world war one
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WORLD WAR ONE. World War I. REASONS FOR WAR. 1.Europe divided into 2 loose alliances: a. Triple Alliance – Italy, Austria-Hungary & Germany b. Triple Entente - France, Great Britain & Russia. REASONS FOR WAR. 2. Imperialism led to - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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WORLD WAR ONE
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REASONS FOR WAR
1.Europe divided into 2 loose alliances: a. Triple Alliance – Italy, Austria-Hungary & Germany b. Triple Entente- France, Great Britain & Russia
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REASONS FOR WAR2. Imperialism led to competition for colonies
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REASONS FOR WAR3. MILITARISM or aggressive preparation for war grows.
• Mili leaders develop war plans & stock supplies.
•Refuse to change plans for anything & were basis for all decisions.
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REASONS FOR WAR. Militarism also includes: CONSCRIPTION- or military draft. Armies doubled in size by 1914.
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•4. NATIONALISM:desire for own nation grows.
•many ethnic groups want freedom from the states in which they live.
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5. Balkans Crisis *Aus-Hun annexes Bosnia & Herzegovinia, hurting Serbia’s chance
to create Slavic empire (Most Bosnians are slavic)
*Serbs prep for war & are backed by Rus
*Rus backs down when Germ threatens
to help Aus-Hun
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•1914: Serbia wants to create Slavic state.
•Aus-Hun against it
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•June 28, 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to A-H throne & wife Sophia visited Sarajevo, Bosnia.
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•BLACK HAND (Serbian terrorist group who want Bosnia free),try to kill Franz.
• Tried a bomb & failed.
•GAVRILLO PRINCEP shoots both
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DON’T WRITE!!!!•Aus-Hun doesn’t know if Serb govt involved
• Want to attack. •Afraid of Russia •Turn to Germ for help.
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Germ Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II gives “BLANK CHECK”, promising full support of Aus-Hun, even if Rus gets involved
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WAR BEGINS!!!• Serbs turn down AUS-
Hun demands •A-H declares war on Serbs July 28th, 1914
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WAR BEGINS!!!•Czar Nicholas II of Rus orders partial MOBILIZATION (assembling troops & supplies & making them ready for war).
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WAR BEGINS•Russia’s war plans say to fight Germ & Aus-Hun & Czar Nicholas must mobilize against both.
Czar orders full mobilization on July 29th, 1914.
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WAR BEGINS!!!•Ger sees mobilization as act of war & declares war on Russia.
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WAR BEGINS•Germ General Alfred Von Schlieffen’s, war plan calls for 2 front war against FR & RUS (written 1894)
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•Due to SCHLEIFFEN PLAN Ger had to attack France through Belgium to get RUS.
•Ger declared war on France on Aug. 3rd, 1914
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DON’T WRITE•Germ told Belgium (neutral) to let troops pass through
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•Aug. 4th, 1914, Great Brit declares war on Germ for violating Belgium’s
neutrality.
• GB part of alliance
w/ Fr & Rus
(Triple Entente)
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1. Franz Ferdinand (next leader of Aus-Hun) assassinated by Serb terrorists the Black Hand 6/28/14
2. Aus-Hun gets Blank Check from Germany 7/5/14
3. Aus-Hun declares war on Serb 7/28/14
4. Russia Mobilizes army on 7/ 29 – 31/14 against both Aus-Hun & Germ
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5. Germans see mobilization as act of war. Declares war on Russia
6. German Schlieffen plan makes Germ invade Belgium & France to get Russia
7. Germany declares war on France 8/3/14
8. Great Britain declares war on Germany 8/4/14
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WAR BEGINS•Govt spreads PROPAGANDA- ideas used to influence public opinion for or against a cause-
• helped to create hatred & support for causes. • Most believe war will end in 2 weeks or less
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•Western Front-Mostly in Fr• Schlieffen Plan says go thru Belgium to circle Paris, trapping Fr.
•Ger stopped at 1st Battle of Marne (Sept. 6-10, 1914).
•Fr troops sent in taxis to front line in red uniforms.
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WESTERN FRONT•Both sides dig trenches & create a stalemate for next 4 yrs
•New technology•Little movement.• (Gas, tank, plane, mortars, machine gun, zeppelin,)
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BATTLE OF THE SOMME (July 1916)
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NO MAN’S LAND
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•Eastern Front- Very mobile, w/ huge losses of life.
1. Rus moves into E. Germ & is defeated at Battles of Masurian Lakes & Tannenburg by Sept 1914
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2.Aus-Hun defeated by Rus3. Italy switches sides in 1915 & attacks Aus-Hun.
4. Italy joins Triple Entente, but now
called the ALLIES (GB, FR, RUS)
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EASTERN FRONT
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5. Germ pushes Russians back into own land w/ heavy losses
6. Rus no longer threat.7. Bulgaria joins w/ Germ & Aus-Hun. (now Central Powers)
8. Attack & destroy Serbs in Sept 1915.
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NEW ALLIES
Ottoman empire (TURKEY) joins Germ
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•DON’T WRITE!!!!•Lawrence of Arabia (Brit officer in Middle East) gets Arab princes to rise against Ottoman (promise independence)
• Destroy Otto by 1918
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•US neutral•GB blockades Germ w/ navy
•Germ uses unrestricted submarine warfare (will shoot down
any ship)
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•May 7, 1915 Germ sinks LUSITANIA, a BR passenger liner, killing 1000 (128 Americans)
•Germ stops subs, afraid USA will join war.
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• Jan. 1917, ADMIRAL HOLTZENDORF talks KAISER into using unrestricted sub warfare & blockades again to break
stalemate
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•HOLTZENDORF promises Kaiser Wilhelm II that Brits will starve before US acts
• “I give your majesty my word as an officer, not one American will land on the continent”
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•April 1917, US enters the war!!!!
• (bringing men, supplies &
psychological boost).
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•Became TOTAL WAR-complete mobilization of resources & people.
•Women take over jobs in factories
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•Euros went to PLANNED ECONOMIES- systems run by govt agencies that expanded powers to meet needs such as: drafts, regulate import/exports, ration food,
control prices, wages &
rent control
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•1918 better for Allies w/ arrival of US troops
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•Germ GENERAL ERICH VON LUDENDORFF gambles & planned 1 big offensive on Western Front
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•Get w/in 50 miles of Paris, but stopped at 2nd Battle of Marne
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2nd Battle of the Marne
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GERMANY LOSES•Germ forced back by US troops
•Sept 29, 1918, Gen. Ludendorff says war is lost.
•Allies won’t make peace w/ Germ imperial govt
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GERMAN SAILORS MUTINY
•Nov. 3, 1918 sailors in Kiel mutiny & it spreads across Germ as govt offices taken over
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•Kaiser William II gives up & flees.
• AUS-Hun fell apart & new
nations emerge
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•FRIEDRICH EBERT announces creation of a democratic
republic. Signed ARMISTICE (treaty) on Nov. 11, 1918,
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END OF THE WAR•Jan 1919, 27 ALLIED nations meet to make final settlement
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WOODROW WILSON
•WOODROW WILSON-US pres- presented 14 Points to
Congress to take to meeting. He said they should:
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14 Pointsa. reach peace openly & reduce weapons
b. Create a “general association of nations” to guarantee independence. (League of Nations)
c.Must create democracies & self-determination (right of each people to have own nation).
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•Problems at PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE (1919) due to secret
treaties & own selfish interests
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•DAVID LLOYD GEORGE – Brit Prime minister wants
Germ to be punished & pay for crimes
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•GEORGES CLEMENCEAU – premier of France says Fr suffered most, needs security.
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•Demands Germ: 1.be stripped of weapons
2. pay REPARATIONS- damages to pay for war
3. create a buffer area btw FR & Germ called Rhineland.
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PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE
• .Italy played small role.
• Russia can’t come • Germ not invited •Run by BIG 3- US, FR & GB.
•Big battle btw them
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PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE
•Jan. 25, 1919. League of Nations created (US DOES NOT JOIN due to Versailles).
•Compromises made.
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•TREATY OF VERSAILLES- signed w/ Germ. Most important. 5 others signed
•Germ unhappy w/ Article 231, which is War Guilt Clause, stating
Germ admits guilt for war.
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MUST DO THE FOLLOWING:
1. pay reparations 2. reduce army to 100,000 3. get rid of air force & reduce navy4. return Alsace & Loraine, 5. Sections of E. Germ given to create Poland.6.Germ along Rhineland now a DMZ, (no weapons)
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• Map of Europe redrawn due to Treaty.
a.Aus-Hun, Serbia & Ottoman Empire gone
b. Rus (USSR) & Germ smaller
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c. Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Lithuania, Czechoslovaka Austria, Hungary & Yugoslavia created
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d. Br take Iran & Palestine. Called a MANDATE when nation officially governed
by another nation, but not owned by them
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• The financial cost of the war amounted to almost $38 billion for Germany
• Britain spent $35 billion,• France $24 billion, • Russia $22 billion, • USA $22 billion • Austria-Hungary $20 billion. • In total the war cost the Allies
$125 billion• the Central Powers $60 billion
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WORLD WAR I CASUALTIES: AMERICAN
•Battle deaths: 53,402•Other deaths in service: 63,114
•Non-mortal wounded: 204,002
•Living vets as of 2000: 2,416
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Country Dead Wounded Missing Total
Australia 58,150 152,170-
210,320
Austria-Hungary
922,000 3,600,000 855,283 5,377,283
Belgium 44,000 450,000-
494,000
Britain 658,700 2,032,150 359,150 3,050,000
Bulgaria 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919
Canada 56,500 149,700-
206,200
France 1,359,000
4,200,000 361,650 5,920,650
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Germany
1,600,000
4,065,000 103,000 5,768,000
Greece 5,000 21,000 1,000 27,000
India 43,200 65,175 5,875 114,250
Italy 689,000 959,100-
1,424,660
Japan 300 907 3 1,210
Montenegro 3,000 10,000 7,000 20,000
New Zealand
16,130 40,750-
56,880
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Romania 335,706 120,000 80,000 535,706
Russia 1,700,000
5,000,000-
6,700,000
Serbia 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106
Turkey 250,000 400,000-
650,000
USA 58,480 189,955 14,290 262,725
Totals 7,996,888
21,755,196
1,979,556
31,508,200