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Page 1: World Geography Chapter 20 PPT · 2013-06-07World Geography Chapter 20 PPT

Presentation Plus! Glencoe World GeographyCopyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Developed by FSCreations, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio 45202

Send all inquiries to:

GLENCOE DIVISIONGlencoe/McGraw-Hill8787 Orion PlaceColumbus, Ohio 43240

Page 2: World Geography Chapter 20 PPT · 2013-06-07World Geography Chapter 20 PPT
Page 3: World Geography Chapter 20 PPT · 2013-06-07World Geography Chapter 20 PPT

Chapter Introduction

Section 1 The Land

Section 2 Climate and Vegetation

Chapter Summary & Study Guide

Chapter Assessment

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

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• Identify the major landforms, water systems, and natural resources of Africa south of the Sahara.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Chapter Objectives

• Describe the relationship between climate and vegetation in the region.

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As you read this chapter, use your journal to compare and contrast the physical geography of Africa south of the Sahara with that of Latin America. List similarities and differences in your journal.

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Page 8: World Geography Chapter 20 PPT · 2013-06-07World Geography Chapter 20 PPT

The Land

• Describe the major landforms in Africa south of the Sahara.

Objectives

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

• Explain how the land affects the water systems of Africa south of the Sahara.

• List the most important natural resources of Africa south of the Sahara.

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Terms to Know• escarpment

The Land

• cataract • rift valley • fault • delta • estuary

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

• Ruwenzori Mountains Places to LocateThe Land

• Drakensberg Range • Great Rift Valley • Lake Victoria • Niger River • Zambezi River • Congo River

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Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

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At nearly 27,000 square miles (69,500 sq. km), Lake Victoria is the world’s second-largest freshwater lake, after Lake Superior in North America. Lake Albert, named for Queen Victoria’s husband, Prince Albert, is much smaller, at only a little over 2,000 square miles (5,300 sq. km). However, it is nearly 100 feet deeper than Lake Victoria, which is substantially shallower than most of the world’s other large lakes.

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Landforms• Plateaus, Mountains, and Highlands

Africa south of the Sahara is a series of plateaus that rise in elevation from the coast inland and from west to east.

(pages 499–500)Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

• The Ruwenzori Mountains, which form the border between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, are one of the few mountain ranges in the region.

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Landforms (cont.)

• The Great Rift Valley The Great Rift Valley, stretching from Syria to Mozambique, was formed millions of years ago by shifting tectonic plates.

• Volcanic mountains, including Kilimanjaro, rise at its edges, and deep lakes run parallel to its length.

(pages 499–500)

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Why do you think so much of the African continent can be studied as one region?

It is characterized by a series of plateaus that rise from the coast inland and from west to east.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Landforms (cont.)

(pages 499–500)

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Water SystemsAfrica’s rivers originate high in the plateaus and flow toward the sea. Rapids and waterfalls make it impossible to navigate most of the rivers from mouth to source.

(pages 500–504)

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

• Land of Lakes Most of the region’s lakes are near the Great Rift Valley.

Water Systems (cont.)

• Lake Victoria, the largest lake in Africa, lies between the eastern and western branches of the Great Rift.

(pages 500–504)

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

• A Lake Meets Many Needs The human-made Lake Volta in West Africa was created in the 1960s by damming the Volta River.

• The lake is a source of hydroelectric power and supplies water for irrigation farming.

• It also has an abundance of fish.

Water Systems (cont.)

(pages 500–504)

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

• River Basins The Niger River, the main artery of western Africa, flows 2,600 miles (4,184 km) northeast and then curves southeast.

• As the river nears the Atlantic Ocean at Nigeria’s coast, it forms a delta 150 miles (241 km) long.

• The 2,900 miles (4,667 km) of the Congo River form the largest network of navigable waterways on the continent.

Water Systems (cont.)

(pages 500–504)

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Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

Water Systems (cont.)

(pages 500–504)

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

• Daunting Physical Barriers Between the late 1400s and early 1700s, Europeans were limited to trading with Africans from offshore islands or at coastal forts.

• Inland water travel was nearly impossible because of waterfalls, rapids, sandbars, and sometimes dry riverbeds.

Water Systems (cont.)

(pages 500–504)

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How do Africa’s rivers both foster and limit transportation?Parts of these rivers are navigable even by large ships. However, it is not possible to navigate the full length of the rivers. Cargo can be transported only so far inland before it must to be unloaded for land transport. The same is true of passenger ships. This may mean that there are areas that cannot easily trade with other areas and that there are places to which people can travel only with difficulty.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Water Systems (cont.)

(pages 500–504)

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• Water is an abundant resource for irrigation and hydroelectric power, but irregular and unpredictable rainfall poses a challenge to the control and use of this power.

• Solar power provides a vital source of power to rural areas. Between 1986 and 1996, 20,000 small-scale solar power systems were installed in Kenya.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Natural Resources• Mineral resources of the region include

oil, uranium, diamonds, and about half the world’s supply of gold.

(page 504)

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How do you think Africans might make better use of their water supply?

They might build dams, dredge and redirect rivers and streams, or build industries near sources of water.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Natural Resources (cont.)

(page 504)

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Checking for Understanding

__ 1. a crack in the earth’s surface created by shifting

__ 2. a crack or break in the earth’s crust

__ 3. an area where the tide meets a river current

__ 4. a large waterfall __ 5. steep cliff or slope between a

higher and lower land surface__ 6. alluvial deposit at a river’s

mouth that looks like the Greek letter delta (Δ)

A. escarpmentB. cataractC. rift valleyD. faultE. deltaF. estuary

Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.

D

F

BA

C

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

E

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Critical ThinkingIdentifying Cause and Effect Physical features such as the Sahara to the north and oceans to the east and west isolated Africa south of the Sahara from other regions. What effects did this isolation have?

For some time, goods, ideas, people, and conflicts from other regions did not easily spread to Africa south of the Sahara.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Critical ThinkingMaking Inferences Considering the region’s physical geography, what advancement in transportation do you think has contributed the most to improved travel in Africa?

Air travel has greatly improved travel in the region. Travelers can cross areas where roads and rivers are not navigable.

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Analyzing MapsPlace Study this map. What do most of the countries with elevations of less than 1,000 feet (300 m) have in common?

They are located along the coast.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

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Applying GeographyIdentifying Cause and Effect As a geographer from Kenya, write a paper on the geological process that caused the formation of the Great Rift Valley to deliver to the National Council for Geographic Education.Possible answer: The Great Rift Valley was formed millions of years ago by a shift in tectonic plates, which created a system of faults in the earth’s crust. Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes also contributed to the unique landscape of the valley and continue to shape it today.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

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CloseImagine you are traveling to Africa south of the Sahara for the first time. What physical feature do you most want to see? Write a letter to a friend or family member explaining why you want to see your chosen feature.

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Climate and Vegetation

• Relate the geographic factors that affect climate in Africa.

Objectives

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

• Identify the kinds of climate and vegetation that are found in Africa south of the Sahara.

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Terms to Know• leach

Climate and Vegetation

• harmattan • savanna

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

• Serengeti Plain Places to LocateClimate and Vegetation

• Sahel • Namib Desert • Kalahari Desert

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Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

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The dry climate of Namibia has contributed to the preservation of the rock art of ancient peoples. Granite caves and rock shelters house a great variety of images of hunters, as well as of giraffes, antelopes, and other animals, painted in warm pigments of red, yellow, ochre, and brown. These caves were first occupied around 800 B.C. Although paintings from this period have long faded, many later ones remain intact.

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• The region has warm temperatures and receives 60 inches of rain each year.

Tropical Climate• Tropical Rain Forest Dense tropical

rain forest covers the land near the Equator in central Africa.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

(pages 505–508)

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• Farmers and loggers are clear-cutting so much land that the rain forest may disappear.

• Cutting Crops at a Cost Cash crops in rain forest areas include bananas, pineapples, coffee, cocoa, and rubber grown on large plantations.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

(pages 505–508)

Tropical Climate (cont.)

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Tropical Climate (cont.)

• Savanna Savanna, or tropical grassland with scattered trees, covers about half of Africa.

• The harmattan–hot, dry air from the Sahara–dries the moisture left from heavy summer rains, while cool, humid air blows in from the southwest.

(pages 505–508)

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Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

Tropical Climate (cont.)

(pages 505–508)

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Why do you think so many of Africa’s large mammals live in the savanna?

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

It provides zebras and other grazing animals with plenty of grass. These animals are a food source for lions and other meat-eating mammals. Grassy plains with few trees are perfect for both herding and hunting animals.

Tropical Climate (cont.)

(pages 505–508)

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Dry Climates• Steppe A semiarid steppe separates

the savanna from the desert.

(pages 508–509)

• The northern edge of the steppe–the Sahel–has natural pastures of grasses, shrubs, and acacia trees.

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

• Desertification Increasing amounts of productive land in the Sahel has turned into desert.

Dry Climates (cont.)

• People have stripped more and more of the steppe’s vegetation for firewood or farming.

• As a result, desertification has advanced, stressing human and animal populations that struggle to survive.

(pages 508–509)

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

• Desert Isolated parts of southern Africa are deserts.

• The Namib Desert runs along the Atlantic coast of Namibia.

• The Kalahari Desert occupies eastern Namibia, most of Botswana, and part of South Africa.

Dry Climates (cont.)

(pages 508–509)

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What might result if desertification continues unchecked?

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

There could be massive starvation, destruction of wildlife, and a warmer climate if desertification continues unchecked.

Dry Climates (cont.)

(pages 508–509)

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Moderate ClimatesCoastal areas of South Africa and highlands regions in East Africa enjoy moderate climates with comfortable temperatures and enough rain for farming.

(pages 508–509)

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Where in the region might the climate be similar to what most North Americans are accustomed to?

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Moderate Climates (cont.)

Americans would be most used to the climate in coastal South Africa or the highlands of East Africa.

(pages 508–509)

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Checking for Understanding

__ 1. a tropical grassland containing scattered trees

__ 2. to wash nutrients out of the soil __ 3. hot, dry air from the Sahara

A. leachB. harmattanC. savanna

Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.

AB

C

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

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Critical ThinkingMaking Predictions Do you think desertification will continue in Africa south of the Sahara? Explain your answer.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Possible answer: Desertification will continue. Vegetation has been destroyed by people, their animals, and the climate, and without rain it is unlikely that new vegetation will grow.

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Critical ThinkingIdentifying Cause and Effect In what ways are people affecting Africa’s tropical rain forests?

People are using more land for farming, and commercial loggers are clear-cutting tropical timber.

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Making Generalizations How does physical geography affect the climate and vegetation in this region?

Critical Thinking

Areas at higher elevations have cooler temperatures and receive plentiful precipitation, which results in lush vegetation.

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Analyzing MapsRegion Study the maps on the right. Which climate regions lie on the Equator? What kind of vegetation thrives there?

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

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Analyzing MapsTropical rain forest, tropical savanna, steppe, highlands, and desert climate regions are on the equator. The vegetation that thrives there is tropical forest and tropical grassland.

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Applying GeographyRainfall’s Impact As a geographer studying rainfall in Africa south of the Sahara, write a report explaining how precipitation defines climate and vegetation there.

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CloseSummarize orally what you have learned about climate and vegetation in Africa south of the Sahara. What questions do you still have about the region’s climate and vegetation?

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Page 57: World Geography Chapter 20 PPT · 2013-06-07World Geography Chapter 20 PPT

Section 1: The Land (pages 499–504)

• Africa south of the Sahara is a series of step-like plateaus, rising in a few places to mountains and slashed in the east by a rift valley.

Key Points

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

• High elevations and narrow coastal plains characterized by escarpments have made traveling to Africa’s interior very difficult.

• The region’s water systems include numerous long, large, or deep lakes; spectacular waterfalls; and great rivers that drain expansive basins.

• Minerals and water are the region’s most abundant natural resources.

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• Rainfall, tropical latitudes, nearness to the Equator, ocean air masses, and elevation are the main factors influencing climate variations in Africa south of the Sahara.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Key Points

• The region can be divided into four main climate zones: tropical rain forest, savanna, steppe, and desert.

• Moderate climates such as humid subtropical and marine west coast are also found in Africa south of the Sahara.

Section 2: Climate and Vegetation(pages 505–509)

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Page 60: World Geography Chapter 20 PPT · 2013-06-07World Geography Chapter 20 PPT

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

Reviewing Key Terms

cataract delta escarpmentestuary fault harmattanleach rift valley savanna

Insert the key term that matches the definition below.

1. ________________ a crack in the earth’s surface

created by shifting of theearth’s tectonic plates

2. ________________ tropical grassland withscattered trees

3. ________________ a towering waterfall4. ________________ a triangular section of land

formed by sand and siltcarried downriver to a

river’smouth

savanna

cataractdelta

fault

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

Reviewing Key Terms

cataract delta escarpmentestuary fault harmattanleach rift valley savanna

Insert the key term that matches the definition below.

5. ________________ a steep, often jagged slope

or cliff6. ________________ a northeast trade wind

crossing the Sahara7. ________________ to dissolve and carry away8. ________________ a passage where

freshwatermeets seawater

9. ________________ a long valley between faults

in the earth, with volcanicmountains and deep lakes

harmattan

leachestuary

escarpment

rift valley

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Where are the main highlands areas and mountains in Africa south of the Sahara?

Reviewing FactsSection 1: The Land

The main highlands areas and mountains are in the eastern highlands from Ethiopia almost to the Cape of Good Hope.

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

What three great river basins are located in Africa south of the Sahara?

Reviewing FactsSection 1: The Land

The three great river basins are the Niger, Zambezi, and Congo.

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

What natural resources are especially plentiful in Africa south of the Sahara? Describe the locations of these resources.

Reviewing Facts

Water, oil, gold, uranium, and diamonds are the natural resources especially plentiful in Africa south of the Sahara.

Section 1: The Land

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Describe vegetation changes in the Sahel and the causes that contribute to these changes.

Reviewing FactsSection 2: Climate and Vegetation

The Sahel has lost much of its vegetation. People have stripped the trees for firewood and cleared land for farming, and livestock have eaten the short grasses of the Sahel.

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

What kind of vegetation grows in the savannas of this region?

Reviewing FactsSection 2: Climate and Vegetation

Scattered trees and tall grasses growin the savannas.

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

What is the wettest climate zone in Africa south of the Sahara, and what types of vegetation grow there?

Reviewing Facts

The wettest climate zone is the tropical rain forest, and tropical forest vegetation grows there.

Section 2: Climate and Vegetation

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Critical ThinkingDrawing Conclusions What resources make Africa important to the world economy? Why?

Minerals make Africa important to the world economy. The region’s minerals are in demand because supplies of many of them are limited elsewhere in the world.

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Critical ThinkingMaking Generalizations What general observations can you make about the areas of the region that have moderate climates?

Areas in the region with moderate climates are usually close to the coast or at higher elevations.

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

Locating PlacesMatch the letters on the map with the physical features of Africa south of the Sahara.__1. Lake Chad__2. Kilimanjaro__3. Kalahari Desert__4. Lake Malawi__5. Great Rift Valley__6. Okavango Delta__7. Lake Victoria__8. Zambezi River__9. Lake Tanganyika__10. Congo River__11. Niger River__12. Namib Desert

C FEBJDAHIGKL

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Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Many of the plant and animal species on Madagascar are found nowhere else in Africa south of the Sahara. How would you explain this?

Madagascar is an island. Vegetation and animal species there developed separately from those on the continent of Africa, and those that developed on the island were never carried to the mainland.

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Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Glencoe World Geography Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://geography.glencoe.com

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Study the time zone map below. Then choose the best answer for the following multiple-choice questions. If you have trouble answering the questions, use the process of elimination to narrow your choices.

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1. If it is noon in Accra, Ghana, what time is it in Cape Town, South Africa? A 2 p.m.B 2 a.m.C 10 p.m.D 11 p.m.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Test-Taking Tip Be sure to pay close attention to the locations mentioned in the question. By studying the map, you can see that the time zone in which Nairobi lies is located next to the time zone in which Durban is located. Therefore, the difference between the times should be one hour. Notice that the sample times shown on the map are different from those in the question, however, so you will need to subtract to find the correct answer.

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2. If you were standing in Nairobi, Kenya, at 2:00 in the afternoon, what time would it be in Durban, South Africa? F 2 p.m.G 11 a.m.H 1 p.m.J 4 p.m.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Test-Taking Tip Be sure to pay close attention to the locations mentioned in the question. By studying the map, you can see that the time zone in which Nairobi lies is located next to the time zone in which Durban is located. Therefore, the difference between the times should be one hour. Notice that the sample times shown on the map are different from those in the question, however, so you will need to subtract to find the correct answer.

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Ngorongoro Crater formed when an ancient volcano to the west of Kilimanjaro exploded and collapsed on itself, leaving a hollow measuring 10-12 miles (16-19 km) across and 2,000 feet (610 m) deep. The crater has been a popular tourist destination for more than half a century. Elephants, rhinoceroses, leopards, zebras, and other wildlife range across its open grasslands.

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Understanding Time Zones

As the earth rotates on its axis, half of the planet experiences day and the other half experiences night. By international agreement there are 24 time zones around the world.

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Learning the SkillEach of the 24 time zones represents 15° longitude, or the distance that the earth rotates in one hour. The base time zone, called Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) or Universal Time, is set at the Prime Meridian (0°). As one travels west from Greenwich, the time becomes earlier; as one travels east, the time becomes later. The international date line generally follows the 180° meridian. Traveling west across this imaginary line, you add a day. Traveling east, you subtract a day.

Understanding Time Zones

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Learning the SkillThe imaginary lines that divide time zones sometimes curve or form angles. The lines are drawn to allow for geographic or political needs. For example, certain lines curve around Pacific island groups so that island countries that cover relatively small areas will not have multiple time zones.

Understanding Time Zones

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To determine the time and day of the week in different time zones, follow these steps:

Learning the Skill

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

• Locate on the map a place for which you already know the time and day of the week.

• Locate the place for which you wish to know the time and day of the week.

• Count the time zones between the two places. • Calculate the time by either adding or subtracting an

hour for each time zone, depending on whether you are moving east or west.

• If you have crossed the International Date Line, identify the day.

Understanding Time Zones

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Practicing the SkillStudy the map on page 510 of your textbook and answer the following questions.1. How many time zones does continental Africa have?

2. Does Africa have more, fewer, or the same number of time zones as the United States?

Continental Africa has five time zones.

Africa has fewer than the United States. The United States has six time zones.

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Understanding Time Zones

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Practicing the Skill

3. If it is 4:00 P.M. Saturday in Cape Town, South Africa, what time and what day is it in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil?

4. If it is 10:00 A.M. Tuesday in Sydney, Australia, what time and what day is it in Honolulu, Hawaii?

It is 11:00 A.M. Saturday in Rio de Janeiro.

It is 2:00 P.M. Monday in Honolulu.

Study the map on page 510 of your textbook and answer the following questions.

Understanding Time Zones

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5. Notice that some time zones have crooked boundaries. Why do you think that is?

Practicing the Skill

The time zones have crooked boundaries because they follow political boundaries so people in a common political unit will be in the same time zone.

Study the map on page 510 of your textbook and answer the following questions.

Understanding Time Zones

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MapsAfrica South of the Sahara: Physical-PoliticalAfrica South of the Sahara: Climate RegionsAfrica South of the Sahara: Natural Vegetation

ChartLeading Diamond-Producing Countries

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