World History Final Exam Review

Second Semester(from the Review Outline)

1. Define Absolutism. What is it?

Absolute Monarchs

1.This was when a monarch or ruler had all the power. They believed that they had the “god-given” right to rule. (Examples: Phillip of Spain, King Louis XIV –built Versailles; Later XVI – French Revolution)

2. Explain divine right and its relationship to absolutism.

2. It gave the ruler absolute rule.

3. What was the Thirty Year’s War? (30)

3. European conflict over:• Religion, Territory• And for power among ruling

families lasting from 1618 to 1648.

• France increased its power while weakening Spain and Germany.

4. In America what was the Thirty Year’s War known as?

4. Seven Year’s War 7 = America

5. Explain the Glorious Revolution.

5. This was a conflict that happened when Mary and her husband William of Orange deposed her father, James, and forced him off the throne of England because he was a Catholic and they were Protestants. It was called “ Glorious” because no one died.

6. Who was Czar Ivan (The Terrible) of Russia?

6. He was czar of Russia; a Romanov; when his wife died he ruled Russia harshly.

Absolute Ruler of Russia

7. Who were the boyars?

7. The boyars were the land owning nobles of Russia that suffered greatly under Ivan the Terrible. They lost much power & influence.

8. Which French king boasted, “I am the state!”

8. King Louis the XIV He built the palace of Versailles to show off the power and wealth of France.

9. Why did Peter the Great move the capital to St. Petersburg?

9. He wanted a city on the seaport to travel west. He used many serfs to build it and many died.

10. What form of government did the Dutch choose after gaining freedom from Spain?

10.The Dutch chose a REPUBLIC.

11. Why were the great palaces -Escorial and Versailles- built?

11. To show off the ruler’s power and create envy between the other monarchs

12. What was the main goal of Peter the Great of Russia?

12. He wanted to westernize Russia.

13. How was the economy of Central Europe different from that of western Europe?

13.Serfs (servants) in central Europe remained on the

land to work the crops.

14.What was the significance of the

English Bill of Rights?

14. The English Bill of Rights made clear the limits of royal power. It gave Britain stronger nobles with rights, like trial by jury.

1. What is the heliocentric theory?

Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment

1 & 2. This was the idea that the sun is at the center of the universe. This was proposed by Copernicus.Galileo Galili also supported Copernicus’s theory. He even had to be under house arrest because of his beliefs.

3. What contributions to science did Isaac Newton make?

3. Isaac Newton developed the Law of Universal Gravity.

4. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?

4. Thomas Jefferson

5. Which Enlightenment philosopher had influenced the Bill of Rights?

5.John Locke He believed all people are born free and equal with three natural rights: life, liberty, property

6. What were the ideas of French philosopher, Montesquieu?

6. Separation of powers

7. What ideas did Enlightenment promote?

7. ProgressMore secular outlookfaith in Science

8. What were the Navigation Acts?

8. England’s Navigation Acts were a series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England and its colonies.

9. Britain tried to tax the colonists without their consent (permission).

9. What was the Stamp Act?

10. How did the colonists react to the Stamp Act?

10. They boycotted Britain’s manufactured goods. (Remember the Boston Tea Party?)

11. What were the ideas of Thomas Hobbes?

11.Hobbes believed that the ruler needed total power to keep citizens under control. His view is that an absolute monarchy could impose order and demand obedience.

(In other words…he believed in the total opposite view of Locke.)

12. How did the Declaration of Independence embody Enlightenment ideas?

12. The Declaration says people have the right to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness.

French Revolution

1. What was the Estates General?

1. An assembly of representatives from all 3 Estates:

First = Clergy, less than 1%Second= Rich Nobles, 2%Third = Bourgeoisie (enlightened ones)

Workers & Servants Peasants

2. About what percent of the French population was represented by the Third Estate?

2. 97%

3. What does Bastille Day celebrate?

3. The beginning of the French Revolution.

4. What was the slogan of the French Revolution?

4. liberty, brotherhood, Equality

(liberte, fraternite, equalite)Or ELF

5. Explain the Declaration of the Rights of Man?

5. This stated that “men are born and remain free and equal in rights.”

6. What were Napoleon’s reforms?

6. His accomplishments:Free public schools – lyceesCreated a system of tax collectionHe established a fair tax codeWrote new constitutionEstablished Napoleonic Code – laws

7. Explain the Peninsular Wars.

7.Napoleon wanted to punish Portugal and he invaded Spain. Spain responded using guerilla warfare.

8. Explain the Continental System.

8. Napoleon’s blockade of The European continent. It cutoff trade with Britain. Wanted to make Europe self-sufficient.

9. Discuss Napoleon’s invasion of Russia.

9. He went to Russia. Russia using scorched earth policy. Napoleon took Russia. They froze. He lost a lot of men.

10. About what percent of the French population belonged to the First and Second Estate?

10. 3%

11. Which group of Frenchmen most strongly embraced the ideas of the Revolution? Why?

11. Radical- way left of France’s govt. Jacobins Committee of Public Safety

12. What issue caused the king to call the Estates General for the first time in 175 years?

12. A tax was imposed on Second Estate.

13. Why did the National Assembly lose the support of the French peasants?

13. The NA took lands and money away from the church.

14. Which group imposed the Reign of Terror?

14. Maximillien led group: Committee of Public Safety

15. Why did Napoleon sell Louisiana?

15. To fund his war; he needed money; cut association with France’s colonies in America;

16. What were the results of the Battle of Trafalgar?

16. Horatio Nelson outmaneuvered Napoleon’s ships.

17. How did Great Britain react to the Continental System?

17. They established a blockade of their own and got into a war with the U.S.

18. What was the Congress of Vienna?

18. It established a balance of power in Europe.

Industrial Revolution1. What was the Industrial Revolution?

1. There was an increase in the output of machine made goods. It began in England during the 18th century.

2. What agricultural changes occurred during the Industrial Revolution?

Small farmers moved to the city. Enclosures are used by wealthy land owners Landowners try new agricultural methods

3. What are the factors of production?

3. land, capital, labor

4. What caused urbanization (people moving from farms to cities)?

Industrialization!

4.

Industrialization!

5. What did Britain do in order to keep its industrial secrets?

5.It did not allow its engineers, mechanics, toolmaker, inventors (etc.) to leave the country.

6. Explain the benefit of being a stockholder in a corporation.

6. If the company went into debt, they were not personally responsible for its debt.

7. Explain Laissez-faire.

7. A policy that let owners of industry set working conditions without government interference

8. Discuss three reforms that came out of the Industrial period.

8. Industrialization caused:Abolition of slaveryWomen’s rightsPublic education

9. Who was William Wilberforce and what was his goal?

9. He abolished slavery and the slave trade in Great Britain.

10. Why was India called the “jewel of the crown?”

10. It had the resources Britain needed.

11. Who were the Boers?

11. White Dutch settlers that moved to Africa during Dutch colonization of India and Africa. (Competitors of Britain)

12. Explain the reason for the Boer Wars.

12. Competition for Land in Africa.

13. Why did the Boers go on the Great Trek?

13. To move away from the British in South Africa. The Boers fled north.

14. What was the result of the Berlin Conference?

14. Europeans divided Africa into colonies

15. Explain the economic policy of cash cropping.

15. It was the main cause of inadequate food supplies in Africa during European colonization.

16. Explain paternalism.

16. When a country provides for its colonial peoples’ needs but did not give them full rights

17. Discuss the events surrounding the Sepoy Mutiny.

17. The British government took direct command of India after the Indian soldiers mutinied against the British.

World War I18. Explain militarism.

18. Militarism happens when a country keeps its power ready for war by building up its armaments (arms) and develops its weapons. Best example: Germany

19. What event caused World War I ?

19. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie by Serbian radical Gavrilo Princip.

20. Explain the “Powder Keg” of the Balkans.

20. The Balkan Peninsula

21. Who was Kaiser Wilhelm II ?

21.

22. Who was Otto Von Bismark?

22.

23. Why were Germany and Austria called the Central Powers?

23. Why were Germany and Austria called the Central Powers?

23.

24. What was the Schlieffen Plan?

24.

25. Which nation’s actions caused the United States to enter World War?

25. German U-boats bombed/sank the luxury liner the Lusitania. 1915

26. Explain the concept of Total War.

26. All of a country’s resources and people help their country fight a war.

27. Explain the meaning of armistice.

27. When two sides sign a peace agreement to end the fighting in a war.

28. What were Wilson’s 14 Points?

28. Wilson’s plan for ending the WWI peacefully and avoiding future wars.

29. What were the main provisions of the Treaty of Versailles?

29. T of V blamed Germany for WWI and tried to weaken it and set limits. For example: demilitarize Germany

30. Explain unrestricted submarine warfare.

30.

31. What was the League of Nations, its strengths and weaknesses?

31. L of N could not use force to deal with aggressive nations because they do not have a world army.

32. Explain the impact of World War I on the economies of Europe?

32. It drained the treasuries in Europe. Countries had a lot of war debt.

33. What was Trench Warfare?

33. Soldiers fought in trenches where they were safe from machine gun fire.

34. Who won World War I?

Crisis Years1. What did Sigmund Freud

contribute during the Crisis Years?

1.

2. What event marked the beginning of the Great Depression?

2. The Stock Market Crash of 1929

3. What was the Dawes Plan?

3. Charles Dawes gave 200 million to Germany to end inflation and help with the war debt…stabilize the country.

4. Who was Il Duce and what king of government did he establish in Italy?

4. Il Duce was Benito Mussolini who was the fascist leader of Italy.

5. What German political party hoped to overturn the Treaty of Versailles and fight Communism?

5. Germany = NAZI Party

6. What countries joined the Axis Powers?

6. AXIS:Germany, Italy, Japan

7. What was the goal of U.S. isolationism after World War I?

7. Stay out of European conflicts

8. What was the policy of appeasement?

8. Britain and France looked the other way while Germany invaded surrounding countries.

(This ended when Germany invaded Poland)

World war II1. Why did Hitler target the

Jewish population in addition to gypsies, homosexuals, and other undesirables?

1. Hatred of Jews, or anti-Semitism, was a key part of Nazi ideology.

2. Why did Britain and France declare war on Germany?

2. G invaded Poland

3. Explain blitzkrieg.

3. “Lightning war” Use of G’s airplanes to attack by surprise

4. Discuss the Battle of Britain and its outcome.

4. Britain was able to fight off Germany…this showed B that they could beat Germany

5. Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?

5. Japan wanted to expand; gain more islands in the Pacific; the U.S. was in their path.

6. Why was the Battle of Midway important?

6. It began the war in the Pacific and showed that Japan could be beaten

7. How did Kristallnacht demonstrate persecution against the Jews of Germany?

7. Violence against Jews.

8. Explain the Final Solution.

8. Hitler’s decision to liquidate the Jews. Genocide

9. How did the Lend-Lease Act benefit the United States?

9. The US sold ammunition to the Allied powers in Europe

10. How did the United States end the war with Japan?

10.Truman decided to use the newly buiIt weapon: The A-Bomb.

Hiroshima was bombed on August 6, 1945

Nagasaki was bombed 3 days later on August 9, 1945

11. Explain the Battle of the Bulge.

11. Germany attacked the U.S. front in the Ardennes Forest in Germany in the middle of their line…creating what looked like a bulge. Dead of winter.

12. What happened to the government of Japan after the surrender?

12. Japan was:DemilitarizedRebuilt.ElectronicEducationPowerful nation – architecture and

technology

13. Explain the Nuremburg Trials.

13. Nazis were put on trial for their war crimes and crimes against humanity

Korean War• During WWII, Japan annexed Korea• During the Cold War, U.S. and USSR split

Korea at the 38th parallel • North Korea was run by USSR & became

communist• South Korea was aided by the U.S. &

became democratic• The two fought in 1950. • Armistice was signed in 1953.

Vietnam

• North Vietnam was run by Ho Chi Min• South Vietnam was run by Ngo Dihn Diem• Vietnam was split at the 17th parallel• The U.S. came to the aid of the democratic

south.• China and Russia backed the North.• Ho Chi Minh won and reunified Vietnam making

it a Communist state• First time a superpower (US) lost.