world history 1500 to present unit 3 notes: french revolution and other enlightenment inspired...

World History 1500 to World History 1500 to PresentPresent

Unit 3Unit 3 Notes: Notes: French Revolution and other French Revolution and other Enlightenment inspired revolutions, Enlightenment inspired revolutions, spread of nationalism; Unification spread of nationalism; Unification Movements; Industrial Revolution Movements; Industrial Revolution

SOLs: 1 a-e; 6 d-g; 7 a-d; 8 a-cSOLs: 1 a-e; 6 d-g; 7 a-d; 8 a-c

French Revolution and Napoleonic French Revolution and Napoleonic Era (1789-1815)Era (1789-1815)

Between 1789 and 1815, the French Between 1789 and 1815, the French Revolution destroyed an absolute monarchy Revolution destroyed an absolute monarchy and disrupted a social system that had and disrupted a social system that had existed for over 1,000 years. The events of existed for over 1,000 years. The events of this time ushered in what many historians call this time ushered in what many historians call the “modern era” in European politicsthe “modern era” in European politics

France before the RevolutionFrance before the Revolution Outdated social class Outdated social class

system (Estates system (Estates General)General) First Estate = Clergy (no First Estate = Clergy (no

taxes)taxes) Second Estate = Nobility (no Second Estate = Nobility (no

taxes)taxes) Third Estate = “Everyone Third Estate = “Everyone

Else” Else” (HEAVY TAXES)(HEAVY TAXES)

Severe Financial Crisis: Severe Financial Crisis: Indecisive Monarch:Indecisive Monarch:

““Voting Rights” in FranceVoting Rights” in France

Traditionally, each “estate” had 1 Traditionally, each “estate” had 1 votevote

New idea was to allow each deputy in New idea was to allow each deputy in the Estates to have 1 votethe Estates to have 1 vote

King Louis XVI says, “No, I think the King Louis XVI says, “No, I think the old way is the best” and locks doors old way is the best” and locks doors on Third Estateon Third Estate

A Paris mob storms the Bastille, July A Paris mob storms the Bastille, July 1414thth 1789 1789

Phase 1 = National Assembly Phase 1 = National Assembly (moderate)(moderate)

Third Estate calls Third Estate calls itself the National itself the National Assembly and vows Assembly and vows to keep meeting to keep meeting until they can until they can produce a French produce a French ConstitutionConstitution

TENNIS COURT TENNIS COURT OATH OATH

Destruction of Aristocratic privilegesDestruction of Aristocratic privileges(Abolish tax exemptions for clergy and (Abolish tax exemptions for clergy and

nobles)nobles) Proclaim freedom and equal rights for Proclaim freedom and equal rights for

all men!all men! LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITYLIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY!! Capture the royal family and return Capture the royal family and return

them to Paristhem to Paris

"Liberty leading the People" by Eugene Delacroix

The Catholic ChurchThe Catholic Church Oldest of “Old Order” Oldest of “Old Order”

(Clergy =1(Clergy =1stst estate)..estate)..needed reformneeded reform

National Assembly took National Assembly took Church lands and Church lands and sold sold themthem

SecularSecularizedized the Church the Church (elected by people, paid by state)(elected by people, paid by state)

Many Catholics become Many Catholics become “Enemies of the “Enemies of the Revolution”Revolution”

Constitution = limited monarchyConstitution = limited monarchy King tries to flee FranceKing tries to flee France National Assembly declares war on National Assembly declares war on

Austria, Prussia and eventually BritainAustria, Prussia and eventually Britain Radical groups in Paris called Radical groups in Paris called

themselves a commune and capture themselves a commune and capture the Kingthe King

Sans-culottes Sans-culottes (without fine trousers) (without fine trousers) Georges Danton minister of justiceGeorges Danton minister of justice

Constitution and CommuneConstitution and Commune

Phase 2: National Assembly Phase 2: National Assembly RADICAL phaseRADICAL phase

Radicals take over Assembly and set Radicals take over Assembly and set up National Convention (abolish up National Convention (abolish monarchy and declare France a monarchy and declare France a republic)republic)

Execute King Louis XVI and Marie Execute King Louis XVI and Marie AntoinetteAntoinette

Committee of Public Safety Committee of Public Safety (Robespierre)(Robespierre)

Reign of Terror (40,000 executed)Reign of Terror (40,000 executed)

Phase 3: The Directory 1795-Phase 3: The Directory 1795-17991799

Moderate ConstitutionModerate Constitution 5 man Directory established5 man Directory established Riots suppressedRiots suppressed Corrupt leadershipCorrupt leadership Chaos threatens …….Chaos threatens …….

Napoleon BonaparteNapoleon Bonaparte

General Bonaparte helps overthrow the General Bonaparte helps overthrow the Directory and sets up the Consulate with Directory and sets up the Consulate with Napoleon as “First Consulate”, later Napoleon as “First Consulate”, later names himself “Consulate for Life” and names himself “Consulate for Life” and then “Emperor of the French”then “Emperor of the French”

Economic and religious reforms Economic and religious reforms Napoleonic Code establishedNapoleonic Code established Military victories create French empireMilitary victories create French empire Upsets the balance of power in EuropeUpsets the balance of power in Europe French defeat at the Battle of the French defeat at the Battle of the

Nations Nations

Legacy of NapoleonLegacy of Napoleon

Unsuccessful attempt to “unify” Unsuccessful attempt to “unify” Europe under French controlEurope under French control

Napoleonic Law Code introduced Napoleonic Law Code introduced many to basic Enlightenment many to basic Enlightenment principlesprinciples Equality before the lawEquality before the law Religious tolerationReligious toleration Merit being basis for advancementMerit being basis for advancement

Spread of Spread of Nationalism….Nationalism….

After Napoleon takes over most of After Napoleon takes over most of Europe…….Europe…….

Most conservative Most conservative monarchs will monarchs will

FEAR FEAR any any

“Enlightenment “Enlightenment Inspired Ideas that Inspired Ideas that Could Fuel Could Fuel Revolutions”Revolutions”

Liberal vs. Conservative Ideas 1800sLiberal vs. Conservative Ideas 1800sLIBERALLIBERAL

1. Male 1. Male property property ownersowners

2. protect basic 2. protect basic rights/propertyrights/property

3. REPUBLIC 3. REPUBLIC (constitution (constitution and separation and separation of powers)of powers)

4. Laissez-faire4. Laissez-faire 5. Freedom of 5. Freedom of

religionreligion

CONSERVATIVECONSERVATIVE

1. 1. Monarch/noblesMonarch/nobles

2. stability and 2. stability and orderorder

3. Monarchy3. Monarchy 4. controlled by 4. controlled by

noblesnobles 5. Established 5. Established

churchchurch

1. WHO should rule

2. Goal of Gov’t

3. FORM of Gov’t

4. Economy5. Religion

Liberal vs. Conservative: a visual Liberal vs. Conservative: a visual comparison….comparison….

Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna SignificanceSignificance: leaders will re-draw map of : leaders will re-draw map of

Europe without consideration of population Europe without consideration of population interestsinterests Languages, religions, culturesLanguages, religions, cultures

EffectsEffects: leaders underestimate the power of : leaders underestimate the power of NATIONALISMNATIONALISM and give oppressed people and give oppressed people incentive to REBELincentive to REBEL

Increased Increased NATIONALISMNATIONALISM will lead to WAR will lead to WAR by 1914by 1914

NATIONALISMNATIONALISM ““Excessive pride in one’s own people, culture, Excessive pride in one’s own people, culture,

language and religion that can be both a language and religion that can be both a unifying and dividing force”unifying and dividing force”

““NATION”: does not always mean “Country NATION”: does not always mean “Country with political boundaries”…with political boundaries”…

NATIONALISTSNATIONALISTS……think it ……think it shouldshould NATIONALIST movements will want their NATIONALIST movements will want their

“nations” to have their own countries and run “nations” to have their own countries and run their own governments their own governments

NATIONALISMNATIONALISM

Nationalists and their unification movements Nationalists and their unification movements will serve as a threat to the existing political will serve as a threat to the existing political order order Italian Unification:Italian Unification: German Unification:German Unification: Other areas of concern: ANY multi-national Other areas of concern: ANY multi-national

empire!empire!

Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna Main leaders: Main leaders: each will want peace on his own each will want peace on his own

termsterms Austria: Clemens von MetternichAustria: Clemens von Metternich Russia: Alexander IRussia: Alexander I England: Lord CastlereaghEngland: Lord Castlereagh France: Maurice TallyrandFrance: Maurice Tallyrand

Settlement:Settlement:1.1. Surround France with strong countriesSurround France with strong countries2.2. Restore legitimate monarchsRestore legitimate monarchs3.3. Create of peace keeping organization (Concert of Create of peace keeping organization (Concert of

Europe)Europe)4.4. Agree to crush all Enlightenment inspired uprisingsAgree to crush all Enlightenment inspired uprisings

Colonial “Latin” America at Colonial “Latin” America at about 1750about 1750

HUGE plantations HUGE plantations give high income and give high income and status to landowners status to landowners (oligarchs)(oligarchs)

Trade was with mother countries as part of Trade was with mother countries as part of MERCANTILISMMERCANTILISM

Soon British and French move in to trade Soon British and French move in to trade areasareas

CATHOLIC religion CATHOLIC religion was very strongwas very strong

Napoleon Upsets Balance of Napoleon Upsets Balance of Power in Europe….Power in Europe….

Spain, Portugal, and eventually Spain, Portugal, and eventually FRANCE are weakened….colonies get FRANCE are weakened….colonies get independenceindependence HaitiHaiti MexicoMexico ColombiaColombia VenezuelaVenezuela BrazilBrazil

SOL 7a: Demonstrate knowledge of the Latin SOL 7a: Demonstrate knowledge of the Latin American revolutions of the 19American revolutions of the 19thth century by century by describing the colonial system as it existed by describing the colonial system as it existed by 1800: 1800:

What were the characteristics of the What were the characteristics of the colonial system in Latin America in the colonial system in Latin America in the 1919thth century? century?

How did Spain and Portugal maintain How did Spain and Portugal maintain control over their Latin American control over their Latin American domains?domains?

How did the American and French How did the American and French Revolutions influence independence in Revolutions influence independence in Latin America?Latin America?

Latin American colonial systemLatin American colonial system Duplicated “home” gov’ts : absolute Duplicated “home” gov’ts : absolute

monarchies and rigid class structuremonarchies and rigid class structure Catholic Church extremely strong in Catholic Church extremely strong in

coloniescolonies Mining of Gold/silver for export home Mining of Gold/silver for export home

was the major element of the colonial was the major element of the colonial economyeconomy

Major cities were established as Major cities were established as “outposts” of colonial authority in the “outposts” of colonial authority in the region…..region…..

Major Colonial Cities in Latin America:Major Colonial Cities in Latin America:

HavanaHavana (Cuba)(Cuba)

Mexico City Mexico City (Mexico)(Mexico)

Lima Lima (Peru)(Peru) Sao Paulo Sao Paulo

(Brazil)(Brazil) Buenos Aires Buenos Aires

(Argentina)(Argentina)

““Rigid” Class/Social StructureRigid” Class/Social Structure

Viceroys Viceroys (colonial (colonial officers) from officers) from the Iberian the Iberian peninsula…or peninsula…or peninsularespeninsulares

CreolesCreoles MestizosMestizos Natives/slavesNatives/slaves

Notable revolutionariesNotable revolutionaries

Toussaint Toussaint L’Ouverture in L’Ouverture in HaitiHaiti

Father Miguel Father Miguel Hidalgo in Hidalgo in MexicoMexico

Simon Bolivar Simon Bolivar in Northern in Northern areas of South areas of South AmericaAmerica

7d: assess the impact of the7d: assess the impact of the Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine

Announced the Announced the end of European end of European colonialism in colonialism in Western Western HemisphereHemisphere

Latin American Latin American nations to be nations to be acknowledged as acknowledged as “independent”“independent”

7d: assess the impact of the 7d: assess the impact of the Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine

United States would regard any attempt United States would regard any attempt by European powers to impose their by European powers to impose their systems on any of these independent systems on any of these independent nations as threat to US peace and safetynations as threat to US peace and safety

At the time…it was just words..At the time…it was just words..Teddy Teddy Roosevelt later issues the Roosevelt Corollary Roosevelt later issues the Roosevelt Corollary to put military power behind the warningto put military power behind the warning

Toussaint L’OuvertureToussaint L’Ouverture Former slaveFormer slave Led Haitian Led Haitian

rebellion against rebellion against the French for the French for independenceindependence

Abolished Abolished slavery (first land slavery (first land to do so in to do so in Western Western Hemisphere)Hemisphere)

Simon BolivarSimon Bolivar

Native-Born Native-Born resident resident (Creole) who led (Creole) who led revolutionary revolutionary effortsefforts

Liberated Liberated northern areas northern areas of South of South AmericaAmerica

Italian UnificationItalian Unification

Count Cavour unified Count Cavour unified Northern Italy.Northern Italy.

Giuseppe Garibaldi joined Giuseppe Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern southern Italy to northern Italy.Italy.

The Papal States (including The Papal States (including Rome) became the last to Rome) became the last to join Italy.join Italy.

Italian Unification 1850-1870Italian Unification 1850-1870

Count Cavour

Garibaldi & the Garibaldi & the Red ShirtsRed Shirts

Garibaldi Mazzini

German UnificationGerman Unification

Otto von Bismarck led Prussia in Otto von Bismarck led Prussia in the unification of Germany the unification of Germany through war and by appealing to through war and by appealing to nationalistnationalist feelings. feelings.

Bismarck’s Bismarck’s actionsactions were seen as were seen as an example ofan example of RealpolitikRealpolitik,, which which justifies all means to achieve and justifies all means to achieve and hold power.hold power.

Realpolitik: means….Realpolitik: means….“Do whatever it takes to git ‘er

done!”

“You must have read my book!”


Economic interdependence Economic interdependence ((ZollvereinZollverein tariff tariff union)union)

German nationalism among German German nationalism among German speaking areas : speaking areas : Before unification, German territory Before unification, German territory

was made up of 26was made up of 26 duchies, kingdoms, principalitiesduchies, kingdoms, principalities

Schleswig-Holstein Schleswig-Holstein Austrian-Prussian War 1866 Austrian-Prussian War 1866 Franco-Prussian WarFranco-Prussian War

German UnificationGerman Unification Called “the most important political Called “the most important political

development in Europe between 1848 and development in Europe between 1848 and 19141914

Upset the balance of powerUpset the balance of power METHODMETHOD of unification helped define of unification helped define

German state characterGerman state character (United by conservative military, monarch, (United by conservative military, monarch,

Prussian PM…all in cahoots to out fox the Prussian PM…all in cahoots to out fox the Prussian LIBERALS)Prussian LIBERALS)

German Unification (behind the scenes)German Unification (behind the scenes) Railroad system linked states and the tariff union Railroad system linked states and the tariff union

of of ZollvereinZollverein Hohenzollern tradition was to keep Prussian Hohenzollern tradition was to keep Prussian

army strong, Wilhelm I wanted that…army strong, Wilhelm I wanted that… BUT…the Prussian parliament created in 1850 BUT…the Prussian parliament created in 1850

refused to increase taxes…2 year deadlockrefused to increase taxes…2 year deadlock Enter Otto von Bismarck and his “Iron and Enter Otto von Bismarck and his “Iron and

Blood” speechBlood” speech

Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871

Kaiser Wilhelm I : Kaiser Wilhelm I : Hohenzollern royal, King Hohenzollern royal, King

of Prussia & First Emperor of Prussia & First Emperor of United Germanyof United Germany

Otto von Bismarck: Chancellor/Prime Minister

of United Germany

6F: expansion of the arts, philosophy, 6F: expansion of the arts, philosophy, literature and new technology from the 1500-literature and new technology from the 1500-1800s1800s

Who were some artists, philosophers and Who were some artists, philosophers and writers of this era?writers of this era?

What were the different “schools” of art and What were the different “schools” of art and music?music?

What improved technologies and institutions What improved technologies and institutions were important to European economies?were important to European economies?

1616thth-17-17thth century: Music century: Music

Baroque Baroque Composer: Composer: Johann Johann

Sebastian BachSebastian Bach Classical Classical

Composer: Composer: Wolfgang Wolfgang Amadeus Amadeus MozartMozart

1616thth-18-18thth century: New schools of century: New schools of Art Baroque, Classical, Romantic, Art Baroque, Classical, Romantic,

…etc.…etc. ““Classical Classical

subjects” subjects” (Greek and (Greek and Roman myths)Roman myths)

philosophers philosophers public eventspublic events Natural scenesNatural scenes Living people Living people

(portraits)(portraits)

1616thth-18-18thth century: Art century: Art

Eugene Delacroix: Eugene Delacroix: Liberty Leading the PeopleLiberty Leading the People Romantic School painterRomantic School painter Emphasis on emotions, movement and feelingsEmphasis on emotions, movement and feelings

Eugene Delacroix Women of Algiers in their Apartment, 1834

ARTIST Eugène Delacroix (Eugene Delacroix)PAINTING The Barque of Dante

1616thth-18-18thth Century: Philosopher (one Century: Philosopher (one of MANY!!)of MANY!!)

VoltaireVoltaire Free speech advocateFree speech advocate Author of Author of CandideCandide

“I may not like what you say but I will defend to my death your right to say it”

1616thth-18-18thth Century: New form of Century: New form of Literature: The NOVEL!Literature: The NOVEL!

Miguel de Miguel de Cervantes Cervantes was a Spanish was a Spanish

writer of the writer of the Golden Age Golden Age (spanish?) (spanish?)

satiric novel satiric novel Don Don QuixoteQuixote masterpieces masterpieces world literatureworld literature

Industrial Development BackgroundIndustrial Development Background Industrial Revolution = (?) Neolithic RevolutionIndustrial Revolution = (?) Neolithic Revolution

““200 years of Industrial development has 200 years of Industrial development has brought about a complete change in the basic brought about a complete change in the basic pattern of human life”pattern of human life”

Positives vs. Negatives:Positives vs. Negatives:Q: Do the benefits of Industrialization outweigh the Q: Do the benefits of Industrialization outweigh the

negatives?negatives?

Various advances that assist tradeVarious advances that assist trade All weather roads (improve transportation)All weather roads (improve transportation) Improved farm tools (iron plows)Improved farm tools (iron plows) Improved farming techniques (crop rotation)Improved farming techniques (crop rotation) Increased food production = increase in Increased food production = increase in

populationpopulation Improved ship design improves sea Improved ship design improves sea

transportation and lowers cost of tradetransportation and lowers cost of trade

Industrial Revolution (1750-1850)Industrial Revolution (1750-1850) CONDITIONSCONDITIONS in England favor Industrial in England favor Industrial

growthgrowth Natural resources (coal, iron)Natural resources (coal, iron) Human resources Human resources Favorable economic conditions (available capital, Favorable economic conditions (available capital,

stable economy)stable economy) Favorable political conditions Favorable political conditions Favorable social/cultural conditions Favorable social/cultural conditions New technology and inventive mindsNew technology and inventive minds

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution Only when first conditions are “favorable” will Only when first conditions are “favorable” will

technology and resources lead to industrial technology and resources lead to industrial developmentdevelopment Q: Q: How can a country sit on top of HUGE oil reserves and be dirt poor?How can a country sit on top of HUGE oil reserves and be dirt poor? Q: Why are political or social problems a barrier to economic prosperity?Q: Why are political or social problems a barrier to economic prosperity?

Industrial development: ConceptsIndustrial development: Concepts Places that are quick to industrialize will get Places that are quick to industrialize will get

ahead of those that do notahead of those that do not First places to industrialize will be the first to First places to industrialize will be the first to

experience the NEGATIVE effects* of experience the NEGATIVE effects* of IndustrializationIndustrialization

MISERY FESTERSMISERY FESTERS Benefits of industrial life will lead people to Benefits of industrial life will lead people to

COMPROMISE to improve conditionsCOMPROMISE to improve conditions RISE of a new middle class, change, etc.RISE of a new middle class, change, etc.

Negative Effects of IndustrializationNegative Effects of Industrialization Rapid urbanization (too fast for city Rapid urbanization (too fast for city

infrastructure to handle)infrastructure to handle) Miserable living conditions (slums)Miserable living conditions (slums) Miserable working conditions (factories)Miserable working conditions (factories) Child Labor and Women (CHEAP)Child Labor and Women (CHEAP) *Emergence of radical ideas (utilitarianism, *Emergence of radical ideas (utilitarianism,

socialism, communism)socialism, communism) Imperialism, Westernization, ethnocentrism, Imperialism, Westernization, ethnocentrism,

racism, greed, and …WARS….to be racism, greed, and …WARS….to be continued!continued!

Positive Effects of IndustrializationPositive Effects of Industrialization Urbanization in general (can be good too)Urbanization in general (can be good too) Population Increase (fewer people die as Population Increase (fewer people die as

medicine gets better)medicine gets better) Standard of living increases (for many)Standard of living increases (for many) Improved transportationImproved transportation Improved education (access and equity)Improved education (access and equity) ““Rise of the Middle Class” and …Rise of the Middle Class” and … …….”PROGRESS” as a result of compromises .”PROGRESS” as a result of compromises

between business owners and workersbetween business owners and workers

Industrial revolution spreads….Industrial revolution spreads….

Rising Economic Powers are all industrialRising Economic Powers are all industrial Each will want access and control over RAW Each will want access and control over RAW

MATERIALS and MARKETSMATERIALS and MARKETS raw materials: raw materials: Markets:Markets:

Q: What might happen when industrial nations want what Q: What might happen when industrial nations want what NON-industrial nations have? What effect will the NON-industrial nations have? What effect will the “industrial vs. NON-industrial tension” have on the “industrial vs. NON-industrial tension” have on the world?world?

CAPITALISMCAPITALISM

Capitalism is an economic system based on Capitalism is an economic system based on PRIVATE OWNERSHIP PRIVATE OWNERSHIP and the use of and the use of CAPITALCAPITAL

Growth of towns and cities and the expansion of trade in the Growth of towns and cities and the expansion of trade in the late Middle Ages sparked this economic developmentlate Middle Ages sparked this economic development

Three Main Features to learn BY Three Main Features to learn BY HEART:HEART:

CAPITALISMCAPITALISM

1. Private Ownership1. Private Ownership2. Profit motive2. Profit motive3. Free-Market Economy 3. Free-Market Economy

with with competition competition

CAPITALISMCAPITALISM 1. Private 1. Private

OwnershipOwnership: Capital : Capital belongs to belongs to individuals who are individuals who are FREE to do what FREE to do what they wish with it. they wish with it. For this reason, For this reason, capitalism is also capitalism is also called the “free-called the “free-enterprise” systementerprise” system

CAPITALISMCAPITALISM 2. Profit Motive2. Profit Motive: :

based on the based on the economic laws of economic laws of supply and supply and demanddemand, when , when enough people want enough people want something, something, producers make it producers make it because they want a because they want a PROFITPROFIT

CAPITALISMCAPITALISM 3. Market Economy3. Market Economy: a : a

money value can be placed money value can be placed on everything in the on everything in the marketplace: land, goods, marketplace: land, goods, time, and labor. Buyers and time, and labor. Buyers and sellers are free to exchange sellers are free to exchange goods and services at prices goods and services at prices determined bydetermined by…..”SUPPLY …..”SUPPLY and DEMAND”and DEMAND”

Basic Laws of Supply and DemandBasic Laws of Supply and Demand

DEMANDDEMAND = = “More of a good will be “More of a good will be demanded the lower its price. Less of a good demanded the lower its price. Less of a good will be demanded the higher its price”will be demanded the higher its price” Ex 1. Diamonds are expensive because they are Ex 1. Diamonds are expensive because they are

rare. (Women do not want cut rare. (Women do not want cut quartzquartz in their in their rings!)rings!)

Ex. 2. When calculators first came out, they Ex. 2. When calculators first came out, they were over $600. Now you can get them in cereal were over $600. Now you can get them in cereal boxesboxes!!

Basic Laws of Supply and DemandBasic Laws of Supply and Demand

SUPPLY: SUPPLY: “More of a good will be supplied the “More of a good will be supplied the higher its price. Less of a good will be supplied higher its price. Less of a good will be supplied the lower its price”.the lower its price”. EXEX: If a person can get 300% profit on selling : If a person can get 300% profit on selling

smartees, more people will start supplying smartees, more people will start supplying smartees to get the profit. But it won’t last smartees to get the profit. But it won’t last long…because more people selling the same long…because more people selling the same product means more product to sell….demand product means more product to sell….demand drops and the price comes down….drops and the price comes down….

Role of “PRICE” in relation to the Role of “PRICE” in relation to the laws of supply and demand:laws of supply and demand:

““When the quantity DEMANDED is When the quantity DEMANDED is GREATER than the quantity SUPPLIED, GREATER than the quantity SUPPLIED, prices tend to…. prices tend to…. “GO UP/INCREASE” “GO UP/INCREASE” . . (WHY?)(WHY?)

““When the quantity SUPPLIED is greater When the quantity SUPPLIED is greater than the quantity DEMANDED, prices than the quantity DEMANDED, prices tend to….”tend to….”GO DOWN/DECREASE”. GO DOWN/DECREASE”. (WHY?)(WHY?)

On a “price/quantity” chart……On a “price/quantity” chart……

Q: Why does Q: Why does a DEMAND a DEMAND curve always curve always slope slope downward?downward?

Q: Why does a DEMAND curve always slope Q: Why does a DEMAND curve always slope downward?downward?

Answer: The Answer: The demand curve demand curve always slopes always slopes downward because downward because as more of an item as more of an item becomes available, becomes available, the lower the price. the lower the price.

IR and Capitalism: Laissez-Faire figuresIR and Capitalism: Laissez-Faire figures Adam SmithAdam Smith : :

CAPITALISM/Laissez-CAPITALISM/Laissez-fairefaire Wealth of NationsWealth of Nations, 1776, 1776

““the individual, pursuing the individual, pursuing his his SELF-INTEREST, SELF-INTEREST, will will bring on general benefits bring on general benefits to society”to society”

NEED for free markets (no NEED for free markets (no government intervention)government intervention)

SUPPLY & DEMAND are SUPPLY & DEMAND are invisible forces that drive invisible forces that drive the economythe economy

IR and Capitalism: Laissez-Faire figuresIR and Capitalism: Laissez-Faire figures Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus: :

predicted that the predicted that the population would population would outpace the world’s outpace the world’s food supply food supply People should limit People should limit

kidskids Wrote: Wrote: An Essay on An Essay on

the Principle of the Principle of PopulationPopulation

No gov’t help for the No gov’t help for the poorpoor

IR and Capitalism: Laissez-Faire figuresIR and Capitalism: Laissez-Faire figures David Ricardo: David Ricardo: “iron “iron

law of wages”law of wages” Limit kids b/c people Limit kids b/c people

have more kids when $ have more kids when $ is strong; is strong;

increase in labor later increase in labor later means a decrease in $$ means a decrease in $$ and….and….

Unemployment Unemployment increasesincreases

““No gov’t help for the No gov’t help for the poor”poor”

IRON LAW OF WAGES

Effects of CapitalismEffects of Capitalism

““Profit”Profit” for owners of for owners of production/businessproduction/business

Industrial vs agricultural economiesIndustrial vs agricultural economies Market competition = price of “things” Market competition = price of “things”

goes down……(because)goes down……(because) Increased supply of “things”/goodsIncreased supply of “things”/goods Focus on Focus on PERSONAL PERSONAL

RESPONSIBILITYRESPONSIBILITY

Criticisms of CapitalismCriticisms of Capitalism

Uneven distribution of Uneven distribution of WEALTHWEALTH Poor people live in SQUALOR: slums, bad Poor people live in SQUALOR: slums, bad

sanitation, etc.sanitation, etc. Working conditions are miserable, etc, etc. see Working conditions are miserable, etc, etc. see

negative effects of Industrializationnegative effects of Industrialization

Responses to “Capitalism”Responses to “Capitalism”

““ISMs…..all over the place”, focus on keeping ISMs…..all over the place”, focus on keeping them straight!them straight!

UtilitarianismUtilitarianismUtopianismUtopianismSocialismSocialismCommunismCommunism

Utilitarianism:Utilitarianism: “greatest good for the “greatest good for the greatest number”greatest number”

“advance the greatest good for the greatest

number”“Government should enact reforms that promote more

happiness”

John Stuart Mill Jeremy Bentham

UtopianismUtopianism: ideal society based on : ideal society based on cooperation instead of competitioncooperation instead of competition

Utopia Utopia By Thomas More described an By Thomas More described an ideal societyideal society ““utopia” in Greek means NO utopia” in Greek means NO

PLACE!!PLACE!! Robert OwenRobert Owen: campaigned for child : campaigned for child

labor lawslabor laws Encouraged unionsEncouraged unions Set up model, self-sufficient Set up model, self-sufficient

community to show that it was community to show that it was possible to be nice to workers and still possible to be nice to workers and still make a profitmake a profit

New Lanark, Scotland workedNew Lanark, Scotland worked New Harmony in AMERICA failedNew Harmony in AMERICA failed

Socialism:Socialism: society (In the form of the society (In the form of the government) owns the means of production government) owns the means of production

and key infrastructureand key infrastructure

Principles:Principles: ““Equality of all Equality of all

People”People” Cooperation is Cooperation is

better than better than competitioncompetition

……at least in at least in industryindustry

COMMUNISMCOMMUNISM: : extremeextreme form of form of

socialism in which “all socialism in which “all people” own the means people” own the means

of production as the of production as the state “withers away” state “withers away”

and produces a and produces a classless societyclassless society

Karl Marx’s theory of CommunismKarl Marx’s theory of Communism Idea: that History is shaped by Idea: that History is shaped by

ECONOMIC FORCESECONOMIC FORCES (the way (the way goods are produced and distributed)goods are produced and distributed)

CLASS STRUGGLECLASS STRUGGLE has always has always existed between the “haves” and the existed between the “haves” and the “have nots”“have nots” In industrial times the “haves” are the In industrial times the “haves” are the

bourgeoisie/middle class capitalists; the bourgeoisie/middle class capitalists; the “have nots” are the wage earning “have nots” are the wage earning laborerslaborers

Marx’s communist ideas…continuedMarx’s communist ideas…continued The social class that holds the economic power The social class that holds the economic power

also controls the government for its own also controls the government for its own advantageadvantage…… (class wealth = class power)(class wealth = class power)

Middle class shrinks Middle class shrinks (small businesses are (small businesses are ruined by capitalist giants)ruined by capitalist giants)

Working class GROWS as masses of poor labor Working class GROWS as masses of poor labor at the mercy of a small, rich elite classat the mercy of a small, rich elite class

How communism is supposed to happen:How communism is supposed to happen: Poverty and desperation drive Poverty and desperation drive

MASSES of workers MASSES of workers ((proletariatproletariat) to:) to: seize controlseize control of the of the

government and the means of government and the means of production production

destroydestroy the capitalist system the capitalist system wage a wage a VIOLENT VIOLENT

REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION establish a “establish a “dictatorshipdictatorship of of

the proletariat”the proletariat”

After the “dictatorship of the After the “dictatorship of the proletariat” occurs…..proletariat” occurs…..

All property and the means of All property and the means of production are owned by production are owned by “the “the people”people”

All goods and services are All goods and services are “shared “shared equally”equally”

A A “classless society”“classless society” emerges emerges the the “state withers away”“state withers away”

““Communist Paradise?”Communist Paradise?”

See page 402

Effects of Marxist thoughtEffects of Marxist thought

Formation of socialist Formation of socialist political partiespolitical parties Advocate and support Advocate and support

revolutionsrevolutions Push for work reformsPush for work reforms Fight against Fight against

“capitalism”“capitalism”

Communists take over RussiaCommunists take over Russia Communism used by Communism used by

revolutionariesrevolutionaries Dictatorships of Communist Dictatorships of Communist

Party leadersParty leaders No communist paradise No communist paradise

established anywhereestablished anywhere

Effects of Marxist thoughtEffects of Marxist thought ““Red Scare” Red Scare” = hysteria = hysteria

over perceived threat of over perceived threat of communism/ civil communism/ civil liberties revoked liberties revoked

US foreign policy based US foreign policy based on fighting spread of on fighting spread of communism after communism after World War IIWorld War II

““COLD WAR”COLD WAR” with with USSR and alliesUSSR and allies

Proxy wars fought on Proxy wars fought on both sidesboth sides

The “perceived threat of communism”…a The “perceived threat of communism”…a visualvisual

As of 2010, there are five one-party As of 2010, there are five one-party communist nations: communist nations:

People's Republic of People's Republic of China China Republic of Republic of Cuba Cuba Democratic People's Republic of Democratic People's Republic of

Korea Korea ((North KoreaNorth Korea) ) Lao People's Democratic Republic Lao People's Democratic Republic

((LaosLaos) ) Socialist Republic of Socialist Republic of VietnamVietnam

Unit 3 Concepts ReviewUnit 3 Concepts Review

Enlightenment inspired revolutionsEnlightenment inspired revolutions Conservative vs. Liberal IdeologyConservative vs. Liberal Ideology NATIONALISMNATIONALISM Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution Unification MovementsUnification Movements Capitalism, Socialism, CommunismCapitalism, Socialism, Communism DO YOUR MAPS!!!!DO YOUR MAPS!!!!

Point to areas Industrial Nations will Point to areas Industrial Nations will …..DOMINTATE non-Industrial nations…..DOMINTATE non-Industrial nations

IMPERIALISMIMPERIALISM

Definition: The domination of the political, Definition: The domination of the political, economic or cultural life of another countryeconomic or cultural life of another country ““A stronger, more powerful country takes over A stronger, more powerful country takes over

a weaker one”a weaker one” ColoniesColonies ProtectoratesProtectorates Spheres of influenceSpheres of influence

Causes of ImperialismCauses of Imperialism

Economic causesEconomic causes:: Need for Need for RESOURCESRESOURCES (coal, iron, cash crops, (coal, iron, cash crops,

various other “RAW MATERIALS”)various other “RAW MATERIALS”) Need for Need for MARKETSMARKETS Remember Age of Exploration?Remember Age of Exploration? Remember Mercantilism?Remember Mercantilism?

Gold/SilverGold/Silver Favorable balance of tradeFavorable balance of trade Colonies for raw materials AND marketsColonies for raw materials AND markets Tariffs on imports from other countriesTariffs on imports from other countries


TechnologicalTechnological: technology and scientific : technology and scientific advances made it possible for “developed advances made it possible for “developed countries” to take over non-developedcountries” to take over non-developed

““Developed” Developed” means:means: IndustrialIndustrial ModernModern ……aggressiveaggressive


Political/Military: Political/Military: need for military bases to need for military bases to protect financial investments and to protect financial investments and to establish political influence (international)establish political influence (international)

Military might follows the Military might follows the MONEYMONEY

Causes of ImperialismCauses of Imperialism Social/Cultural: Social/Cultural:

Western arrogance and ideas of Western arrogance and ideas of “saving” the world while profiting in “saving” the world while profiting in the processthe process

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism RacismRacism Christian Missionary zealChristian Missionary zeal Greed??Greed??

ColoniesColonies This is an expensive form of imperialism in which a This is an expensive form of imperialism in which a

mother country sets up a bureaucracy to govern the mother country sets up a bureaucracy to govern the locals. Under this form, rule can be either direct or locals. Under this form, rule can be either direct or indirectindirect

ProtectoratesProtectorates In this form of imperialism, local rulers are left in In this form of imperialism, local rulers are left in

place with the understanding that they would accept place with the understanding that they would accept advice of rulers from abroad, especially on trade, advice of rulers from abroad, especially on trade, military or cultural issues.military or cultural issues.

Spheres of influenceSpheres of influence This is a form of This is a form of

imperialism in imperialism in which an outside which an outside power claims power claims exclusive trading exclusive trading or investment or investment privileges in an privileges in an area. area.

Imperialism in ASIA:Imperialism in ASIA:

JAPANESE Imperialism

Imperialism Imperialism in AFRICAin AFRICA

Famine in British India

world history 1500 to present unit 3 notes: french revolution and other enlightenment inspired...

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