World History Fall ACP Review PowerPoint

2018-2019

Types of Government

• Theocracy: a government controlled by a religious leader AND a political leader

• Examples: if a civilization has a god-king, it is a theocracy

Types of Government

• Absolute monarchy: a government in which a king or queen (or emperor) has absolute control over their country

• When the king dies, his children will take over (hereditary)

• Example: if a civilization has a king and no one can tell the king no, it’s an absolute monarchy

Types of Government

• Democracy: a government in which the citizens make the decisions by voting directly on issues

• Example: if a citizen votes for his president directly, it is a democracy

Types of Government

• Republic: a government in which the citizens vote through representatives on issues

• Example: if a citizen votes for representatives who then make decisions for him, it’s a republic

Types of Government

• Oligarchy: a government in which a small group of citizens has control. This small group of citizens can be military leaders, the wealthy, or another small group

• Example: if a civilization with 100 people is controlled by 5 of those people, it is an oligarchy

Types of Government

• Limited (or constitutional) monarchy: a government in which a king or queen (or emperor) rules a country, but has checks on their power (such as a Parliament)

• When the king dies, his children will take over (hereditary)

• Example: if a civilization has a king but has to follow the law of his own land, it’s a limited monarchy

Characteristics of a Civilization

Characteristics of a Civilization

• Complex Institutions: an organization (like a government)

• Advanced cities: cities with planning

• Advanced technology: technology developed by the society

• Record-keeping system: usually a writing system

• Specialization of labor: when people began to specialize in different types of jobs instead of all being farmers

The Neolithic Revolution

Before: The Paleolithic Era After: The Neolithic Era

The Neolithic Revolution

Before: The Paleolithic Era After: The Neolithic Era

• Hunting-gathering

• Nomadic lifestyle

• Neighbors were family members who moved around with you, but groups were very small

• Farming

• Began civilizations/permanent settlements

• Could be family or could be members of other groups, cities grew to be quite large (100,000+ citizens)

Effects of the Neolithic Revolution

• Permanent settlements

• The development of agriculture

• Domestication of animals

• Growth of world population

Persia

Political Cultural Religious/Philosophical

Monarchy• Cyrus the Great (ruler)• Darius (ruler, built the Royal

Road)Satrapies• Divided the empire into small

pieces called a satrapies • Each satrapy was ruled by a

governor called a satrap Standardized coins

Zoroastrianism: • Ahura Mazda, the good god,

battled an evil spirit

India (Maurya)

Political Cultural Religious/Philosophical

Monarchy• Chandragupta (ruler)• Ashoka (ruler)• Bureaucracy• Improved roads

Spread of Buddhism• More of a philosophy than a

religion• The Four Noble Truths• The Eightfold Path • Karma• Reincarnation • Founded by Siddhartha

Gautama

India (Gupta)

Political Cultural Religious/Philosophical

Monarchy• Chandra Gupta I (ruler)

Golden Age: • Developments in math, science,

and technology• Plastic surgery • Modern number system• Zero • Proved earth was round

Spread of Hinduism• The caste system

• Social structure that places priests and warriors at the top and “untouchables’ at the bottom. Social class was inherited and you could not move up or down (except through reincarnation into a higher caste)

• Karma• Reincarnation • Polytheistic

China

Political Cultural Religious/Philosophical

Monarchy• Zhou Dynasty• Mandate of Heaven: the

emperor has permission from the gods to rule

• Han Dynasty• Civil Service Exams

HighwaysIrrigation networks

Filial piety (ancestor worship) Confucianism • Philosophy emphasizing social

order Daoism:• Philosophy established by Laozi

that addresses order and harmony

Legalism:• Philosophy that says punishing

bad behavior works better than rewarding for good behavior

Israel

Political Cultural Religious/Philosophical

Monarch Ten Commandments• Basis for civil and religious laws

in Judaism

Wrote the Torah as the holy book of Judaism

Monotheistic Establish Judaism, the first monotheistic religion Later, Christianity (another monotheistic religion) will be created in Israel by Jesus of Nazareth Jesus was a Jew who claimed to be the son of God

Greece

Political Cultural Religious/Philosophical

City-state (polis)MonarchyAristocracyOligarchyDemocracy (IMPORTANT, democracy developed here!) Free males over 30 in Athens could vote

Athens experiences a Golden Age and develops democracy, trade, and artwork (including a building called the Parthenon) Classical art addresses order and balanceGreek drama Columns Separated by mountains and seas, so different cultures developed in different parts of the empire

Polytheistic religion

Rome

Political Cultural Religious/Philosophical

Roman RepublicVoting rights given to free-born male citizensTwelve Tables • Roman legal code

Patricians (upper class)Plebeians (lower class) Latin official languageArches, domes, concrete

Polytheistic religion- borrowed from the Greeks (same gods with different names) Christianity (religion developed in Israel) becomes official religion

Collapse of Rome and Han China

• Corrupt governments in both empires

• Infighting among political elites

• Empires too large in area to manage

• Invasions from hostile nomadic tribes

• Social inequality among the classes with tax burdens on lower classes

• Inequitable distribution of lands

• Decline in traditional morals and values at the cultural core of each civilization

• Public health and urban decay

• Unemployment and inflation

Development of Democratic-Republic Government

Ten Commandments

serves as example of using laws to control personal

behavior

City-state of Athens creates democracy

Rome creates a republic

Magna Carta (England) restricts the power of the king, creating a

limited monarchy

Rights and Responsibilities of Citizens

• Greece: • Created ideas about the relationship between citizens and their government

• Required military service

• (Athens) required to participate in political decisions

• Rome:• Citizens were given many legal protections along with political representation

and in return were expected to be loyal to the state, provide military service, and follow the laws of the state

• As Roman citizenship was extended to many conquered peoples, citizenship came to be a unifying concept (meaning people of many different ethnicities would have the same rights and responsibilities)

Trial by Jury/Innocent Until Proven Guilty/Equality Before the LawTrial by Jury Innocent Until Proven Guilty Equality Before the Law

Greece/Rome Israel/Greece/Rome Israel/Greece/Rome

Ideas and Institutions that Originated in Greece and Rome• Olympics: an athletic competition

• Philosophers: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

• Monumental Structures: Parthenon and Pantheon (copied later by western countries like the United States)

• Democracy: citizens vote directly for issues

• Republic: citizens vote for representatives who vote for issues

Origins, Central Ideas, and Spread of Religions/Philosophies

Origin Basic Beliefs Name of God Holy Book Laws

Buddhism India (spread by Maurya), founded by Siddhartha Gautama

• Reincarnation (rebirth)• Karma (actions have

consequences)• Nirvana (freedom from

desire)

Buddhism does not have a God, but their founder is called Buddha

N/A Eightfold PathFour Noble Truths

Christianity Israel, founded by Jesus Christ

• Eternal life in heaven after death

• Jesus Christ is the son of God

• Jesus’s death saved humanity from their sins

God/Jesus The Bible Ten Commandments (and the teachings of Jesus)

Confucianism China (founded by Confucius)

• Social order from understanding your role in society

Confucianism is a philosophy, not a religion. They do not have a god.

The Analects Filial Piety (respect for elders)

Hinduism India (spread by Gupta), (no founder)

• Reincarnation• Karma• Caste system

(hereditary social system)

Krishna, Vishu, Brahma (Hinduism is polytheistic and has many gods, but these are the three most popular)

The Vedas Dharma

Islam Saudi Arabia (founded by Muhammad)

• Muhammad is Allah’s prophet

Allah The Quran (Ko’ran) The Fiver Pillars

Judaism Israel (founded by Abraham)

• God and the Jews have a covenant (deal)

God/Yahweh The Torah The Ten Commandments

Hammurabi’s Code, Ten Commandments, Justinian’s Code, Magna Carta• Hammurabi's Code

• Political impact – by deriving a single code of laws from the body of custom of his day, Hammurabi made law something objective, and less personal and, therefore, more stable and predictable

• Legal impact – the notion of a separate judiciary, as part of overall government (this is a hallmark of modern democratic governments, the world over)

• Jewish Ten Commandments• Moses the Lawgiver• High standard of moral conduct• Covenant between God and the Hebrew people – God’s protection in exchange for keeping God’s commandments

• Justinian's Code of Laws• Byzantine Law code (529 AD) that influenced European laws• The eastern Byzantine Empire carries on the Roman law, while the western part of the empire goes through a rather lawless

time.

• Magna Carta• King John of England was forced by his nobles to sign in 1215• Political ideas – limited power of the monarchy by requiring the king to consult nobles when raising taxes• Legal ideas – no one is above the law, representative government, trial by jury

Spread of Christianity, Decline of Rome, Formation of Medieval Europe, Islamic Caliphates

After Rome was invaded by Germanic tribes,

Christianity was the only thing that most people in Europe had in common

(since most Romans were Christians). Christianity

helped to unify Europeans.

Because Rome was invaded (and had lots of other problems, like its

large size and the dependence on a military that wasn’t loyal), it fell. When Rome fell, people found protection with

local warlords.

When local warlords took over, two systems

developed: feudalism and manorialism

Umayyad Caliphate

• Moved capital

• Spent lots of money

• Overthrown by Abbasids

Abbasid Caliphate

• Golden Age: advances in science, math, literature, and art

Crusades, the Black Death, The Hundred Years’ War, the Great Schism Crusades: a holy war between Christians and Muslims

•Failure of the Crusades weakened the power of the pope

•Large number of deaths weakened feudal system

•Trade allowed for cultural diffusion

Black Death: a dangerous plague that killed 1/3rd

of the population of Europe

•Large number of deaths meant that the feudal/manorial system could no longer work

•Church loses power when prayer fails to stop the disease

Hundred Years’ War: war between France and England over the throne

•People begin to give loyalty to the king versus the lord, which damages feudalism

•Knights become obsolete

Great Schism: split in the Catholic Church when two popes both claimed to be the real pope

•Power of the church is broken when people can’t figure out which pope is the real one

Causes of the Decline of Medieval Europe

Tang and Song China Inventions

• Foot-binding

• Compass

• Paper Money

• Block-printing

• Gunpowder

Silk Road and the Gold-Salt Trade

• Silk Road: began in China and ended in Greece. Crossed the GobiDesert. Items traded: spices, silk, porcelain

• Gold-Salt Trade: began in northeast Africa and ended in Western Africa. Crossed the Sahara Desert. Items traded: gold and salt

Trade in the Indian Ocean

• Trade divided into an Arab zone, Indian zone and Chinese zone; thrived for years prior to the arrival of Europeans

• Arab traders spread Islam to East Africa

Changing Roles of Women and Children

WOMEN/CHILDREN

BEFORE the Neolithic Revolution Hunt, gather, survive

AFTER Women became more focused on children

Sparta Women: give birth to strong babiesChildren: get educated (boy went into the military)

Athens Women: educate childrenChildren: Learn stuff

Rome Women could own property

Medieval Europe Daughters of kings and nobles were often used as political pawns to create alliances through marriage. Children of knights were expected to train to become knights.

Medieval Europe (peasants) Women: cleaned, cooked, looked after childrenChildren: worked the farms

Art

• Use your textbook to review examples of art from each civilization

Technology

Civilization Technology

Mesopotamia Plow, wheel, sail, bronze, cuneiform

Egypt Calendar, mummification, pyramids, papyrus, hieroglyphics

Indus River Valley Civilization Sewers, plumbing

China River Valley Civilization Silk

Greece Columns

Rome Arches, domes, concrete

India (Maurya/Gupta) Earth is round, modern numbers, zero, decimals

Islamic caliphates Astrolabe

Tang/Song China Porcelain, moveable type, gunpowder, clock, paper money, magnetic compass, Chinese junk