It was the best of times, It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of it was the age of foolishness, foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of it was the epoch of incredulity…incredulity…

-- Charles Dickens-- Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities A Tale of Two Cities

The French Monarchy:The French Monarchy:1775 - 17931775 - 1793

Marie Antoinette & Louis Marie Antoinette & Louis XVIXVI

Marie Marie AntoineAntoine

tte tte and the and the Royal Royal

ChildrenChildren

Queen Marie Queen Marie Antionette Antionette

Y ““The Austrian Whore”The Austrian Whore”

Ancien RegimeAncien Regime Map, 1789Map, 1789

Commoners3rd Estate

Aristocracy

2nd Estate

Clergy1st Estate

Voting by EstatesVoting by Estates

1

1

1

Louis XIV insisted that Louis XIV insisted that the ancient distinction of the the ancient distinction of the three orders be conserved in its entirety.three orders be conserved in its entirety.

Commoners3rd Estate

Aristocracy2nd Estate

Clergy1st Estate

Number of RepresentativesNumber of Representativesin the Estates Generalin the Estates General

300

300

648

Convening the Estates General Convening the Estates General May, 1789May, 1789

Last time it was called into session was Last time it was called into session was 1614!1614!

““The Third Estate The Third Estate Awakens”Awakens”Y The commoners finally presented their The commoners finally presented their

credentials not as delegates of the Third credentials not as delegates of the Third Estate, but as “representatives of the nation.”Estate, but as “representatives of the nation.”

Y They proclaimed themselves the They proclaimed themselves the “National “National Assembly”Assembly” of France. of France.

““The Tennis Court The Tennis Court Oath”Oath”

by Jacques Louis Davidby Jacques Louis David

June 20, 1789June 20, 1789

Europe on the Eve Europe on the Eve of theof the

French RevolutionFrench Revolution

Storming the Bastille, Storming the Bastille, July July 14, 178914, 1789

Y A rumor that the king was planning a military A rumor that the king was planning a military coup against the National Assembly.coup against the National Assembly.

Y 18 died.18 died.

Y 73 wounded.73 wounded.

Y 7 guards 7 guards killed.killed.

Y It held 7 It held 7 prisoners prisoners [5 ordinary [5 ordinary criminals & 2 criminals & 2 madmen].madmen].

National Constituent National Constituent AssemblyAssembly1789 - 17911789 - 1791

August DecreesAugust DecreesAugust 4-11, 1789August 4-11, 1789

(A renunciation of aristocratic (A renunciation of aristocratic privileges!)privileges!)

Liberté!Liberté!Egalité!Egalité!

Fraternité!Fraternité!

The Tricolor (1789)The Tricolor (1789)

The WHITE of the The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED Bourbons + the RED

& BLUE of Paris.& BLUE of Paris.

Citizen!Citizen!

Revolutionary SymbolsRevolutionary Symbols

CockadeCockade

Revolutionary Revolutionary ClockClock

La RepublicLa RepublicLibertéLiberté

The Declaration of the The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Rights of Man and of

the Citizenthe CitizenAugust 26, August 26,

17891789

V Liberty!Liberty!

V Property!Property!

V Resistance to Resistance to oppression!oppression!

V Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was in Paris at was in Paris at this time.this time.

The Declaration of the The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Rights of Man and of

the Citizen the Citizen 1.1. Did women have equal rights with Did women have equal rights with

men?men?

2.2. What about free blacks in the colonies?What about free blacks in the colonies?

3.3. How could slavery be justified if all men How could slavery be justified if all men were born free?were born free?

4.4. Did religious toleration of Protestants Did religious toleration of Protestants and Jews include equal political rights?and Jews include equal political rights?

March of the Women,March of the Women,October 5-6, 1789October 5-6, 1789

We want the baker, the baker’s wife We want the baker, the baker’s wife and the baker’s boy!and the baker’s boy!

A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread.women for bread.

How to Finance the How to Finance the New Govt.?New Govt.?

1.1. Confiscate Church Confiscate Church Lands Lands (1790)(1790)

One of the most controversial decisions of the One of the most controversial decisions of the entire revolutionary period.entire revolutionary period.

2.2. Print Print MoneyMoney

2.2. Print Print MoneyMoney

V Issued by the National Constituent Assembly.Issued by the National Constituent Assembly.V Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands

as security.as security.

New Relations New Relations Between Church & Between Church &

StateStateV Government paid the salaries of the Government paid the salaries of the French clergy and maintained the French clergy and maintained the churches.churches.

V The church was reorganized:The church was reorganized: Parish priests Parish priests elected by the district elected by the district

assemblies.assemblies. Bishops Bishops named by the named by the

department assemblies.department assemblies. The pope had NO The pope had NO

voice in the voice in the appointment of appointment of the French clergy.the French clergy.

V It transformed France’sIt transformed France’sRoman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Churchinto a branch of the state!!into a branch of the state!!

Pope Pius VIPope Pius VI[1775-1799][1775-1799]

Europe on the Eve Europe on the Eve of theof the

French RevolutionFrench Revolution

Louis XVI “Accepts” the Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution Constitution

& the National Assembly. & the National Assembly. 17911791

The French Constitution of The French Constitution of 1791:1791:

A Bourgeois Government A Bourgeois Government (similar to the one found in (similar to the one found in

Britain)Britain)V The king got the The king got the vetoveto [which prevented [which prevented

the passage of laws for 4 years].the passage of laws for 4 years]. He could not pass laws.He could not pass laws. His ministers were responsible for their His ministers were responsible for their

own actions.own actions.

V A permanent, elected, single chamber A permanent, elected, single chamber National Assembly.National Assembly.

Had the power to grant taxation.Had the power to grant taxation.

V An independent judiciary.An independent judiciary.

The French Constitution The French Constitution of 1791:of 1791:

A Bourgeois A Bourgeois GovernmentGovernment

V ““Active” CitizenActive” Citizen [who pays taxes [who pays taxes amounting to 3 days labor] could vote amounting to 3 days labor] could vote vs. vs. “Passive” Citizen“Passive” Citizen..

1/3 of adult males were denied the 1/3 of adult males were denied the franchise.franchise.

Domestic servants were also Domestic servants were also excluded.excluded.V A newly elected A newly elected LEGISLATIVE LEGISLATIVE

ASSEMBLYASSEMBLY..

GOALGOAL Make sure that the country Make sure that the country was not turned over to the mob!was not turned over to the mob!

GOALGOAL Make sure that the country Make sure that the country was not turned over to the mob!was not turned over to the mob!

The Royal Family The Royal Family Attempts Attempts

to Fleeto FleeY June, 1791June, 1791

Y Helped by the Swedish Count Hans Helped by the Swedish Count Hans Axel von Fusen [Marie Antoinette’s Axel von Fusen [Marie Antoinette’s lover].lover].

Y Headed toward the Headed toward the LuxembourgLuxembourgborder.border.

Y The King wasThe King wasrecognized atrecognized atVarennes, nearVarennes, nearthe borderthe border

French Soldiers & the French Soldiers & the Tricolor:Tricolor:

ViveVive Le Patrie!Le Patrie!V The French armies The French armies were ill-prepared for were ill-prepared for the conflict w/Austria.the conflict w/Austria.

V ½ of the officer corps ½ of the officer corps had emigrated (they had emigrated (they were nobles).were nobles).

V Many men disserted.Many men disserted.

V New recruits were New recruits were enthusiastic, butenthusiastic, butill-trained.ill-trained.

V French troops often French troops often broke ranks and fled broke ranks and fled in disorder.in disorder.

The “Second” The “Second” French RevolutionFrench Revolution

The National Convention:The National Convention:

Girondin Rule: 1792-1793Girondin Rule: 1792-1793

Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794Jacobin Rule: 1793-1794[“Reign of Terror”][“Reign of Terror”]

The Directory The Directory 1795-1799 1795-1799

The JacobinsThe JacobinsJacobin Meeting HouseJacobin Meeting House

They held their meetings in They held their meetings in the library of a former the library of a former

Jacobin monastery in Paris.Jacobin monastery in Paris.

Started as a debating Started as a debating society.society.

Membership mostly middle Membership mostly middle class.class.

Created a vast network of Created a vast network of clubs.clubs.

The The Sans-Culottes:Sans-Culottes:The Parisian Working The Parisian Working

ClassClass Small Small

shopkeepers.shopkeepers.

Tradesmen.Tradesmen.

Artisans.Artisans.

They shared many of They shared many of the ideals of their the ideals of their

middle class middle class representatives in representatives in

government!government!

The National The National ConventionConvention

(September, 1792)(September, 1792) Its first act was the formal Its first act was the formal abolition of the monarchy on abolition of the monarchy on

September 22, 1792.September 22, 1792.

The The Year IYear I of the French of the French Republic.Republic.

The Decree of FraternityThe Decree of Fraternity

it offered French assistance to it offered French assistance to any subject peoples who any subject peoples who

wished to overthrow their wished to overthrow their governments.governments.When France sneezes, When France sneezes,

all of Europe catches all of Europe catches cold!cold!

When France sneezes, When France sneezes, all of Europe catches all of Europe catches

cold!cold!

Louis XVI as a Louis XVI as a PigPig

♦ For the radicals, the king was a For the radicals, the king was a traitor.traitor.

♦ The moderates felt that the The moderates felt that the Revolution had gone far enough and Revolution had gone far enough and

didn’t want to execute the king didn’t want to execute the king [maybe exile him].[maybe exile him].

Louis XVI’s Head Louis XVI’s Head (January 21, (January 21, 1793)1793)

The trial of the The trial of the king was hastened king was hastened by the discovery in by the discovery in a secret cupboard a secret cupboard

in the Tuilieres of a in the Tuilieres of a cache of cache of

documents.documents.

They proved They proved conclusively Louis’ conclusively Louis’

knowledge and knowledge and encouragement of encouragement of

foreign foreign intervention.intervention.

The National The National Convention votedConvention voted

387 to 334387 to 334 to to execute the execute the monarchs.monarchs.

Marie Antoinette Died in Marie Antoinette Died in October, 1793October, 1793

Committee for Public Committee for Public SafetySafety

RevolutionaRevolutionary ry

Tribunals.Tribunals. 300,000 300,000

arrested.arrested. 16,000 – 16,000 –

50,000 50,000 executed.executed.

Maximillian RobespierreMaximillian Robespierre(1758 – 1794)(1758 – 1794)

The The Levee en Masse:Levee en Masse:An Entire Nation at Arms! – 500,000 SoldiersAn Entire Nation at Arms! – 500,000 Soldiers

An army based on merit, not An army based on merit, not birth!birth!

Legislation Passed by Legislation Passed by the the

National ConventionNational Convention1.1. Law of General MaximumLaw of General Maximum September 5, 1793.September 5, 1793.

Limited prices of grain & other essentials to 1/3Limited prices of grain & other essentials to 1/3above the 1790 prices & wages to ½ of 1790above the 1790 prices & wages to ½ of 1790

figures.figures. Prices would be strictly enforced.Prices would be strictly enforced.

Hoarders rooted out and punished.Hoarders rooted out and punished. Food supplies would be secured by the army!Food supplies would be secured by the army!

2.2. Law of SuspectsLaw of Suspects September 17, 1793.September 17, 1793.

This law was so widely drawn that almost anyoneThis law was so widely drawn that almost anyonenot expressing enthusiastic support for the not expressing enthusiastic support for the

republic could be placed under arrest!republic could be placed under arrest!

The Reign of TerrorThe Reign of Terror

Terror is nothing Terror is nothing other than justice, other than justice,

prompt, severe, prompt, severe, inflexible.inflexible. -- Robespierre-- RobespierreLet terror be Let terror be

the order of the order of the day!the day! The Revolutionary The Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris Tribunal of Paris alone executed alone executed

2,639 victims in 15 2,639 victims in 15 months.months.

The total number of The total number of victims nationwide victims nationwide was over 100,000!was over 100,000!

The Guillotine:The Guillotine:An “Enlightenment An “Enlightenment

Tool”?Tool”?Oh, thou charming guillotine, Oh, thou charming guillotine, You shorten kings and queens;You shorten kings and queens;

By your influence divine,By your influence divine,We have re-conquered our rights.We have re-conquered our rights.

Come to aid of the CountryCome to aid of the CountryAnd let your superb instrumentAnd let your superb instrument

Become forever permanentBecome forever permanentTo destroy the impious sect.To destroy the impious sect.

Sharpen your razor for Pitt and his Sharpen your razor for Pitt and his agentsagents

Fill your divine sack with heads ofFill your divine sack with heads of tyrants. tyrants.

Different Social Different Social Classes Executed Classes Executed

28%

31%

25%

8%

7%

Religious Terror:Religious Terror:De-Christianization De-Christianization

(1793-1794)(1793-1794) The Catholic Church was linked The Catholic Church was linked withwith

real or potential counter-real or potential counter-revolution.revolution.

Religion was associated with Religion was associated with thethe

Ancien RégimeAncien Régime and and superstitioussuperstitious

practices.practices.

Very popular among the Very popular among the sans-sans-culottesculottes..

Therefore, religion had no Therefore, religion had no place in aplace in a

rational, secular republic!rational, secular republic!

The De-Christianization The De-Christianization ProgramProgram

1.1. The adoption of a new The adoption of a new Republican Republican CalendarCalendar::

abolished Sundays & religious abolished Sundays & religious holidays.holidays.

months named after seasonal months named after seasonal features.features.

7-day weeks replaced by 10-day 7-day weeks replaced by 10-day decades.decades.

the yearly calendar was dated the yearly calendar was dated fromfrom

the creation of the Republic the creation of the Republic [Sept. 22, 1792][Sept. 22, 1792]

The Convention symbolically The Convention symbolically divorced the state from the divorced the state from the

Church!!Church!!

The New Republican The New Republican CalendarCalendarNew Name Meaning Time Period

Vendemaire Vintage September 22 – October 21

Brumaire Fog October 22 – November 20

Frimaire Frost November 21 – December 20

Nivose Snow December 21 – January 19

Pluviose Rain January 20 – February 18

Ventose Wind February 19 – March 20

Germinal Budding March 21 – April 19

Floreal Flowers April 20 – May 19

Prairial Meadow May 20 – June 18

Messidor Harvest June 19 – July 18

Thermidor Heat July 19 – August 17

Fructidor Fruit August 18 – September 21

A New Republican Calendar A New Republican Calendar YearYearI 1792 – 1793

II 1793 – 1794

III 1794 – 1795

IV 1795 – 1796

V 1796 – 1797

VI 1797 – 1798

VII 1798 – 1799

VIII 1799 – 1800

IX 1800 – 1801

X 1801 – 1802

XI 1802 – 1803

XII 1803 – 1804

XIII 1804 – 1805

XIV 1805

The Gregorian System returned in 1806.

The De-Christianization The De-Christianization ProgramProgram2.2. The public exercise of religion The public exercise of religion

waswasbanned.banned.

3.3. The Paris Commune supported The Paris Commune supported the:the:

e destruction of religious & royal destruction of religious & royal statues.statues.

e ban on clerical dress.ban on clerical dress.e encouragement of the clergy to encouragement of the clergy to

give up their vocations.give up their vocations.

4.4. The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris was turned into the was turned into the “Temple of “Temple of

Reason.”Reason.”

5.5. The deportation of priests denounced The deportation of priests denounced byby

six citizens.six citizens.

The “Temple of The “Temple of Reason”Reason”

Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this temple, temple,

Become the goddess of the French Become the goddess of the French people.people.

Backlash to theBacklash to theDe-Christianization De-Christianization

ProgramProgram

It alienated most of the populationIt alienated most of the population(especially in the rural areas).(especially in the rural areas).

Robespierre never supported it.Robespierre never supported it. he persuaded the Convention tohe persuaded the Convention toreaffirm the principle of religiousreaffirm the principle of religious

toleration.toleration.

The The Radical’s Radical’s

Arms:Arms:

No God!No God!No Religion!No Religion!

No King!No King!No No

Constitution!Constitution!

The “The “Thermidorean Thermidorean ReactionReaction,” 1794,” 1794

July 26 July 26 Robespierre gives a Robespierre gives a

speech illustrating new speech illustrating new

plots & conspiracies. plots & conspiracies.he alienated members of the CPS & he alienated members of the CPS &

CGS. CGS. many felt threatened by his many felt threatened by his

implications.implications. July 27 July 27 the Convention arrests the Convention arrests

Robespierre.Robespierre.

July 28 July 28 Robespierre is tried & Robespierre is tried & guillotined! guillotined!

The Arrest of Robespierre

The Revolution The Revolution ConsumedConsumed

Its Own LeadersIts Own Leaders

Danton Awaits Danton Awaits Execution, Execution,

17931793

Robespierre Lies Robespierre Lies WoundedWoundedBefore the Before the

Revolutionary Tribunal Revolutionary Tribunal that will order him to that will order him to be guillotined, 1794.be guillotined, 1794.

The “Cultural The “Cultural Revolution”Brought About by Revolution”Brought About by

the Conventionthe Convention It was premised upon Enlightenment It was premised upon Enlightenment principles of rationality.principles of rationality.

The metric system of weights and The metric system of weights and measuresmeasures

Was defined by the French Academy of Was defined by the French Academy of Sciences in 1791 and enforced in 1793.Sciences in 1791 and enforced in 1793.

It replaced weights and measures that It replaced weights and measures that had their origins in the Middle Ages.had their origins in the Middle Ages.

The abolition of slavery within France The abolition of slavery within France in 1791 and throughout the French in 1791 and throughout the French

colonies in 1794.colonies in 1794. The Convention legalized divorce and The Convention legalized divorce and

enacted shared inheritance laws [even enacted shared inheritance laws [even for illegitimate offspring] in an for illegitimate offspring] in an

attempt to eradicate inequalities.attempt to eradicate inequalities.

Napoleon as “First Consul”

Napoleon as “First Consul”

Napoleon’s Major Reforms

• Establishment of a national bank and central monetary system

• Nationalized the Educational System

• Napoleonic Code

Napoleon Established the

Banque de France, 1800

Napoleon Established the

Banque de France, 1800

Concordat of 1801Concordat of 1801

Napoleon wanted to heal the divisions within the Catholic

Church that had developed after the

confiscation of Church property and the Civil

Constitution of the Clergy.

But, Napoleon’s clear intent was to use the clergy to prop up his

regime.

Napoleon wanted to heal the divisions within the Catholic

Church that had developed after the

confiscation of Church property and the Civil

Constitution of the Clergy.

But, Napoleon’s clear intent was to use the clergy to prop up his

regime.

Code Napoleon, 1804Code Napoleon, 1804

The Influence of the Napoleonic Code

The Influence of the Napoleonic Code

Louisiana Purchase, 1803

Louisiana Purchase, 1803

$15,000,000$15,000,000

Napoleonic EuropeNapoleonic Europe

“Napoleon on His Imperial

Throne”

1806

By Jean Auguste

Dominique Ingres

“Napoleon on His Imperial

Throne”

1806

By Jean Auguste

Dominique Ingres

Napoleon’s Empire in 1810

Napoleon’s Empire in 1810

RussiaRussia

Napoleon’s Retreat from Moscow (Early 1813)

Napoleon’s Retreat from Moscow (Early 1813)

100,000 French troops retreat—40,000 survive!

100,000 French troops retreat—40,000 survive!

Napoleon Abdicates!Napoleon Abdicates!

Napoleon in Exile on Elba

Napoleon in Exile on Elba

Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)

Napoleon’s 100 DaysNapoleon’s 100 Days

1815: Napoleon’s“100 Days”Napoleon’s“100 Days”

Napoleon’s Defeat at Waterloo

(June 18, 1815)

Napoleon’s Defeat at Waterloo

(June 18, 1815)

Dukeof

Wellington

Dukeof

Wellington

Prussian General Blücher

Prussian General Blücher

Napoleon on His Way to His

Final Exile on

St. Helena

Napoleon on His Way to His

Final Exile on

St. Helena

Europe in 1812Europe in 1812

The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 – June 9,

1815)

The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 – June 9,

1815)

Coin Commemorating the Opening of the Congress of Vienna

Coin Commemorating the Opening of the Congress of Vienna

Main ObjectivesMain Objectives

Key Players at Vienna

Key Players at Vienna

Europe After the Congress of Vienna

Europe After the Congress of Vienna