world war looms
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World War Looms. Failures of WWI Peace Settlement. Germany felt Treaty of Versailles was unfair Russia resented their land was taken away to form Poland & Lithuania Treaty left war-torn nations to rebuild on their own Gave new democracies little chance at survival - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
World War Looms
Failures of WWI Peace Settlement Germany felt Treaty of Versailles was unfair Russia resented their land was taken away to
form Poland & Lithuania Treaty left war-torn nations to rebuild on their
own Gave new democracies little chance at survival What took place as democracy collapsed?
Stalin & the Soviet Union 1922: Revolutions in
Russia gave way to a Communist state Soviet Union
1924: Joseph Stalin took control of the gov’t
Focused on creating a model Communist state
Stalin & SU contd 1927: Stamped out all private enterprise
Production only under state control 1928: Goal- turn SU into great industrial
power To accomplish goals the Soviet became
a police state
Fascism in Italy 1919: Benito Mussolini began
his rise to power Many people who feared
communism became supporters of Mussolini
1935: Fascist Part established & won 35 seats in Italian Parliament
FACISM: strong centralized govt headed by a dictator
Nazis take over Germany 1919: Adolf Hitler joined the Nazi
party, soon became leader or Fuhrer
Mein Kamf (My Struggle) March 1932: Hitler won more votes
than any other party Jan. 1933: appointed Chancellor Once in power democratic govt
dismantled Third Reich established
Japan Militaristic leaders take over Shared Hitler’s belief in more living
space 1931: Surprise invasion of Manchuria
First test for League of Nations Report condemned Japan Japan simply quit League
League of Nations Failure 1933: Hitler pulls Germany out of League 1935: Began military build up
Sent troops into the Rhineland Signed Rome-Berlin Axis Pact
Mussolini began building his own Roman Empire
June 1936: Ethiopia fell to Italy “It is us today, it will be you tomorrow” Ethiopian
Emporer
America Responds Americans had strong anti-war feelings
1937: poll 70% of Americans believed they should not have entered WWI
Breakdown America took sides when Hitler &
Mussolini came to Franco’s aid Supported Franco with
Troops, weapons, & fighter planes 1939: Spain fell to a totalitarian govt. 1937: FDR went against Neutrality acts
& sent China aid
Austria Feb 1938: Hitler met with Austrian chancellor
Kurt von Schuschnigg Schuschnigg was bullied into signing a pact
that brought Austrian Nazis into his govt. Schuschnigg had second thoughts
March 12, 1938: German troops forced chancellor to resign
Sudetenland At the end of WWI
the Sudetenland was joined to Czechoslovakia Mountainous region
with 3 million German speaking people
Sudetenland Spring 1938: Hitler charged the Czechs
with abusing Sudeten Germans France & GB promised to protect
Czechoslovakia Just before war broke Hitler called a
meeting in Munich Edouard Daladier - French Premier Neville Chamberlain- British PM
Sudetenland
Hitler claimed Sudetenland would be his last territorial claim
September 1938: Munich Pact signed Turned land over to
Hitler w/o a shot fired
Reactions Chamberlain returned
home claiming “peace in our time”
Britain rejoiced except for Winston Churchill
Churchill claimed the pact was a policy of appeasement
German Offensive Begins
March 1939:Hitler broke the Munich Pact & seized control of Czechoslovakia
Poland Charged with the same mistreatment of
Germans Both France & GB promised aid
People didn’t think Hitler was serious because of the Soviet’s location to Poland
Stalin did not want war with Germany August 1939: The SU & Germany signed a
non-agression pact Also signed a secret pact: agreeing to divide
Poland between them
Invasion of Poland Sept. 1, 1939:
German war planes flew over Poland dropping bombs & tanks rolled over the country side
Sept. 1939: Nazi soldiers marching through Warsaw
Poland Germany tested a
new strategy- Blitzkrieg or lightning war
By the end of Sept. Poland ceased to exist
Britain & France declared war on Germany Sept. 3
Europe 1939
Axis PowersJapan, Germany, & Italy Tripartite Pact -each Axis nation agreed
to come to the aid of the other incase of attack If the United States were to declare war on
any Axis power it would face a two ocean war
The Phony War Countries expect & braced for heavy
combat Troops sat & waited in peace
After months SU broke the peace by taking countries it lost in WWI Finland was the only one to put up a fight &
fell
Phony War Ends By the end of May
Germany took … Denmark, Norway,
Netherlands, Belgium & Luxembourg
Fall of France Before the war France fortified its
border with Germany (Maginot line) Invasion of Belgium threatened France Hitler sent forces to France
Allied forces fled to Dunkirk Italy invades from the south
Fall of France June 1940:Germany
reached Paris Hitler hands over his
terms of surrender Germans occupy
Northern France Nazi-controlled
puppet govt. in S. France
France General Charles
DeGaule Fled to England Set up govt in exile
Britain Stands Alone
May 1940: Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister
Battle of Britain Summer- Fall 1940 The Blitz
Luftwaffe or German Airforce
Goal: gain control of the skies
On a single day 1,000 planes would bomb England
Battle of Britain
Targets: Airfields, aircraft &
eventually cities RAF: fought back
with help of radar
Royal Air Force (RAF)
The London “Tube”
Air Raid shelters during the “blitz”
U-Boat Attacks British & Soviet supplies from America
were being destroyed by U-boats Wolf-packs: 15 to 20 U-boat groups April-May 1941: Germans sank 1.2 million
tons of British shipping June 1941: FDR orders the Navy to protect
shipments Permission to attack U-boats in self defense
Atlantic Charter
FDR & Winston Churchill met secretly to form a declaration of war principles Atlantic Charter spelled out causes in
which WWII was fought
Japanese Aggression Nationalist leaders take control of Japanese
government Shared Hitler’s belief of more living space
Japan kept claiming more lands in its colonial empire
July 1941- Japan takes military bases in French Indochina US cut off trade with Japan Oil embargo
Japan Continued October 1941- Hideki Tojo became Prime
Minister of Japan Tojo promised Hirohito a final attempt to make
peace with America No peace = war November 5, 1941- Tojo flew to Washington
for peace talks At the same time he ordered the Japanese navy to
prepare for attack
Japan The US broke Japan’s secret codes
They knew an attack was coming but did not know when
FDR sent a war warning to Guam, the Philippines, and Hawaii
Peace talks went on for a month Dec. 6- FDR received a decoded message
instructing Japan to reject all peace terms
Battleship Row
“A date that will live in infamy”… Dec. 7, 1941- Two wave attack on
Oahu, Hawaii First at 7:53 am Second at 8:55 am 2,403 left dead 188 destroyed planes 8 damaged or destroyed battleships
USS Arizona
Pearl Harbor Japanese Navy crippled the entire US
Pacific Fleet More damage to US Navy than all of WWI Threw America into a two front war Congress approved a declaration of war
the next day Dec 11- Germany & Italy declared war on
the US
Pearl Harbor
Battle of Stalingrad
Turning point in the war Germans are on the defensive for the
rest of the war * US not involved
German Army Russian Army1,011,500 men 1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery guns
13,541 artillery guns
675 tanks 894 tanks
1,216 planes 1,115 planes
Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders for D-Day
Prior to D-DAY
D-Day (June 6, 1944)
Allied landing on the shores of Normandy
Code Name: Operation Overlord 5,000 ships 11,000 aircraft 150,000 men
Normandy Landing
Defeat of Germany May 2, 1945: Berlin
falls May 7: surrender
signed May 8: V-E Day the war
in Europe is over Germany placed under
Allied control & divided into 4 occupied zones
Chapter 25 Section 1
America Mobilizes on the Home Front
Selective Service “Remember Pearl Harbor” 5 million men volunteered for the war effort
Not enough to fight two front war
Selective Service Draft provided 10 million soldiers to meet the
military’s needs All men 18-45 required to register A GI’s basic training lasted 8 weeks
Women in the Military 1942- Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps
(WAAC) is formed Women did the same jobs as men for less
pay, rank, and/or benefits Great opposition 13,000 women applied on the first day 250,000 in all
Minorities All fought in segregated units Most African Americans were assigned non
combat roles except for Tuskegee Airmen Tuskegee Airmen - all black unit of Army Air
Pilots From 1940-1946, 1,000 Black pilots were
trained The Airmen’s success during WWII was not
losing a single bomber to enemy fire in more than 200 combat missions
Industrial Response Onset of war caused great industrial boom
325 new factories in Chicago Factories were reconfigured for war
production Workers schedules expanded to 60 hour
weeks Increase in work was great for nation
Due to the draft a large number of men were absent from jobs
Women and Labor
Women and Labor “The More Women at work the sooner we will
win” Held many benefits
Extra income for families struggling to get out of the Depression
14.6 million women prior to war 19.4 million during war More than 2 million recruited by posters By the end of the war 1 in 4 housewives was
employed
Women & Labor 1940
39 million men 12.5 million women
1950 43 million men 16 million women
Women and Labor
African Americans & Labor 2 million minorities hired during war
years Prior to war 75% of defense contractors
refused to hire African Americans Others were employed in unskilled jobs
African Americans & Labor Protests organized
by A. Philip Randolph Randolph agreed to
back down when FDR called for fair employment
Government Control Office of Scientific Research &
Development - OSRD Brought scientists into the war effort Developed DDT- kept away body lice Began developing the atom bomb 1939- Uranium atom split (German)
Albert Einstein wrote FDR warning of dev. Start of Manhattan Project
Government take Control
• Took measures to prevent inflation Office of Price Administration:
• Froze prices on most goods • Extended income tax • Encouraged purchase of war bonds • Set up rationing - Coupons - meat, butter,
cheese, sugar, coffee
Government Control War Production Board
• In charge of converting companies to wartime co.
• Collections of : scrap metals, tin, iron, paper, rags, and cooking fat
• Rationed fuel & vital material to the war effort
Japanese Internment 1942-Forced removal of 120,000
Japanese & Japanese Americans 62% American citizens Entire West Coast sent to “war relocation
camps” 1944- Supreme Court
Upheld internment based on ability to curtail civil rights of a racial group when it’s a public necessity
Japanese Internment
Japanese Internment
Japanese Internment
Photo by: Ansel Adams
Japanese Internment
Homework
1. Describe the changes brought to home life because of the war. (detail!)
2. How did Americans react to the Japanese American population?
3. What Amendments did relocation violate?
WAR IN THE PACIFIC
•BATAAN •DEC 1941- JAN 1942•LOCATION: PHILIPPINES •WINNER: JAPAN
•US LOSES CONTROL OF PHILIPPINES•12,000 SURRENDER AT BATAAN•85,000 DIE - BATAAN DEATH MARCH (65 milesIn 3 days to POW camp)* MacArthur- “I shall return”
War in the Pacific
*First 6 months after Pearl Harbor- Japanese take an empire that dwarfed Hitler’s
After the war in Europe was over the focus moved to the Pacific “Island hopping”
Air Raids on Tokyo APRIL 1942 WHERE: Japan WHO: Colonel James Doolittle WINNER: US
Psychological victory for US because bombs do little damage to Tokyo
Japan questions its defense
Battle of Midway TURNING POINT OF PACIFIC CAMPAIGN
Japan wanted islands that sit 1,000 miles northwest of HI to use as an outpost
Organized a surprised attack with 200 ships & 600 planes US found out about the attack
June 3, 1942: Japanese were spotted by the US & attacked with torpedo planes & sank 4 carriers
Japanese retreat
Island Hopping LOCATION: South & Central Pacific Islands April 1943- June 1944
Winner: US US plan to attack selected islands & ignore others Battles take place on many islands including:
Truk, Tarawa, Marshall, Eniwetok
Iwo Jima & Okinawa June- Feb 1945 South of Japan
Islands needed for air strikes on Japan Very costly for US to take both islands
Iwo: 7,000 KIA & 19,000 wounded Okinawa: 50,000 casualties
Japan lost over 130,000 combined
Defeat of Japan Aug- Sept 1945 Japan & Tokyo Bay
July 45: while US is completing Manhattan Project, they attempt to convince Japan to surrender
Japan seemed willing but on their terms, not ours Aug 6: B-29 Enola Gay drops a uranium bomb on
Hiroshima The bomb instantly kills 80,000 & incinerates 42 square miles
Aug 9: B-29 Bock’s Car drops a plutonium bomb on Nagasaki
It kills 40,000 & destroys city
Terms of Surrender Debate over terms of surrender are settled September 2, 1945 the Japanese Supreme
Council signs the papers on the deck of the USS Missouri
September 2 is V-J Day WWII is now over Japan placed under US control & the
rebuilding process begins
Navajo Code Talkers Used throughout Pacific Campaign Recruited to the Marines
Primary duty: transmitting phone & radio messages
Navajo language had no alphabet or written symbols Perfect for code language
Had no words for combat terms