cotton seed oil "dip," if one is so inclined. Then there is a portable sawdust drier, and the several things last enumerated are set on casters, so that one can readily be taken to any other appliance, the contiguity of which is needed for a complete demonstration.

PHOSPHATE MINING, 1910. The mining of phosphate rock for fertilizer showed

increased activity in 1910, with the greatest pro-