World HistoryChapter 23

War & Revolution

Section 3: The Russian Revolution

Daily Objectives

•Explain how poor leadership led to the fall of the czarist regime in Russia.

•Relate how the Bolsheviks came to power under Lenin.

Daily Objectives

•Describe how Communist forces triumphed over anti-Communist forces.

I. Background to Revolution

•Unprepared both militarily & technologically

•No competent military leaders•Nicholas II lacked ability & training•Industry unable to produce the weapons needed

I. Background to Revolution

•Soldiers sent to the front without rifles

A. Beginnings of Upheaval•Alexandra, Czar Nicholas II’s German-born wife

•Falls under the influence of•Grigori *Rasputin, an uneducated Siberian peasant who claimed to be a holy man

Czar Nicholas

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Rasputin

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A. Beginnings of Upheaval

•While Nicholas was away at the battlefront, Alexandra consulted Rasputin

•Rasputin was assassinated in December 1916

B. The March Revolution•*Petrograd, Russia’s capital city•Women & workers marched through the city demanding peace & bread

•A general strike shut down all the factories in the city

B. The March Revolution•The Duma, or legisalative body forced Nicholas II to step down ending the 300-year-old Romanov dynasty

•Provisional government was headed by Alexander Kerensky

B. The March Revolution•Kerensky decided to carry on the war

•*soviets, councils composed of representatives from the workers & soldiers start to form

•Most radical group the Bolsheviks

II. The Rise of Lenin•Bolsheviks, a Marxist party called the Russian Social Democrats

•*lead by V.I. Lenin•dedicated to violent revolution to destroy the capitalist system

II. The Rise of Lenin•April 1917, with help from German military leaders, Lenin returns to Russia

•Lenin wanted to gain control of the soviets of soldiers, workers & peasants & use them to overthrow the provisional government

II. The Rise of Lenin•Bolsheviks promised an end to the war, redistribution of all land to the peasants, the transfer of factories & industries from capitalists to committees of workers & the transfer of gov’t power from the provisional gov’t to the soviets

III. The Bolsheviks Seize Power•November 6, 1917 Bolshevik forces

seized the Winter Palace the seat of the provisional gov’t

•*Bolsheviks, soon renamed themselves the Communists

•Lenin had promised peace, but it would mean the humiliating loss of Russian territory

III. The Bolsheviks Seize Power

•*Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Russia gained peace but lost eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland & the Baltic provinces

IV. Civil War in Russia•Opposition to the Communists came from groups loyal to the czar, liberals, anti-Leninist socialists, Communist White Russians, Allied forces & Ukrainians

IV. Civil War in Russia•The Communists (Red)Army were forced to fight•First serious threat came from Siberia

•Anti-Communist (White) forces attacked westward almost to the Volga River

IV. Civil War in Russia•Attacks also came from the Ukraine in the Southeast

•White forces swept through Ukraine & advanced almost to Moscow

•Each advance by the Whites was stopped

IV. Civil War in Russia•On July 16, 1918 members of the local soviet in the Urals murdered the czar & his family

V. Triumph of the Communists

•Red Army was a well-disciplined fighting force

•*Organized by Leon Trotsky the commissar of war

•reinstated the draft, insisted on rigid discipline

Leon Trotsky

V. Triumph of the Communists•deserters & those who refused to

obey orders were executed on the spot

•the disunity of anti-Communist forces weakened their efforts

•Political difference among the Whites created distrust

V. Triumph of the Communists•Whites had no common goals

•Communists had revolutionary zeal & convictions

•war communism meant gov’t control of banks & industries, seizing of grain & centralization of state administration

V. Triumph of the Communists

•Presence of foreign armies on Russian soil arose Russian patriotism

•By 1921, the Communists were in total command of Russia

•Hostile toward the Allied Powers

the czar the peasants the czar, the officials, the nobles, and the middle classes

Section 4: End of the War

Daily Objectives•Report how combined Allied forces stopped the German offensive.

•Explain how peace settlements brought political & territorial changes to Europe & created bitterness & resentment in several nations.

I. The Last Year of the War•- Allies defeated on the Western front

•- Russia’s withdrawal from the War•- War weariness beginning to take its toll

•+ Entry of the United States

A. A New German Offensive

•Erich von Ludendorff decided to make one final military gamble - a grand offensive in the west

•Stopped at the Second Battle of the Marne on July 18, 1918

•Supported by French, Moroccan & American troops

A. A New German Offensive

•Gamble had failed•Allied forces began making a steady advance toward Germany

•September 29, 1918, General Ludendorff informed German leaders that the war was lost

B. Collapse & Armistice•Allies unwilling to make peace with the autocratic imperial government

•November 3, 1918 sailors in the town of Kiel mutinied.

•Workers & soldiers took over civilian & military offices

B. Collapse & Armistice•William II left the country on November 9, 1918

•Social Democrats under Friedrich Ebert created a democratic republic

B. Collapse & Armistice•November 11, 1918, the new German government signed an

•armistice, a truce, an agreement to end the fighting.

C. Revolutionary Forces•A radical socialists group formed the German Communist Party and tried to seize power

•Social Democratic government crushed the rebels & murdered the leaders of the German Communists

C. Revolutionary Forces•leaving German middle class with a deep fear of communism

•Austria-Hungary also experienced disintegration & revolution

•Ethnic groups sought independence

C. Revolutionary Forces•Austria-Hungary empire replaced by independent republics of Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia & Yugoslavia

II. The Peace Settlements•In January 1919, representatives of 27 victorious Allied nations met in Paris

A. Wilson’s Proposals•*U.S. President Woodrow Wilson became the spokesperson for a new world order based on democracy & international cooperation

•*Fourteen Points - his basis for a peace settlement

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A. Wilson’s Proposals•14 points - reaching the peace agreements openly, reducing armaments, ensuring *self-determination - the right of each people to have its own nation

B. The Paris Peace Conference

•Secret treaties & agreements for territorial gains caused problems

•National interests also caused problems

•*David Lloyd George, prime minister of Great Britain wanted Germans to pay for this war

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B. The Paris Peace Conference

•*France was guided by its desire for national security

•Georges Clemenceau, the French premier said the French desired revenge & security against future German aggression

B. The Paris Peace Conference

•Clemenceau wanted Germany stripped of all weapons & vast payments

•reparations, payments to cover the costs of the war

•And a separate Rhineland as a buffer between France & Germany

B. The Paris Peace Conference

•Big three: Wilson, Clemenceau & Lloyd George

•Germany was not invited •Big three quarreled•*Wilson wanted a world organization, the League of Nations, to prevent future wars

B. The Paris Peace Conference

•Clemenceau & Lloyd George wanted to punish Germany

•Wilson’s peacekeeping organization was granted

•He agreed to make compromises on territorial arrangements

B. The Paris Peace Conference

•Clemenceau gave up his wish for a Rhineland & accepted a defensive alliance with Great Britain & the United States

•U.S. Senate refused to ratify this agreement, which weakened the Versailles peace settlement

C. The Treaty of Versailles

•*Treaty of Versailles signed on June 28, 1919 was a treaty signed with Germany that many Germans felt was a harsh peace

C. The Treaty of Versailles

•Germans were unhappy with *Article 231, the so-called War Guilt Clause, which declared that Germany & Austria were responsible for starting the war

C. The Treaty of Versailles•Germany ordered to pay reparations for all damage

•Germany had to reduce its army, cut back its navy & eliminate its air force

•Alsace & Lorraine returned to France

C. The Treaty of Versailles

•Sections of eastern Germany were awarded to a new Polish state

•land along both sides of the Rhine was made a demilitarized zone

D. A New Map of Europe•Both Germany & Russia lost territory in the east

•The Austrian-Hungarian Empire disappeared

•New nations: Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria & Hungary

D. A New Map of Europe•Romania acquired new lands & Serbia formed the nucleus of a new state called Yugoslavia

•principles of self-determination•ethnic minorities: Germans in Poland, Hungarians, Poles & Germans in Czechoslovakia

D. A New Map of Europe•The problems of ethnic minorities within nations would lead to later conflicts

•Ottoman Empire broken up•France took control of Lebanon & Syria

•*Britain received Iraq & Palestine

D. A New Map of Europe•These acquisitions were called *mandates, a nation officially governed by another nation as a mandate on behalf of the League of Nations but did not own the territory

E. The War’s Legacy

•Death toll of 10 million•Total war•Freedom of the press & speech were limited

•Strong central government•Opened the door for greater insecurity

E. The War’s Legacy

•Revolutions broke up old empires, which led to new problems

on November 11, at 5 A.M., Paris time in Paris

at 11:00 A.M. Paris timeThey rejoiced.

Chapter Summary