World Drug Report 2017

DEMAND

Global trends in estimated number ofdrug users and people with drug user disorders, 2006-2015

Global trends in the estimated prevalence of drug use and prevalence of people with drug use problems, 2006-2015

Proportion of people in treatment for different drugs, global averages, 2015 (or latest year available)

Primary drug of concern among people in drug treatment, by region, 2015

Total number of people in treatment, by drug type and by region, 2015 or latest available data

Number of deaths and “healthy” years of life lost (DALYs) attributable to drug use, 2015

Regional patterns in injecting drug use and HIV among people who inject drugs, 2015

Comparison of burden of disease from hepatitis C and HIV attributable to injecting drug use, including past injecting, 2013

High-risk factors for aquiring and progressing to active tuberculosis (TB) among people who use drugs

Healthy" years of life lost (DALYs) attributable to drug use disorders among men and women, 2005 and 2015

Prevalence of HIV in prisons compared with the general population, by region, 2005-2015

Prevalence of tuberculosis in prison populations, by region, 2005-2015

Regional variation in drug-related deaths, 2015

Drug-related deaths from selected substances in the United States and in England and Wales

Sources: United States, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Center on Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-ranging Online Data for EpidemiologicResearch; and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Office for National Statistics, “Deaths related to drug poisoning in England and Wales: 2015 registrations”, Statistical Bulletin (Newport, 9 September 2016).

Age-adjusted rates of death caused by prescription opioids and heroin in the United States, 1999-2015

Misuse of prescription opioids in the past year, by age group, United States, 2015

Trends in the use of heroin and prescription opioids in the United States, 2002-2015

Heroin use and overdoses in the United States, 2002-2015

Number of samples submitted to and analysed by laboratories, by type of drug identified, United States, 2009-2015

among 12-49 year olds by sex, age and employment status

Misuse of prescription opioids in five European countries

Sources of non-medical prescription drugs among past-year users, five European countries

SUPPLY

Number of countries reporting drug cultivationa 2010-2015

Total area under opium poppy and coca bush cultivation, 1998-2016

Global potential opium production and global (100 per cent pure) cocaine manufacture, 1998-2016

Distribution of total drug seizure cases, 2015 (2.4 million cases)

Global drug seizures of selected drugs, by quantity, 2010-2015

Number of transactions by substance, and market share of transactions by substance on the darknet, September 2013-January 2016

Annual drug users obtaining drugs over the darknet in the past 12 months, 2014-2017

Opium poppy cultivation and production of opium, 1998-2016a

Trends in the global interception rate of opiates, 1980-2015

Countries reporting largest quantities of opiates seized, 2015

Global opium production and quantities of opioids seized, 1988-2016

Quantities of heroin and morphine seized, by region, 1998-2015

Percentage distribution of quantities of heroin and morphine seized, by main trafficking route,a 1998-2015

Main opiate trafficking flows, 2011-2015

Heroin and morphine seizures in

Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey

Heroin and morphine seizures in the Caucasus countries,a Ukraine,

the Republic of Moldova and Romania

Source: UNODC, responses to the annual report questionnaire

Quantities of heroin and morphine seized in countries supplied by opiates produced in South-East Asia, 1998-2015

Quantities of heroin and morphine seized in countries supplied by opiates produced in Latin America, 1998-2015

Estimated number of global opiate users and opiate use perception index,1998-2015

Annual prevalence of heroin use and heroin-related deaths in the United States, 2000-2015

Heroin use perception index, by region, 2000-2015

Global coca cultivation and cocaine manufacture, 1998-2015

Estimated global cocaine interception rates, 1980-2015

a Includes cocaine hydrochloride, coca paste and base, and “crack” cocaine; not adjusted for purity.Source: UNODC, responses to the annual report questionnaire.

Global quantities of cocaine seized,a by region, 1998-2015

Quantities of cocaine seized in North America and annual prevalence of cocaine use in the United States and Canada, 2004-2015

Quantities of cocaine seized in Europe and annual prevalence of cocaine use in the European Union, 1998-2015

Benzoylecgonine (cocaine metabolite) found in wastewater per 1,000 inhabitants in Europe (based on data from 80 European cities), 2011-2016

Benzoylecgonine (cocaine metabolite) found in wastewater per 1,000 inhabitants, 2016 (or latest year available)

Main cocaine trafficking flows, 2011-2015

Available indicators of the distribution of eradication of cannabis production, by region, 2010-2015

Global quantities of cannabis resin and herb seized, 1998-2015

Global quantities of cannabis seized, annual average, by product and by country,2010-2015

Quantities of cannabis herb seized, by region/subregion, 1998-2015

Quantities of cannabis resin seized, by selected subregion, 1998-2015

Estimated number of cannabis users and cannabis use perception index,1998-2015

Cannabis use perception index, by region, 2010-2015

Annual cannabis prevalence rates in the United States, the European Union, Australia, and at the global level, 1979-2015

Jurisdictions in the United States that allow recreational use, medical use of cannabis and those that

allow no access to cannabis

United States: cannabis use patterns, risk perception, availability and medical cannabisamong the population aged 18 years and older, 2002-2015

Cannabis use in the past month among the population aged 12 years and older in theUnited States as a whole, in states with measures allowing recreational cannabis market,

and other selected states, 2002-2015

United States: trends in cannabis use initiation in the past year, by age groups, 2002-2015

Past-month prevalence of non-medical cannabis use among older age groups,prior to and following the legalization of medical cannabis use, 2004-2013

Prevalence and proportion of cannabis use disorders among daily or near daily adult (18 years or older) cannabis users, in the United States, 2002-2015

among adult cannabis users among adult cannabis users

Quantities of amphetamine-type stimulants seized worldwide, by type, 2010-2015

Quantities of methamphetamine seized worldwide, by region, 2010-2015

Interregional trafficking flows of methamphetamine, 2012-2015

Number of persons treated for methamphetamine use in the Philippines (2010-2015) and Hong Kong, China (2013-2015)

Quantity of methamphetamine seized and number of dismantled laboratories in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2010-2015

Quantities of amphetamine seized worldwide, by region, 2010-2015

Amphetamine and "captagon" trafficking flows with countries in the Near and Middle East reported as provenance or destination,

2014-2015

Precursors for amphetamine and methamphetamine

Interregional trafficking flows of “ecstasy”, 2012-2015

Precursors for “ecstasy”-type substances

Number of seized facilities related to the manufacture of “ecstasy”, 2013-2015

Number of different new psychoactive substances reported each year, 2009-2015

Proportion of new psychoactive substances, by substance category, December 2016

Proportion of new psychoactive substances, by pharmacological effect, December 2016

Annual amounts of synthetic new psychoactive substances seized globally,2010-2015

Global quantities seized and number of countries and territories reportingseizures of synthetic cannabinoids, 2010-2015

Past-year prevalence of use of new psychoactive substances and mephedrone in Ireland and Northern Ireland, 2010/11 and 2014/15

popu

latio

n ag

ed 1

5-64

yea

rs

Number of synthetic cannabinoids reported yearly to the UNODC early warning advisory from 2009 to 2015

Past-year prevalence of cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids (“Spice”) useamong twelfth-grade students, United States, 2011-2016

Exposure to synthetic cannabinoidsreported to poison centres, United States,

2012-2016

Examples of chemical modificationsleading to new synthetic cannabinoids

Extent of perceived risk to a person’s health posed by the use of new psychoactive substances, Europe, 2014

Breakdown of clients of syringe exchange programmes, by primary injected drug, Hungary, 2011-2015

HIV prevalence among people who inject drugs and primary drugs used among participants

in needle and syringe programmes,Romania, 2005-2013

Annual number of synthetic opioids reported to UNODC, 2012-2016

Quantities of ketamine seized globally,2010-2015

Proportion of quantity of ketamineseized, by subregion/region, 2010- 2015

Prevalence of use of ketamine in England and Wales, United Kingdom,2006/07 - 2015/16

Importance of organized crime groups, European Union

Organized crime groups active in illicit drug markets in Europe

Nexus between organized crime and drugs in Germany

Illicit financial flows:

Originally: • synonym for “capital flight” from developing to developed countries

Nowadays: • crime-related proceeds crossing borders; and• funds crossing borders for the financing of organized crime or terrorism; and • funds crossing borders violating capital control regulations; and• funds crossing borders for purposes of tax evasion (not included: funds

crossing borders for purposes of tax avoidance; but this is still being discussed among various international bodies)

Measurement concepts: from drug proceeds to illicit financial flows related to drugs

Illicit drug retail sales in constant currency units and expressed as a percentage of gross domestic product in the United States and 21 European Union countries

Financial Action Task Force estimates of global amounts laundered in the late 1980s

Proceeds of illicit drug sales and other crimes in selected industrialized countries,expressed as proportion of gross domestic product

Revenues from illicit markets per year (billions of euros), 2011

Illicit drug retail sales in constant currency units and expressed as a percentage of gross domestic product in the United States and 21 European Union countries

Estimated drug expenditure by households in 21 European Union countries

High-level corruption

Low-level corruption

Violence

Prevalence of bribery, by type of public officialand by level of income, 2013

100 This section covers entities placed on the Consolidated United Nations Security Council Sanctions list and other insurgent and non-State armed groups.

“Links between drugs and terrorism”

Persons killed in terrorist attacks and area under opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan, 2000-2016

Area under control of insurgent groups and area under opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan, 2016

Distribution of opium poppy cultivation areas according to variations in level of control by insurgent groups, Afghanistan, 2016

Government control of villages, by poppy-cultivation status, Afghanistan, 2016

Attacks by terrorist, insurgent and non-State armed groups and area under coca cultivation, Peru, 1978-2016

Registered victims* of non-State armed violence and area under coca cultivation, Colombia, 2000-2016

Number of persons killed by terror attacks andarea under opium poppy cultivation, Myanmar,

1996-2015

World Drug Report 2017