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ABTopcKoe npano © 1998 r. Me:>K,L~yHapO,ll,HbiH 5aHK peKOHCTP)'Kll;MH M: pa3BMTMH/BceMMpHbiH 5aHK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.
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ISSN: 0259-210X
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Mudahar, Mohinder S. Kyrgyz Republic: strategy for rural growth and poverty alleviation I Mohinder S. Mudahar.
p. em. -(World Bank discussion paper ; 394) Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0-8213-4326-2 1. Agriculture and state- Kyrgyzstan 2. Agriculture-Economic aspects- Kyrgyzstan. 3. Kyrgyzstan-Rural conditions. I. Title. II. Series: World Bank discussion papers ;394. HD2065.24.Z8M83 1988 338.1 '.85843-dc21 98-42156
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Tiorpe6neHHe Bo.n;I>I B 1993 r .................................................................................... 148 M3MeHeHHe cpe.n;He:H ypo)l(aHHOCTH c 1989/91 no 1995/97 rr ................................... 149 McnoJII>30BaHHe y.n;o6peHHH no o6JiaCTHM B 1996 r ................................................... 150 Cpe,li;HHe pa3Mepi>I X03HHCTB ITO pa3JI:HqHhlM THIIaM Ha HHBapb 1995 f ..................... 151
vi
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CeJibCKoe xo3HiiCTBO, 6y,zcyqH Be,nyw;eii oTpacJibiO 3KOHOMHKH I<MpiDI3CKoii Pecny6JIHKH,
npHHOCHT OKOJIO 50 npou;eHTOB BBII H .SIBJIHeTCH HCTO'IHHKOM Tpy.n;oycTpoiicTBa no'ITH
TIOJIOBHHbl HaceJieHHH pecny6JIHKH. llpHMepHO 75 npou;eHTOB HaCeJieHHH (3a HCKJIIO'leHHeM
DHIIIKeKa) npOXGiBaeT B ceJibCKOit MeCTHOCTH, H3 KOTOpbiX ITO'ITH ,D;Be TpeTH XC11BeT 3a qepTOH
6e,JU~oCTH. llepe.n; noJIHT~ecKHMH .n;eHTemiMH KMprhl3CKoii Pecny6JIHKH nocTaBJieHbi ,D;Be
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coKPameHHe 6e.n;HocTH Ha cene. HecMoTpH Ha TO, 'ITO B 1995 r. ceJibCKOX03HitCTBeHHOe
npoJt~3Bo.n;cTBO, .n;ocTHfHYB npe.n;enbHO HH3Koro ypoBHH, CTaJIO oxrnBJIHTbCH, B u;enoM, cenbcKaH
3KOHOMHK&. BoccTaHaBJIHBaeTcH BeCbMa Me,li;JleHHhlMH TeMnaMH. XoTH npH npoBe,n;eHHH
CeJU,CKOX03HitCTBeHHbiX pe<i>opM H ycTaHOBJieHHH Ma:Kp03KOHOMH'leCKOit CTa6HJibHOCTH
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B HaCTOHIIJ;eM .n;oKJia,D;e onHCbiBaeTcH cTpaTerHH arpapHoro pa3BHTHH, KoTopaH B cnyqae
npalaHJibHoro ocymecTBJieHHH, npe.n;ycMaTpHBaeT no.n;.n;ep)I(J()' pocTa ceJibCKOX03HitCTBeHHoro
TipOH:3BO,ll;CTBa, CO:KpaiiJ;eHHe 6e,n;HOCTH B ceJibCKHX paiioHaX H ynyqweHHe ynpaBJieHHH
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'leTbipe KOMITOHeHTa: yrny6neHHe ITOJIHTH'leCKHX pe<l>opM, y»eJI~eHHe rocy.n;apCTBeHHhiX
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6a31>I. CTpaTerHH npe.n;ycMaTpHBaeT coKpameHHe rocy.n;apcTBeHHoro BMeWaTeJibCTBa,
ITOBbillieHHe 3<P<l>eKTHBHOCTH H pe3yJibTaTHBHOCTH Mep ITO C03,ll;aHHlO 06IIJ;eCTBeHHOrO 6Jiara,
YCKOpeHHe pa3BHTHH qacTHhiX <!»epMepcKHX, TOprOBbiX H npe,n;npHHHMaTeJibCKHX CTpyKTyp B
IJ;eJUIX ITO,ll;,ll;epxarn qacTHOfO CeJibCKOfO X03HitCTBa H arpo6H3HeCa. 3Ta CTpaTemH ITpHMeHHMa
TalCKe K .n;pyrHM cTpaHaM 6hlBwero CCCP c nepexo.n;Hoii 3KOHOMHKoii, KOTOpbie CTaJIKMBaiOTCH c
aHa.ITOfM:qHhlMH c,n;epxrnBalOIIJ;HMH <i>aKTopaMH H TIOJIMTH'leCKHMH o6CTOHTeJibCTBaMH.
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ceJIJi>CKOX03HitCTBeHHOit KOH<i>epeHIJ;HH, npoBe,n;eHHOit B DHWKeKe B nepHO,ll; 2-4 ,n;eKa6pH 1997 r. Kon<l>epeHu;HH .n;ana B03MO)I{HOCTb 3<l><l>eKTHBHo o6cy,n:HTb BbiBO,ll;hl H peKoMeH.n;au;HH HacToHw;ero
,!J;OKJia,D;a H TIOnyqHTb TIOJie3Hble 3aMe'!aHHH OT pa3JIH'IHbiX 3aHHTepecoBaHHbiX opraHH3aiJ;HH H
JIHU., CBH3aHHbiX c ceJibCKHM X03HHCTBOM H pa3BHTHeM ceJibCKHX pa:HoHoB.. B CTpaTemH
noMoii.J;H BceMHpHoro 6aHKa I<Mpr~>I3CKOH Pecny6JIHKe Ha nepHo.n; 1999-2001 rr. no.n;qepKHBaeTCH, 'ITO pa3BHTMe CeJibCKOfO X03.SIHCTBa H CeJibCKHX paitOHOB HrpalOT
rrepBocTeneHHYJO ponb B 3KOHOMH'leCKOM pocTe H coKpameHHH 6e,nHOCTH B pecny6JIHKe. B
HaCTOHIIJ;eM ,ll;OKJia,D;e H3JiaralOTCH OCHOBHbie ITpHHIJ;HIIhl H ITO,li;XO,ll;bi K IIOBbiWeHH10
3<!»qpeKTHBHOCTH CeJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHOfO ceKTopa ,!J;JIH ,!J;OCTH)I{eHH.SI ITOCTaBJieHHhiX nepe,n;
pecny6JIHKOH 3a,D;a'l. MDI nonaraeM, 'ITO 3TOT .n;oKJia,D; oKa)l{eTcH none3HbiM ,n;JIH pyKOBO,ll;HTene:H
CeJI:bCKOX03HitCTBeHHbiX CTpYKTYP, ITOJIHTH'leCKHX ,neHTeJieH, 'laCTHOro CeKTopa,
HenpaBHTeJibCTBeHHhiX opraHH3aiJ;HH, 3aHHTepecoBaHHbiX opraHH3aiJ;HH H Me)l{,li;YHapo,n;HbiX
,l.I;OHOpOB KaK B Kl.J:prbi3CKOH Pecny6JIHKe, TaK H B ,u;pyrHX CTpaHaX C rrepeXO,!J;HOH 3KOHOMHKOH.
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vii
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pa:HoHoB, oKpy)l{arome:H cpe,nDI
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HacToHI.LUfH o63op ceJILCKOX03HHCTBeHHo:it noJIHTHKH no.n;roToBJieH Ha ocHoBe pe3yJILTaTOB MHCCHH BceMMpHoro 6aHKa B Kl.Iprb13CKyiD Pecny6JIHKY B HIOJie 1997 r. B cocTaB MHCCHH BXO,li;HJIH CJie.n;yiOI.l.(He COTpY,li;HHKH: MoXHH,LJ;ep C. My.n;axap (pYKOBO,li;HTeJII> MHCCHH), IlHTep EJioq (cnen;na.rrncT no 3eMeJILHo:H peq>OpMe), ,[{xoH Myp (cne~an:HcT no ceJII>CKOX03HHCTBeHHOMY MapKeTHHry), ,I(XHaH CaxoTa (cneu;Han:HcT no <l:>HHaHCOBOH noJIHTHKe), <I>.E. lliyJII>n;e (cne:u;Han:HcT no nppnra:u;Hn) H EBreHHH IloJIHKOB (cneu;HaJIHCT no ToproBJie ceJILcKOX03HHCTBeHHI>IMH npo.nyKTaMH H cTaTHCTWiecKoMy aHaJIH3y. Pa6oTHHKH nocTOHHHoro npe.n;cTaBHTeJILCTBa BceMJq>Horo 6aHKa CapHHa A6.n;wneBa, L(HHapa ,[{xoJI.n;oweBa H AcbiJI YH.n;eJiaH.n; oKa3aJIH noMolll;b B npoBe.n;eHHH o6cyx.n;eHHH c npaBHTeJILCTBOM H noMepJKKY B onepan;HoHHOH pa6oTe. BceMHpHLIM 6aHK BLipaxaeT 6Jiaro.n;apHocn npe.n;cTamrremiM n;eHTpaJII>HOH H pernoHaJII>HbiX opraHoB BJiaCTH Kl.Iprl>I3CKOH Pecny6JIHKH 3a coTpy,li;HH'!ecTBO, no,LU~;epXKy H BKJia.n; B pa6oTy. HaM TaKXe xoTeJiocL 61>1 no6Jiaro.n;apHTL .n;oHopoB, B qacTHOCTH, AEP, M<I>CP, TACMC, AMP CillA, EpnTaHcKH:H <l>oH.n; Hoy-Xay, OTll H IliBe:Hn;apcKoe areHTCTBO pa3BHTHH H KOOnepai.J;HH, 3a TO, 'ITO OHM npe,li;OCTammH ,li;OCTyn K HX pa6oTe, H TIOJie3Hble ,li;HCKYCCHH no BOnpocy pe<l:>opMbi ceJII>CKOX03HHCTBeHHOH ITOJIHTHKH B Kl.Jprb13CKOH Pecny6JIHKe.
3<l:><l:>eKTHBHYIO noMOII.J;b MHCCHH B npone.n;emm o6cJie,li;OBaHHH X03HHCTB B WeCTH o6JiacTHX pecny6JIHKH oKa3an:H cJie.n;yiOII.J;He cnen;HMHCTM ArpapHo:H AKa.n;eMHH: A6.n;M6eK AcaHan:HeB (Koop.n;HHaTop), EoJioT6eK En:H6ocyHOB. AceJIL EoKoeBa, ,l(nHapa "lJo:H6eKoBa, ,l(x:oJI.n;ow6eK ,l(a.n;LI6aeB, AJILIM6eK Ep.n;oJiaTOB, Ha3ap6eK M6paHMOB, A6.n;yxaKHM McJiaMOB H Hyp6eK 0cMoH6aeB. U:eHHble 3aMe'!aHHH no .n;oKJia.n;y npe.n;cTaBHJIH H3HCH KYK, 3.n;nap.n; KYK, )KaH-"llapJI1>3 Kpowe, PaMew ,l(ewnaH.n;e, f3pH <Da:HH, <I>mm:nn foJII>.n;MaH, llHTep XaHceH, K3pOJI XonnH, )KoMa MoxaMa.n;H, XenLra MronJiep, Ma:HKJI PaTMaH, lle.n;po Po.n;pHre3, KHHHOH CKoTT, )KJ{TeH.n;pa CpHBacTaBa, A:HHyp CYMep, BHJIJieM BaH Ta:HJI H EapHa6ac 3erre (rpynnM, 3aHHMaiOII.J;e:HcH norrpocaMH Kl.IpThi3CKOM Pecrry6JIHKH), ,[{epeK EHepne H lJa6a lJaKH (pe:u;eH3eHTI>I, npe.n;cTaBHTeJIH CeTH 3KOJIOrHlJecKH H cou;Harrl>Ho ycTOHlJHBoro pa3BHTHH), KpHcTHH ,l(xoYH3 (maBHI>IH 3KOHOMHCT npu: perHoHaJII>HOM BH:u;e-rrpe3H.n;eHTe), a TaKXe lJaH.n;pa PaHa.n;a (MHcTHTYT 3KOHOMH'lecKoro pa3BHTHH). Illapu:<Pa Ka.rran:a H PaTHa qHHMa no.n;roTOBHJIH .n;oKJia.n; K rretiaTH. Pe.n;aKTop aHrJIHHCKoro TeKcTa - MeTa .n;e KoKepaMoH. Pa6oTa rrpoBo.n;HJiacb rro.n; o6I.l.(HM PYKOBo,n:cTBOM Jlopl>I TaK, ,l(xo3e<l>a fon1>,n:6epra H ,l(xoHa Xe:HByp,n:a (pyKoBo,n:HTeJIH oT.n;eJieHHH), Kemm K.nHBep (.n;HpeKTop oTpacnenoro oT.n;ena), KHoiiiH Ko.n;epa (.n;HpeKTop cTpaHOBoro oT,n:ena).
B .n;eKa6pe 1997 r. c npaBHTeJII>cTBOM H .n;pyrHMH 3aHHTepecoBaHHI>IMH JIHJJ;aMH H opraHH3ai.J;IDIMH o6cyx,L~;aJIHCb pe3yJII>TaTbi 063opa H peKOMeH.n;ali;HM ITO BOITpocaM ITOJIHTHKH. fipoeKT ,li;OKJia,n:a (WHpOKO pacnpocTpaHHBllierocH Ha pyccKOM H aHfJIHHCKOM H3l>IKaX) 6MJI ITOJIOXeH B OCHOBy BTopo:H Me)K,li;YHapo,n:HOH ceJII>CKOX03HHCTBeHHOH KOH<i:>epeHI.J;HH, npone,n:eHHo:H B r. EHWKeK 2-4 .n;eKa6pH 1997 r. CnoHcopaMH KoH<l:>epeHu;HH 6MJIH llpaBHTeJII>CTBO KRpr.bi3CKOM Pecrry6JIHKH, BceMHpHI>IH 6aHK, AEP H Illne:Hu;apcKoe areHTCTBO pa3BHTIDI H KOOITepai.J;HH. B KOH<i:>epeHI.J;HH ITPHHIDIH yqacTHH oq>Hu;HaJII>Hl>Ie ,li;OJI:JKHOCTH.ble mt:u;a, npe.n;cTaBnTeJIH pa3JIHlJHI>IX KDiprhl3cKHX opraHH3au;H:H H 3aHHTepecoBaHHDie mt:u;a ( <J:>epMepbi, HenpaBHTeJibCTBeHHble opraHH3ali;HH, ceJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHble HHCTHTYTl>I M 'IaCTH:hlH CeKTOp), a TaK:JKe ,li;C.lHOp.bi. B pe3yJII>TaTe KOHc}lepeHI(HH COCTOHJICH OfiMeH H.n;eHMH 0 CTpaTefMH ycKopeHIDI arpapHOfO pa3BHTMH H COKpaii.J;eHIDI 6e,LJ;HOCTH B CeJibCKHX paMOHaX; 6MJIO BbiiTynJ;eHO
viii
ITOCTaHOBJICHKe flpaBHTeJI:bCTBa # 773 <<0 MeponpiDITIUIX ITO pea.ITH3al(HH peKOMeH,LJ;ali;HH BTopoit
Me)K,!zyHapo,IJ;HOH KOH$epeHIJ;HH ITO ceJibCKOMY X03HHCTBY>> OT 31 ,n;eKa6pH 1997 r.; ITO,li;I"OTOBJieH
BH,n;eO$HJI:bM 0 XO)];e H nepcneKTHBaX CeJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHbiX pe$OpM B K.bipi"bi3CKOH
Pecny6nHKe. Bcn:e,n; 3a 3THM 61>:m BI>myru;eH YKa3 Tipe3H,n;eHTa, o61>HBJIHBurn::it 1998 r. ro,n;oM
arapHoro pa3BHTHH H 6opb6bl c 6e,n;HoCTbiD. HacTOHIUHit ,n;oKJia,n; rrpe,n;cTa:snHeT co6oit
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ITO~"'eHHYJO B pe3yJII>TaTe MHCCHM B ,ll;eKa6pe 1997 f., a TaiOKe ITOJiy'!eHHbie B XO,IJ;e KOH$epeHII;MH
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nyHKTOB: ymy6JieHHe 3eMeJILHOH pe$opMhl H peopraHH3al(HH X03HHCTB; pecl:JopMHpOBaHHe
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MAP: MEPP: MB(J): MCXTI: M<D: M<DCP: M<DK: H,r:t;C: HH:M3: H3JI: HllpO: TIKM<D: TITIBCY:
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xi
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1 HHBapH - 31 ~eKa6pH
xii
ro~
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
19981
1 C 1 .snmapH no 6 HIOHH 1998 r.
BAJIIOTHbiE 3KBMBAJIEHTbl
(nocJie 10 MaH 1993 r.)
AeHeXHaH eAHHHI.J;a - COM 1coM 100ThlHHH
06MEHHbiR: KYPC
COM. 3A 1 ,!J;OJIJI. CiliA
Cpe,z:u~uii ~cypc 3a nepHOA
5.04
10.84
10.82
12.80
17.39
18.24
xiii
Kypc ua Koueu; nepnoA
8.04
10.60
11.15
16.90
17.38
19.87
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Ha liX CpaBHHTeJibHOe rrpeHMYil.l;eCTBO, qTO o6'b.HCH.HeTCH COKpalll;eHHeM TIOI'OJIOBb.H M
npo.n;yKTMBHOCTH cKoTa. Oco6eHHO pe3KO coKpaTHJIHcb o6'beMbi TITHueso,n;qecKoH: rrpo.n;yKUHH,
OBeiJ;, K03 (M.Hca H wepCTH) H CBHHeH.
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ITOTpe6neHHe, TaK H rrpOM3BO,li;CTBO TIOHM3HJIHCb ,li;O ypOBHeH, OTpaxarorn;HX HOBYIO
3KOHOMH11eCKYIO CJITyaiJ;HlO B pecrry6JIHKe. TioroJIOBbe CKOTa, B qacTHOCTH, OBeiJ; H K03 (c 10,5 MJIH. I'OJIOB B 1990 I'. ,li;O 3,7 MJIH. I'OJIOB B 1997 r.), COKpaTHJIOCb CJIMWKOM pe3KO. TaKXe HMeiOTCH
,D;aHHbie, qTo 3HaqHTeJibHOe qHCJIO TIJieMeHHOI'O CKOTa H,ll;eT Ha y6oii: C u;em:.ro :nonyqeHIDI
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nepcrreKTHBe OKaXeT Hei'aTMBHOe BJIHHHHe Ha ITpO,JJ;YKTHBHOCTb )KHBOTHOBO,li;CTBa H
noTeHIJ;MaJibHbiH BKJia,n; XMBOTHOBO,D;CTBa cenbCKOX03RHCTBeHHbiH BBTI. IlpHMepHo 45 npoueHTOB Bcex 3eMeJibH:hlX yro,n;Hti B Kbiprbi3CKOM Pecny6nHKe 3aHHMaroT rracT6Hll.l;a, oco6o
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He06XO,li;MMOCTb ynyqWMTb KaqecTBO H npo,n;yKTMBHOCTb )KHBOTHOBO,D;CTBa 3a cqeT pa3pa60TKH H
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rrepepa60TKM IIpO,ZJ;yKTOB H paiJ;HOHaJibHOI'O yrrpaBJieHMH rracT6HID;HbiMH 3eMJIHMH (KOTOpbie
uaxo,D;HTCH B o6rn;eti co6cTBeHHOCTH). TaKMe Mep:r:.I noBbiCHT KOH:~cypeHTocnoco6HocTb
XMBOTHOBO,D;CTBa H yneJIH11aT TIOJIOXMTeJibHbiH BKJia,D; 3TOI'O ITO,D;CeKTOpa, CTIOC06CTBYH pocTy
CeJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHOI'O rrpOH3BO,D;CTBa H COiq>alll;eHHIO 6e,D;HOCTH B ceJILCKHX paH:oHaX.
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ArporrpoMLIWJieHHLIH no.n;ceKTop HCTILITLIBaeT cepbe3HbiK KpH3HC. B rrepMo.n; c 1990 no
1996 I'I'. Ha 90 TipOIJ;eHTOB COKpanmCH I'O,D;OBOM 06'beM TipOH3BO,li;CTBa 6oJiblliHHCTBa BH,ll;OB
rrepepa60TaHHbiX TIHID;eBbiX TipO,ll;yKTOB, B OCHOBHOM, H3-3a HH3KOH 3c}:l<l_)eKTHBHOCTH, HM3KOTO
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.n;ecpHIJ;HTa Kpe,D;MTOB H coKpameHmi rrocTaBKH CbipLeBLIX MaTepHanoB. BoccTaHonneHHe
a:rporrpOMbiWJieHHOCTH HrpaeT KPHTMqecxcyro poJII> B Mo,n;epHM3a~HM ceJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHoro
CeKTOpa, C03,D;aHJm pa6oqMX MeCT H COKpalll;eHHM 6e,D;HOCTH B CeJibCKOH MeCTHOCTH.
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peUiaTb B cpoqHOM TIOpH,li;Ke nyTeM ycTaHOBJieHMH rrapTHepCKHX OTHOllieHMH Me)K,Il;y qacTHbiM H
:rocy,ZJ;apcTBeHHbiM ceKTopoM u JIHKBH,D;aiJ;HH HeHyxHbiX npaBHJI. YqacTHe 3apy6e)KH:hlX rrapTHepoB
B COBMeCTHbiX npe,n;rrp:IDITMHX He06XO,D;HMO ,D;JIR rronyqeHHH ,li;OCTyrra K KaiTHTaJIY, TeXHOJIOI'IIH,
MeHe)J;2KMeHTY H 3KCITOpTHOMY pbiH:Icy. .il:mi o6ecrreqeHHH KOHK}'peHTOCITOC06HOCTH
rrpHBaTH3HpOBaHHbiX rrpe,D;rrpHHTHH cJie,n;yeT rrpoBeCTH MX )J;a.JlbHefiwyiO peop:raHH3aiJ;HIO, a
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B rrepHo.n; c 1993 no 1997 r YBCJIH1fHJIHCI> o61>eMI>I ceJII>CKOX03HHCTBeHHoro 3KcnopTa (KaK
cLipi>eBLIX, TaK H nepepa6oTaHHLIX). KDiprbi3CKaH Pecny6JIHKa npeBpanvracn H3 tiHCToro
HMIIOpTepa nepBHtiHLIX CeJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHhiX npo.n;yKTOB B 1993 I'. B tiHCTOI'O 3KCIIOpTepa B
1997 r., H H3 tiHcToro 3KcnopTepa rrepepa6oTaHHbiX ceJII>CKOX03HHCTBeHHLIX IIPO,li;YKTOB B
tiHCToro HMnopTepa. CoKpall.(eHHe 3KcnopTa rrepepa6oTaHHOM ceJibX03IIpO,!zyKli;HH o61bHCHHeTC:H
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COKp~u.u;eHH5I 6e,n;HOCTH. fipaBMTeJibCTBO npe,n;ycMaTpMBaeT 6onee aKTHBHO KOOp,LJ;MHHpOBaTb
npe,LJ;OCTaBJI5IeM)'ID ,li;OHOpaMH TIOMOlll;b, B TOM qMCJie o6yqeHMe, TeXHMqeCKYlQ TIOMOI.l.(b H
MHBeCTMI.(HH.
MHcT.HTyl.(HOHaJII>Hoe pa3BHTMe npe,n;cTaBJIHeT co6oi1: Me,n;neHHbiH M crroXHMH npou;ecc
,n;axe npM HOPMaJibHbiX o6cTO.HTeJII>CTBax. TipMBO,LJ;MMbie B Kbiprbi3CKO:it Pecny6JIHKe
pa,n;MKaJihHI>Ie pe<j)opMbi arpapHoro ceKTopa, )KH3HeHHo Ba)KHI>Ie ,n;JIH ycneWHoro nepexo,n;a K
pMHO'IHOH 3KOHOMMKe, ,n;enaroT npo:u;ecc elll;e 6onee TPY,li;HbiM. MMpoBo:H oni>IT noKa3biBaeT, 'ITO
:rocy;J;apCTBeHHMe HHBeCTHI.(HM B CJie,n;yiDlli;He qeTbipe c¢epbi HMeiOT BbiCOKYJO OT,n;aqy B
,l!;OJII"OCpO'IHOM TIJiaHe: C03,LJ;aHHe Heo6XO,LJ;HMOH HOpMaTMBHo-npaBOBOH 6a3bl ,LJ;JIH qacTHOH
C06CTBeHHOCTH .H pLIHO'IHOH 3KOHOM.HKH; JIHKBH,ll;al.(H5I HJIH npeo6pa30BaHMe HHCTMTYTOB
KOM~UI,ll;HOH 3KOHOM.HKH; C03,D;aHHe HOBbiX HHCTHT}'TOB ,LJ;JI.H o6cJiyXGI:BaHM5I qacTHOI'O CeJII>CKOI'O
X03.H:WCTBa H pbiHO'IHOH 3KOHOM.HKH; H TIO,LJ;I'OTOBKa H nepeTIO,LJ;fOTOBKa Ka,n;poB H TeXHMqecKaH
ITOMO~ COTpy,li;HMKaM, 3aHHMaiOll.I;HMC.H tPOPMYJIMpOBaHJ.IeM H TipOBe,LJ;eHMeM TIOJIMTHKH H
peaJIM3a:u;Helt HHBecT.Hl.(MOHHbiX npoeKTOB. TaKHM o6pa3oM, TipaBHTeJibCTBY crre,n;yeT y,n;emiTb
MHCTHTyi(HOHaJibHOM)' pa3BHTHIO npMOpHTeTHOe BHMMaHMe.
13
Yxe ~ocTHrH)'Thl c~ecTBeHHhle pe3yJI»TaThi B qeThlpex rrepeqHcJieHHI>IX c4>epax
HHCTHTYIJ;HOHaJII.HOTO pa3BHTHH, H orrpe~eJieHI.I Ha,ll;JieXal.l{He pOJIH ,ll;JIH rocy.n;apCTBeHHOfO H
qacTHoro ceKTopoB. TeM He MeHee, Ha rrpaKTHKe pe3yJII.TaThl ew;e He B~Hhl. PyKoBo.n;cTBO
K:biprhi3CKOH Pecrry6miKH rrpe.n;npHHHJIO cMeJI»Ie marH no pa3pa60TKe, co3.n;aHHIO H YKPerrneHHIO
HHCTHTYTOB no 06CJIY)KHBaHHIO qacTHOfO ceJibCKOTO X03HifcTBa H fOTOBO ,ll;BHfaTI.CH Bnepe~,
'IT06hl 3aBeplliHTh nepexo.n; K npO.n;yKTHBHOMy, npM6hlJihHOMY M CTa6MJII.HOMY
CeJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHOMY CeKTOpy, npHcnoco6JieHHOMY K ycJIOBMHM cPOPMMpyrow;eifcH MMpOBOH
3KOHOMMKH. ,lJ;oHophi no.n;.n;ep)l(aJIJf rrpo:u;ecc MHCTMTYI.J;MOHaJibHOfO pa3BMTMH, O,ll;HaKo ,ll;JIH
pemeHHH CJIO)I(HbiX npo6JieM arpapHOfO pa3BMTHH H COKpaw;eHMH 6e.n;HOCTM CeJibCKOTO
HaceneHHH TaKaH no.n;.n;epXKa Tpe6yeT .n;ani>Heifmero yKpenneHMH H ynyqmeHMH
KOOp,ll;MHHpOBaHMH ~eHCTBMH.
Yxpen.neHHe Hnrj;opMaL(HOHHoii 6a3M
0.n;HMM M3 OCHOBHhlX c.n;ep)Kl{BaiOll.I;MX cl>aKTopOB B cPOPMYJIMpoBaHMH •
CeJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHOH noJIMTMKH HBJIHeTCH .n;ecPMIJ;MT CTaTMCTM'IeCKHX ,ll;aHHhiX, 3KOHOMH'IeCKOH
MHcl>opMaiJ;MM H amUIMTM'IecKMX Mccne.n;oBaHMH. CMcTeMa ynpaBJieHMH MHcl>opMan;Me:H HBJIHeTcH
KpMTM'IeCKH Ba)I(HOH ,ll;JIH CBOeBpeMeHHOTO npMHHTMH Mep no pellieHMIO BonpoCOB
cTpaTerM'IecKoif noJIMTMKH. Han;cTaTKoM, Han;MoHanbHhlH cTaTMCTM'leCKHH KOMMTeT, oTBeqaeT 3a
c6op, o6pa6oTKY H pacnpocTpaHeHMe MHcl>opMaiJ;MM o ceJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHOM ceKTope. BBH.ZJ;Y
nepexo.n;a K pbiHO'IHOH 3KOHOMMKe pa.n;MKaJibHO M3MeHMJIMCb cnpoc H Tpe6oBaHMH K
MHcPOpMaiJ;MM, MCTO'IHMKH .n;aHHbiX H Heo6XO,ll;MMOCTh MX onepaTMBHOfO pacnpocTpaHeHMH,
o.n;HaKo Han;cTaTKoM ew;e He roToB K pemeHMIO 3Toif cJio)I(HoH 3a.ZJ;a'IM. YKpeiTJieHMe
Han;cTaTKOMa 11 ero npeo6pa3oBaHMe B opraHM3aiJ;MIO, OTBe'!arow;yro phlHO'IHhiM ycnoBHHM,
noTpe6yeT ero peopraHM3aiJ;MM H BBe.n;eHMH COBpeMeHHbiX CTaTMCTM'IeCKMX MeTO,ll;OB Bhl60pKH
.n;aHHI>IX H coBpeMeHHhiX cpe.n;cTB MX o6pa6oTKH H CHCTeMbi ynpaBJieHHH MHcl>opMan;ne:H. TaKXe
Heo6XO,li;MMO npoBeCTM no,n;roTOBKY Ka,n;poB H oKa3aTb TeXHM'IeCKYIO nOMOll.l;b. ,lJ;oHOphl MOryT
ChirpaTh BaXHYJO poJih B no,n;,n;epXKe 3Toro npou;ecca npeo6pa3oBaHHH Han;cTaTKOMa B
opraHM3aiJ;MIO, cnoco6Hyro y,n;oBJieTBOpHTh MHcPOpMaiJ;MOHHhlH cnpoc nOJIMTM'IeCKMX ,n;eHTeJieH,
Mccne,n;oBaTene:H, cl>epMepoB, ToproBhiX CTPYKTYP H npe,n;npMHTMH B HOBhlX ycnoBHHX phiHO'IHOH
3KOHOMMKM.
PEAJUI3AUI111 CTPATEfl111 PA3BI1TI111 CEJibCKOti 3KOHOMI1KI1
Po.nh npaBHTe.nhCTBa
OcHoBHaH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTh 3a 3cl>cl>eKTMBHoe H cBoeBpeMeHHoe oc~eCTBJieHMe npe,n;JiaraeMOH CTpaTerMM B 06JiaCTM arpapHOTO pa3BMTMH B03JIO)I(eHa Ha pecny6JIHKaHCKOe
npaBMTeJibCTBO H 06JiaCTHhle a,n;MMHMCTpaiJ;MM. IlpaBMTeJibCTBO CJiy)KJIT MHMIJ;MaTOpOM
nOJIMTM'IeCKMX pecl>opM, o6ecne'IMBaeT 6IO,n;)l(eTHOe cPMHaHCMpoBaHMe M BBO,li;MT B ,n;eHCTBMe
HOpMaTMBHO-npaBOBbie aKTbl. MMHMCTepCTBO CeJibCKOfO X03HHCTBa M BO,li;HhiX pecypCOB npM
IIO.n;.ZJ;epXKe ,n;pyrMX rocy~apcTBeHHhiX CTpYJcrYP H 06JiaCTHhiX a,ll;MMHMCTpaiJ;Hif HeceT o6w;yro
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTh 3a cPOPMYJIJIPOBaHMe CTpaTefMH arpapHOTO pa3BMTMH, BKJIJO'IaH pa3pa60TKY H
rrpoBe,n;eHMe CeJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHOH noJIMTHKH H 3aKOHO,ll;aTeJibCTBa, o6ecneqeHMe
MHcPOpMai.J;MOHHhiX H BCnOMOraTeJibHhiX YCJIYf ,li;JIH CeJibCKOfO X03HHCTBa, pa3BMTMe
rocy,n;apcTBeHHOH HHcPpaCTYKTYPhl H npoBe,n;eHMe ,n;eHTeJibHOCTM no C03,ll;aHM10 o6w;ecTBeHHOTO
6Jiara, HanpHMep, CeJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHbie MCCJie,n;oBaHMH H pa3pa60TKH. IlpaBMTeJibCTBy
14
CJie,!zyeT OCTaBHTb peweHHe BOIIpOCOB ceJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHOrO IlpOH3BO,li;CTBa H C6biTa 3a
cl>epMepaMH, TOprOBbiMH cy6'beKTaMH H rrpe,D;rrpHHHMaTeJIHMH.
HenpaBHTe.HbCTBeJillMe opraHH3BJUIH
HerrpaBHTCJII>CTBCHHbie opraHH3a~HH (HITpO) H .n;pyrue opraHH3a~HH rpa)K,ll;aHcKoro
o6~CCTBa H tiaCTHOrO CCKTOpa ,li;OJDKHbi IIOCTOHHHO y6ex,naTbCH B TOM, 'ITO COrJiaCOBaHHaH
CTPaTerHH arpapHoro pa3BHTHH peaJIH3yeTcH Ha MecTax; crrpaBe,n;JIHBO pacrrpe,n;eJIHIOTCH
H3,ll;Cp)Kl(H H BbirO,ll;bi; HCIIOJib30BaHHC H yrrpaBJICHHC IlpHpO,ll;HbiMH pecypcaMH HOCHT
YCTOH'IHBbiH xapaKTep; rrpe,ll;CTaBJICHbl BCe 3aHHTepeCOBaHHbiC opraHH3a~HH H rpyrrllbi
HaceJICHHH, HallpHMep, XCHCKOC HaCCJICHHe; H CTPaTernH BbiiiOJIHHCTCH B ,ll;C~CHTPaJIH30BaHHOM
IIOpH,ll(KC IlpH IIOJIHOM yqaCTHH MCCTHbiX opraHOB yrrpaBJICHHH H pa3JIH'IHbiX 3aHHTepeCOBaHHbiX
rpyrrn. Hl1p0 TaKXe CJIC,IzyCT IIOpyiJHTb OTBCTCTBCHHOCTb 3a BbiiiOJIHCHHC OT,ll;CJibHbiX IIHJIOTHbiX
IlpOCKTOB. IlpaBHTCJibCTBY CJIC,IzyCT BbiHCHHTb HX MHCHHC H OKa3biBaTb IIOMCPXKY HX aKTHBHOMY
yqacTHIO B peaJIH3a~HH CTPaTernH.
/(OHOpM
Me)K,ll;yHapO,lJ;HbiC ,li;OHOpbi MOryT BHCCTH BKJia,ll; B arpapHOC pa3BHTHC IIYTCM o6eCIIC'ICHIDI
<i>HHaHCOBbiX pecypCOB H HC3aBHCHMOro 3KCIIepTHOrO MHCHHH, 'ITO IIOMOXCT H36exaTb OWH60K
IlpH ])a3pa60TKC HJIH peaJIH3a~HH CTpaTCrHH arpapHoro pa3BHTHH. 0WH6KH MOryT ,n;oporo
060HTHCb H3-3a IIOTCpH cpe,ll;CTB H BpeMeHH, HO, liTO e~e 6oJiee BaXHO YTPaTbi ,n;o6poit BOJIH H
no.n;.n;ep)Kl(H peq,opMbi ceJibCKHM HaceJieHHeM. He rrepexo,n;HoM 3Tarre .n;oHopbi o6ecrre'IHBaiOT
TCXHH"'!CCK}'IO IIOMO~, o6yqeHHC H cPHHaHCOBbiC cpe,n;cTBa. B 6y~eM OHH ,ll;OIDKHbl
IlpO,ll;OJIXaTb BbiiiOJIHHTb CBOIO pOJib B IIpHOpHTeTHbiX CcPCpax, IlpC,!zyCMaTPHBaiO~ pOCT
CCJibCKOro X03HHCTBa, COKpa~CHHC 6e,n;HOCTH ceJibCKOro HaCeJICHHH H yrrpaBJieHHC IlpHpO,ll;HbiMH
pecypcaMH.
15
TaonHQa 1.1: Teu.neuo;HH cenbcKOX03HHCTBeuuoro npoH3BO.lJ.CTBa H ceJibCKOH 3KOHOMHKil'l ua
nepexo,lJ,HoM 3Tane
Ha11ano npou.ecca Te~eymue
peciM>pM TioKuaTe.mb 110Klll38Te.JIH lbMell!leHID!I
(1990/91) (1996/97) B ll(iOI!\el!!!TaX
BK.Jia,n; ceJILcKoro xo3. :s BBTI (%) 32 47 47 3aiDITOcTh Hace.Jiemm B cem.xol. ceKrope (%) 33 49 48
llpo,D;yKThi mrra.mm B ceMeiiHoM 6ro,li;)KeTe (%) 30 57 90
Ko.JIX03H/coBX03H (<mc.Jio) 504 54 -89 qaCTHHe X03. {tmC.JIO) 0 31,078 fialiiiDI B 'laCTHHX X03. (%) 0 39
ll.Jioma,zJ;H no,n; mneHm.J;eii B o6rn;HX noceBHHX 15 46 207 IDIOI.IWJ;eH B (%) fi.JIO~ TIO,ll; KOpMOBHMH B o6I.U;HX llOCeBH. 50 25 -50 nn:oma.n;ax (%)
,lloiDI noceBHHX n.Jioma,n;e.H (%)
KpynHHe cem.xo3npe,n;npiDITIDI 96 44 -54
llpH)'ca.n;e6HHe yqacTKK 4 13 225 qaCTHHe X03HHCTBa 0 43
Pacre:m~eBo,n;crno (Thlc. TOHH)
3epHOBHe 1,573 1,329 -16 llmemm;a 482 964 100
HTIMem. 592 166 -72 KYKYPYJa 406 182 -55 CaxapH. c:seK.Jia 2 190 Y:se.JI. B 94 pa3a
XrronoK 81 73 -10 Ta6aK 54 18 -67 Kapro<l>eJTh 365 562 54 0BO:m;H 487 368 -24
Ypoxa:H:Hocn> nmeHm.J;H (T/ra) 2.5 2.1 -16
)];oiDI opomaeMHX n.Jioma,n;e.H B noceBHHX 80 80 HeH3MeH. TI.JIOUWI;HX (%) Mcnom.Jo:samm y,n;o6pemm B (THe. TOHH) 490 16 -97
16
Ha'laJio npon.ecca pe4JopM
fiOUlaTeJU> TeKy~m~e H3Meeeeu DOKUaTeJii!l
(1990/91) (1996/97) B npon.eeTax
flpOH3BO)];CTBO npO,lzyKTOB :lKBBOTHOBO,li;CTBa (B
ThiC .TOHH)
Monmw 1,185 882 -26 51Ftlla (MJm. IDTYK) 714 160 -78 MJico (B y6oimo:H Macce) 254 180 -29 lliepcn. 39 12 -69
fO)l;OBOH Ha,ll;OH MOJIOKa (Kr/O,li;Ha KOpoBa) 2,438 1,933 -21
floroJIOBLe CKOTa (ThiC. rDJIOB)
Kpymrr,rH poran.rit CKOT 1,214 848 -30 KopoJBu 507 460 -9 C:BmlllbH 445 88 -80 O:mu>~ H K03M 10,483 3,715 -65 Tinru;a 15,207 2,122 -86
flpOH3BO)];CTBO TipO,lzyKTOB IIHTaHIDI (ThiC
TOHH)
M,qcH~>Ie npo.nyKTiil 114 4 -96 XJJre6 H XJie6o6yJio'IH. HJ,n;eJIIDI 244 70 -71 MoJioKo H MOJIO'IHI>Ie npo,ll;yKT.hi 258 9 -97 Pacrnrem>Hoe MacJio 14 3 -79 ca.xap 380 167 -56
)];oml! CeJThCKOro X03HHCTBa H TIHII(eBOH npoMhliiiJieHHOCTH B
o6m;eM (%) 3Kcnopre 20 38 90 !fl.iffiOp're 17 23 35
1. B 1996 r. o6mru~ 'IHCJieHHOCTh Ha.CeJieHIDI cocTaRIDU!a 4,6 MJIH.(65% ceJibCKoe HaceJieHHe), BBTI Ha.zzyrny HaceJieHHll 550 )lOJTJI. CmA.
2. 06IUall WIOIUa)lb 3eMeJibHbiX YfO.llHil: 20 MJIH. ra, H3 KOTOpbiX 10,78 MJIH. ra CeJibX03Yf0.1lHJ:I:, H3 HHX 9,1 MJIH. ra nacT6Hma(85%), 1,4 MJIH. ra o6pa6aTblllaeMbie c.x. yro)lbll (13%). 06pa6aThiBaeM~>Ie c.x. YfO.llbll BKmoqaroT nannoo (83%), ;zyra(12%) H Ca)lbl (5%).
3. B 1996 r. OCHOBHbiMH 3KCIIOpTHbiMH C.X. TOBapaMH 6biJIH caxap-pa(jJHHa)l, XJJOIIOK, 3THJIOBbiJ:I: CIIHpT, illlcypbl H TafiaK. 0CHOBHbiMH IIpe)lMeTaMH C.X. HMIIOpTa 6biJIH Hepa<fJHHHpOBaHHbiJ:I: caxap, MOJiaCHC, IIilleHHUa H IIilleHH'IHall MYJG!, fMC (6eH3HH H )lH3eJibHOe TOWIHBO) H yno6peHHll.
4. B 1996 f. COKpa1W!aCb )lOJill )IQIBOTHOBO.llCTBa B C.X. IIpOH3BO)lCTBe H COCTaBHJia 40%. HCTO'IIID![K: HaJJ;HOHaJibm.Iil: CTaTHCTH'IecKHJ:I: KOMHTeT KDipfbi3CKolt Pecny6JIHKH.
17
Bon poe
1. MuposKoaoMII'Iecne YC:JIOBII.II ,li,IUB pUBIITII.II
ceJIJ.eKOro XOl.IIBCTU
A. UeHH/cy6c:I!I,IUm
Jla6epaJIH30B!ll!IM JIMBKB, D,ellb'l II
TOJII'OBMH peJKHM, O)UIIlKO OCT!UOTCJII
aapymeau aa Menax. Hn EOIIKypeHTIIWX Ull IIHTel'piiJlOitlliiHWX
Jlb'IBO"!!HYX CTPYKTYP·
OTMeHeHo peryJIHponaHHe :u;eH c.x.
TipOH3BO,IUITeJieH H TIOTpe6H:TeJie:if.
HcKJIIO'IeHHe cocTaBIDIIOT :u;eHI>I Ha
OpOCHTe.lThHYJO BO,ll;y, ::meKTpH'IeCTBO H
xen.e3HO,ll;opo)KHI:.Ie TapHcphl.
OTMeHeHH cy6cH,li;HH ,li;IDI c.x.
TipOH3BO,li;HTeJie:if H TIOTpe6HTeJie:if.
HcKJIIO'IeHHe cocTaBIDIIOT y,ll;aJieHHI:.Ie
pa:ifoHI:.I H OT,ll;em.HI:.Ie cpe,li;CTBa c.x.
npOH3BO,li;CTBa.
He,ll;ocTaro'IHaH pa3BHTOCTh H
He3cp<PeKTHBHOCTh CHCTeMhl COll(Ha.lThHOH
JaiD;H'Thi Ha ceJie.
flpO,li;OJDKaeTCH cy6CH,li;HpOBaHHe
OpOCHTe.JII>HOH BO,li;H ,li;IDI ce.JThCKOI'O
X03HHCTBa.
ll;em.I Ha 6om.nrn:HCTBO BH,li;OB C.X.
TipO,ll;yKTOB HIDKe MHpOBI:.IX B OTJIH'I.He OT
n;eH Ha Cpe,li;CTBa C.X. llpOH3BO,li;CTBa,
HaXO,li;HW;HXCH Ha ypOBHe HJIH BI:.Illle
MHpOBhlX.
CJia6o pa6ontiOT pi:.IHKH cpe,ll;cTB c.x.
TipOH3BO,li;CTBa H npO,li;YKTOB H3-3a
Hepa3BHTOCTH HH<i>paCTpYKTYPhl,
HHCTHTYIJ;HOHa.JThHOH H
HH<i>OpMa:u;HOHHOH 6a3J:.I
18
llpe)l!.Jllar~eMihlHe MepM /
~~
JlHKBH,li;IIJlO!SllTll> OCT!Uilimlllf:il:.lil
HCKt~JKemiU plld!!!!KOB9 D,tell!!, TOp!roBOII'O
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C03,ll;ll Tb 3~~KTHIIUIO ~YBKD,ll!lOIU'l:pyroun;e 9 KOl!I!Kypteim'll'BYe Iii
HI!ITerpepOBlUlllll!Ye )l)Ylli:Klli cpe,laCTB
C.X. I!IIJIOH3BO,laCTB!l II C.X. li]J»OJ!YKTOB.
nHKBH,li;HpOBaTh BMCillaTeJThCTBO B
cl>YHK:u;HOHHpOBaHHe pLIHKOB Ha
Mecmx.
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cy6CH,li;HH H COKpam:eHHH
6ro,!OKeTHNX pacxo,ll\OB nocreneHHo
oTMeHHTh HJIH o6ecne'!HTh HX
npanHm.Hoe ueJieBoe
HCTIO.JI1>30BaHHe.
YJiy'W.IHTh :u;eJieByro
HanpaBJieHHocn. H o6ecneqeHH:e
co:u;Ham.HJ:.IX yceyr ,li;JIH 6e,li;HYX
rpynn cem.cKoro HaceJieHIDI, B
oco6eHHocm B y,ll;aJieHHMX pa:iioHax.
floBMCHTh TIJJ:aTy 3a OpOCHTe.lThHYJO
BO,ll;y c uem.ro y:seJIH'leHHH
KOMTieHCaiJ;l·IH H3,!1;epXeK HJIH
nepe,!l;aTh nom.3o:san:.lUI:M
OTBeTCTBeHHOCTh 3a CO,ll;ep)Kl!.HHe H
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3JieKTpHqeCTBO B I.J;eiDIX llOBblllleHHH
KOMlleHCai.J;HH 3KCTIJIYaTall(HOHHMX
H3,!1;epXeK H COKparn;eHHH
3KOHOMHqecmx norepi>.
Co3,1llaTh KOHKypeHTin.Ie pLIHKH c.x.
Cpe,li;CTII TipOH3BO,ll\CTBa H
npO,li;)IKTOB, o6parn;aH OCHOBHOe
BHHMaHHe Ha HH<PpaCTp)IKTYPY,
HHCTHTYIJ;HOHaJThH)'ID H
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&npoc C'l!'IIIT)'C pe~pM llpe)l!)laraeMbile Mephil
B ocHOBHOM m6epa.JIH3o:saH roproBMH JlHKBH,.li;HpOBaTb HeH~e
peXHM, O,lUiaKO OCTaiDTCH HeTap:H<flHMe 6a.pl>ephl Ha nyTI![ K
MHOI'O'DICJieHHl>Ie HeTapH<i>HMe 6apbephl CB060)],HOH roproBJie.
Ha nym K cBo6o,IU~o:H roproBJie.
Pecny6JmKa B npon;ecce BCTYJIJieHHH B 3a:sepiiiHTI> BCTYfiJieHHe B BTO BTO.
B. Topro:saH noJIHmKa Pecny6Jm:Ka - 'IJieH TaMoxeHHoro Coro3a B :u;eiDIX Crn.MYJmponaHIDI
(PocciDI, EenapycL, Ka3axcnH, cno6o,D;Hoii: roproBJIH cTpaH-<meHoB
KHpl1iillcKaH Pecny6nmca), O)],HaKo coroJ aKTHBH3HpOBaTb pa6ozy
He .neii:cTByeT. TaMoxeHHoro Coxna.
C 1 HHBapH 1997 I'. BBe.IJ;eH e)],HHhlH Exero,IU~o npono.n;HTI> nepeon;e:mcy I-I
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19
Bonp_oe Cononne peciM>pM llpe,~J,~~araeMwe Mepw
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20
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21
5. Hl!IICTRTy~U~Ol!llllJli'>ll!ll&!!le OCllllO!RY
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22
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23
Puc. 1.1: BKJJa.a: ceJJLCKoro xoJHiiCTBa B BBIT B
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40
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= ~ 25 = e 20
= :r tJ:l y
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15
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5
0
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
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26
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27
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28
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TaiOKe TIOBbiilleHHID 3cpcpeKTHBHOCTH HCTIOJib30BaHHH H COXpaHeHM BO,IlHbiX pecypcoB.
«063op ceJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHOH noJIHTHKH>> cocTOHT H3 'rpex qacTeit. B nepBo:it qacTH
(fJI!aBa 2) xapaKTepH3yeTCH CTaTyC ceJibCKOX03HMCTBeHHbiX pe!PopM, HX BJIMHHHe Ha OTpacJI!eBbie
npolli3BO,li;CTBeHHbl!e noKa3aTen:u:, pe3yJII.TaTbi nepexo,D;a arpapHoro ceKTopa Ha HOBbie penbcbi :u:
Heo6xo,n;HMOCTb ycKopeHHH npouecca pec]:>opM. Bo BTOpoM: qacTM (fnaBDI 3-8) aHaJIH3HpyeTcH
BJHUJIHHe, pe3yJili>TaTbi H ,D;aiOTCH KOHKpeTHbie peKOMeH,n;all;HH B OTHOllieHMH llieCTM OCHOBHhiX
HanpaBJieHHH ceJibCKOX03Hti:CTBeHHOM nonHTHKH. B Tpene.H qacTM (rnaBa 9) KpaTKO
XapaKTepH3yen~H Cl'paTenui pacTa CeJibCKOM 3KOHOMHKH H COKpax.u;eHIDI 6e,D;HOCTH.
29
fJIABA II
CEJihCKOX03.HWCTBEHHMI PE<l>OPMA M OTPACJIEBhiE TIOKA3ATEJIM
MAKP03KOHOMH'IECKMI PE())OPMA
Khlpm3cKaH Pecrry6JIHKa JJ;o6HJiaci> cyn.J;eCTBeHHbiX pe3yJII>TaTOB B aKTHBHOM
npoBeJJ;eHHH pe<J?opM no .n;ocTIDKemuo MaJCP03KOHOMHqecKo:ti: cTa6HJII>HOCTM (eM Ta6n.A 2.1).
• BnepBHe nocne 1990 r. pea.n:I>Hhl:ti: BBII yBeJinqHJICH B 1996 r. Ha 5,6 npo:u;eHTa M Ha
10,4 npo:u;eHTOB B 1997 r. llpoH3BO,ll;CTBO 30JIOTa Ha KyMTopcKOM
30JIOTo.n;o6HBaiOI:u;eM KoM6JmaTe cnoco6cTBoBa.n:o pocTy BBII npMMepHo Ha 4 npo:u;eHTa.
Ill fo,LJ;OBaH HHcPJIHIJ;HH COKpaTHJiaCI> C 1210 npo:u;eHTOB B 1993 f. ,ll;O 35 npo:u;eHTOB H ,ll;O
14,7 npo:u;eHTOB B 1997 f.
• B 1997 r. 6ro.n;xeTHI>I:ti: .n;e<Jmu;HT coKpaTMJICH .n;o 9,4 rrpol(eHTOB BBII, TeM He MeHee,
OH Bee ell..(e B TPH pa3a npeBI>nrraeT Tpexrrpol(eHTHI>IH l(eJieBoti: noKa3aTeJII> MB<I> Ha
1997 r.
Ill ,l(e<J;>HIJ;HT TeKYII.(ero cqeTa COKpamaeTCH, HO OCTaeTCH BhlCOKHM. B 1997 f . .n;ecpMl(HT
TeKYII.(ero cqeTa cocTaBHJI npHMepHo 8,1 npou;eHTa no cpaBHeHHIO c u;eneBI>IM
noKa3aTeJieM MB<l> 9 npou;eHTOB.
• Ba.n:IOTH:hl:ti: peXHM noJIHOCTbiO mr6epa.n:n3oBaH, BBe.n;eH nJiaBaiOI:u;M:ti: o6MeHHI.I:ti: KYPC,
npOBO,ll;HTCH BaJIIOTHI>Ie a)'Kl.l\MOHI>I.
yqHT:biBaH MaCIIITa6I>I npeo6pa30BaHHH ITpM nepexo.n;e OT ITJiaHOBOH 3KOHOMHKe K
pLIHOqHOH CHCTeMe, ,ll;OCTIDKeHMH B OOJiaCTM MaKp03KOHOMHKM npeJJ;CTaBJIHIOTCH
3HaMeHaTeJII>HI>IMH. B HacTOHII.(ee BpeMH npaBHTeJII>CTBY Heo6xo,u;HMO aKTHBH3HpoBan. yciDIIDI,
ITO,LJ;BeCTll HTOfll ,ll;OCTHfHYTI>IX pe3yJILTaTOB H C03,LJ;aTI> 6JiaronpHHTHI>Ie ycJIOBHH ,ll;JIH ycKopeHHH
3KOHOMJ{qecKoro pocTa, co1Cpai:u;eHMH 6e.n;HoCTH H HHTerpau;nH Kl>Ipri>I3CKo:ti: Pecny6JIHKH B
MHpoByro 3KOHOMHKY. HecMoTpH Ha cBoe Be,u;ymee nonoxeHHe, ceJII>CKOX03HHCTBeHHhlM ceKTop
He CMO)KeT coxpaHHTI> JIH,!J;epCTBa B OTCYTCTBHH CB060,LJ;HOH H CTaOMJII>HOH 3KOHOMHKH.
CTATYC CEJibCKOX03RACTBEHHhiX PE())OPM
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ceJII>CKOX03HHCTBeHHoro ceKTopa B Cpe.n;He:ti: A3HH. Pe<J?opMI>I ceJII>cKoxo3HHCTBeHHOM TIOJIHTHKM
MO)KHO no.n;pa3.n;eJIHTI> Ha IIIeCTI> llillpmrnx KaTeropH:ti:: 3eMeJILHaH pe<J?opMa H peopraHH3aiJ;HH
X03HHCTB; JIH6epaJIH3aiJ;H.H ll;eH, TOpfOBJIH H pbiHKa; rrpHBaTH3ali;HH H pecpopMa npe.n;rrpllHTMH;
pe<J?opMHpOBaHHe Kpe,LJ;HTHOH CHCTeM:bi B ceJI:bCKHX pa:ti:oHax; yKpenJieHHe 6IO,n;XeTHO
cPHHaHCOBOf0 ynpaBJieHMH; HHCTHTYli;HOHaJII>Hoe pa3BHTHe. O.n;HaKo, HecMOTpH Ha TO, liTO yxe
npHIDIThl Heo6XO,ll;HMhie 3aKOHbi, HX HCTIOJIHemre Ha MeCTaX ITpOBO,ll;HTCH Me,LJ;JieHHbiMll TeMTiaMH.
30
B ,nope$opMeHHDIH nepHo,n BC.SI JeMIDI Haxo,nHJiaCI> B rocy,napcTBeHHoii co6cTBeHHOCTH H
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'IaCTHbiX npeJJ;ITpHHHMaTeJieH H CITOC06CTBOBaJIO COKpai.,UeHJ·UO rocy)J;apcTBeHHbiX 06H3aTeJibCTB B
OTHOUieHHH y6biTO'IHbiX npeJJ;npHHTHit O,n;HaKo pecTPYJ<TYPH3aiJ;HH npHBaTH3HpoBaHHhlX
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Y)JI06peHMH H CeJibX03MaliiHH, <l:>aKTHl!eCKH rrpeBpaTIDIHCb B qaCTHbie MOHOTIOJIHH. QqeBH)J;Ha
TeH)J;eHUHH 3aMe)lJieHHOfO pa3BHTHH KOHKYpeHTHOH pbiHOqHOH CHCTeMbi, H cymeCTBYJOT
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n:pOBO)J;.SITCH Mepbi ITO B3hlCKaHHIO CTapoii 3a)J;OIDKeHHOCTH (KaK ArporrpoM6aHKY, TaK H B
:rocy,D;atpCTBeHHbiH 6IO,!OKeT); TIOCTeneHHO COKpall.l;aeTCH rrpe)J;OCTaBJieHHe TOBapHhlX Kpe,li;JITOB;
noB!biUieHJb][ npoueHTHbie cTaBKH no ccy)J;aM. B paMKax cpHHaHcHpyeMoro BceMMpHbiM 6aHKOM
31
llpoeKTa Ce.7lbCKOro qnmaHCHPOBaHWI C03~aHa KhlpiDI3CKaH ceJibCKOX03HHC1'BeHHaH
cpHHaHCOBaH KOpnopan;:IDI (KC<l>K), He3aBHCHMOe rocy~apcTBeHHOe He6aHKOBCKOe $HH3.HCOBOe
yqpe::lK,ll;eHHe; B paMKax llpoeKTa ceJII>CKOX03.SIHCTBeHHhlX Kpe~HTOB A3HaTcKoro 6aHKa pa3BHTIDI
(ASP) C03,D;aiOTCH Kpe~HTHhle COI03bl. TeM He MeHee, ,n;ecpHIJ;HT KPMHTOB OCTaeTCH OCHOBHhiM
C~epxrnBaiDJ.l(HM cpaKTOpOM B cpHHaHCHPOBaHHH o6opOTHOf0 H HHBeCTHI.I;HOHHOfO KaTIJITaJia, a
KOMMepqecKaH Kpe~HTHaH CHCTeMa HaXO~HTCH Ha Ha1!aJII>HhiX 3Tanax CTaHOBJieHHH.
CTapaH n;eHTpaJIH30BaHHaH 3KOHOMH'IecKaH CHCTeMa xapaKTepH3o:sanaci> HCKaxeHHbiMH
n;eHaMH, KpynHhiMH npHMDIMH H KOCBeHHhiMH cy6cM,li;HHMH, BeCI>Ma HH3KOH KOMITe:Hcau;HeM
3aTpaT H peweHIDIMH 0 KaTIJ'I:TaJIOBJIOXeHHHX, KOTOpbie ITpHHHMaBWHMHCH 6e3 yqeTa Kpl:!:TCpJIWB
3KOHOMH'IeCKOH H cpHHaHco:so:H )KH3Hecnoco6HocTH. B HacToHmee BpeMH npHMI>Ie cy6cH,l:(HM
cpaKTWieCKH OTMeHeHDI, HO OCTaiOTCH BlbiCOKHMM KOCBeHHI>Ie cy6CM)];HH, KOTOphle OTpaXaiDTCH B
n;eHaX Ha rrpOH3BO~CTBeHHhle pecypCI>I (B 1!aCTHOCTH, :;meKTp03HeprMID H BO,lzy )J;JIH
HCKYCCTBeHHoro opomem.rn). HecMoTpH Ha To, 'ITO B u;enoM KOMneHcau;mi npoH3Bo,n;cnseHHDIX
3aTpaT YBeJIH'IHJiaci>, ecTh 3Ha1!HTeJII>HDIH noTeHu;HaJI ,n;JHI co:sepllleHCTBOBaHHID 3Toti: npaKTHKH.
Cyrn;ecTBYID 6oJII>lliHe B03MO)KHOCTH YBeJIWieHHH HaJioroBI>IX nocTynneHHM OT ceJII>cKoro
X03HHCTBa, TeM He MeHee, CJie.n;yeT ITO,.ll;O)K,ll;aTb ,.ll;O TeX nop, ITOKa ceKTop He yBeJIH'IHT CBOID
peHTa6eJihHocn.. llpaBHTeJihCTBOM ocpHl.I;HaJII>Ho YTBep)K)J;eHa no,n;roToBKa rrpo:rpaMMI>I
rocy,n;apcTBeHHhiX HHBeCTHl.I;HH, TeM He MeHee, o6'beM rocy,n;apCTBeHHhiX HHBeCTHIJ;:l1M, ,n;axe B
OCHOBHbie CeJihCKOX03HHCTBeHHI>IX rrpoeKThl, npe.n;ycMaTpHBaiOll(He C03,.ll;aHHe o6m;eCTBeHHOf0
6Jiara, coKpaTHJICH. llpon;ecc no,n;roToBKH 6ro..o;xeTa, HeCMOTpH Ha ero ynyq:ru:eHHe B nocJie,n;Hee
BpeMH, Tpe6yeT ,.ll;aJibHCHllleM paiJ;HOHaJIH3al.I;HH.
Yqpe}K)J;eHHH n;eHTpaJIH30BaHHOM IIJiaHono:H CHCTeM:hl, HrpaBlliHe ,n;oMHHHPYIDIJJYl!O pon:I>
B COBeTCKHH nepHO,.ll;, ITOCTerreHHO paccpopMHpOBhiBalOTCH, ITpHBaTH3HpYJOTC.H IDIH
TpaHccpopMHpYJOTCH B HHCTHTYTI>I ITO o6CJiyxHBaHH10 'laCTHOfO CeJihCKOfO X03HHCTBa H
cpopMHpyrow;e:HcH pi>IHO'IHOH 3KOHOMHKH. Pa3pa6anmaroTcH H BBO.D;HTCH B xrn:3Hh
COOTBeTCTBYJOillHC HOpMaTHBHO-npaBOBI>Ie OCHOB:hl. llocTerreHHO MeJUICTCH p0.7Ih MHHHCTepcTBa
CeJihCKOfO H BO.D;HOfO X03HHCTBa: H3 opraHH3al.I;HH C06CTBeHHHKa-pacrropH,n;HTe.JIH OHO
npeBpamaeTCH B Be,.ll;OMCTBO, HCTIOJIJUIIDlll;ee peryJIHpylOw;yiO pOJih, 06CJIY)KHBaiDll.l;ee CCJibCKOe
X03HHCTBO H npHHHMaromee noJIHTH'IecKHe perneHHH. CoTpy,n;HHKH MHHHCTepcTBa rrpoxo,n;HT
rrepeiTO,.ll;fOTOBKy, IIOJIY'IaH HOBbie 3HaHHH, Heo6XO,.ll;HMI>Ie ,ll;JIH HOBhiX YCJIOBHM pbiHO'IHOH
3KOHOMHKH.
llPOM3BO)lCTBEHHhiE flOKA3ATEJUf OTPACJIM
0TMeqaeTCH He60JiblliOe yneJIH'IeHHe ITpOH3BO,.ll;CTBa B pacTeHHeBO.D;CTBe, B 'laCTHOCTM,
nmeHHIJ;hi, KapTo$enH H caxapHo:H c:seKJibi. BoccTaHOBHJiaci> cpe,n;HHH ypoxa:HHOCTh
60Jibnm:HCTBa KYJII>Typ, rrpH 3TOM OTMeqaeTCH poeT ypoxaHHOCTH B 1997 r. TIO cpaBHCHHID C 1995 f. BoccTaHaBJIHBaeTCH TipOH3BO,ll;CTBO caxapHOH CBeKJibi ITOCJie pe3KOfO COKPam;eHHH BBH,lzy
nopa3HBllle:H KyJihTYPY 6oJie3HH B 80-x rr. EJiaronpHHTHI>Ie noro,.o;Hhle ycJIOBHH TaiOKe chl:rpaJIH
BaxrnyiO pOJib B YCKOpeHHH BOCCTaHOBJieHHH ITpOH3BO,ll;CTBa ITpO.n;yKTOB pacTeHHeBO,ll;CTBa B 1996 H 1997 IT.
32
flocJie 1990 r. 3Ha'IHTeJI:bHO )'BeJIH'IHJIOCl> ITPOH3BO,ll;CTBO ITllieHHII;I>I, KapTOcPeiDI, H
caxapHOJi.t CBeKJIDI, 'ITO CBH,n:eTeJil>CTByeT 0 TIOBl>IllieHHH cnpoca Ha 3TH KYJILTYPI>I H HX
,n:oxo,n:HOCTH. OcHOBHMM HCTO'IHHKOM pocTa o6'beMOB HX npoH3BO,ll;CTBa HBJIHeTcH yneJIH'!eHHe
ITOCeBHLIX TIJIO~a,ZJ;eH. TipOH3BO,ll;CTBO BCeX OCTaJibHl>IX KYJII>Typ COKpaTHJIOCb (eM. PHC. 2.1 H
Ta6JI. 2.1). B IJ;e.JIOM, ypoxaHHOCTb CHH3HJiaCb H OCTaeTCH Ha O'leHb HH3KOM ypOBHe B CBH3H C TeM,
"«<TO cmcpaTIDIOCb HCIIOJib30BaHHe OCHOBHbiX cpe,n:CTB ceJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHOfO ITpOH3BO,ll;CTBa,
(oco6eHHO, y,ll;o6peHHH) ITO npH'IHHe He6JiaronpHHTHOfO COOTHOllieHHH I.J;eH H HX ,n:e$HI.J;HTa.
lloc.Jie pe3KOfO CITa,ZJ;a B 1993 r. BOCCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH ITpOH3BO,ll;CTBO XJIOITKa-Cbip:Ua, KapTO$eiDI H
onomeit; B 1994 r.- nweHl'HJ;l>I, a B 1995 r. - o6w;ero npoH3BO,li;CTBa 3epHOBI>IX, H'!MeiDI, KYKYPY3hl
H caxapHOH CBeKJIM. XoTH 6hiJIH )'BeJIH'!eHhl noceBHl>Ie ITJIO~a,n:e:M TIO,ll; OBOIUHMMH KYJII>TypaMH H
XJIOTI'IaTHHKOM, 3TOfO 6:biJIO He,ll;OCTaTO'IHO, 'IT06bi KOMITeHCHpOBaTb CTia.l{ TipOH3BO.l{CTBa H3-3a
COKpaw;emrn ypoxaHHOCTH. llpOH3BO,ll;CTBO KOPMOBI>IX KYJII>Typ TipO.l{OJIXaeT COKpaw;aT.bCH H3-3a
HH3KOro cnpoca (pe3KO COKpaTIDIOCb TIOfOJIOBbe CTa,na), H X035I:ikTBa nepeKJIIO'!aiOTCH Ha
BMpanu·maHHe 6onee .noxo.n;Hl>IX KYJII>Typ, HanpHMep, rrweHHULI.
Cpe,n;H :scex KYJII>TYP OTMe'!aeTCH He6MBaJI:biH poeT npoH3BO.l{CTBa nweHHI.J;bi, noqTH Ha
164 npou;eHTa C 1990 ITO 1996 IT., 'ITO 06'b.HCHHeTCH yBeJIH'!eHHeM IIOCeBHOH IIJIOIUa,ll;H (Ha 185 IIPOUeHTOB), TIOCKOJII>KY cpe.IJ;H.HH ypOXaHHOCT.b COKpanmaCb Ha 8 rrpoi.J;eHTOB 3a 3TOT rrepHO,ll;
(pHC. 2.2). ilJIO~a.l{H IIO.l{ 03HMOH IIWeHHI.J;eM )'BeJIH'IHJIHCb nO'ITH B.l{OBOe, C 183 TbiC. ra B 1996 f. ,ll;O 360 T:biC. ra B 1997 r., a ITJIOI.l.(a,ll;b TIO,ll; HpOBOH nrn:eHHI.J;eH yBeJIH'IHJIHCb TIO'ITH B 18 pa3, C 11 TbiC. ra B 1990 I' . .l{O 193 T:biC. ra B 1997 r., 'ITO 06'bHCHHTCH HCTIOJlb30BaHHeM IIJIOIUa,l(eM, paHee
3ace:e::aeMI>IX Ht:IMeHeM, KYKYPY30H: H KOpMOBDIMH KYJI~>TypaMH. B uenoM, rroceBHI>Ie ITJioma.nH rro,ll;
nweHHUeH, COCTaBmiBWHe 15 npou;eHTOB OT o6ru;eit TIOCeBHOH ITJIOI.l(a.l{H B 1990 I'., ,ll;O 38 l!IpOIJ;eHTOB B 1996 f. H 46 npOUeHTOB B 1997 f.
TaKaH cTpaTenrn pacurn:peHHH noceBHoH: ITJiow;a,nH MoxeT o6'bHCHHTbCH TeM, qTo B
KpHT!flleCKHe fO,ll;hl rrpeo6pa30BaH:wi CeJibCKOH 3KOHOMHKH IIllieHHUa, 6y,li;Y'IH OCHOBHbiM
npO,llYK'fOM nHTaHHH, KOTOpbiH JierKO xpaHHTb B Te'!eHHe ,ll;JIHTeJibHOfO BpeMeHH, HBmiJiaCb
OTHO<CHTeJibHO 6oJiee ,li;OXO,ll;HOH KYJII>TypoH: no cpaBHeHHIO C 3aMell.(eHHbiMH. Tiwemt:u;a
npO,D;O.JIXaeT OCTaBaTbCH cpe.IJ;CTBOM 06MeHa B YCJIOBHHX OTHOCHTeJibHOH ,l{eMOHeTH3aUHH
3KOHOMHKH, oco6eHHO B y,n;aneHHbiX ceJILCKHX pa:itoHax. TeM He MeHee, npH orpaHHt:IeHHLIX
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noceJBHO:it TIJIO~a,li;H no,n KYJibTypy, KOTopaH He HBJIHeTCH BI>ICOKO KOHKYPeHTHOH Ha BHYTpeHHeM
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33
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liaC1rHOCTH, OBell; II K03, CO:KpanmOC:b CJIHWKOM pe3KO. C 1990 r. no 1997 r. nOfOJIOBbe OBell; II K03
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37
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1990 r. 1996 r. M3MeHeHHR B % B
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npO.zzyKTOB H pa~HOHaJibHOrO yrrpaBJieHHH nacT6HmHDIMH 3eMJI51MH (o6me:H C06CTBeHHOCTH).
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BKJia,LJ; TIO)J;OTpaCJIH B pOCT ceJibCKOro X03HHCTBa H COKpameHHe 6e.n;HOCTH B CeJibCKHX paHOHaX.
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MeCTHOCTH. CJie.n;onaTeJibHO, npo6JieMDI, c KOTopbiMH CTaJIKHBaeTcH arponpoM:biWJieHHOCTb,
38
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40
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42
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43
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pa3Mepax H 'IHCJieHHOCTH HOBI>IX CeJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHhlX cy61>eKTOB (pHC. 2.6). l!HCJIO KOJIX030B
H COBX030B COKpaTHJIOC:b C 518 B 1991 r. ,li;O 22 B 1997 r.; 'IHCJIO KPYITHbiX peopraHM30BaHHI>IX
X03HHCTB COCTaBJIHeT 672 (npH orrpe,n;eJieHH:biX H3MeHeHHHX B opraHH3ali;MOHHOH CTpYJcrype,
ynpaBJieHHH, ITpOM3BO,ll;CTBeHHOH ,IJ;eHTeJibHOCTH H 3<l:><l:>eKTMBHOCTM); ITO ,n;aHH:biM Ha HIOJib 1997 r. '!Mcno qacTHbiX KpecnHHCKHX xo3HHCTB (JIM'IHI>IX M rpynrroBLIX) ,n;ocTMmo 38 TDIC. B ue.TJ:oM
COKpaTHJiaCb ,D;OJIH 061>eMOB TipOM3BO,ll;CTBa KpynHbiX X03HHCTB, H B03pOC.TJ:a ,ll;OJIH 'laCTHbiX
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pe3yJibTaTe qero Heo6xo.li;HMO 3arroJIHHTb 6pelllb, 'IT06bi y,n;onneTBOPMTb KPHTWiecKHe
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B MIOJie 1997 r. BO Bcex pa:itoHax Kl.Iprbi3CKOH Pecny6miKH 6hlJio rrpoBe,l(eHo
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PM npo6neM c peaJIH3au;HeH rrporpaMMLI pe<l:>opM B TanaccKoH H Hccl>IK-KyJil>CKOH o6JiaCTHX.
44
Puc. 2.5: H1Meu:emn1 B pacn:pe,11;eJieu:uu n:ocesu:Mx n:mnn;a,11;en no KYJILrypaM
B nepe.lW}];Hbl!H n:epH0,/1;
1990 'feJmllll'leCKIIe
KYJlhTYPM
6%
KopMOIIble KYJibTYPM
49%
KopMOIIble KYJibTYPbi
41%
1994 'feXIIIll'lleCKIIlle
KYJiibTYPbi
7%
3epHOIIMe
41%
KapToi!Jem, II OIIOWIIll
4%
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47%
KapToi!JeJib 1!!1 OBOWII
5%
KopMOBMe KYJII!.TYPM
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1997
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= = ~ <:J ~ :r = e: = ~
= = ~ <:J ~ :r = e: = ~
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Puc. 2.6: 3BOJIIOU:HH THDOB X03HHCTB B nepHO.Z:. 1991-97 rr.
a. KoJixOJhl u cosxoJhl
500 450 t--------- --400 - - ... - - - - -Ill 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0
1991 1992 1993 1994
' ' ' ' ' ..... '
1995
6. PecTpyKrypupoBaHble Kpynuhle xoJ.aiicTBa
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
-0 -1991 1992
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1993 1994
/ _ _.
1995
B. qaCTHble X03.HHCTBa
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
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0 ----1991
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1992
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1993
/
/ /
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1994
HcTO'IHHK: HaucTaTKOMHTeT.
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49
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Pa:HoHHlbiM a.n;MHHHCTPaiJ;IDIM TaKXe 61>mo ,ll;aHo YKa3aHHe 3ape3epBMpoBaTlb 50 npou;eHTOB
opomaeMo:H rralliHH .n;m~ Hau;HoHaJihHoro 3eMeJII>Horo <PoH,n;a (H3<l>), C03.D;aHHoro ,n;JIH
opraHH3aiJ;MH KpeCTbHHCKHX X03HHCTB, B qaCTHOCTH, C yqeTOM "Tpa,li;HIJ;MOHHblX Kbipi'bi3CKHX
MeTO,ll;OB X03HitCTBOBaHMH". B KOHIJ;e 1992 r. 6hlJI BhinyiiJ;eH yKa3 rrpe3H)J;eHTa, B KOTOpOM
oro:sapHBaJiaCb OpraHH3ali;HH CeJibCKHX KOMMTeTOB B KaJK,D;OM X03HMCTBe (B 1996 I'.
nepeHMeHoBaHHDIX B ceJibcKHe ynpaBDI) no Ha,n;3opy 3a peopraHM3au;Me.H. O,u;HaKo K KOHIJ;Y 1993 f. TeMITlhl pecj:lopMLI 3aMe,LVIHJIMCb, H B HeKOTOpbiX paHOHaX ITOHBHJIMCb IlpH3HaKH HX
o6paTMMOCTH.
50
YKa3 npe:umeHTa oT <]lenpa.JUI 1994 r. "0 Mepax no ycHJieHHID JeMeJIJ..Ho.H H a:rpapHo:it
pe<i>opMu B KupruJcKo:it Pecny6mtxe" H PM APYfHX npaBHTeJIJ..CTBeHHI>IX nocTaHon.n:eHHH,
]pacnopiDKeHHH H MHHHCTepCKHX ITJPHKa30B, Bl>IIT)'meHHI>IX B 1994 H H3''IaJie 1995 IT.
npe)J(CTaBJIIDIH co6oit TIOni>ITK}' BHeCTH TIOpH,ll;OK H HCHOCTb B rrpou;ecc 3eMeJibHOH pe4:JopM:bi H
peopraHH3ali;HH X03HHCTB. 0TBCTCTBeHHOCTb 3a pe4:JopMy 6biJia n:epe,n;aHa OT focy,n;apCTBeHHOfO
KOMl-I:TeTa HMymeCTBa (fKJ1) MHHHCTepCTBY ceJibCKOro H BO,l!;HOI'O X03HHCTBa (MCBX). B :u;emiX
nomn]fqeCKoro pyK:o:so,n;cTBa H npaKT]fqecKoro ocymecTBJieHHH peq>OpMbi 61>m coJ.n;aH
:Pecny6JIHKaHCKHH u;eHTP 3eMeJII>HOH H arpapHoit pe<i:>opMI>I (PU3AP) rrpM MHHMCTepcTBe
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peopraHH3a:u;mo H pacnpe.n;eJIHT:b o6pa6aT~>maeMI>Ie yro.n;~>H B BM.n;e 3eMeJII>HhiX ,n;oJie:H Mex,n;y
l!CeMH XMTeJIHMH X03HHCTBa, a HMymeCTBeHH:bie naM MC)K,[l(y ero pa60THHKaMH. TiacT6HIUHbie
3eMJJ[H He no,n;Jie:xcaJIH pacnpe,n;e.rreHHIO. CBM,n;eTeJibCTBa Ha npano no.rrh30BaHHH 3eMeJI~>Ho:H ,n;oJie:H
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JHCTel!eHMH CpOKa ero ,n;efiCTBMH BJia,n;e.rre:u; ,ll;OJIH MMeeT npHOpMTeTHOe npaBO Ha. B0306HOBJieHHe
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f'ocy,n:apCTBeHHbiH HHCTMTYT 3eMeJibHbiX pecypCOB H 3eMJieycTpOHCTBa (6biBI.llHH
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ItbmoJIHHeTCH Ha MecTax. Paii:oHHhle U3APM ,ll;OJI)I(HI>I oKa3hiBaTb rroMoiJJ,b B pa3pa6oTKe ITJiaHoB
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:leMeJibHbiX yqa.CTKOB B HOBbiX CeJihX03IIpe,n:npHHTHHX. foc3eMa.reHTCTBO o6ecnel!HBaeT IIOMOIUl>
3CMJJ[eycTpOHTeJIHM paHOHHbiX ll,3APoB B BM,ll.e HHCTJPYKIJ;HH M MeTO,ll;MlleCKHX pa3pa6oTOK H
Ilbiii;{CKaeT 6a30Bble KapTbi KOJIX030B M COBX030B, KOTOphie MCIIOJJ:b3YIDTCH npH OTBe,n;eHHH
:3eMeJihHbiX yqaCTKOB IOpM,li.MqecKMM cy6neKTaM. 3TO areHTCTBO Ha,[!;eJieHO IIOJIHOMOliMHMM ITO
perHCTpaJJ;HH HOBhiX MMyiUeCTBeHHbiX npa.B, C03,ll;aHHbiX B pe3yJII>TaTe peopraHM:3ai.J;HH X03HHCTB.
B pe3yJII>TaTe pe<i:>opM B 1994 r. nJioma,n;:o ceJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHhiX yro.n;H:fi B
Hau;HoHaJihHOM 3eMeJII>HOM <PoH,n;e coKpaTMJiacb ,11.0 25 npo:u;eHTOB, TaiOKe 6bmo onyrn;eHo
TIOJIO::lKeHHe, lJTO <f>oH.n; nponaraH,n;HpyroT <<ITJPHMeHeHM:e Tpa,ll;MI.J;HOHHbiX Khipfbi3CKHX MeTO,ll;OB
X03HHCTBOBa.HMH>>. EhmM BBe,ll.eHI>I MaKCHMaJihHI>Ie pa.3Mephi 3eMeJibHoro yqacn::a,
npe,ll;OCTaBJIHeMOfO O,ll;HOH CeMbe: 30 ra B nacT6Mlli;HOH 30He H 20 ra. B 30Ha.X MHTeHCHBHOfO
c:eJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHOI'O ITpOM3BO,ll;CTBa, rrpM 3TOM nacT6MIUHbie 3eMJIH OT,ll.aBaJIHCb B
pacnopiDKeHHe ce.rrl>CKHX ynpa:s. E:bm ycTaHonneH MHHHMaJibHI>IH pa3Mep yqacTKa ,n;.rrH
X03HHCTBa-ToBaponpoM3BO,li.HTeJIH- 10 :ra. Cor.n:acHo yK:a3a npe3M,ll.eHTa oT 3 HOH6pH 1995 r. H3<P
JIHKEiM.L\HPOBaJICH, a ero 3eMJIH nepe,ll.aBaJIHCb B <PoH.n; nepepacnpe,ll;eJieHHH
cen~>cKOX03HHCTBeHHbiX yro,li.HH no,11. ynpaBneHHeM MCBX. YKa3 o6H3yeT MCBX pacnpe,ll;eJIMTb
51
noJIOBHHY 3Toit 3eMJIH qepe3 aYKIJ;HOHI.I, TeM He MeHee M CBX em;e He pa3pa6oTM MexaHH:JMJ>I no
HX opraHH3a~HH.
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CeJibCKOX03SIHCTBeHHOf0 H3.3Ha'leHIDI (cTaTMI 4). flo~rOTOBJieH npoeKT TIOIIpaBKH K
KOHCTH~H, KOTOpbie em;e He paccMaTPHBaJICSI )l(oropicy KeHelUeM (llapJiaMeHTOM), r~e HMeeTCR CHJII»Ha onno3HUIDI no :oonpocy qacTHOit co6cTBeHHOCTH Ha 3eMJiro. He~a:oHo
npaBHTeJII»CTBO H3.llaJIO IIO,IU'OTOBicy pe<l:lepeH,ZzyMa IIO 3TOM}' BOIIpocy, KOTOpl.IH HaMepeHO
npoBeCTH B 6moKamneM 6y.zzyw;eM.
CeJII»CKOX03HitCTBeHHHe npe~npiDITIDI, no.rryqHB:urn:e 3eM.rno, HMeroT JIHlllii> npaBo
3eMJienoJib30BaHHH. B JaKoHo~aTeJII:.CTBe HMeroTcR ~JeTI:.Ipe ocHOBHMX ,noK}'MeHTa,
TIO~TBepx,n;aiOm;He npaBa TIOJID30BaHIDI 3eMJI.siMH CeJII:.CKOX03.Sili:CTBeHHOfO Ha3H3.iJCHHSI. )];Ba
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BpeMeHHOfO IIOJID30BaHWI 3eMem>HbiM yqaCTKOM H ape~HbiH ,li;OfOBOp 0 BpeMeHHMX n:paBaX
3eMJieiTOJID30BaHIDI ~aiOT KpaTKOCpO'IHOe npaBO. flepBbie TPH ~OK}'MeHTa Bbi,ll;aiDTCH paHOHHbiM
[(eHTpOM 3eMeJII»HOH H arpapHOH pe<l:lopMbi (Q3AP). qeTBepTbiH Bhl,ll;aeTCH ,li;JIH apeH,D;hl CpOKOM
,li;O IDITH JieT, KaK npaBHJIO, CeJibCKHMH ynpaBaMH. qarn;e Bcero Bbi,ll;aeTCH BpeMeHHOe
CBH,IJ;eTeJI&CTBO Ha npa:so rroJIMOBaHHH 3eMeJibHoit ,u;oJie:H. XoTH :opeMeHH&Ie CBM,lll;eTeJI&CTBa ,D;aiDT
TaK:yJO :JKe npaBOBYJO rapaHTHIO 3eMJieTIOJib30BaTeJIRM, KaK H TIOCTOHHHJ>Ie (npaBa Ha 3eMCJibHyro
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TOM, tiTO TaM KOHKpeTHO He )'Ka3lbiBaeTCH 3eMeJibHbiH yqacTOK, 3aKpenJieHHblit 3a 3eMeJibHOH
,li\OJieH.
PasBHTHe seMe.llbHoro punxa
llpo~ecc $opMHPOBaHIDI 3eMeJI&HhlX phlHKOB B Kl>Iprhl3CKo:M: Pecn:y6JIHKe H,D;eT
MeMeHHJ>IMH TeMnaMH. XoTR npaBa 3eMJienoJI&30BaHHR rapaHTHpyiOTCH 3aKoHo~aTeJibCTBOM,
ITOKa npoBe~eHO He60JibUIOe 'IHCJIO c~eJIOK C 3eMJieH, B OCHOBHOM, B BH,ll(e o<l:lopMJieHHH
JKpaTKOCpO'IHOH apeH,D;hl, BBH,ey TOTO, 'ITO 60JibWHHCTBO $epMepOB HMeiOT 3eMeJI&Hbie ~OJIH JIHllib B TetieHHe O,li;HOfO-)l(Byx JieT. qT06J>I CTHM}'JIHpOBaTb C~eJIKH H HCITOJilb30BaTJ:, 3eMJIIO B
6o11ee npo~HBHhlX u;eJIHX, B HOH6pe 1996 r. 61>m H3,ll;aH }'Ka3 npe3M,L~;eHTa «0 Mepax no
BBe,u;eHHIO pbiHKa npaB IIOJib30BaHIDI 3eMJieH H C03~aHHIO pbiHO'IHOH CHCTeMJb][ KPe~HTOBamrn B
ceJI:&CKOM X03HHCTBe». B 3TOM }'Ka3e npe~cMaTPHBaJiacb rrpo,ll(axa npaB Ha no.rrb30BaHHe
ITOJIOBHHhl CeJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHhlX yro~HH H3 <l>o~a nepepacnpeJ(eJieHHR 3eMJIH ,li;O 15 MapTa
1998 r., H co3~aHHe KoMHTeTa no npo~axe npa~ 3eMJienoJilb30BaHHH H 3eMen:&H&IX yqacTKOB H3
<l>o~a nepepacrrpe~eJieH:IDI 3eMJIH TIPH MHHHCTepcTBe CeJibCKOfO H BO,li;HOro X03HHCTBa B u;eJISIX
PYKOBO,li;CTBa 3THM ITpou;eccoM. lJTo6J>I H36e:JKaTb ITOJIHTH'!eCKOH OIIII03Hli;HH H cneK}'JIHI.J;HH
npaBa 3eMJieiiOJib30BaHIDI pa3pelliaJIOCb TIOKynaTb TOJibKO CeJibX03pa60THHKaM H rpaJIGlaHaM
pecny6JIHKH, HMelOll.UIM OITbiT pa60Thl Ha 3eMJie.
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pecny6JIHKaHCKOe npaBHTeJibCTBO B onpe,u;eJieHHOH CTerreHH CHHJIO C ce6a OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb ITO
52
paapa6oTKe PYKOBO,li;CTBa HJIH npaBHJI BLmaca, 1IT06LI o6ecne':IHTh :;:,<J>cpeKTHBHOCTh,
cnpane,li;JIHBOCTL H pa:uHoHaJihHOe Hcnon:h3oBaHHe nacT6Hll(HhlX pecypcoB. Eon:L:nmHCTBO
TiaCT6Hll( paCTIOJIO:.JKeHO Ha BhlCOTe 1000-3500 MeTpOB Ha,ll; ypOBHeM MOpH, a TIO':ITH ':leTBepTaH
':laCTh - B BhlCOKoropHhlX paHOHaX. Ce30HHOCTh HCTIOJih30BaHHH nacT6Hll( 3aBHCHT OT HX
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HeYJBepeHHOCTh TIOJIHTHKOB B CBH3H C TeM, ':ITO B pecny6JIHKe 3a6LIT OTibiT ynpaBJieHHH 06ll(eH
co6cTBeHHOCTbiO. O.u;HaKo, BBlf,lzy BaXHocTH XHBOTHono.u;cTBa ,li;JIH ceJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHoro
CeKTopa H 3KOHOMHKH B l(eJIOM, pal(HOHaJIH3ali;HH CeKTOpa H CHCTeMa ynpaBJieHHH nacT6Hll(HhlMH
pecypcaMH npHHeCYT CYll(CCTBeHHYJO OT,ll;aqy.
Coc·roJIIIJie ce.tl'bCKoxosHiicTJJeHHoro saKOHOJU~Te.llbCTBa
fio.u;roTOBJieH npoeKT lJacTH I! fpa)KJ(aHCKOfO KO,ll;eKca, KOTOphlH CO,ll;epXHT BaXHhle
3JieM:eHThl 3aKOHa 0 ,li;OfOBOpHOM npaBe, TIOJIOlKeHHH KOTOpOfO 6y)J;YT IIpHMeiDITLCSI IIPH
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,li;O KOH:Ua 1997 f. llpoeKT 3eMeJILHOfO KO,ll;eKca, KOTOpbiH ,li;OmKeH 3aMeHHTb ,ll;eHCTBYJOll(HH
KO,ll;leKC, npHIDIThlH B 1991r., yxe rrpomeJI HeCKOJibKO pe.u;aKli;HM. C Ka)K,li;OH pe.u;aKI.J;HeH
COK]pall(alOTCSI MaCWTa6hl IIpOH3BOJibHOfO rocy,n;apcTBCHHOfO KOHTpOJISI Ha,ll; 3eMJieiiOJib30BaHHeM
H 3eMJieBJia,ll;eHHeM, TeM He MeHee HhlHeWHHH npoeKT (BapHaHT OT OKTSI6pH 1997 r.) ell(e Tpe6yeT
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Be,li;OMCTBa, KOTOpoe 6y,n;eT KOOp,li;HHMpOBaTb, KOHTpOJIHpOBaTb Ka':leCTBO pa60Tbl M o6ecne1IHBaTb
TeXHH':IeCKYJO noMoll(b MeCTHhlM OT,IJ;eneHHHM. YKa3aHHLIH 3aKOH Heo6xo,n;HMO rrpe,n;cTaBHTL B
llapJiaMeHT. 3aKOH 0 3aJIOfe (o6ecne'IeHHM) npMHHT napJiaMCHTOM H TIO,li;IIHCaH rrpe3H,ZJ;eHTOM B
cepe,n;HHe 1997 f., H ,n;acT B03MOXHOCTb Kpe,IJ;HTHbiM yqpe)K,ll;eHHHM rapaHTHpOBaTb B03BpaT
cpe)~CTB IIYTeM rrpe,n;QCTaBJieHHH Kpe,n;HTOB TIO,ll; 3aJIOf HMyll(eCTBa, TIOKa He 6y,n;eT rrpHHHT 3aKOH
o6 llriiOTeKe.
fipaBOBhle OCHOBLI 3eMeJibHOH pecpopMbi H pa3BHTHH 3eMeJibHhiX pbiHKOB CTaHOBHTCH
6om:e ':leTKHMH no Mepe BhlHBJieHHH H HcrrpaBJieHHH He,n;ocTaTKOB. XoTH ,n;o He,n;aBHero BpeMeHH
B llapJiaMeHTe cymeCTBOBaJia CHJibHaH OIIII03HIJ;HH qacTHOH C06CTBeHHOCTH, cemac 3Ta H,ZJ;eH
IIOJI:b3yeTCSI :nmpOKOH IIO,ll;,ll;epXKOH HaCeJieHHH H napJiaMeHTa, B03MOXHO, B He,n;aJieKOM 6y,n;y:w;eM
no 3TOMY Bonpocy B pecrry6JIHKe 6y,n;eT npoBe,n;eH pecpepeH,eyM. B pH,n; )'Ka3oB rrpe3H,ZJ;eHTa
pa31>HCIDieTCH TIOHHTHe co6CTBeHHOCTH npaB Ha 3eMJieiTOJib30BaHHe. YKa3e, rrpHIDIThlH B HOH6pe
1996 f., 3MOXHJI a,n;MHHHCTpaTHBHO-ITpaBOBI:.Ie OCHOBbi ,li;JIH pbiHO'IHbiX C,ll;eJIOK C rrpaBaMH
3eMJieiiOJib30BaHHH. llo Mepe BBe,n;eHHH B )J;eHCTBHC rrepe'IHCJICHHbiX 3aKOHO,ll;aTeJibHbiX aKTOB H
Ha':laJia .u;eHTeJibHOCTH cooTBeTCTBYJOll(HX opraHH3ai.J;HOHHbiX CTPYKTYP ocTaeTCH nee MeHbwe
C)J;epXHBalOll(HX cpaKTOpOB rrpaBOBOI'O xapaKTepa Ha ITYTH peopraHH3aiJ;HH X03HHCTB H pa3BHTHH
phlHKOB ceJI:bCKOX03HHCTBeHHhiX 3eMeJib.
COCTOJIHHE CTAHOB.JIEHM.JI 3EMEJibHOfO PbiHKA
Ha HaCTOSill(HH MOMCHT CeJI:bCKOX03HHCTBeHHbiM rrpe.n;npHHTHHM Bbl,ll;aHO 40 000
fOCy)J;apCTBeHHbiX aKTOB, a CBH,ZJ;eTeJibCTBa Ha rrpaBO IIOJib30BaHHSI HJIH BJia,ll;eHHH 3eMeJibHhlMH
,li;OIDIMH IIOJiyqHJIH TIO'ITH 85 IIPO:UeHTOB H3 800 000 CCJibCKHX CeMeH B pecrry6mtKe ( CM. Ta6JI.
53
A.3.1). B :a~e 3eMeJILHMX ,n;oJieit pacnpe,n;eJieHo noqTJI 80 npo:u;eHTOB o6pa6an;maeMLIX
ceJILX03yro,n;Hit, He BKJIIOqeHHMX B <l>oH,ZJ; nepepacnpe,n;eneHHH (eM Ta6JI A.3.2). C ,n;pyroit
CTOJPOHLI, 90 rrpo:u;eHTOB Bhl,ZJ;aHHbiX CBH,ZJ;CTCJILCTB HBJIHCTCH BpeMeHHbiMH, a He TIOCTOHHHLIMH,
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C,ll;CJIOK C 3CMCJibHLIMH ,ZJ;OJIHMM. KpoMe Toro, CJIC,lJYCT TipOHCHHTb COCTOHHHe H l(CJIH
HCTIOJIMOBaHIDI 25 TIJPOIJ;CHTOB naWHH, CO,ZJ;epxaw;e:itCH B <l>oH,ZJ;e nepepacnpe,ll;eJICHIDI 3CMJHI.
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54
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55
Pee. 3.1: lbMeneueu B pacn:pe,ZJ;eneueu: noceBHMX n:nom:a,ZJ;eii no Ten: aM XOJHHCTB
B n:epexo,lJ;HLIH nepeo,ZJ;
1990
Xo311iiCTBa naceJllellllll
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1994
1997
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DO THD3M X03HHCTB B 1996 :r.
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61%
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,n;onoJIHMTeJII>Hbie nnomaJlH. Ha'IHHaH c 1994 r. npHMepHo 360 000 reKTapoB JeMJIM B «:DTICY
(eM. Ta6JI. 3.5) HaJW)lHJIOC:b B paCITOpH)KeHMH CeJII>CKHX ynpaB Ha YCJIOBHHX KpaTKOCpO'IHOH
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JeMeJII>HI>Ie yqacTKH, IIJIOII~a.n;~> KOTop~>rx paBHa yxe MMeromnMcH yqacTKaM. CamacHo yKa3y 1996 f. 0 C03,ll;aHHH 3eMeJII>HbiX pl>IHKOB, 50 npon;eHTOB 3eMJIH H3 <J>TICY ,ll;OJDKHO 6:0ITl> BI>ICTaBJieHO Ha
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58
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65
'IacnJMe X03HiiCTB3
10%
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23%
l.lacn-nhie
X03HiiCTB3
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'llaCTHibiC
X03HiJCTB3
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X03$11HCTB3
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1992
1992
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86%
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X03HiiCTB3
92%
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39%
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68%
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58%
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6%
1996
1996
1996
Kpymn.1e
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12%
Kpymu.1e
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55%
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X03HifCTBa
17%
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25%
P111c. 4.4: PeaJIH3~UJ;HH oT.r.eJILHhiX npo.r.yKTOB no KauaJiaM peam11Ja~eu B 1996 r.
c
A B 5%2%
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E A,B,C 7% 0%
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E
B. XJIOIIOK
A B 6%0%
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c
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D - UOTpe6Koonepauuu, E - ODJiaTa Tpy.LJ:a " oomecTJRI!::HHOe 11HT~mue.
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Puc. 4.5: .Qeubl ua yposue X03BHCTB no KaHaJiaM pea.TIH3au;uu B 1996 r.
a.3epuo
...... 3,000
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0 " :li c. c. "' "" IQ "" "' "' "" 0 .. ll. 001 [,Q 1E =
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B. MOJIOKO
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69
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70
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Ta:IOKe HBJIHeTCH HaCJie,D;HeM CHCTeMbi COBeTCKOI'O TIJiaHMpOBaHHH.
B nepHO,ll; C 1994 ITO 1996 rr. CTOHMOCTb e,D;HHHl(bi OCHOBHbiX 3KCnOpTlipyeMbiX npO.n;yl(TOB
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B03Bparu;eHO TOJilhKO 103,5 MJIH. COMOB; 42 MJIH. COMOB CTIMCaHO M 105 MJIH. KaK npou;eHTHJhie
TIJiaTelKH (maBHI>IM o6pa30M B 1995 fO)zy, TIOCKOJihK}' npou;eHThi paHee He B3MMaJUiCb). 06maH
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Jln:OHMH Bbi,n:eJ][HJIHCh rpaHThi B BH)J;e CeJibX03TeXHHKH, B OCHOBHOM TpaKTOpOB H KOM6aHHOB. JB 1997 I'. 6ID,IJ;)KeTHbie aCCHrHOBaHlfH HanpaBJIHJIMCh Ha Kpe)J;HTbi )J;JIH npe.n;npHHTHH no J][Jf3MHry
CeJibX03TeXHHKH, Ha'IaJibHbie HHBeCTMll(HM ,ll;JIH KbipThi3CKOH CeJibCKOX03HMCTBeHHOH
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,li;JIH CeJibCKOX03HMCTBeHHOfO Kpe)J;U:Ta B TeqeHMe ,IJ;Byx JieT, HaqHHaH C 1998 :r.; B3HMaHHH
n:onolKHTeJihHhiX peani>HbiX npou;eHTHhiX cTaBoK; He ncnorrb3oBaHHM KC<D K B Ka'!ecTne
nocpe.n;HHKa ,li;JIH nepe.n;aqM 6ro.n;:JKeTHbiX Kpe,n;u:ToB, a TaK:JKe o '!eTKOM onpe,ll;eJieHHM H
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80
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81
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Kpe~HThi y~oBneTBopeH Ha 30 npon;eHTOB. Cne~oBaTeJII>Ho, Kpe~HT ocTaeTcH ocHoBHhlM
$aK'l'OpOM, C,D;epXHBaiOIUHM BOCCTaHOBJieHHe H pOCT ceJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHOI'O CeKTopa.
B OTJIHliHe OT .Kpe~HTa ~JIH npoH3Bo~cTBeHHoro H o6cny:£IamaiOmero ceKTopoB
CeJihCKOX03.SIHCTBeHHhiH Kpe~HT HMeeT CJie~yiDIIJ;He OTJIH"'HTeJihHbie qepThi:
li 0THOCHTeJibHO HH3KaH Ol{ynaeMOCTb HHBeCTHll;HM;
• 0THOCHTeJibHO BhlCOKHM pHCK HenorarneHHH HJIH HeB03BpaTa;
• KaK npaBHJio, 3HatiHTeJII>Hhle pacxo~emum B noKa3aTeJI.SIX oKy:naeMOCTH H pHcKax;
• Ce30HHbiH xapaKTep npoH3BO,li;CTBeHHoro IJ;HKJia;
• B~:>IcoKa.SI uepoHTHOCTh rocy~apcTBeuuoro BMemaTeJibCTBa H3-3a 3a6oTI>I o6 o6ecnetieHHH
I'OpO,li;OB H C006pa)KeHHH npo~OBOJihCTBCHHOH 6e30ITaCHOCTH;
• Kpa:ti:He pa36pocauuoe n Mano opraHH30Bauuoe coo6mecTBO <l>epMepoB;
• HH3KHH ypoBem. noTpe6uocTeii B Kpe,rune Ka~oro OT)].eJILHoro ~epMepa.
fuM OTJIH"'HTeJibHhle aTpH6y:Thl CeJibX03Kpe~HTa npeBpaiii;aiOT <}:>HHaHCHpOBaHHe ceJibCKOro
X03HMCTBa B OTHOCHTeJibHO 6onee pHCKOBaHHhlM H MeHee Bhii'O,li;HhiM 6H3HCC ~JIH KOMMepqecKHX
6aHKOB HJIH ,ll;py:rHX KOMMepqecKHX Kpe,IJ;HTHbiX HHCTHTy:TOB. Eonee TOI'O, B CCJibX03Kpe,D;HTaX
06hll!HO BeCbMa BhiCOKa CTOHMOCTh OIIepaiJ;HM, IJ:aCTHIJ:HO KOMIIeHCHpyiDll..l;aH BbiCOKHC pHCKH,
HH3Kyl0 peHTa6eJibHOCTh H BbiCOKHe a,n;MHHHCTpaTHBHbie H3)l;ep)KKH. B TO BpeMH KaK 3TH
aTpH6y:Tbi BIIOJIHe OIIpaB)l;biBaiOT He06XO)l;MMOCTh IIOCTCIICHHOI'O pa3BHTHH CHCTeMhi
KOMMepiJ:eCKOI'O Kpe)l;HTa, OHM He MO:ryT CJIYXHTh 060CHOBaHHCM )l;JIH cy6CH.n;HpOBaHHbiX H
,n;HpeKTHBHbiX Kpe.n;HTOB B .n;onrocpoqHo:H nepcneKTHBe.
83
B 1996 f. 06ll.(li:H o61>eM Kpe)l;MTa COCTaBHJl 320 MJIH. COMOB (Ta6n. A.5.4.) ll 6I.m
o6ecnetieH 6IO,l(XeTHMMH cpe,l(CTBaMH (43 rrpol(eHTa o6mero o61>eMa Kpe,l(HTOB), ,l(BYCTOpOHHHMH
,l(OHOpaMH (39 npOI(eHTOB) M Kpe,l(HTaMH HenpaBHTeJlbCTBeHHhiX opraHH3al(HH (Hllp0) (18 npol(eHTOB). DOJib:u..rn:HCTBO Kpe,l(HTOB npe,n;ocTaBJISIJIOCb HaTypoM B BH,l(e CIDlhHO
cy6CH,l(HpOBaHHOfO TOBapHOfO Kpe,l(HTa no fO,l(OBOH npol(eHTHOH CTaBKe HH)Ke 12 npol(eHTOB
npH ypoBHe ro,n;ono:H HH<);urn:u;HM 35 npol(eHTOB. Kpe.ruui>I Bbi,l(eJIHJIHCh Ha TPM lli.llpo.KHe
KaTeropMH: CeJibCKOX03.HHCTBeHHMe npOH3BO,l(CTBeHHbie 3aKynKH (roproqee, CeMeHa, y,n;o6peHHH,
neCTHI.J;H,l(l>I H 3aWiaCTH ,l(Jl.H CeJibX03MaiiiHH); CeJibX03TeXHMKa, B OCHOBHOM, TpaKTOpbi H
KOM6aHHM, <J:>HHaHCHpyeMa.H rpaHTaMH .5InOHJIH; H Ha He60JihlliHe arponpOMbill.IJieHHbie
npoeKTM, <l:>MHaHcHpyeM:hie npeHM}'ll.l;eCTBeHHO HIIpO, KoTop~>Ie, B cnow oqepe,n;h,
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KOMHCCIDI).
B 1997 f. 06lli;MM 061>eM Kpe,l(MTOB COCTaBHJI 445 MJIH. COMOB, noJiyqeHHbiX B OCHOBHOM
M3 6IO,l(XeTHMX acCMfHOBaHMM (34 npo:u;eHTa), cpe,l(CTB ,l(BYCTOpOHHHX ,l(OHOpOB (34 npou;eHTa),
HenpaBHTeJibCTBeHHl>IX opraHH3al(HH (17 npol(eHTOB) HOT KhiprDI3CKOH ceJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHOH
4_}HHaHcoBo:H Kopnopau;HM (11 npo:u;eHTOB). Kpe,n;HT, no-npe)KHeMy, npe,n;ocTaBJIHJICH B HaType, B
BH)J;e TOBapHbiX Kpe)l;HTOB no TpeM :u..rn:pOKHM KaTeropMHM, Ha3BaHHbiM Bbillle. flpaBHTeJibCTBO
ITJiaHMpOBaJIO B3HMaTb 10 TipOI(eHTOB fO,l(OBhlX TIO 6ID,l(XeTHbiM Kpe,l(MTaM M ITO ,l(OHOpCKHM
Kpe.n;HTHI>IM pecypcaM. HIIpO ImaHMpOBaJIM ycTaHaBmiBaTb npoueHT npM6JIH3HTeni>Ho paBHbiH
o::liGIJ];aeMOMY ypoBHIO HH<);>nHUHM (npHMepHo 17,5 npou;eHTOB n 1997 r.). B cpe.n;HeM ypoBeHI>
B03BpaTHOCTH Kpe.n;HTa, npe,n;ocTaBJI.HeMoro HllpO, cocTaBn.HeT oKono 75 npo:u;eHTOB. YpoBeHI>
B03BpaTHOCTM 6ro,n;XeTHbiX pecypCOB Tpa,l(HUMOHHO oqeHb HH30K, HO B 1997 r. npaBMTeJibCTBO
CyuJ;eCTBeHHO YJI)"'IIIHJIO noKa3aTeJlb B03BpaTHOCTM. llpaBHTeJibCTBOM TaKXe rrpMH.HTO pellleHMe
CBeCTH Ha HeT 6JO,l()KeTHOe Kpe.IJ;MTOBaHHe K 1999 ro,n;y M B3HMaTh 6onee BbiCOKyiD npo:u;eHTHYID
CTaBKy (paBHYlO fO)];OBOMY ypoBHID HH<);>miUHM nnroc Map)Ka) B 1998-99 rr.
KpoMe TOfO, O)KH,l(aeTCH, 'ITO TpH HOBhiX Kpe.IJ;HTHbiX MCTOqHHKa CMOfYT npe,l(OCTaBJIHTb
Kpe,n;MTbi B Te'leHMe 1997 f. Ki>Ipfbi3CKaH CeJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHaH qnmaHCOBaH KOpnopai.J;HH
(KC<l>K), C03,ll;aHHaH KaK BpeMeHHbiH He6aHKOBCKHH Kpe)J;HTHhiH MHCTHT)'T )J;JIH Bbi)J;eJieHH51
:Kpe,n;MTOB Ha KOMMepqecKHX YCJIOBMHX Ha nepHO)l; cpopMMpOBaHHH CHCTeMbi .ll;OJifOCpOl!HbiX
KOMMepqecKHx Kpe.n;HTOB. B 1997 r. KC<I>K npe.n;ocTanwna Kpe.n;MTOB Ha cyMMY 50 MJIH. coMoB
(11 npo:u;eHTOB OT o6mero 061>eMa Kpe,l(MTOB) no fO)];OBOH npo:u;eHTHOH CTaBKe Bbillie 30 npou;eHTOB H npH noKa3aTene B03BpaTHOCTH Kpe,n;HTOB oKono 98 npoueHTOB. Co3,n;aHo 6onee 20 Kpe)l;HTHbiX COI030B (c 1996 f. )l;eHCTByeT )l;Ba Kpe,ll;HTHbiX COI03a, C03)];aHHhiX B paMKaX ITHJIOTHOfO
npoeKTa) B paMKax npoeKTa A3HaTc:Koro 6aHKa pa3BHTMH (AEP) no pa3BMTMIO CHCTeMhl
CeJibCKOfO Kpe,n;HTa, KOTOpbie HatiHYT npe)];OCTaBJIHTb Kpe,ll;HTbi C 1998 r. KoMMepqecKHe
KOMnaHMM TaKXe Ha'laJIH ITpOH3BO,lJ;HTh nOCTaBKH ,l!;JIH Hy)K)]; CeJibCKOfO X03.HHCTBa B 06MeH Ha
ceJII>X03npO)zyKll;HIO KaK qacTM TaK Ha3hlBaeMOfO KOHTpaKTHOfO cj:>epMepcTBa. B.n;o6aBOK,
TIOHBMJIMCb IIpM3HaKH TOfO, t!TO B HeKOTOpbiX CeJibCKHX MeCTHOCTHX TIO.HBJIHIDTCH TOpfOBbie
<);>HHaHCbi, HO pa3Mephl TaKHX Kpe,n;HTOB OCTaiOTC.H oqeHb He60JiblliMMH.
flepeXO/.( K CHCTeMe KOMMep'leCKOFO Kpe,l.(JITa
Kpe,n;HTM MOryT npe.n;ocTaBJIHTbCH qacTHbiM ceKTopoM c 6oJihrneti: 3<);><);>eKTHBHOCTbiD,
BKJIIOlJaH Kpe,ll;MTHhie KOOnepaTHBbi H COID3hi. .ll,JIH YCKOpeHHH nepexo,n;a Ha CMCTeMy
KOMMepqecKOfO KPe)];MTOBaHMH rrpaBHTeJibCTBY )1;0 1999 f. CJie,n;yeT ITOCTeiTeHHO JIHKBH,l(HpOBaTb
84
BCe cy6cM,ZJ;HpOBaHHhiC K_PC,ll;HThi, HanpaBJIHeMhle B I.J;eJieBOM ITOpH,D;Ke ,ll;JIH KOHKpeTHhiX X03HHCTB
KJlH nepepa6aTHBaroJ.UMX npe,D;npiDITHii. K 3TOMY BpeMeHH ocTaromaHCH 3a,D;oiDKeHHOCTL ,D;oJDKHa
6h!TL B3hiCKaHa, peCTPYK'fYPHPOBaHa HJIH CITHCaHa, H npaBHJia B03BpameHHH HOBLIX 3aHMOB
,D;OIDKHLI cl'poro BhiTIOJIHHTLCH. PeanbHhle rrpoueHTHhle cTaBKH ,D;OIDKHLI 6h!TL noJIO)KHTeJibHhlMH
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Heco6JIIO,D;eHHH 3THX peKOMeH,D;ai.J;HH JII06aH HOBaH Kpe,ll;HTHaH CHCTeMa HCIThlThlBaeT Kpax. TeM
He MeHee, Ha nepeXO,li;HOM 3Tarre MO)KHO o60CHOBaTb <i:>HHaHCOBYIO ITO,ll;,ll;epXCicy CeJII>X03CeKTopy,
npH YCJIOBHH, 'ITO cpe,li;CTBa HanpaBJIHIOTCH ITO UeJieBOMY Ha3Ha'IeHH10 Ha rrpHOpHTeTizyiO
,D;eHTeJibHOCTI> R!IH c<.l>ephl; npou;ecc ,li;OJDKeH 6biTb OTKpbiTbiM C 'IeTKHMH KpHTepHHMH
Tipe,D;OCTaBJieHHH H paCXO,li;OBaHIDI cpe,li;CTB, ,ll;OJIXeH CITOC06CTBOBaTb nOBbillieHHIO
3<l>$eKTHBHOCTH H COOTBeTCTBYJOmHM rrepeMeHaM H 6biTb JiefKO CBepTbiBaeMhiM.
KoMMepqecKHe K_Pe,lJ;HTHbie MHCTHTYTbi He cJie,lJ;yeT HcnoJih30BaTb .ZJ;JIH peaJIM3aUHH
npaBHTCJibCTBeHHOH ITOJIHTHKH no npe,li;OCTaBJieHHIO <):>HHaHCOBOM no,lJ;,ll;ep)KKM arpapHOMY
CeKTopy, HaXO,lJ;HIUeMYCH B TIJia'IeBHOM COCTOHHHH Ha nepeXO,lJ;HOM 3Tane.
PA3BHTME KOMMEP<IECKMX KPE.UM:THbiX Y'IPE)K)J.EHMA
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KaT~~ropHH ceJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHhiX CTPYKTYP H IIpe,ll;npHHTH:ti::
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aKUHOHepHbie npe,lJ;IIpHHTHH H accou;HaUHH KpeCTbHHCKHX X03HHCTB;
(ii) MenKHe qacTHbie <):>epMI>I, HarrpHMep, HH,D;HBH.n;yani>Hhle xpecTMIHCKHe X03HHCTBa,
npHyca,D;e6Hbie yqacTKH HJIH KOJIJieKTHBHbie X03HMCTBa TaKoro THrra;
(ili) llpe,ll;npiDITHH arpo6H3Heca, B OC06eHHOCTH Te, KOTOpbie 3aHHMaJOTCH HMIIOpTOM
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(iv) ArponpOMbilliJieHHbie npe,ll;TipHHTHH, B qacTHOCTH Te, KOTOpbie 3aHHMaiOTCH
nepepa60TKOH ceJibX03TipO,li;YKUHH H Hy}K,ll;aJOTCH B 3aicyiiKaX CblpbSI y
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BBH,Jzy Toro, 'ITO xpe,li;HTHI>Ie pecypchi B pecny6JIHKe orpaHH'IeHbi, KaK orpaHH'IeHbi
HHCTHTYUHOHaJibHbie B03MOXHOCTH no o<):>opMJieHHJO, o6pa60TKe H B3hiCKaHHIO Kpe,li;HTOB, Ha
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arpo6H3Hecy H arponpoMhilliJieHHbiM rrpe,lJ;npMHTHHM. Kpe,li;HThi cne,~J;yeT Bhl,ll;aBaTh JIH6o
J];eHbfaMH, JIH6o HaTypoit, B <):>opMe TOBapHhiX Kpe,li;HTOB ,li;JIH KpyiTHbiX H MeJIKHX lJaCTHbiX
X03HHCTB B BM,ZJ;e OCHOBHbiX cpe,li;CTB ceJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHOfO rrpOH3BO,li;CTBa. Tipe,li;OCTaBJieHHe
:Kpeili;HTOB ITpe,n;TipHHTHHM arpo6H3Heca 06Jief'IHJIO 6bi pa3BHTHe CBH3e:it Me)J{,ll;y :Kpe,lJ;HTHhiM
pbiHKOM H $opMHPYIOIJ.UilMHCH phlHKaMH cpe,li;CTB CeJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHOf0 TipOM3BO,li;CTBa H
o6Jief'IHJIO 6bi TIOCTaBicy OCHOBHbiX cpe,li;CTB npOH3BO,li;CTBa ,li;JIH <):>epMepOB qepe3 qaCTizylO
,lJ;HJiepCKYIO cen.. TaKHe Kpe)l;HTbi MOXHO 6MJIO 6hl OTHOCHTeJibHO JiefKO O,lJ;06pHTb M
KOHl'pOJIHpOBaTb HX B03BpaT. Tipe,ll;npHHTHH arpo6H3Heca HJIH TOpfOBhle CTpyKTypbi, B CBOIO
85
oqepe,ll;b, MO:ryT ITpO,!J;aBaTb OCHOBHhle cpe,!J;CTBa CeJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHOrO TipOM3BO,ll;CTBa KaK 3a
Ha.JIHliHhle, TaK B Kpe,ll;HT. Bo BTOpOM cnyqae, KOTOphlH ,ll;OCTaToqHo pacnpocTpaHeH B MHpe,
cpepMephl MOrJIH 6hl norawaTh .nonr no Kpe,!J;HTY no oKoHqaHHH c6opa ypo)KaH IDIH rrocne
npo,!J;a:JKH CKOTa HJIH :lKHBOTHOBO,ll;11eCKOH rrpo,!J;yKll;HH. 3TOT BH,L( Kpe,ll;HTOBaHHH, H3BeCTH:biH IIO,ll;
Ha3BaHHeM ToprOBhiH HJIH ,ll;HJiepCKHH Kpe,ll;HT, Heq>OpMaJI:bHO 3apo)K,ll;aeTCH B HeKOTOp:biX "IaCTHX
CTpaHhl.
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ceJIDX03rrpo.nYKUHH, TaKHM o6pa3oM YBeJIHqMBaH cnpoc Ha ceJILX03TOBapLI (B HaCTOHI.I.J;ee npeMH
HH3KHH cnpoc HBJIHeTCH O,ll;HHM H3 cepbe3HhlX orpaHHqeHHH 03,ll;OpOBJieHHH arpapHoro CeKTopa) H
CITOC06CTBYH pa3BHTHIO CeJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHhlX pbiHKOB. Arpon:pOMhiWJieHHbie rrpe,u;npMHTIDI
MOryT rrpe,!J;OCTaBJIHTb Kpe,ll;HThl B BH,L(e cpe,ll;CTB rrpOH3BO,ll;CTBa HJIH Kpe,ll;HTHbiX BayqepOB Ha
cpe.ncTBa npoH3BO,ll;CTBa. B KoHu;e ceJII>CKOX03HHCTBeHHoro ro.u;a cpepMep MO)KeT B03BpaTHTD
Kpe,ll;HT, npo.u;an H3JIHWKH npo,lJ;YKIJ;HH arponpoMI>IWJieHHOMY npe.u;rrpMHTHIO. TaKo.ti: rropH,!J;OK,
H3BeCTHhlH KaK KOHTpaKTHOe cpepMepCTBO, He TOJihKO o6JierqaeT o6ecrreqeHHe cpepMepoB
OCHOBHhlMH cpe,IJ;CTBaMH ITpOH3BO,ll;CTBa, HO TaK)Ke o6ecneqHBaeT HX p:biHKOM C6biTa. KaK H
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6e,ll;HOCT:biO B CeJibCKHX paHOHaX Kpe,n;HThi CJie,ll;yeT HanpaBJIHTh Ha <l:>HHaHCMpOBaHHe CJie,n;yiDll.I;HX
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ITpOM3BO,ll;CTBa CeJihCKOro X03HHCTBa;
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npe.n;ocTaBJieHHH TaKHX ycnyr KaK BCITaWKa, y6opKa HJIM TpaHCITOpTMpOBKa;
(iii) CKJlaocKue noMe1J4eHUR .n;na coKpai.I.J;eHHH noTepL;
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ChlpbeBhie MaTepHaJihl, yJiyqllleHHH KaqecTBa, npMpOCTa ,n;o6aBJieHHOM CTOHMOCTH H
YBeJIHqeHHH cpoKoB xpaHeHHH.
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HJIH HanpaBJieHHH ,n;eHTeJibHOCTH, KOTOpbie HMeiOT BbiCOKYIO HOpMy cPHHaHCOBOH H
3KOHOMHqecKOH peHTa6eJibHOCTM.
86
fJIABA VI
YKPEllJIEHME BIO)UKETHO-<l>MHAHCOROfO YllPABJIEHIDI B CEnbCKOX03~MCTBEHHOM CEKTOPE
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3a pe)J;KHM MCKJIIO'IeHMeM, He KOHTpOJIMpYJOTCR M CB060)J;HO Orrpe,D;eJI.siiOTCR CIIpOCOM M
rrpe)J;JIO:JKeHMeM Ha pbiHKe. O'IeBH,li;HI:.Ie rrpHMhle cy6cH,li;MM, B ocHOBHOM, OTMeHeHbi. HeT
orpaHM'IeHMH Ha o6MeH MHOCTpaHHOH BaJIIOTbi, H COM KOTMpyeTCR CB060,ll;HO. AlcrMBHO
rrpo.n;BHraeTc.si rrpHBaTM3a:u;:mL CoKpam;eHbi Tpa.n;MIJ;MOHHO KPYIIHbie 6ro,n;xeTHbie accMrHoBaHMH
cem,CKOMY X03RHCTBY, O,ll;HaKO cymecTByeT pe3epB )J;aJII>HeMlllero ynyqrneHH.si cPMCKaJibHOfO
yrrpa.BJiemm M TpaHc<l:>epTOB 3TOMY CeKTopy.
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03HMhle KYJibTYPhi.
Jl.IIOJ(OpOJQfe JIO'IJJM H IIHTaHHe Ce.llbCKOX03JlHCTBt!HHMX pacreHHH
TiocJie 1990 r. B pecrry6JIHKe pe3KO COKpaTHJIOCh HCJIOJib30BaHMe KaK XHMWieCKHX, TaK H
opraHWieCKHX y,n;o6peHH:i.f:: C 490 TbiC. TOHH B 1900 r. HCnOJib30BaHHe y,n;o6peHMH yrrano ,l(O 16
ThiC. TOHH B 1996r., T.e, rroqTH Ha 97 ITpOIJ;eHTOB (CM. pMC. 8.3). 0CHOBHaSI IIpllqHHa - HH3KHe
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102
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HMIIOpT y,n;o6peHHH, HX IIpOH3BO,li;CTBO H MapKeTHHf ,[(OJI)KHbl HaXO,li;HTbCH B pyKaX '!aCTHOfO
ceK'fopa. Crre.n;yeT pa3pa6oTaTb cooTBeTCTBYJOI.IzyiO cTpaTerHIO, c yqeToM crre.n;yroii.J;HX acneKTOB.
llpatBHTeJibCTBY HJIH ,[(OHOpaM CJie,IJ;yeT paCCMOTpeTb B03MO)KHOCTb rrepBOHa'laJibHOfO
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OITTOBhiX TaK H p03HH'!HhiX. Heo6XO,li;HMO o6yqHTb <i>epMepOB OIITHMaJibHbiM MeTO,[(aM
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B <PepMepcKHX X03HHCTBax, Ha'!HHaH c opornaeMhiX KYJihTYP B paiioHax c MaKCHMaJihHbiM
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103
0
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Puc. 8.1: lla.z:a:euue cpe.z:a:ueii ypo~aiiuocTu: c 1989-91 no 1995-97 IT.
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Puc. 8.2: lla.z:a:euu:e cpe.z:a:ueii npo.z:a:yKTHBHOCTH ~HBOTHOBO)J:CTBa C 1990 DO 1996 f'f'.
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106
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IIOCJie.a:yiDII.(MMM peKOMeH,D;al.(HHMH OTHOCMTeJibHO OIITHMaJibHOH CTPYKTYPhi 3eMJie,a:eJIIDI, Jiyl!IUMX
arpOHOMMqecKHX IIpMeMaX, COICpaii.(eHHH HHTeHCMBHOfO IIpHMeHeHMH arpOXHMMKaTOB,
KOMIIJieKCHbiX Mepbi 3aii.(MTbi pacTeHHH OT Bpe,a:HTeneM M 6oJie3HeM, 3<):l<):leKTHBHOf0
MCIIOJib30BaHIDI OpOCHTeJibHOH BO.Il:bi. A,a:aiiTHBHbie MCCJie.li;OBaTeJibCKHe nporpaMMhi .U:OJilKHI>I
OpHeHTMpOBaTI>CH Ha ITOTpe6HOCTH <):lepMepOB H rrpOBO,!J;MTbCH B peaJibHbiX COI.J;HaJII>H0-
3KOHOMWieCKMX H arp03KOJIOI'HqecKHX YCJIOBHHX, a Ha OCHOBe TIOJiyqeHHbiX pe3yJihTaTOB ,ll;OJIJKeH
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108
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109
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110
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World Bank. 1998. Kyrgyz Republic: Country Assistance Strategy. Report No. 17641-KG, Apri114. BceMHpH:Eatit 6aHK, 14 arrpeJIH 1998 r. <<KhlprLI3CKaH Pecny6JIHKa: CrparernH noMOI.U;H cTpaHe>>, AOKJiaA #
17641-KG
World Bank. 1998. Kyrgyz Republic: Agricultural Support Services Project. Report No. 17312-KG, Apri13. BceMHpHhlit 6aHK, 3 arrpeJIH 1998 r. «Kl.J:pi'LI3CKaH Pecrry6JIHKa: TipoeKT rroMepXKH
CeJThCKOX03HHCTBeHHI>IX BCIIOMOraTeJThHI>IX YCJiyr>>, OT'IeT # 17312-KG
World Bank. 1998. Kyrgyz Republic: Irrigation Rehabilitation Project. Report No. 17531-KG, March 30. BceMHpH:Eatit 6aHK, 30 Mapn 1998 r. «Kl.J:pm3cKaH Pecrry6.JIHKa: TipoeKT pea6HJIHTaiJ;HH Hpp:Hral(HOHHhlX
CHCTeM>>, OT'IeT# 17531-KG
World Bank. 1997. Kyrgyz Republic: Rural Finance Project. Report No. 16470-KG, May 15. BceMHpHhlH 6aHK, 15 MaH 1997 r. «KF..!pi'LI3CKaH Pecny6]]ID(a: TipoeKT ceJThcKoro cpHHaHc:u:poBaHHH>>, oTTieT
# 16470-KG
World Bank 1997. Kyrgyz Republic: Public Sector Resource Management Adjustment Credit. Report No. P-7054-KG, March 17.
BceMHpH:Eatit 6aHK, 17 Mapn 1997 r. «Kl.J:pi'LI3CKaH Pecrry6JIHKa: KpeAHT Ha C'fPYKTYPHYJO nepecTpoih<y ynpaBJieHHHpecypcaMHrocyAapcTBeHHoro ceKropa>>, oTTieT#. P-7054-KG
120
World Bank 1996. "Food Security for the World". Statement prepared for the World Food Summit, Rome, November 12, 1996.
Bce:MHpHI>IH 6aHK, 12 HoH6pH 1996 r. «MHpoBaH npo,!I;OBOJThCTBeHHaH 6e3onacHoCTh», 3aHBJieHHe, IIO)UUTOBJieHHOe ,!I;JIH BC'l'pe'lli Ha Bl:ilCUieM ypOBHe IIO BOIIpocaM MHpOBOI'O IIpO,ll;OBOJThCTBHH.
World Bank. 1996. "Rural Development: Putting the Pieces in Place". Environmentally Sustainable Development, November 12. 1996.
BceMHpm.tit 6aHK, 12 HOH6pH 1996 r.«Pa3BHrne ceJThcKo:H 3KOHOMHKH: HaBO,!I;H nopH,!I;OK». 3KoJioili'IecKH ycTOH'lliBOe pa3BHTHe.
World Bank and the Ministry of Agriculture and Food. 1996c. Kyrgyz Republic: Agricultural Support Services Project. Draft Preparation Report, prepared by Euroconsult, Amhem: The Netherlands, Four volumes, July.
BceMHpm.tit 6aHK H MHHHc-repcTBo ceiThcKoro X03IDkTBa H npo,!I;OBOJThCTBHH, :moJTh 1996c. <<KHprl:il3CKaH Pecrry6JIHKa: llpoeKT no,zmep)KJ(H BcnoMoraTeJThHhiX ceiThCKOXo3HiicTBeHHhiX CJIY)K6>>, npoeKT OT'IeTa o no,!l;roTOBKe npoeKTa 4-x roMax, no,n:roroBJieH «EBpOKoHcaJIT>>, ApHeM, HMepnaH,n:hl
World Bank. 1996d. The Kyrgyz Republic: Financial Sector Adjustment Credit. Report No. P-6891-KG, May 31.
BceMHpHhlH 6aHK, 31 MaH 1996d. <<l<HpThl3CKaH Pecny6JIHKa: Kpe,ll;HT Ha CTPYKTypHYJO nepec'l'pOHKY $HHaHcoBoro ceKropa», oTI:eT P-6891-KG
World Bank. 1996e. Kyrgyz Republic: Sheep Development Project. Report No. 14701-KG, April23. Bce:r.rn:pm.m 6aHK, 23 anpeJIH 1996e. «l(Rpm3cKaH Pecny6JIHKa: rrpoeKTpa3BHTHH oBn;eBO,ll;CTBa>>.
Worlld Bank. 1995a. The Kyrgyz Republic: Agricultural Privatization and Enterprise Adjustment Credit. Report No. P-6583-KG, June.
BceMHpHhlH 6aHK, 1uom. 1995a. <<Kl:ilpThl3CKaH Pecny6JIHKa: Kpe.nnT Ha npHBam3an;:mo ceJThcKoro xo3IDicTBa H peopramnan;:mo ceJThcKoxo3IDicTBeHHhlX rrpe,ll;rrpHHTHH>>, oTI:eT P-6583-KG
World Bank 1995b. The Kyrgyz Republic: Country Assistance Strategy. Report No. 14548-KG, June 2. Bcei~rnpHl:ilH 6aHK, 2 HIOHH 1995b. <<KhlpThl3CKaH Pecrry6JIHKa: C'l'paTernH rroMorn;H CTPaHe>>, oTI:eT 14548-
KG
World Bank. 1995c. The Kyrgyz Republic: Economic Report, A World Bank Document prepared for the Consultative Group Meeting, May.
BceMHpHJ>IH 6aHK, Ma:K 1995c. <<Khlpm3cKaH Pecrry6JIHKa: o63op 3KOHOMH'IecKoro rronoxeHHH>>, ,ll;OK)'MeHT BceMHpHoro 6aHKa, IIO,!J;I'OTOBJieHHhiH ,ll,JIH BC'l'pe'lli KoHcyJThTaTHBHOH rpynrrhl.
World Bank. 1995d. The Kyrgyz Republic: National Environmental Action Plan. Report No. --, May. BceJvUipHhiH 6aHK, MaD: 1995d. <<Kl:ilpm3cKaH Pecrry6JIHKa. Hall,HOHaJIDHaH rrporpaMMa 3KonornqecKHx
MeponpH5ITIUh>
World Bank. 1995e. The Kyrgyz Republic: Poverty Assessment and Strategy. Report No. 14380-KG, May 30. BceMHpHhiH 6aHK, 30 MaR 1995e. <<Kl:ilpm3cKaH pecrry6JIHKa: on;eHKa H CTpaTernH 6op:o6hl c 6e,!I;HOCThiO»,
OTI:eT 14380-KG
World Bank. 1995f. The Kyrgyz Republic: Agricultural Sector Review. Report No. 12989-KG, Two volumes, May 17.
BceM:HpHl:il:K 6aHK, 17 MaH 1995f. «Kl:ilpm3cKaH Pecrry6mKa. 063op ceJThcKoxo3HiicTBeHHOro. ceKropa>> B ,ll;Byx TOMaX
121
World Bank. 1995g. The Kyrgyz Republic: Private Enterprise Support Project. Report No. 13893-KG, April 14.
BceMHpm.di 6am::, 14 anpeiD.I[ 1995g «I<I.:rpThi:3CKaH Pecny6JIHKa. ITpoeKT TIOMepXKM l.JaCTHI>IX npe,rmpmrmib, OT'IeT 13893-KG
World Bank. 1995h. Kyrgyz Republic: Restructuring of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food -- Final' Report. Prepared by SO RCA Management Consultants, Brussels: Belgium, February.
BceMHpm:.rif 6am::, <PeBpam. 1995h. <<I<I.:rpThi:3CKaH Pecny6JIHKa. PeopraHH3aiJ;HH MHHHcrepcTBa cem.cKoro xo3ffitcTBa H npo,ll;oBom.cTB:IDI>>, 3aKJIIO'IHTeJThHhiH OT'IeT, ITOATOTOBJieH <<COPKA MeHe)OKMeHT KoHcaJITIHTC>>, Bproccem., Bem,nm.
World Bank. 1994a. Kyrgyz Republic: Social Safety net Project. Report No. 12986-KG, June 13. BceMHpHHii 6am::, 13 HIDHH 1994a. <<I<I.:rpri>I3CKaH Pecny6mKa: npoeKT cu:creMH co.u;Ham.Hoii 3a:w;HTI>I>>,
12986-KG
World Bank. 1994b. The Kyrgyz Republic: Privatization and Enterprise Sector Adjustment Credit. Report No. P-6341-KG, June 9.
BceMHpHI>IH 6aHK, 9 HIDHH 1994b. <<I<I.:rpri>I3CKaH Pecny6JIHKa. KpeAHTa Ha npHBaTH3aiJ;HID H C1J'YKTYPHYID nepecTpoiiKy npeanpiDITHH», oT'IeT. P-6341-KG
World Bank. 1994c. Kyrgyz Republic: Economic Report. Report No. 12942-KG, May 13. BceMHpHhlH 6aHK, 13 MaH 1994c. <<I<I.:rpri>I3CKaH Pecny6mKa: oT'IeT o6 3KOHOMH'IeCKOM noJio)l(eHHH>>
12942-KG
World Bank. 1993. Kyrgyz Republic: Social Protection in a Reforming Economy. Report No. 11535-KG, May 12.
BceMHpHhrH 6aHK, 12 MaH 1993 r. «KI>Ipri>I3CKaH Pecny6JIHKa: Pe<PopMa CHCTeMI>I co.u;Ham.Hoii 3a:w;HTI>I B nepHOA nepecTpoHKH 3KOHOMHKH>>, OT'IeT 11535-KG
World Bank. 1992. Food and Agricultural Policy Reforms in the Former USSR: An Agenda for the Transition. Studies of Economies in Transition Number 1.
BceMHpHI>IH 6am::, 1992 r. «CTparenm pe$opM B npoAOBom.cTBeHHOM H arpapHOM ceKTOpax 3KOHOMHKH 6I>IBrnero cCCCP. llporpaMMa MeponpHHTHH Ha nepexo,li;HI>IH nepHO,ll;.>> MccJie,li;OBaHHH 3KOHOMH'ICCKHX CHCTeM Ha CTa,li;IDI TpaHC$OpMaiJ;HH # 1.
122
TIP11JIO)KEHHE
):lOTIOJIHIITFJihHAH CTATHCTM:qECKAH HH<l>OPMAUHH
B HaCTOHIJJ;eM npHJIOXeHHH ITpHBO,ll;HTCH ,ll;OITOJIHHTeJibHaH CTaTHCTJilleCKaH HHcPOpMaiJ;HH
B cl>opMe oT,n;eJihHbiX Ta6JIHU no pa3JIH'!HhiM acneKTaM ceJibCKoro X03HikTBa M
ceJibCKOX03HHCTBeHHoii pecl>opMDI B KDipfhi3CKOH Pecny6JIHKe. Y'lHThiBaH HeXBaTKY Ha,n;eXHbiX
CTaTHCTJPieCKHX ,n;aHHbiX, oco6eHHO B ITOCJie,ll;HHe fO,ll;bl pecl>opMllpOBaHHH 3KOHOMHKH,
npe,ll(CTaBJieHHaH HHcPOpMaiJ;HH npe,n;cTaBHT HeCOMHeHHbiH HHTepec ,ll;JIH PMOBbiX 'lHTaTeJieH H
JIHU, yqacTBYIOIJJ;HX B npHHHTHH 3KOHOMJPiecKHX perneHHii. CTaTHCTJPiecKHe Ta6JIHIJ;hi
pacnoJioxeHbi B TOM xe nopH,n;Ke, 'ITO H rJiaBDI HaCTOHIJJ;ero ,n;oKJia,n;a.
123
Table ll.2.1: CTaryc MaKp03KOHOMH'IecKoii cTa6HJIH3a._uu B 1996 u 1997 rT.
1997
lloKaJaTeJIL EJJ:uuu._a 1996 IJ;eJIL O .. eHKa H3MepeHHH
PoeT BBII (pearibHbiH:t %sroJJ: 5.6 6.5 10.4
MHcpmiQHH b %sroJJ: 35.0 10.0 14.7
,[(ecpHQHT 6IO,WKeTa c % OTBBII 6.5 3.0 9.4
,ll;ecpHQHT TeKyiQero EanaHca IDiaTe)l(eHd
6anaHca % OTBBII 22.0 9.0 8.1
2.0 > 2.0 3.0 Me)I(JJ:yHapo,n;Hbie pe3epBbie MeCHQeB
a HoMiiHaJihHhlH BBII B 1997 r. paBeH 30,4 MJip.!(. coMOB (npe.l(BapliTeJibHaH oueHKa HaucTaTKOMiiTeTa). MB<l> u BceMHpHbiH EaHK B CrpaTemu noMomu crpaHe ucnoJib30BaJIIi npe.!(nOJIO)J{eHHe o pocTe BBII Ha 6,5 %BrO.!(.
b liH.!(eKc norpe61iTeJibCKHX ueH, .!(eKa6ph 1996 K aeKa6piO 1997.
C .ll:eqlliUHT 610.!()J{eTa B 1997 r. COCTaBiiJI 2,9 MJip.!(. COMOB.
d .ll:e<J>HUHT TeKymero 6aJiaHCa B 1997 r. COCTaBHJI 2,9 MJip.!(. COMOB.
IlpHMeqaHHe: QeJieBbie llOKa3aTeJIIi Ha 1997 r. COOTBeTCTBYIOT ycJIOBHHM PacmupeHHOrO Kpe.!(H:Ta C1pyKrypHOH nepecrpoifKH MB<l>.
McToqHHKH: Pa3JII{qHbie .!(OKyMeHTbl MB<l> 11 BceMHpHoro EaHKa.
124
Ta6JIIIID;a n.2.2: BaJioBaH Ill 'IIIICTaH peuTa6eJI!bHOCTb pa3JJII!!""I!HibiX KYJJILTYP Ill! npo~yKTOB ~IIIBOTHOBOACTBa B 1996 r.
(CoM06 Ha zeKmap) 1Jb!ICTIUI HaJJorl!lu 1!J.IIl!CT!lli!l
IJ:Toro npHObiJih OT"'IUCJiei!UIIli!l llllKJil'iOil>IJib B
3eMeJJb- 0T"llHCJie- HllJliOI"OIB l!'l B 0/o ~ %~
06JJaCTh 111 nm BaJJosas HbiM HUH 113 OT"'IHCJlle- B!lJIOBOH ceoeCTOIII-
XOJHikTBill npu6b!Jih H)J.C HlllJIOI" COUCTpax iUIH llllplllloMJJI!f MOCTH
03HM!UI nll!eHHUa
tiyHCKall
tiaCTHble X03HMCTBa 525 85 110 225 420 105.1 80 3
B cpe,LIHeM 525 85 110 225 420 105.1 80 3
OlliCK!UI
KpynHI>Ie xo3HHCTBa 993 120 121 869 1, Ill -118.2 112 -1
tiaCTHble X03Hi1cTBa 914 294 117 771 1,181 -267.9 129 -4
B cpe.z:~HeM 942 232 118 806 1,156 -214.5 123 -3
)],11GIII21JI-A6a,L1CK!UI
KpynHI>Ie xo3HHCTBa -1,034 487 126 762 1,375 -2,409.5 * -25
tiaCTI!Ibie X03JlHCTBa 4,387 0 128 243 371 4,015.4 8 60
B cpe21HeM 2,128 203 127 460 790 1,338.4 37 17
Tanacc KIDI
KpynHbie X03l!HCTBa -50 242 93 186 521 -570.4 * -23
tiacnible X03JIHCTBa -169 312 92 264 668 -837.4 * -15
B cpe.uHeM -126 286 92 236 615 -740.3 * -17
HCCb!K-KyJibCK!UI
KpynHI>Ie X03HHCTBa 1,094 292 111 134 538 555.7 49 23
tiaCTii-lble X03HHCTBa -611 0 107 320 427 -1,037.8 * -24
B cpe.uHeM 120 125 109 241 474 -354.9 397 -lO
Pecny15JmKa
KpynHbie xo3JIMCTBa 192 277 114 526 917 -725.0 478 -12
tiaCTlf!hiC X03HHCTBa 1229 169 112 415 696 533.3 57 9
B cpe.z:~HeM 924 210 112 457 779 145.0 84 1
XnonoK
OlliCK!UI
KpynHbJe XOJjjMCTBa 4,463 688 129 1,193 2,010 2,452 45 24
tiacnibie X03HHCTBa 5,446 2,387 120 435 2,942 2,504 54 36
B cpe.z:~HeM 4,944 1,538 125 814 2,476 2,478 50 29
Ta6aK
OmcKM
KpynHbie xoJH~icTBa 4,312 3,063 121 2,916 6,100 -1,788 141 -10
l.JaCTHble X03HMCTBa 6,985 5,000 126 1,978 7,104 -119 102 -I B cpe.LifieM 4,758 3,386 122 2,759 6,268 -1,510 132 -9
125
-
leMeJJb- 0T'JHCJJe-
OoJJaCTb u ™" BaJJoBaH HbiH HHH Ha
XOlHHCTBa npHObiJib H)l,C HaJJ or COJ..ICTpax
Ta6aK
OrncKaJI
KpyrrHhie xo3JdicTBa 4,312 3,063 121 2,916
I.JacTHhiC X03JIHCTBa 6,985 5,000 126 1,978
B cpe.!IHCM 4,758 3,386 122 2,759
MonoKo
I.JylicKaJI
KpyrrHhie X03liHCTBa 1,073 1,012 - 149
I.JacTHhiC X03liHCTBa 1,735 135 - 37
Xo3l!HCTBa HaceneHIUI 3,122 920 - 0
B cpe.l\HCM 2,238 718 - 46
OlllCKaJI
I.JacTHhiC X03liHCTBa -2,292 206 - 157
Xo3liHCTBa HaceneHHll -1,827 89 - 0
B cpe.!IHCM -1,574 122 - 45
,[(JKanan-A6MCKall
Xo3liHCTBa Hacenemtll -9,478 1,200 - 2
B cpe.!IHCM -9,478 1,200 - 2
TanaccKall
KpyrrHhiC X03JIHCTBa -3,285 85 - 110
I.JaCTHhiC X03liHCTBa 2,067 460 - 77
B cpe.!IHCM 1,175 398 - 83
HcchiK-KynhCKall
KpyrrHhJe X03JIHCTBa 72 465 - 153
I.JaCTHhiC X03JIHCTBa 4,007 870 - 34
Xo3JIHCTBa HaceneHHll 4,037 955 - 16
B cpe.!IHCM 3,609 872 - 37
HaphiHCKaJI
I.JacTHhiC X03liHCTBa 322 3 - 30
B cpe.!IHCM 322 3 - 30
Pecrry6nHKa
KpynHhie X03liHCTBa 372 760 - 145
I.JaCTHhiC X03JIHCTBa 2,128 437 - 55
Xo3liHCTBa HaceneHHJI 1,611 800 - 6
B cpe.!IHCM 1,618 654 - 45
* He HMCCT CMhiCJJa, T.K. BaJJOBaJI rrpH6biJih OTpHI..IaTeJJbHa.
liBJJeHHe OTCyYCTBYeT
OpHMe'laHHJI:
'iHCTaH HaJJoru u 1-:htCT:lH
HToro npHObiJib OT'JHCJJeHHH npHObiJiil> B
HaJJoros H B 0/o K %K
OT'JHCJJe- B3JIOBOH ceoenou-
HHH npHObiJUII MOCTH
6,100 -I, 788 141 -10
7,104 -119 102 -I 6,268 -1,510 132 -9
1,162 -88.4 108 -2
172 1,563.2 10 26
920 2,201.6 29 40
764 1,474.0 34 27
362 -2,654.5 * -45
89 -1,915.1 * -45
167 -1,740.9 * -45
1,202 -10,679.3 * -70
1,202 -10,679.3 * -70
195 -3,480.1 * -50
537 1,529.8 26 72
480 694.8 41 24
618 -546.5 864 -20
904 3,103.6 23 99
971 3,065.8 24 85
909 2,699.5 25 80
34 288.5 10 7
34 288.5 10 7
905 -532.9 243 -13
493 1,635.9 23 41
806 805.2 50 15
699 919.5 43 20
1. H,[(C HanaraeTc.ll Ha see .lleHeJKHhie rrpo.llaJKH 11 cocTaBJJlleT 20 rrpoueHTOB. Hynesoli H,[(C B 'laCTHhiX X03.lliicTsax
OT.lleJihHhiX 06JJaCTeM 03Ha'!aeT, 'ITO .llaHHhie X03liMCTBa He rrpo.llaBaJJH CBOIO rrpO.liYKUHIO 3a .lleHhrH.
2.
3. 4.
0T'!HCJieHHll Ha COUHaJJhHOe CTpaxOBaHHe COCTaBJJliJIH 24,5 rrpoUeHTOB OT OITJJaThl Tpy.11a, KaK B .l\eHeJKHOM, TaK H
HaTypanhHOM BhipaJKeHJHI, HCKJJIO'!a.ll TPY.ll '!JJeHOB ceMhH. Co6~tpaeMOCTh Hanoros H OT'IHCJJeHHM Ha coucTpax 6hiJJa
HH3KOH. B pe3yJJbTaTe 1\.JHOrHe yfihlT(I'!Hbie X03liHCTBa HMeJJH HCKYCCTW;HHY•<J rrpH6PAI>l·OCf:.
,[(mr MOJIOKa, oueHKH s rJaC'!eTt' f1a o:lHy Koposy.
Cpe.l\HHe OUCHKH ITO o6m•CTSIM Ii pccrry6JJHKe paCC'IHTbiBaJll.fCb KaK Cp.'!.l\Hll.ll aph<i>MeTHqe .• ~Ka.ll flO X03.liHCTBaM .llaHHOH
KaTeropHH.
HcToqHJtK: 06ca~.l10BaHHe X03.liHCTB, BceMHpHbiH liaHK, HIOJJb 1997 r.
126
TaoJIH~a n.2.3: ro,a;oooe DOTpe6JieHHe nm~eBbiX npo,a;yKTOB ua ,a;ymy uaceJieHHH
B nepHO,IJ; 1990-96 IT.
KoJie"leCTBO (Kr) B npo~enTax K
fipo,a;yKT 1990 1993 1995 1996 1990 r.
MHco H MHconpo,a;yKTbi 54 44 38 39 -28
JIM.Qa ( lli'Jr.) 154 81 33 33 -79
MonoKo H MOJIO'IHbie npo.rzyKTbi 266 193 172 186 -30
KapTo<!Jem, 69 58 82 70 0
0BOlll,H H 6ax 'IeBbie 78 48 44 50 -36
<!>pyKTbi H HrD,IJ;bi 16 10 7 20 25
Caxap H KOH,IJ;HTepcKHe H3,[1eJIHH 37 14 15 14 -62
PacTnTeJII>Hoe Macno 11 5 5 5 -55
XJie6o6ynoT.JHbie H3JJ.emiH 139 135 109 145 4
,lJ;OJlll ]paCXO)J.OB Ha IIHTaHHe B CeMeHHOM 6ID)].)K,eTe, % 30 51 57 H.)].. 90
H.)].. - HeT )laHHbiX
l!CTO'iHHK: HaiiHOHaJihHbiH CTaTHCTH'!eCKHH KOMHTeT.
127
Tao.rUilll\2 II.2.4: JiaJiauc 1epua B nepuo.r. c 1987/88 no 1996/97 rr.
IloKaJaTeJIL 1987/88 1989/90 1993/94 1996/97
llpOH3BO)J,CTBO 1827 1601 1500 1160
qHCTMM HMn:OpT 1000 1100 580 20
Pecypcbi 2827 2701 2080 1180
lloTpe6neHHe 2850 2718 1828 1180
Ha ceMeHa 150 145 160 a
llepepa6oTKa 65 64 25 a
llHTaHHe 764 799 813 620
Ha KopM cKory 1670 1550 680 310
lloTepH 201 160 150 a
a CyMMa CTaTeM 6aJiaHca IIOTJ)e6neHMe Ha CeMeHa, nepepa60TKY M IIOTepH COCTaBHJia 250 TbiC. T. B 1996/97 rr., 416 ThiC. T. B 1987/88, 369 ThiC. T. B 1989/90 H 335 ThiC. T. B 1993/94.
128
Taomu1;a 11.3.1: .KoJJu"IeCTBO BLmanHLIX cBH.ll:eTeJJLCTB ua noJJLJOBauue JeMJJeii
ua anpenL 1997 r •
.KOJJH"IeCTBO BLmauo CBH.ll:eTeJJbCTB
OoJJacTb CeJJbCKHX CeMeH
Bcero IIOCTOHHHbiX BpeMeHHLIX
~ana.TI-A6a,ll;CK<UI 99,347 99,347 10,849 88,498
0IIICKaH 201,949 201,949 55,298 146,651
J1CCbiK-KyJihCKaH 169,134 65,683 15,660 50,023
T a.TiaccK<UI 27,793 27,793 6,751 21,042
qyii:cJKaH 284,000 487,353a -- 487,353
HapbliHCKaH 20,798 20,798 0 20,798·
Bcero 803,021 902,923 88,558 814,365
a B qyikKoii o6nacTH CBH.LJ;eTeJihCTBa Bhi.LJ;aaanHch OT.LJ;eJihHhiM JIHU:aM, a He ceMMIM.
McToqHIHK: foc3eMareHCTBO.
129
TaoJiuu;a ll.3.2: PacnpeJJ;eJieHHaH JeMeJILHaH nJIOUlaJJ;L ua 1 .eueaps 1997 r.
3eMJIH, npeJJ;HaJHa-
~OH)J; 'leHHaH )J;JIH 3eMJIH, llpou;eHT nepepacnpe- pacnpeJJ;e- pacnpeJJ;e- Hepacnpe- uepacnpe-
Bcero c.x. JJ;eJieHHH JieHHH no JieHHaH no JJ;eJieuuaa JJ;eJieHHOH 06JiaCTb JeMeJIL JeMJIH )J;OJIHM )J;OJIHM JeMJIH lleMJIH
~a.Jia.JI- 191,464 47,836 143,601 134,116 9,485 6.7 A6a)].cKaJI l.fCCbiK- 186,258 38,206 123,682 123,682 0 0.0 Kyni>cKaJI HapbiHCKaJI 178,859 37,831 94,028 94,028 0 0.0
0IIICKaH 360,225 90,758 259,000 233,054 25,946 10.1
TaJiaccKaJI 134,101 26,871 90,057 90,057 0 0.0
qyHCKaJI 447,610 111,909 276,098 91,534 184,564 66.8
Bcero 1,498,5173 353,438 986,466 766,471 219,995 22.3
a He paBHO C)'MMe o6nacTeii, T.K. He BKJII01JaeT 109,738 ra B pacrrop.lnKeHim ceMeHOBO.U1JeCKHX H
IIJieMeHOBO.U'IeCKHX X03HHCTB, KOTOpbie 6hiJIH HCKJII01JeHbi H3 IIpOUeCCa pacrrpe.ueneHHH 3eMeJib.
HcT01JHHK: Pecrry6nuKaHcKHii ueHTP 3eMeJihHOii u arpapHoii pe$opMhi (PIJ;3AP).
130
1f10
lOJl
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This map was produced by the Map Design Unit of The World Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of The World Bank Group, any iudgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
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KILOMETERS 0 ~ 100 1~
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APRIL 1998