world history & geography ii. founder: abraham holy book: the torah house of worship: synagogue...
TRANSCRIPT
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• World History & Geography II
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• FOUNDER: Abraham
• HOLY BOOK: the Torah
• HOUSE OF WORSHIP: Synagogue
• FOLLOWERS: “Jews”
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HISTORY
• God Spoke to Abraham (around 1800 BCE)
• Abraham makes a covenant (agreement) –love and support for worship
• God gives Moses the 10 Commandments
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BELIEFS
• The first monotheistic religion
• Following Torah and the 10 Commandmentswill lead to heaven
• “ethical world view” – people should lead moral lives
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BELIEFS cont’d
• A synagogue MUST have windows
• Bar Mitzvah: boys declare responsibility as adults
• Bat Mitzvah: girls have similar ceremony
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TRADITIONS
• Rosh Hashanah: the Jewish New Year
• Yom Kippur: Day of Atonement – fastingto repent; to purify body and soul
• Passover: signifies “passing over” from slavery in Egypt to freedom
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TRADITIONS cont’d
• Hanukkah: the Festival of Lights – a declaration of faith
• Kosher diet: no pork; dietary laws overseen by Rabbis
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TRADITIONS cont’d
• Yarmulke: worn to symbolize God’s superiorityto men
• Saturday is considered the Sabbath
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• FOUNDER: Jesus of Nazareth
• HOLY BOOK: the Bible (Old Testament and New Testament)
• HOUSE OF WORSHIP: churches
• FOLLOWERS: Christians
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HISTORY
• Jesus Christ born in Bethlehem
• Followers believed him to be the Messiah (King of the Jews) and son of God
• Attracted followers because of his message that stressed love for God and compassion for other people
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HISTORY cont’d
• Constantine granted toleration to Christians and converted in 313 CE
• Christianity was made the official religion of the Roman Empire in 395 CE
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BELIEFS
• Treat others as you would be treated
• God is a loving and forgiving being
• Monotheistic
• The Trinity – Father/Son/Holy Spirit one God in three beings
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BELIEFS cont’d
• Good deeds on Earth will be rewarded with a life in “heaven” after death
• Ten Commandments
• Jesus died for all mens’ sins
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TRADITIONS
• Celebration of Christ’s birth – Christmas
• Celebration of Christ’s resurrection – Easter
• Consider Sunday the Sabbath
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Modern Christianity
• ALL Christian religions that are NOT Roman Catholic or Eastern Orthodox are Protestant denominations
• There are more than 200 Protestant denominations today
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• FOUNDER: Muhammad
• HOLY BOOK: Quran (Koran)
• HOUSE OF WORSHIP: Mosque
• FOLLOWERS: Muslims
• GOD: Known as Allah
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• Muhammad is born about 570 in Mecca
HISTORY
• 610: he is visited by the angel Gabriel and called to be a messenger of God
• Muhammad tries to convert the people of Mecca but fails
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• 622: the Hijra – Muhammad and his followers left Mecca for Yathrib (now Medina)
HISTORY cont’d
• Muhammad was welcomed in Medina as a ruler and as God’s prophet; as a result, thousands adopted Islam
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• Allah is all powerful and all knowing
• Allah is the only God
BELIEFS
• Christian and Jewish prophets (including Jesus) are messengers of Allah’s word
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• All people are created equal and born without sin
BELIEFS cont’d
• Each person will stand before Allah on Judgment Day and go to paradise or to hell
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BELIEFS/PRACTICES
THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM
• SHAHADA: the profession of faith in Allah as the one true God
• SALAT: the ritual prayers performed five times per day while facing Mecca (east)
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BELIEFS/PRACTICESCont’d
THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM
• ZAKAT: almsgiving or charity
• SAWM: fasting during the daylight hours of the holy month of Ramadan
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BELIEFS/PRACTICESCont’d
THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM
• HAJJ: pilgrimage to Mecca – done at least once by every Muslim who is able
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BELIEFS/PRACTICESCont’d
• DIET: no pork no alcohol or other addictive drugs
• Friday is considered the Sabbath
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• FOUNDER: no single founder
• HOLY BOOK: the Vedas
• HOUSE OF WORSHIP: Temples
• FOLLOWERS: Hindus
Shiva
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“God is one but wise people know it by many names”
BELIEFS
• BRAHMAN: A single spiritual power beyond the many gods of the Vedas – an unchanging, all-powerful spiritual force
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• The most important Hindu gods are:• Brahma – the creator• Vishnu – the preserver• Shiva – the destroyer
BELIEFS cont’d
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Shiva
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BELIEFS cont’d
• REINCARNATION: rebirth after death into
another form• conduct in this life determines caste in
the next• MOKSHA: achieving union with Brahman
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• KARMA: all of the actions of a person’s life that affect his/her fate in the next life
BELIEFS cont’d
• DHARMA: an individual’s religious and moral duties
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BELIEFS cont’d
• CASTE SYSTEM (Jati): the social hierarchy that divided and framed Hindu society• Five primary groups:
* Brahmans (priest caste)* Kashatriyas (warrior caste)* Vaisayas (merchants and farmers)* Sudras (menial workers)* Panchamas (untouchables)
-- now known as Harijans
`
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• FOUNDER: Siddhartha Gautama
• Buddha means “Enlightened One”
• HOUSE OF WORSHIP: Temples
• FOLLOWERS: Buddhists
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HISTORY
• Siddhartha was born about 566 BCE into the Kashatriya (warrior) caste
• Left his home to discover “the realm of life where there is neither suffering nor death”
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BELIEFS
FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
FIRST NOBLE TRUTH: All life is full of suffering, pain and sorrow (SAMSARA)
SECOND NOBLE TRUTH: Desire is the cause of this suffering
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BELIEFS (cont’d)
FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
THIRD NOBLE TRUTH: The only cure for suffering is to overcome desire
FOURTH NOBLE TRUTH: Nirvana can be reached by way of the Eightfold Path
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BELIEFS (cont’d)
EIGHTFOLD PATH
1. Right Views 7. Right Livelihood2. Right Aspiration 8. Right Effort3. Right Speech4. Right Conduct5. Right Mindfulness6. Right Rapture
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BELIEFS (cont’d)
• Through meditation a Buddhist may achieve enlightenment
• The final goal of a Buddhist is to reach NIRVANA, union with the universe and release from the cycle of rebirth
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BELIEFS (cont’d)
• The Middle Way: The Buddha saw following the Eightfold Path as a way to salvation
• Buddhism emphasizes moral and ethical rules
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BELIEFS (cont’d)
• Both accept concepts of Kharma, Dharma and Moksha
SHARED TRADITIONS (with Hinduism):
• Cycle of rebirth
• Principles of nonviolence
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BELIEFS (cont’d)
• Rejects priests, formal rituals and the many Hindu gods
DIFFERENCES from Hinduism:
• Urges individuals to seek enlightenment through meditation
• Rejected the caste system