World War I and It’s World War I and It’s AftermathAftermath

American History (B)American History (B)

Mr. SimmonsMr. Simmons

Wilson’s DiplomacyWilson’s Diplomacy Wilson opposed imperialism and believed Wilson opposed imperialism and believed

democracy was necessary to keep nation democracy was necessary to keep nation stable, he opposed revolution and warstable, he opposed revolution and war

1911 revolution in Mexico, Victoriano Huerta 1911 revolution in Mexico, Victoriano Huerta seized power Wilson refused to recognize seized power Wilson refused to recognize Huerta.Huerta.

Wilson sent marines to Veracruz port to help Wilson sent marines to Veracruz port to help support overthrow of Huerta.support overthrow of Huerta.

Anti-American riots broke out, Pancho Villa Anti-American riots broke out, Pancho Villa led group into U.S. to carry out surprise led group into U.S. to carry out surprise attacks.attacks.

John Pershing was sent by Wilson into John Pershing was sent by Wilson into Mexico to capture Villa but was Mexico to capture Villa but was unsuccessful. This conflict hurt U.S. foreign unsuccessful. This conflict hurt U.S. foreign relations.relations.

Outbreak of WWIOutbreak of WWI

WWI can be traced back to 1860 when WWI can be traced back to 1860 when Prussia united Germany.Prussia united Germany.

Germany and France were enemies.Germany and France were enemies. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

formed the Triple Alliance.formed the Triple Alliance. France and Russia formed the Franco-France and Russia formed the Franco-

Russian Alliance.Russian Alliance. Great Britain remained neutral until early Great Britain remained neutral until early

1900’s when they joined France and 1900’s when they joined France and Russia forming the Triple Entente. Russia forming the Triple Entente.

Outbreak of WWIOutbreak of WWI

Nationalism – intense pride for homelandNationalism – intense pride for homeland Self-determination – people of that Self-determination – people of that

homeland should have own government homeland should have own government and country.and country.

Led to crisis in Balkans (Ottoman Led to crisis in Balkans (Ottoman Empire)Empire)

Heir to Austro-Hungarian throne, Franz Heir to Austro-Hungarian throne, Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by Bosnian Ferdinand was assassinated by Bosnian revolutionary. This Act set off chain o revolutionary. This Act set off chain o events that led to WWIevents that led to WWI

WWI beginsWWI begins

On July 28,1914 Austria-Hungary On July 28,1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, 8/01 Germany declared war on Serbia, 8/01 Germany declared war on Russia, 8/03 France declared war on Russia, 8/03 France declared war on Germany.declared war on Germany.

Allies – France, Russia, Britain, later Allies – France, Russia, Britain, later ItalyItaly

Central Powers – Germany, Austria-Central Powers – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire.Empire.

American NeutralityAmerican Neutrality

Wilson declared U.S. to be neutralWilson declared U.S. to be neutral Americans mostly supported allied Americans mostly supported allied

cause.cause. British skillfully used propaganda-British skillfully used propaganda-

information used to influence information used to influence opinion, to gain American support. opinion, to gain American support.

Americans tie to the war (business Americans tie to the war (business loans)loans)

Moving Toward WarMoving Toward War British Navy blockaded Germany, Germany British Navy blockaded Germany, Germany

deployed U-boats and threatened any ship deployed U-boats and threatened any ship entering British waters was fair game.entering British waters was fair game.

Sinking of the Sinking of the LusitaniaLusitania, killed 130 , killed 130 Americans.Americans.

Sussex Pledge – agreement Germany would Sussex Pledge – agreement Germany would no longer sink merchant ships, kept U.S. out no longer sink merchant ships, kept U.S. out of war a bit longerof war a bit longer

Zimmerman Telegram was intercepted Zimmerman Telegram was intercepted (Mexico and German alliance) Germany (Mexico and German alliance) Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare resumed unrestricted submarine warfare sinking six U.. Merchant ships.sinking six U.. Merchant ships.

U.S. declared war on Germany April 1, 1917.U.S. declared war on Germany April 1, 1917.

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions

1.1. What events led to beginning of What events led to beginning of WWI?WWI?

2.2. What events led to American What events led to American involvement in WWI?involvement in WWI?

Building the MilitaryBuilding the Military

Military needed more troops, though Military needed more troops, though many thought conscription (forced many thought conscription (forced military service) violated democratic military service) violated democratic ideas.ideas.

The selective service resulted in 2.8 The selective service resulted in 2.8 million new soldiersmillion new soldiers

First war in which women officially First war in which women officially served, all positions were non-combat, served, all positions were non-combat, nurses were only women to go over seas.nurses were only women to go over seas.

Organizing IndustryOrganizing Industry

1917 the War Industries Board was 1917 the War Industries Board was created to organize production of war created to organize production of war materialsmaterials

Food Administration (rationed food)Food Administration (rationed food) Fuel administration (rationed coal, oil)Fuel administration (rationed coal, oil) Daylight Savings Time was introduced Daylight Savings Time was introduced

to conserve energyto conserve energy Sale of Liberty and Victory BondsSale of Liberty and Victory Bonds

Mobilizing WorkforceMobilizing Workforce

National War Labor Board – ended National War Labor Board – ended labor disputes during war time.labor disputes during war time.

More women had to join workforceMore women had to join workforce ““Great Migration” African Americans Great Migration” African Americans

leaving the South to move North, job leaving the South to move North, job openingsopenings

Public SupportPublic Support

Espionage Act – consequences for Espionage Act – consequences for those who aided the enemythose who aided the enemy

Sedition Act – illegal to criticize Sedition Act – illegal to criticize president or governmentpresident or government

Schenck v. U.S.Schenck v. U.S. – Supreme court – Supreme court limited freedom of speech if it limited freedom of speech if it presented “clear and present presented “clear and present danger”danger”

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions

1.1. Do the Espionage and Sedition Acts Do the Espionage and Sedition Acts still apply today?still apply today?

2.2. Can selective service be used Can selective service be used today?today?

3.3. What types of sacrifices did What types of sacrifices did Americans have to endure during Americans have to endure during WWI?WWI?

Combat in WWICombat in WWI

By 1917 WWI had claimed millions of By 1917 WWI had claimed millions of European lives, Americans thought European lives, Americans thought they could bring a quick end to the they could bring a quick end to the fighting.fighting.

Trench Warfare – created long Trench Warfare – created long standoffs between opposing sidesstandoffs between opposing sides

No Man’s Land (space in between No Man’s Land (space in between trenches)trenches)

Modern Weapons – machine guns, Modern Weapons – machine guns, tanks, poison gas (Battle of Ypres)tanks, poison gas (Battle of Ypres)

Americans enter WarAmericans enter War Doughboys – American soldiersDoughboys – American soldiers Convoys – groups of ships, merchant and Convoys – groups of ships, merchant and

supply, were brought across Atlantic by supply, were brought across Atlantic by warshipswarships

Russian involvement – Vladimir Lenin Russian involvement – Vladimir Lenin overthrew government replacing it with overthrew government replacing it with Communism. Bolshevik Party took control and Communism. Bolshevik Party took control and signed peace treaty with Germany (Treaty of signed peace treaty with Germany (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk), closed eastern front for Brest-Litovsk), closed eastern front for GermanyGermany

John Pershing put together massive attack on John Pershing put together massive attack on western front advancing American forces western front advancing American forces forcing Germany to sign armistice, or ceasefire. forcing Germany to sign armistice, or ceasefire. (Battle of Marne)(Battle of Marne)

A Flawed PeaceA Flawed Peace In January, 1919 leaders of allied nations met to In January, 1919 leaders of allied nations met to

discuss problems after war, Wilson discussed 14 discuss problems after war, Wilson discussed 14 points – free trade, open diplomacy, self-points – free trade, open diplomacy, self-determination, evacuation of territory by Central determination, evacuation of territory by Central powers.powers.

League of nations was idea to prevent war from League of nations was idea to prevent war from happening againhappening again

14 points was weakened by Treaty of Versailles 14 points was weakened by Treaty of Versailles that forced scale down of German military and that forced scale down of German military and reparations to be paid.reparations to be paid.

The U.S. Government could not even agree to the The U.S. Government could not even agree to the treaty of Wilson’s 14 points and did not become treaty of Wilson’s 14 points and did not become member of league of nations.member of league of nations.

League of NationsLeague of Nations1.1. How many delegations went to Versailles?How many delegations went to Versailles?2.2. What seemed more important to the others What seemed more important to the others

than the League?than the League?3.3. Who wrote the Round Robin Resolution? What Who wrote the Round Robin Resolution? What

did it say?did it say?4.4. What region did France want to take?What region did France want to take?5.5. What city did the Italians especially want?What city did the Italians especially want?6.6. Why were Germans unhappy with the treaty Why were Germans unhappy with the treaty

provisions?provisions?7.7. What Senate committee considered the treaty? What Senate committee considered the treaty?

Who was chairman?Who was chairman?8.8. What Senate group most liked the treaty? What What Senate group most liked the treaty? What

senate group least liked it? What indicated that senate group least liked it? What indicated that Americans were not interested in the League Americans were not interested in the League anymore?anymore?

Economy in TurmoilEconomy in Turmoil Rapid inflation occurred after the war Rapid inflation occurred after the war

when Government agencies removed when Government agencies removed controls on the economy. (Increase in controls on the economy. (Increase in cost of living)cost of living)

Increase in number of strikes, General Increase in number of strikes, General Strikes- involving all workers in certain Strikes- involving all workers in certain areaarea

Boston Police strike of 1919, National Boston Police strike of 1919, National guard called in to stop looting, upon guard called in to stop looting, upon return all police were fired and return all police were fired and replaced.replaced.

Racial UnrestRacial Unrest When soldiers returned they were competing with When soldiers returned they were competing with

hundreds of thousands of African Americans who hundreds of thousands of African Americans who had moved North during the War for jobs.had moved North during the War for jobs.

Chicago Race riots (1919)Chicago Race riots (1919) Red Scare – panic cause by strikes and that Red Scare – panic cause by strikes and that

“Reds” or communist might take control. “Reds” or communist might take control. Communism was associated with disloyal or Communism was associated with disloyal or unpatriotic behavior.unpatriotic behavior.

Mail Bombs (U.S. Attorney General Mitchell Mail Bombs (U.S. Attorney General Mitchell Palmer)Palmer)

Palmer set up the General Intelligence Division Palmer set up the General Intelligence Division headed by J. Edgar Hoover (FBI)headed by J. Edgar Hoover (FBI)

End to ProgressivismEnd to Progressivism

Warren G. Harding won the Warren G. Harding won the presidential election of 1920.presidential election of 1920.

Platform consisted of “return to Platform consisted of “return to normalcy”normalcy”

Won election by landslideWon election by landslide American people liked the idea of American people liked the idea of

returning to simpler time before returning to simpler time before progressive reforms.progressive reforms.

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions

1.1. What was the main reason for racial What was the main reason for racial violence in the North after WWI?violence in the North after WWI?

2.2. How did the Red Scare change the How did the Red Scare change the attitude of Americans toward attitude of Americans toward immigrants?immigrants?

3.3. Why did Americans want to return Why did Americans want to return to “normalcy”?to “normalcy”?