World War I Review

1. Alliances2. Fashoda3. Morocco4. Balkans

5. WWI

Triple Alliance

1879 Germany and AH military alliance

1882 Italy added If any member

became involved in war with two or more powers, allies should aid with force of arms

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Triple Entente

1894 Franco Russian Alliance French loans and financing to

Russia Russia guarantees defense of

France Splendid Isolation of GB ends with

Boer War and 1902 GB and Japan alliance against Russia

1904 GB and French support one another against third parties1907 GB and Russia sign Anglo Russian Convention

GB refuses to commit militarily

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Fashoda Crisis- France v GB

Sept 18,1898 France East to West Railroad GB North to South Railroad Fashoda Sudan Obscure Outpost

– French on July 10 under FFM: Gabriel Hanotaux, Military Jean-Baptiste Marchand

– GB on Sept 18; Sir Herbert Kitchener– To War or Not to War?– Nov 4, Delcasse new FFM withdraws but continues to

other posts March 21, 1899 Nile and the Congo Mark

Boundaries Resentment between GB and France

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Russo Japanese War

Nicholas II Czar Tsar controlled by

Rasputin– Russia has many

internal problems– Attempts to expand

Japan defeats Russia in 1905

Teddy Roosevelt helps reach a peace agreement

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Russo Japanese War

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Moroccan Crisis

1904 GB gives France Morocco (near Algeria)

1905 Germany declares support for an independent Morocco to test the GB French alliance

1906 Algeciras Conference – GB defends France – AH votes with Germany– Morocco as a French protectorate

GB is pushed into the arms of France

Moroccan Crisis Cont

1911 Second Crisis– German gunboat protecting ‘German

Interests’ in Agadir Morocco won’t leave until Germany has the French Congo

– Tension mounts and GB is angered again

France gives Germany some small land in Africa

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Balkan Crises

Balkans are controlled by OE, AH, Influenced by Russia, Independent

Many Ethnic and Religious Groups 1878 AH occupied and administered

Austria– 1900 Radical Slav nationalists Indp = Coats,

Slovenian, and Serbians join as one country 1908 Young Turks overthrow Sultan Russia focuses on Balkans for Expansion

Balkans Cont

AH Alois von Aethrenthal and Russia Alexander Isvolsky– Secret agreement:

Call international conference, support each other Austria gets Bosnia, Russia gets Straits

– Austria annexes Bosnia without the conference, GB and France are upset and do not back Russia

– Serbs are violated by AH– Russian Public Opinion is Upset

Balkans Cont

1911 Italy declares war on Turkey (OE)– Wins Tripoli and Dodecanese Islands– Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece join forces against Turkey– Bulgarians claim more Macedonia than Serbs

would yield 1912 Second War

– Serbia and Greece both claim Albania, Italy was promised Albania

– Great powers step in an give Albania Independence keeping Serbia from the sea and upsetting Russia again

Exasperation in Austria, Desperation in Serbia, Humiliation in Russia

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Trench Warfare and Stalemate Packet

Schlieffan Plan Battle of the Marne Reverse! Battle of Verdun 6 months, 700,000 dead Gallipoli 145,000 dead Battle of the Somme 60,000 dead in first

week and advanced 1 mile; 1,100,000 died

No tanks, horses, no self propelled guns, trucks, machine gun,

Submarine Warfare and Blockades

Soldiers

British Soldiers' Kit

The soldiers who attacked on the Somme on 1 July 1916 are sometimes portrayed as being laden with a pack weighing over 66lbs (30kg). While it is true that the British soldier’s load in full ‘marching order’ exceeded 66lbs, the initial fighting waves on the Somme were more lightly equipped. Official records and photographic evidence show what was worn and carried. By the start of the Battle every British soldier had been issued with a steel helmet.

The War Diary of 94th Brigade (The National Archives WO95/2363), which attacked at Serre, specified the following clothing and equipment for 1 July 1916:

Dress – Marching order without packs, groundsheet rolled on the belt with the mess tin on top, haversack on the back.

Each man carries 170 rounds of SAA [small arms ammunition] – 120 in pouches and 1 bandolier containing 50 rounds.

4 bombs, 4 [empty] sandbags Gas helmet (rolled under steel helmet) 1 complete day’s rations in addition to Iron Rations. Tin disc tied to the outside of the haversack with string (this was intended

to reflect light so that senior commanders and artillery spotters could keep track of the advancing waves advancing wave

Home front Packet

Propaganda Conscription Rations Total Mobilization Government Planning Women to Work